Summary Sheet

SessIon Number :
0ate :
Subject Expert :
Speaker :
6
10.05.2005
Dr. N. Suresh
Dr. N. Suresh
Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Engineering,
Mysore
Definition of Beam
Flexural Stiffness
Types of Beams
3 - Moment Equation
Learning Outcomes
What is a beam?
A (usually) horizontal structural member that is subjected
to a load that tends to bend it
Examples of beams
Engineering examples
Floor joists and rafters
I beams
Biological examples
Tree branches
Vertebral column and neck
Insect thorax/abdomen exoskeleton
Flexural stiffness (EI)
Indicates how resistant a structure is to
bending
Depends on the material making up the
structure and on its shape
( (( ( ) )) )( (( ( ) )) ) area of moment Second modulus s Young' = == = EI
Simply Supported Beams
Types of Beams
Cantilever Beam
Continuous Beam
Single Overhang Beam
Double Overhang Beam
Single Overhang Beam with Internal Hinge
Fixed Beam
Continuous beam
Simply supported beam
Cantilever beam
A cantilever beam can be thought of as half
of a fixed beam turned upside down
See?
ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS
(using 3-moment equation)


Stability of structure
If the equilibrium and geometry of structure is maintained
under the action of forces than the structure is said to be stable.

External stability of the structure is provided by the reaction
at the supports. Internal stability is provided by proper design and
geometry of the member of the structure.

Statically determinate and indeterminate structures
A structure whose reactions at the support can be determined
using available condition of equilibrium is called statically
determinate otherwise it is called statically indeterminate.
Ex:


W
A B
H
A
H
B
V
A
V
B
M
A
M
B
End moments

FIXED BEAM

W W
A
R
A

R
B

A
C
R
C
No. of unknowns = 6
No. of eq . Condition = 3
Therefore statically indeterminate
Degree of indeterminacy =6-3 = 3
No. of unknowns = 3
No. of equilibrium Conditions = 2
Therefore Statically indeterminate
Degree of indeterminacy = 1
Advantages of fixed ends or fixed supports
1. Slope at the ends is zero.
2. Fixed beams are stiffer, stronger and more stable than SSB.
3. In case of fixed beams, fixed end moments will reduce the
BM in each section.
4. The maximum deflection is reduced.
Bending moment diagram for fixed beam
Ex:

W
4
WL

2
L

2
L

+


+
M M
Continuous beams
Beams placed on more than 2 supports are called
continuous beams. Continuous beams are used when the
span of the beam is very large, deflection under each rigid
support will be equal zero.
BMD for Continuous beams
BMD for continuous beams can be obtained by
superimposing the fixed end moments diagram over the
free bending moment diagram.
Three - moment Equation for continuous beams OR
CLAPERONS THREE MOMENT EQUATION
Ex:

FREE B.M.
1
x
a
1
a
2
8
2
WL

L
2 L
2
A

B

C

N

N

4
WL

2
x
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |


\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |


\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + + ++ +
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |


\ \\ \
| || |
2 2
2
C
2 2
2
1 1
1
B
1 1
1
A
I E
L
M
I E
L
I E
L
M 2
I E
L
M


( (( (

( (( (




+ ++ +



= == =
2
B C
1
B A
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
1 1
L L
6
L I E
x a 6
L I E
x a 6

The above equation is called generalized 3-
moments Equation.
M
A
, M
B
and M
C
are support moments E
1
, E
2

Youngs modulus
of Elasticity of 2 spans.
I
1
, I
2
M O I of 2 spans,
a
1
, a
2
Areas of free B.M.D.
2 1
x and x
Distance of free B.M.D. from the
end supports, or outer supports.
(A and C)

A
,
B
and
C
are sinking or settlements of
support from their initial position.
Normally Youngs modulus of Elasticity will be
same through out than the equation reduces to
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
2
C
2
2
1
1
B
1
1
A
I
L
M
I
L
I
L
M 2
I
L
M

(

=
2
B C
1
B A
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
L L
6
L I
x a 6
L I
x a 6




If the supports are rigid then
A
=
B
=
C
= 0
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
2
C
2
2
1
1
B
1
1
A
I
L
M
I
L
I
L
M 2
I
L
M

2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
L I
x a 6
L I
x a 6

=
If the section is uniform through out
( )
2 C 2 1 B 1 A
L M L L M 2 L M + + +
2
2 2
1
1 1
L
x a 6
L
x a 6

=
1.

If the end supports or simple supports then M
A
= M
C
= 0

2.

M
C
= - WL
3

Overhang portion the support moment near the overhang can
be computed directly.
A
B

C

N

N

D

L
1
L
2
L
3
A

B

C

N

N

3.


If the end supports are fixed assume an extended span of zero
length and apply 3-moment equation.
Zero
Span
A

B

C

A
1
D

Zero
Span
i) Bending Moment Diagram for an Eccentric Load

In this case centroid lies as shown in figure
a b
W
L
Wab

a b
3
a +

3
b +

ii) Bending Moment Diagram for Two Load at equidistant

a b
Wa Wa
2
L
x =
L