PAGE

CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION 01 2. MANAGEMENT 02 3. ORGANISATION AND ORGANISATION CHART 03

CHAPTER 2
2.1 DEMAND MANAGEMENT 04 2.2 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 06 2.3 TESTING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 07 2.4 PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES 08

CHAPTET 3
3.1 WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES 06 3.2 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS 06 3.3 CONCRETE TESTINGS DONE AT SITE 10

CHAPTER 4
4.1 FORMWORK 11 4.1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD FORMWORK 11 4.1.2 MATERIALS FOR FORMWORK 12 4.1.2.2 TIMBER FORM WORK 12 4.1.3 TOOLS USED FOR FORMWORK 12 4.1.4 COVER BLOCKS 12 4.1.5 REMOVABILITY AND STRIKING 13 4.1.6 MAINTENANCE AND STORAGE OF FORMWORK 13

4.2 TYPES OF FORMWORK 14 4.2.1 COLUMN FORMWORK 14 4.2.1.1 PLUMBING THE COLUMN 14 4.2.1.2 KICKER FORMWORK 14 4.2.2 BEAM FORMWORK 15 4.2.3 FORMWORK FOR STAIR CASE 15

CHAPTER 5
5.1 REINFORCEMENT 16 5.2 CONCRETING 17

CHAPTER 6
6 CONTROL AND SAFETY AT THE SITE 19

CHAPTER 7
PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED 19 CONSLUSION 19

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to convey my special thank to all officers in National water supply and drainage board (NWSDB), Town south office, Piliyandala and Beijing municipal corporation (BMEC). Also I thank to the Industrial Training Division of the faculty of engineering, University of Peradeniya and National Apprentice and Industrial Training Authority.

Chapter 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The B.Sc. engineering undergraduates are employed for the industrial training after first and third academic years. It is carried out by the Industrial Training Division of the university under the approval of National Apprentice and Industrial Training Authority. The training period is about 3 months. All the training appointments were handled by director training division at Telawela

office (at Ratmalana). According to my preference they asked me to go to the Town south office at Piliyandala. Project manager at Piliyandala appointed me for Athurugiriya - Hokkandara worksite on 31stSeptember. Until that, for about one week I was at Piliyandala site. At Piliyandala site pipe laying work was being done at that time (mainly at Bokkundara and Borelesgamuwa) and some finishing works at Miriswata water tower. From Piliyandala office I gathered more information about Town south project. Following organization chart describes the town south office structure under the project manager. Town south of Colombo water supply project has 2 main categories. They are, 1. On- going 2. Extension Under the first one 4 sub projects, i.e. Homagama, Kesbewa main, Kesbewa sub and Keselwatte were carried out. Similarly under extension project there are 5 subprojects, i.e. Mattegoda, Hokkandara, Athurugiriya, Madapatha and Godagama. My site comes under these extension projects. Contract for principal civil works for those projects was awarded to Beijing Municipal Corporation (BMEC) of China on 29th March 99 and expected to be finished about December 2000. Design of mechanical & electrical works is being carried out by NWSDB. Consultancy services for both projects are provided by the Nippon Jogesuido Sekki of Japan in association with Parson engineering science of Pasadena, California of U.S.A. . Supervision and design of these sub projects were done by NWSDB. However consultants were doing supervision work most of the times as its their duty to check the construction was according to the design. Athurugiriya project comprises of a 920m3 ground reservoir, 1000m3 elevated tower/tank (30m height) 9km long transmission main, a distribution network of pipelines 28km in length, pumping station and ancillary facilities (under design). Treated water for the project is obtained by tapping the Labugama transmission main. The design capacity is 4300m3/day and the total population to be served by the design year of 2018 will be around 12500. Hokkandara project comprises of 920m3 ground reservoir 1000m3 elevated tower, 4.5m long transmission main, a distribution network of pipe line 15km. In length, pumping station, and ancillary facilities (under design). Treated water for the project is obtained by tapping the Ambatale Jubilee-Batteramulla transmission main. The design capacity is 6200m3/day and the total population to be served by the design year of 2018 will be around 33000.

During my training periods time most probably only pump house work and tower work will be only carried out according to the work schedule. Mr. Thavandra kumar was the site engineer for both Athurugiriya and Hokkandara. Mr. Mohan was Structural engineer for these sites (overall in charge).

1.2 Management
I) National water supply and drainage board (NWSDB) Since NWSDB is a semi governmental organization, board of directors managed it. Next to them a chairman and a general manager will be there and balance follows as in the organization chart given above. II) Beijing municipal engineering corporation (BMEC) Similarly BMEC also have much similar management hierarchy. Site engineer for this project by BMEC was Mr.Lieu(A Chinese engineer) . III) General NWSDB is the client for this project and BMEC is carries out the construction works. In other words BMEC was paid by NWSDB under the contracts terms. Contract was offered by NWSDB by calling a tender world wide, and BMEC offered the lowest cost for above specified projects. Site office at Athurugiriya was facilitated (an air-conditioned container box with necessary furniture). There were about 30 laborers employed by BMEC.

1.3 ORGANISATION
NWSDB comes under Ministry of urban development, housing and construction responsible for large development projects and system operation and maintenance in the provision of water supply for domestic and industrial uses. Co-ordinate rural water supply projects with the involvement of CBOs and local authorities. The National water supply and drainage board act describes the statutory duty of the NWSDB to provide water supply for public, domestic and industrial purposes. This is taken as right on the part of the NWSDB to divert and use water for its purposes without other approval. The act administered by the NWSDB.

Chapter 2

2.1 Demand management

Demand management involves measures to encourage the conservation of water by reducing water use, obtaining higher value of production from the unit of water used and preventing losses and wastage. Saving and conservation of water in one sector not only reduce the financial burden on the society by delaying or foregoing new investment, but also provide water for other productive uses. Demand management covers surface water as well as groundwater. Lower water usage and extraction implies an increase in water for in stream uses. This can result in additional benefits to fisheries, tourism and other non-consumptive uses. Maintenance of minimum in-stream flows could be important for both commercial fishery production and for protection of indigenous fish species and other forms of bio-diversity. It will promote recreational activities like fishing and swimming, help to protect sensitive aquatic eco-systems and improve water quality through maintenance of greater pollution assimilative capacity. Demand management consists of a wide range of activities carried out by various agencies across a number of sectors. Recovery of water resource management costs at the basin level is not carried out. Water service fees are charged in the water supply sector for customers with piped water service. Development of a cost recovery or cost sharing policy, applying to both water resource management costs and co-ordination with sectoral cost recovery, is a high priority, which is now being investigated by the water resources secretariat. Infrastructure rehabilitation is an important means of reducing water losses. In urban systems rehabilitation for reduction of non-revenue water is important. Water metering is another important demand management tool. Most NWSDB consumers are metered and pay for water on a volume basis. In the irrigation sector water deliveries are controlled using gates and other devices. There is generally no control on the water used by the individual farmer, other than availability of flow, and there is no system for labour or charges on volume used. NWSDB conducts school and general public awareness programs regarding the value of water. It also has formed water consumer societies to reduce water losses through standpipe connections. All of these activities fall under various legal mandates for NWSDB. In most cases demand management is a sectoral water management activity since, by definition, demand occurs "downstream" of the point of diversion from natural water bodies.

2.2 Distribution system

Water is distributed to consumers in several different ways, as local conditions or other considerations may dictate. The methods are : i. Gravity distribution This is possible when the source of supply is a lake or impounding reservoir at some elevation above the city so that sufficient pressure can be maintained in the mains. By pumping with storage - This is the most common method generally used in practice. In this method the excess of water pumped during periods of low consumption is stored in elevated tanks. During periods of low consumption is stored in elevated tanks. This what our sites construction purpose. Direct pumping In this method pumps are used for supplying water without any storage. The water is forced into the main and then to consumers. It is the least desirable method.

ii.

iii.

2.2.1 Pipe laying

At Bokkundara site that is on the Borelesgamuwa Piliyandala Rd., some pipe laying works was done.

Fig 02: 250VJFA connector

2.2.2 Valves in pipe line

The importance of valves in pipe line should not be forgotten. Depending on different situations and requirements, different types of valves are used. Some of the commonly used aresluice valves, Sluice valves These are also known as gate valves and used to control the flow of water through pipes. They facilitate the repair work in any portion of the distribution system. Glove valve This valve has a flatdisc which is parrallel to the flow direction and its seat is also parallel. Change in direction of flow through this valve causes a rather high head loss. This valve is used in small sizes in building distribution systems.

Pipe laying contract was awarded to sub contractors KDA Weerasinha and Co. Ltd. By BMEC according to the technical specification standard symbols were used to denote specific parts as follows.

Fig 03: Standard symbols

2.3 Testing water distribution system

Field hydrostatic pressure testing (AWWA C600) was also done at Borelesgamuwa. All pipe line shall be thoroughly flushed out with water prior to testing , except that any pipe line having concrete thrust blocks shall be thoroughly flushed out with water prior to testing, except that any pipe line having concrete thrust blocks shall be filled with water until a curing period of at least 7days. Pipeline should be filled slowly left under working pressure for about 24hrs. After a pipe line has been laid, fitted with all appurtenances and accessories painted both from inside as wellas outside by means of protective paints, etc; the pipe line will be tested for the soundness in its construction. The step by step procedure adopted for testing pipes is described below: 1. The pipe line is tested from section section , thus at a time, only one particular section lying between 2 sluice valves is taken up for testing 2. The down stream sluice valve is closed and water is admitted into the pipe through the upstream sluice valve. The air valves will be operated properly during filling up of the pipe. 3. The up stream valve, through which water was admitted is closed, so as to completely isolate the pipe section from the rest of the pipe. 4. Pressure gages are then fitted along the length of the pipe section at suitable intervals (say 1km or so) on the crown, through holes left for this purpose. 5. The pipe section is the connected to the delivery side of a pump through a small by-pass valve, and the pump is started, so as to develop pressure in the pipe. The operation is continued till the pressure inside the pipe reaches the designed value, which can be read from the pressure gages fixed on the pipe. 6. The by-pass vave in the closed, and the pump dis-continued 7. The pipe is thus kept under pressure for 24 hrs, and inspected for possible defects, leakage at joints, etc. This completes the pressure test. The pipe is finally emptied through, drain valves, and the observed defects are rectified, so as to make the line fit for use. The pipe is again tested by repeating the test, inorder to ensure proper rectification of defects, already done.

2.4 Pressure measuring devices

Since water needs to be delivered with adequate pressure, pressure measuring devices are essential . Hydrostatic testing, similar to that performed when new pipe is installed, can also be used test existing water systems. Kocol(1972) and McPherson(1983) described use of these tests in Milwauke and Rochester, and reported that the tests enabled them to find weak sections of pipe and leaks by subjecting the pipe to high pressures(300 psi). This type of testing can only be done in areas with few customers, as all service

connections must be closed before repair crews are on hand is highly preferred to having main fail at 3a.m on Saturday. This test can be helpful in detecting large leaks which enter sewers. Such water may, however indication of infiltration of ground water.

Chapter 3
3.1 Water retaining structures
Water retaining structures are structures which are required to contain, or exclude, any or non aggressive aqueous liquid. Common structures of this type include water towers and reservoirs storage tanks including sewage disposal and treatment systems, and floors and walls of basements and other underground constructions where it is necessary to prevent ingress of groundwater. As it is important to restrain cracking so that leakages do not take place the design is generally governed by the requirements of the serviceability limit state, but stability considerations are particularly important and design must take careful account of the construction methods to be used.BS8007 gives the guidance on design and construction of these water retaining structures based on the limit state philosophy embodied in BS8110. BS8007 recommends some modification to BS8110. They are a. Use of f = 1.4 for liquid loads. b. Use of concrete grade 35 c. Exposure classification of internal members(within water) and recommends a minimum cover of 40mm. d. Maximum crack width limited to 0.2mm unless the aesthetic appearance is critical, when 0.1 mm is required to avoid staining of concrete. e. Maximum bar spacing of 300mm. f. Anchorage bond stresses for straight horiontal bars in sections subjected to direct tesion must be reduced to70 per cent of the usual values. g. At least 75mm blinding concrete is required below ground slabs.

3.2 Construction joints

All concrete structures must inevitably contain joints, although the need for joints to accommodate movement in water retaining structures is governed by the likelihood of, and need to restrict, unacceptable cracking principally due to shrinkage and thermal movements. Frequently it may be possible to combine the two categories of joint. Principal characteristics of jointsare4 that they must be watertight, and in the case of movement joints must also permit repeated movements to take place as freely as possible. Water bars will be generally incorporated, either the surface type in slabs, or commonly the centre bulb type in walls. These must be held effectively in position during concreting, while allowing good compaction of the concrete to be still possible. Such water bars must furthermore be able to accommodate anticipated movement without tearing, and with stand considerable pressure. All movement joints must be sealed with a flexible compound which effectively is watertight and also prevents dust and grit from entering and thus blocking the joint. Jointing materials must be durable under the condition of exposure to which they may be subjected, but routine replacement is likely to be necessary.

construction joints, contraction and expansion joints are possible source of water leakage if not made water-tight. Therefore, any such joint coming under water should be provided Fig 04: Construction joint with a suitable water stop (bar). Common water bars may be classified in three categories metal, rubber and mastic types. Construction joint is defined as a joint in the concrete introduced, for convenience in construction at which special measures are taken to achieve subsequent continuity without provision for any relative movement.

As per the technical specification manual, It was stressed that the contractor (BMEC) should submit to the engineer(water board representative), construction joints should be located as not to impair the structural strength of the completed structure.

3.3 Concrete testing done at the site

All the testing of concrete was done according to BS1881: part 2: 1970 published in 1989 amended on 1983. This also complies with ISO4109. For different levels of workability different methods were handled to evaluate Workability Very low low high Very high Method Vebe time Vebe time, compacting factor Compacting factor, slump flow Flow

Table 01: Workability test methods There are no unique relationships between the values yielded in 4 test. International construction consortium (ICC) supplies all the concrete mix. Allowed slump range was 8-12cm; even though there are 3 types of slump, top value was taken. Three types slumps are, a. True slump b. Shear slump c. Collapse slump Stringent quality control ensures have taken by BMEC. Check list and detailing of concreting was filled out and checked by NWSDB representative. Checklist was prepared by Lieu(BMEC site engineer) and detailing of concreting form was filled by Mr.Hikkandra. Cube test done for 7 day and 28 day at Malabe lab.

Chapter 4 4.1 Formwork

Formwork is a mould or a box, temporary support to pre-cast or insitu concrete structures. It holds the concrete and finally set to the inner profile of the structure. So the inner profile must be fit to the required shape and dimensions. The Formwork should be supported until it curves sufficiently to become self-supporting. The Formwork includes the actual material in contact with the concrete (form face) and all the necessary associated supporting structure.

4.1.1 Characteristics of good Formwork

To successfully carry out its functions formwork must achieve a balance of the following requirements. 1. It should be sufficient in strength to support the weight of wet concrete placed on it, the weight of workers and their equipments, the force of vibration and the force of wind and rain. 2. It must have sufficient tight joints to prevent loosing of grout because grout leakage cause honeycombing of the surface. 3. It should be built in such a way that it can be easily removed and strip after concreting. 4. It should be capable of being re-used. To ensure this, the formwork may be coated with oil to permit easy striking off and it should be clean before storing immediately after striking

4.1.2 Materials for formwork

Various factors should be concerned when selecting a material for formwork 1. It must be durable material because it should be able to re-use several times. As such it is economical. 2. The material should be impervious to water to prevent loss of water from the face of the formwork. 3. It should be able to form the desired shape and easy to handle 4. Material surface should be even and free from knots because fair face is important.

Normally, formwork is made in timber, plywood or metal.

4.1.2.1 Metal formwork

Metal formwork has a very high reuse potential. So it is more economical than timber where repetitive work is necessary. In these all four subprojects dimensions are somewhat exactly same. Therefore most of formworks are metal formworks. However it should be handled correctly and thoroughly cleaned, oiled and maintained after each use. It gives smooth concrete finish. Metal formwork is made up from spatially made shallow rectangular pans of various sizes. These are clipped or bolted together to form the required shapes. The main disadvantage is rusts under humid condition.

4.1.2.2 Timber Formwork

Timber is the most commonly used material for general formwork because it is easy to cut in to shapes, fix and dismantle and cheap. Timber formwork is usually made from softwood free from excessive knots and other defects. A problem some times caused by the timber formwork is the rapid absorption of the moisture from the concrete. So before concrete is placed timber should wet. Therefore moisture will not be absorbed too fast from the wet concrete. But timber should not be too wet because the timber with high moisture content will shrink which may result open joints and leakage of grout. If the timber is dry it will absorb the moisture from the wet concrete which could weaken the resultant concrete member.

4.1.2.2.1 Plywood formwork

Thick plywood, which is, smooth, fairly rigid and in large sizes is most suitable for formwork. The advantage of using plywood in formwork is that it gives a good surface finish. Therefore it does not require any further treatment. Plywood formwork can be used many times and easy to handle. But Plywood formwork can be used many times and easy to handle. But Plywood sheets are very expensive. Curved formwork is most satisfactorily constructed by forming plywood to the required curve and fixing it to a rigid timber frame.

4.1.5 Tools used for formwork

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Hammers Plumbob Chisel Hacksaw Try square Ruler and tape

4.1.6 Cover blocks

Cover block is a small block of cement with blinding wire in middle. It helps to maintain the right amount of concrete cover during construction. They should be made to the thickness of the clear cover required for the job. After the reinforcement are set, the cover blocks should be tied to the outer bars from all sides i.e. cover blocks should be placed between the reinforcements and the formwork. Cover blocks also help to keep the bars in position when concreting. It is very important to check the cover blocks before starting concreting. Generally 1:2 mix proportions should be used for cover blocks. Because high strength is required as concrete. But in the site, 1:3 mix proportions of mortar was used. Cover blocks should be cured on time to gain the required strength.

4.1.7 Removability and striking

Forms may have to remain undistributed until the concrete reaches a minimum strength until it is sufficiently cured, of the required colour or to protect it. Formworks should be struck slowly and must not be struck until concrete is strong enough to self-supporting because edges can be damaged. The appropriate time at which it is safe to remove the formwork depends on the type of element. The minimum striking time varies from 1-28 days.

Location
Sides of the slab and staircase Sides of the walls and beams

Minimum period
01 day 03 days

Soffit of beam and lintels Soffit of the slab and stair case

14 days 21 days

Table 02: Formwork strikability periods But striking time vary according to 1. Weather conditions 2. Type, size, shape, and position of the element in the structure 3. Guidance given in the B.O.Q.

4.1.8 Maintenance and storage of formwork

Provision must be made for the removal and storage large sections of formwork. A level storage area is required to store formwork after striking. They should be well cleaned before storing because the grout remaining on the forms become hard and stubborn. Then it is difficult to reuse. Metal panels need a light coating of oil before storage to prevent rust. All forms need to be carefully stacked and stored. Panels of forms should be kept horizontal and face to face. The forms need to be carefully stacked and face to face. The forms and components should be clearly marked and kept together for easy identification on re-use. A tidy store reduces wastage, damage and losses.

4.2 Types of formwork

Formwork is used for beams, Staircases, Slabs, Columns, Lintels, drains, Retaining walls and etc. When striking formwork of all types of works said above should strike slowly and must not be struck until concrete is strong enough to be self-supporting. Because edges can be damaged.

4.2.1 Column formwork

Column formwork is a vertical mould assembled by boards as shown on figure. It is also called as column box. Usually vertical boards are 25mm thick. The widths of the boards vary depending on the section of the column.

The boards internal dimensions should be equal to the external dimensions of the column. Timber or steel struts can be used as supports. The struts should be able to resist the vibration and pressure of casting. The side of the box are secured firmly together by using tie-bolts. Tie-bolts are rods of about 6mm diameter, which hold the formwork in place. The ends of the rods are treated, so that the work can be steadily secured by using nuts. Important to remember to check whether the required dimensions are in the inner profile of the column box, after plumbing and align the formwork. Formwork should be located against a Kicker. Concrete specification for column is usually 1:2:4(3/4") with a clear cover of 50 mm.

4.2.1.1 Plumbing the column

The most important thing is plumbing the column in both directions. In wooden formwork, two batons are fixed to both top and bottom ends of the formwork. So suspending a plumbob from a baton at top to the bottom does this. Adjustments could be done by the props should be adjusted until the distance between form and line at top and bottom are equal. After that using the try square should check the angles of the formwork. The plumbing should also repeat to the adjacent edge. Finally all the props should be checked for tightness. Immediately after the concrete is poured, the column should be checked for plumb and carefully adjusted if necessary.

4.2.1.2 Kicker formwork

Kicker is a 3" height wooden frame as shown in figure. It should be made to the dimensions of the column. Before set the kickers first mark the centre of the column and draw two cross lines through centre point of the column. Then mark the centres of the four sides of kicker formwork by nails and tie two crosses strings and find out the centre of the kicker formwork. After that coincide the formwork centre with the column centre by helping the two cross lines marked earlier. At the correct position fix the formwork to column reinforcements by wooden pieces as shown in figure. Laying kicker is essential to ensure accuracy of the column and prevent loosening of grout from the bottom edge of the form. It also acts as an

anchorage against up thrust for the column shuttering. Kicker formwork should be removed before column box is set.

4.2.2 Beam formwork

A beam formwork consists of a three sided box which is supported by cross members and which are propped to the under side of the soffit board. The strength of the soffit board should be greater than the strength of two sideboards. In some cases the beam formwork is prepared separately to fit the each beam length and fix the beam formwork by bamboo props. In our site using two strings, which fixed to the columns, aligns formwork. First mark the height to the beam from the floor, on the columns and the props are adjusted to that height. Then two runners are fixed in between the two columns. After that short runners are fixed (nailed) on the runners, perpendicularly with 4 spacing. Then two string are tied leaving the beam width in between them, between the two columns and the soffit board is fixed on the short runners with helping the strings. Finally the two sideboards are fixed and supported as shown on figure.

4.2.3 Formwork for stairs

A stair case provides a link between floors in building s. It should constructed to provide, easy comfortable and safe access up and down with steps that are not difficult to climb. When constructing formwork for stairs, the landing is first set in position. After the landing is fixed two strings are tied between the landing and the ground (upper) floor. Those two strings should maintain the width and the inclination of the flight. Then joists (2x4 timber batons) place the soffit board underneath and the props are nailed to the joists. The sideboards are set in positions. On the sideboards the step height is marked leaving the waist thickness from the baton by using strings. After that marks the going & risers in between the two lines by using chalk and try square and riser boards are nailed to the sideboards by supporting hangers. The splayed bottom edges of riser boards are nailed to the sideboards by supporting hangers. The splayed bottom edge of riser boards help to complete trowelling of the tread surfaces and to make sure that air is not trapped under the bottom edge of riser boards. The riser boards are supported by struts to prevent the sideboards from falling apart when concrete is poured or due to vibration.

Chapter 5
5.1 Reinforcement
Steel reinforcement material requirements 1. Tensile strength 2. Easy to bent up to any required shape 3. Effect to temperature changes Therefore steel is the most suitable 3 basic types of steel bars, 1. High yield (torque steel) which has ribbed appearance and may be twisted tensile strength of 450N/mm2. In drawing normally denoted as Y. Bar bending was according to design requirement by a group of labourers who were specialised in bar bending. Main source material, i.e. Steel is Steel Corporation of Srilanka. To bend the bars steel pipes were used and to cut a electric cutter and some times manual cutters were used for small diameter bars. For base of bending normally following simple shapes are used. 1. 2. 3. 4. Straight Right angle bend Cranked Stirrups

In addition to these simple shapes BS4466 shapes are also used.

5.2 Foundation
Foundation is a part of a structure which transmits loads directly to the underlying soil.If the soil near the surface is capable of adequately supporting the structural load it is possible to use either footings or a raft.A footing is a relatively small slab giving separate support to the structure. Depending on the transmission of forces , foundations can be classified into two: 1. Shallow foundations termed footings, spread footings, or mats. Foundation depth is generally D < B 2. Deep foundations - piles or caissons with D > 4 to 5B

Foundation types and typical usage

Foundation type Spread footing, wall footings Use Individual columns, walls bridge piers Applicable soil conditions Any conditions where bearing capacity is adequate for applied load. May use on single stratum: Firm layer over soft layer or soft layer over firm layer. Generally soil bearing value is less than for spread footings; Over one-half area of building covered by individual footings. Check settlements

Mat Foundation

Same as spread and wall footings. Very heavy column loads. Usually reduces differential settlements and total settlement In groups (at least 2 ) to carry heavy column, wall loads; requires pile cap

Pile foundations floating

Poor surface soils. Soils of high bearing capacity 20 50m below basement or ground surface, but by distributing load along pile shaft soil strength is adequate. Corrosive soils may require use of timber or concrete pile material. Poor surface and near-surface soils; soil of high bearing capacity (point bearing on) is 8-50m below ground surface Poor surface and near-surface soils; soil of high bearing capacity (point bearing on) is 8-50m below ground surface.

Bearing

In groups (at least 2) to carry heavy column, wall loads; requires pile cap Larger column loads than for piles cap by using caissons as column extension

Caissons (shafts 75cm or more in diameter) generally bearing or combination of bearing and skin resistance Retaining walls , bridge abutments Sheet-pile structures

Permanent retaining structure Temporary retaining structures as excavations, waterfront structures, cofferdams

Any type of soil, but a specified zone in back of wall usually of controlled backfill Any soil; waterfront structure may require special alloy or corrosion protection. Cofferdams require control of fill material.

Table 03: Foundation types

In my site (Athurugiriya) 2 constructions were going on simultaneously.They are 1. Pump house 2. Elevated water tower(insitu) In the following drawings I have illustrated their foundation details

Fig 05: Pump house front elevation

Following drawings represents the elevated tower base foundation details. Following chart provides the information regarding the piles information.

Fig 06 : Chart of pile configuration detail However use of piles depends on several conditions as described in Table no 03.And in the Athurugiriya site no piles were used.

Fig 07: Elevated tower base details

Fig 08: Elevated tower base slab reinforcement details

5.2 Concreting
Splay area concreting: For each part of construction BMEC will prepare a procedure detailing which is called method statement. Method statement for splay area is as follows.(summarised)

Section elevation 44.10(T.B.M. 27.70) Volume of 2parts 14m3 ,22m3 16mm steel cables were used hold the formworks. Distance between steel cables 300mm Splay area was covered with 24 pieces of plywood 10 X 10m timber supported by the top screwed steel pipe Works of second part done after 1st 900mm high flat steel forms. In one segment 24 groups and totalling 48 for both segments. ICC will supply the grade 30 concrete with slump 8-12cm. Temperature 32 C Tremie pipe always is within the form and allowed free fall is 1m. This condition was maintained in order to prevent segregation. Concreting will be worked circularly in order to maintain the level of concreting. Mark of the level was marked with red colour anticorrosive, which was used for maintenance of formworks. At each layer of circle was maintained 30cm as the maximum. For curing gunny bags were used.

Method statement of construction of bottom dome and conical section. 1. Bottom dome 900X400, 900X300, 900X200 steel shutters( connected with 48dia. Steel pipes) 2. About 48 trusses will be fixed kicker An extended part of previously connected structure(here it is 10cm) 3. 5 mixers will supply volume of concrete 48m3, and 2 pump trucks will be used. Detailed drawings of the constructions are as follows,

Fig 09: Elevated tower part sectional elevation

Fig 10: Elevated tower part sectional elevation

Chapter 6
6.1 Control and safety at the site
Each item of work control and safety was carefully mentioned in the contract conditions book. It is also important to have a copy of this at each site office. Office equipment and temporary office facilities such as air-conditioned container box were supplied by BMEC (contractors). BMEC has the authority to prevent the trespassing of unauthorised persons. Land was acquired by NWSDB from Steel Corporation. Wooden ladder (as a temporary measure) was provided along the tower for inspection of engineer (client NWSDB). Nylon net was used to cover almost entire tower (even covering the scaffolds) in order to prevent the personals falling from the tower in the case of accidents. Medical expense for the labourers in the case of accidents on the site was covered by BMEC. Labourers were categorised by the work they are specialised and handled by separate Chinese Forman as follows, 1. Barbending labourers -10 2. Carpentry labourers -15 3. General labourers -5 Basic salary was 250 per day per labourer and overtime was 100/= per hour per labourer. Since employee employer contract laws are not so handled stringently there are can be seen many time that these employers are abusing the employees. One good example is that removal/cleaning collapsed boundary wall. Where the boundary wall had some broken glass pieces.

Chapter 7
PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED

As the work is given to more and more sub-contractors, it becomes more and more difficult for the executive engineer to control the work. All brought-in items such as cement, sand, timber etc. must be inspected carefully, as sub-standard items can be brought in to get more profit by the contractors.

All work such as preparation of cement mixture has to be supervised continuously to prevent discrepancies.

CONCLUSION
Ive got fairly good experience about tower construction during my training period. I also understand the responsibilities of engineers and other officers in the field. Further I was also able to move with people of different levels and interests. This industrial training has helped me to gain experience in applying engineering skills in the field and I was able to know about some practical problems in the field. From the experience I would like to say that the industrial training programme is very much useful for Engineering Undergraduates.