ATTITUDE TOWARD SEEKING THE PROFESSIONAL HELP FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

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ATTITUDE TOWARD SEEKING THE PROFESSIONAL HELP FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

A proposal Subm !!"# $ par! al %ul% llm"$! R"&u r"m"$! For !'" D"(r"" o% Mas!"r o% Ar!s $ Ps)*'olo()

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

.3 INTRODCUTION444444444444444444444444444433 . .3. Ba*-(rou$#44444444444444444444444444433 . .31 A!! !u#" Forma! o$444444444444444444444444431 .313.3 A!! !u#" C'a$(" 444444444444444444444444431 .3131 Ps)*'olo( *al H"lp4444444444444444444444433435 .3136 A!! !u#" To7ar# S""- $( Ps)*'olo( *al H"lp44444444444433435 .36 S!a!"m"$! O% Probl"m4444444444444444444444445 .35 Ra! o$al o% S!u#)4444444444444444444444444333 8 .38 Ob,"*! + o% !'" s!u#) 44444444444444444444443433 8 .39 H)po!'"s s 44444444444444444444444444443 9 .3: L m !a! o$ o% S!u#) 44444444444444444444444433 : 13 LITERATURE RE;IEW44433444444444444444444444333 / 63 METHODOLOGY 63. Sampl" D"s ($ 444444444444444444444444443.2 631 U$ +"rs" o% !'" S!u#)4444444444444444444444433.2 636 Sampl" s <"4444444444444444444444444443333.2 635 Sampl $( 444444444444444444444444433333333333333 .. 638 ;ar abl" 4444444444444444444444444444333 .. 638 Da!a Coll"*! o$ M"!'o# 44444444444444444444443 .. 639 Da!a Coll"*! o$ Tools 4444444444444444444444 .. 63: Da!a A$al)s s 444444444444444444444 4444 .1 53 REFERENCE44444444444444444444444444444 .6

INTRODUCTION=I

.3. BACKGROUND Nepal, a country with multi Ethnic groups practicing different multicultural practices in mutualcoordination and harmony has tremendous amount of natural resources, potentiality and possibility. Poverty, low rate of literacy and difficult geographical structure are the root cause in the development of the living hood of the people. At the date still majority of the people are backward in order to enjoy the minimum facilities that are provided by the state for her people which directly reflect that how hard is to maintain day to day activities. ealth can be considered as the back bone of the country, if the people are healthy there is direct positive global impact in the country!s financial, social and political environment. "alking about the situation of health, Nepal is in crawling stage. #ue to lack of $ualified %edical personal, physical infrastructure, difficult geo-graphic boundary and lack of awareness among the people, at present, the majority of the people are still under marginal health indicator. Presently in Nepal and other &ndian sub continent societies many people do not seek help for a variety of mental health issues, even when help is available. &t is estimated that on average across various problems and groups of people less than one third of people who could benefit from mental health services seek such help 'Andrews, &ssakidis, ( )arter,*++,-. .urthermore, people tend to seek help from professional counselors for vocational and personal problems only after friends, family, and faculty members have been approached ' inson ( /wanson, ,001-. #ooley and )atalano ',023- found 4,5 of participants seeking help from informal sources of friends and family and 105 seeking help from doctors, psychotherapists or self help groups. elp

seeking behavior is especially lacking in certain groups of people. 6iven this deficit of turning to mental health professionalsfor mental health issues, it may help clinicians be seen as avenues of help if we had abetter understanding of help seeking behavior and attitudes '7omiya, 6ood, ( /herrod,*+++8 9ochlen, :hilde, ( oyer, *++;)hange in the life and pattern thinking of people was made possible with advancement of science ( technology thus, it gives opportunities and possibilities in all the sector that is directly and indirectly connected with the one which has direct relation . 1.1.1 Attitude An attitude can be defined as a positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, event, activities, ideas, or just about anything in your environment '<imbardo et al., ,000- &n the opinion of =ain ',0*>-, an attitude is ?the relatively stable overt behavior of a person which affects his status.? ?Attitudes which are different to a group are thus social attitudes or @valuesA in the "homasonian sense. "he attitude is the status-fiBing behavior. "his differentiates it from habit and vegetative processes as such, and totally ignores the hypothetical Asubjective statesA which have formerly been emphasiCed. &t is how one judges any person, situation or object. North ',01*- has defined attitude as ?the totality of those states that lead to or point toward some particular activity of the organism. "he attitude is, therefore, the dynamic element in human behavior, the motive for activity.? .or Dumley ',0*2- an attitude is ?a susceptibility to certain kinds of stimuli and readiness to respond repeatedly in a given wayEwhich are possible toward our world and the parts of it which impinge upon us.? uman life. Among the different sector education is

1.1.2 Attitude formation Fnlike personality, attitudes are eBpected to change as a function of eBperience. "esser ',001- has argued that hereditary variables may affect attitudes - but believes that they may do so indirectly. .or eBample, consistency theories, which imply that we must be consistent in our beliefs and values. As with any type of heritability, to determine if a particular trait has a basis in our genes, twin studies are used. "he most famous eBample of such a theory is #issonancereduction theory, associated with Deon .estinger, which eBplains that when the components of an attitude 'including belief and behavior- are at odds an individual may adjust one to match the other 'for eBample, adjusting a belief to match a behavior-. 1.1.3 Attitude change Attitudes can be changed through persuasion and we should understand attitude change as a response to communication. EBperimental research into the factors that can affect the persuasiveness of a message include Target CharacteristicsG "hese are characteristics that refer to the person who receives and processes a message. Hne such trait is intelligence - it seems that more intelligent people are less easily persuaded by one-sided messages. Another variable that has been studied in this category is self-esteem. Although it is sometimes thought that those higher in self-esteem are less easily persuaded, there is some evidence that the relationship between self-esteem and persuasibility is actually curvilinear, with people of moderate self-esteem being more easily persuaded than both those of high and low self-esteem levels '9hodes ( :oods, ,00*-. "he mind frame and mood of the target also plays a role in this process.

Source CharacteristicsG "he major source characteristics are eBpertise, trustworthiness and interpersonal attraction or attractiveness. "he credibility of a perceived message has been found to be a key variable here8 if one reads a report about health and believes it came from a professional medical journal, one may be more easily persuaded than if one believes it is from a popular newspaper. /ome psychologists have debated whether this is a long-lasting effect and ovland and :eiss ',0;,- found the effect of telling people that a message came from a credible source disappeared after several weeks 'the so-called ?sleeper effect?-. :hether there is a sleeper effect is controversial. Perceived wisdom is that if people are informed of the source of a message before hearing it, there is less likelihood of a sleeper effect than if they are told a message and then told its source. Message CharacteristicsG "he nature of the message plays a role in persuasion. /ometimes presenting both sides of a story is useful to help change attitudes. :hen people are not motivated to process the message, simply the number of arguments presented in a persuasive message will influence attitude change, such that a greater number of arguments will produce greater attitude change. Cognitive RoutesG A message can appeal to an individualAs cognitive evaluation to help change an attitude. &n the central route to persuasion the individual is presented with the data and motivated to evaluate the data and arrive at an attitude changing conclusion. &n the peripheral route to attitude change, the individual is encouraged to not look at the content but at the source. "his is commonly seen in modern advertisements that feature celebrities. &n some cases, physician, doctors or eBperts are used. &n other cases film stars are used for their attractiveness. .313. Psychological Help

&t is defined as Ivoluntary mental health treatment services provided by individuals who are specifically educated and trained to deal with another persons emotional problems in a therapeutic mannerJ ':ong, ,00>, p. 30-.

1.2.2 Attitudes toward Seeking Psychological Help Attitude is defined by as Ia learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given objectJ. /o, attitudes toward seeking psychological help can be defined as learned predispositions to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to psychological help-seeking.J ' .ishbein and AjCen,0>;, p. 41.3 Statement of the Problem /tigma associated with mental health care is an important factor in people!s decision to seek out and engage in psychotherapy and counseling. =oth social and self stigma associated with mental health services are consistently cited as the main reason why individuals in need of psychological help don!t seek out services. Educating the public about mental health services and empowering individuals to seek out help when eBperiencing psychological distress will help combat the adverse effects that accompany untreated mental health concerns. "his study aims to measure the attitude towards willingness and intentions to seek counseling, psychotherapies and pharmacotherapy or help seeking behavior for psychological problems. Effects of mental health education on students! endorsements of stigma, as well as. "his study aspires to help more people in need of mental health services.

1.4 ational of the Study

&n Nepal we find different culture and religion which is uni$ue in terms of indigenous aspects of behavior. As in other culture across the world understanding regarding mental illness or psychological problems is same here in Nepal. "hough we see people are getting aware day by day as time passes, through the medium of education and awareness program regarding mental health, the stigma associated with seeking out professional psychological help remains to its ground level. "his research is essential to bring the change among the people of the country because the result reflects the stigma about the people in getting the professional help that will guide the authority who are working in %ental ealth sector, in planning8 implementation and strategy that are to be taken in the coming future. 1.! "b#ecti$es of the study Every study has its objectives on the basis of which research run in the process. "he present study has one of the following objectives. %eneral ob#ecti$e "he general objective of this research is to study the attitude towards seeking professional help for psychological problems among college students. Specific ob#ecti$es "o study the level of awareness about attitude toward seeking professional help for psychological problems among students. "o study the relationship between level of education and help seeking behavior.

"o study the differences in attitude among male and female student in seeking the professional help.

1.& Hypothesis "he present thesis has the following hypothesis which is based on the previous studies done by the researches which shown the positive correlation between the attitude and professional help seeking behavior. "here is no relationship between seB and attitude towards help seeking behavior "here is no relationship between educational level and help seeking behavior

"here is no relationship between religion and help seeking behavior

1.' (imitation of the study "he present study, relationship between attitude and help seeking behavior has limited to some of its area of a study that is sample siCe, sample design and variable that are not controlled they are eBplained briefly belowG the sample will be taken only from four colleges in the 7atmandu valley "he sample siCe will be of *++ students

9esearch is conducted in the limited area so it can!t be representative for the whole country.

CHAPTER= II L !"ra!ur" R"+ "7

/tudies show that the amount of seeking professional psychological help is very low although university students are in need. &n a recent review of utiliCation rates of university counseling services by 9aunic and Kenos '*++2-,it was concluded that only *5 to 35 of the students sought help from the university counseling centers which is very low.

9osenthal and :ilson '*++2- investigated mental health service use utiliCing a cross sectional correlational research design with sample of ,>>1 freshmen students and found that of the students who are seriously distressed, only less than one-fourth sought psychological help in the past siB months.

/tallman and /hocked '*++0- conducted a study with university students 'N L ,,42- and only 10.35 of the highly distressed students were found to seek help from a health-care professional in 3 weeks.

Nilsson et al. '*++3- investigated the use of counseling services of international students from the university counseling center during one year and found that only *5 of them sought help from the center. Another study with *231 college students yielded that >5 of them reported self injury which is a maladaptive coping function consisting of intentionally giving harm to ones body without the purpose of killing oneself and only *45 of them sought mental health therapy or medication in the past year '6ollust, Eisenberg ( 6olberstein, *++2-.

%oreover, in the survey of 134 university students, "urner and Muinn ',000- found that students are more prone to seek psychological help in the case of serious mental illness '045and suicidal ideation '0+5- or drugNalcohol dependency, eating disorders, coping with chronic disease, depression, anBiety 'more than ;+5-8 rather than developmental, vocational or social problems 'less than ;+5-.

CHAPTER= III M"!'o#olo()

3.1 Sample design

)olleges A=) PM9 KO<

Participants 1+ %ales /tudents 1+ %ales /tudents 1+ %ales /tudents 1+ .emale /tudents 1+.emale /tudents 1+.emale /tudents

3.2 )ni$erse of the study "he study will be conducted on the students of private college in 7atmandu valley in Nepal. "he selected sample will be students studying bachelor level. 3.3 Sample si*e "he participants for this study comprise ,2+ students of private college Nuniversity . &n this study1+ sample will the male sample and 1+ will be the female sample from each college and will combining the sample of two collegesNuniversity.

3.4 Sampling Non random sampling method will be used. )onvenient sampling procedure will be followed for the data collection. 3.! +ariables &n this study there is one independent variable and one dependent variable will be measured statistically. "hey are shown in the diagram below I$#"p"$#"$! +ar abl" Education D"p"$#"$! +ar abl"

/eB

Attitude toward /eeking Professional elp

Age

3.& ,ata collection method &n this study Muestionnaire method will be used. #ata will be collected by using reliable and valid test developed by renowned persons in the field of psychology. &n the process of data collection, following steps will be used. Permission will be taken from the principal of the college to collect data from the students one day before the academic test.

"est will be taken in the class keeping students all together.

3.' ,ata collection tools For this study the tools that is used for the data collection is Attitude Toward Seeking Professional Help developed by Fischer and Turners will be used. The ATSPPH-SF was developed by Fischer and Turners (1 !"# ori$inal % -ite& &easure. The authors reported evidence of criterion-related validity (correlations with previous help-see'in$ e(perience and respondent $ender# and conver$ent validity (correlation of .)! with the ori$inal &easure# and its te&poral consistency was reported to have a test-retest reliability coefficient of .)" *n ter&s of reliability+. The ite&s in the ATSPPH are rated usin$ scores between " (disa$ree# and , (a$ree#- for data analysis in the current study+ avera$e scores ran$in$ fro& " to , were used. The test is ai& to &easure the &a.or / factor psychotherapeutic i.e ,- 9ecognition of the Need for

elp *- /tigma "olerance 1- &nterpersonal 0penness 3- confidence

in %ental health practitioner 3.- ,ata analysis )ollected data will be organiCed on the sheet and then data will be feed on /tatistical Package of social science ' /P// -,>-. /tatistical methods correlation, independent sample t test will be used to assess the result.

R"%"r"$*"s
Andrews+ 1.+ *ssa'idis+ 2.+ 3 2arter+ 1. (%""1#. Shortfall in &ental health service utili4ation. British Journal of Psychiatry, v179, /1!-/%5.
.ischer, E. ., ( "urner, P.D. ',0>+-. #evelopment and research utility of an attitude scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1;, >0-0+.

=aron.9.A ( #.=yrane'*++;-./ocia psychology',,th ed.-, Prentice- all of &ndia Private Dimited,New #elhi Eastwood Atwater',00;-, Psychology for livingG Adjustment, and 6rowth and =ehavior "oday';th ed.- .Prentice- all of &ndia Private Dimited,New #elhi
.ischer, E. ., ( "urner, P.D. ',0>+-. #evelopment and research utility of an attitude scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1;, >0-0+. .ischer, E. ., ( "urner, P.D. ',0>+-. #evelopment and research utility of an attitude scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1;, >0-0+.

6o&iya+ 7.+ 1ood+ 1. 8.+ 3 Sherrod+ 7. 9. (%"""#. 8&otional openness as a predictor of colle$e students attitudes toward see'in$ psycholo$ical help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, v47(1#+ 1,)-1/,.

9osenthal, =. ( :ilson, ). '*++2-. %ental health servicesG Fse and disparity among diverse college students. Journal of American College Health, 57, 4,-4>. /tallman, . %. ( /hochet, &. '*++0-. Prevalence of mental health problems in Australian university , ,**Q,*>.

health services. Australian Psychologist,

"urner, A. D. ( Muinn, 7... ',000-. )ollege studentsA perceptions of the value of psychological servicesG A comparison with APAAs public education research. Professional Psychology! Research and Practice, "#, 142-1>,. :ong, R. D. ',00>-. Relationshi$s among degree of acculturation, o$inions a%out illness, selected socio&demogra$hic varia%les, and attitudes to'ard see(ing $rofessional $sychological hel$ among Chinese college students) Fnpublished doctoral dissertation. "he Fniversity of "eBas, Austin.

INTRODUCTION=I

.3. BACKGROUND Nepal, a country with multi Ethnic groups practicing different multicultural practices in mutualcoordination and harmony has tremendous amount of natural resources, potentiality and possibility. Poverty, low rate of literacy and difficult geographical structure are the root cause in the development of the living hood of the people. At the date still majority of the people are backward in order to enjoy the minimum facilities that are provided by the state for her people which directly reflect that how hard is to maintain day to day activities. ealth can be considered as the back bone of the country, if the people are healthy there is direct positive global impact in the country!s financial, social and political environment. "alking about the situation of health, Nepal is in crawling stage. #ue to lack of $ualified %edical personal, physical infrastructure, difficult geo-graphic boundary and lack of awareness among the people, at present, the majority of the people are still under marginal health indicator. Presently in Nepal and other &ndian sub continent societies many people do not seek help for a variety of mental health issues, even when help is available. &t is estimated that on average across various problems and groups of people less than one third of people who could benefit from mental health services seek such help 'Andrews, &ssakidis, ( )arter,*++,-. .urthermore, people tend to seek help from professional counselors for vocational and personal problems only after friends, family, and faculty members have been approached ' inson ( /wanson, ,001-. #ooley and )atalano ',023- found 4,5 of participants seeking help from informal sources of friends and family and 105 seeking help from doctors, psychotherapists or self help groups. elp

seeking behavior is especially lacking in certain groups of people. 6iven this deficit of turning to mental health professionalsfor mental health issues, it may help clinicians be seen as avenues of help if we had abetter understanding of help seeking behavior and attitudes '7omiya, 6ood, ( /herrod,*+++8 9ochlen, :hilde, ( oyer, *++;)hange in the life and pattern thinking of people was made possible with advancement of science ( technology thus, it gives opportunities and possibilities in all the sector that is directly and indirectly connected with the one which has direct relation . 1.1.1 Attitude An attitude can be defined as a positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, event, activities, ideas, or just about anything in your environment '<imbardo et al., ,000- &n the opinion of =ain ',0*>-, an attitude is ?the relatively stable overt behavior of a person which affects his status.? ?Attitudes which are different to a group are thus social attitudes or @valuesA in the "homasonian sense. "he attitude is the status-fiBing behavior. "his differentiates it from habit and vegetative processes as such, and totally ignores the hypothetical Asubjective statesA which have formerly been emphasiCed. &t is how one judges any person, situation or object. North ',01*- has defined attitude as ?the totality of those states that lead to or point toward some particular activity of the organism. "he attitude is, therefore, the dynamic element in human behavior, the motive for activity.? .or Dumley ',0*2- an attitude is ?a susceptibility to certain kinds of stimuli and readiness to respond repeatedly in a given wayEwhich are possible toward our world and the parts of it which impinge upon us.? uman life. Among the different sector education is

1.1.2 Attitude formation Fnlike personality, attitudes are eBpected to change as a function of eBperience. "esser ',001- has argued that hereditary variables may affect attitudes - but believes that they may do so indirectly. .or eBample, consistency theories, which imply that we must be consistent in our beliefs and values. As with any type of heritability, to determine if a particular trait has a basis in our genes, twin studies are used. "he most famous eBample of such a theory is #issonancereduction theory, associated with Deon .estinger, which eBplains that when the components of an attitude 'including belief and behavior- are at odds an individual may adjust one to match the other 'for eBample, adjusting a belief to match a behavior-. 1.1.3 Attitude change Attitudes can be changed through persuasion and we should understand attitude change as a response to communication. EBperimental research into the factors that can affect the persuasiveness of a message include Target CharacteristicsG "hese are characteristics that refer to the person who receives and processes a message. Hne such trait is intelligence - it seems that more intelligent people are less easily persuaded by one-sided messages. Another variable that has been studied in this category is self-esteem. Although it is sometimes thought that those higher in self-esteem are less easily persuaded, there is some evidence that the relationship between self-esteem and persuasibility is actually curvilinear, with people of moderate self-esteem being more easily persuaded than both those of high and low self-esteem levels '9hodes ( :oods, ,00*-. "he mind frame and mood of the target also plays a role in this process.

Source CharacteristicsG "he major source characteristics are eBpertise, trustworthiness and interpersonal attraction or attractiveness. "he credibility of a perceived message has been found to be a key variable here8 if one reads a report about health and believes it came from a professional medical journal, one may be more easily persuaded than if one believes it is from a popular newspaper. /ome psychologists have debated whether this is a long-lasting effect and ovland and :eiss ',0;,- found the effect of telling people that a message came from a credible source disappeared after several weeks 'the so-called ?sleeper effect?-. :hether there is a sleeper effect is controversial. Perceived wisdom is that if people are informed of the source of a message before hearing it, there is less likelihood of a sleeper effect than if they are told a message and then told its source. Message CharacteristicsG "he nature of the message plays a role in persuasion. /ometimes presenting both sides of a story is useful to help change attitudes. :hen people are not motivated to process the message, simply the number of arguments presented in a persuasive message will influence attitude change, such that a greater number of arguments will produce greater attitude change. Cognitive RoutesG A message can appeal to an individualAs cognitive evaluation to help change an attitude. &n the central route to persuasion the individual is presented with the data and motivated to evaluate the data and arrive at an attitude changing conclusion. &n the peripheral route to attitude change, the individual is encouraged to not look at the content but at the source. "his is commonly seen in modern advertisements that feature celebrities. &n some cases, physician, doctors or eBperts are used. &n other cases film stars are used for their attractiveness. .313. Psychological Help

&t is defined as Ivoluntary mental health treatment services provided by individuals who are specifically educated and trained to deal with another persons emotional problems in a therapeutic mannerJ ':ong, ,00>, p. 30-.

1.2.2 Attitudes toward Seeking Psychological Help Attitude is defined by as Ia learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given objectJ. /o, attitudes toward seeking psychological help can be defined as learned predispositions to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to psychological help-seeking.J ' .ishbein and AjCen,0>;, p. 41.3 Statement of the Problem /tigma associated with mental health care is an important factor in people!s decision to seek out and engage in psychotherapy and counseling. =oth social and self stigma associated with mental health services are consistently cited as the main reason why individuals in need of psychological help don!t seek out services. Educating the public about mental health services and empowering individuals to seek out help when eBperiencing psychological distress will help combat the adverse effects that accompany untreated mental health concerns. "his study aims to measure the attitude towards willingness and intentions to seek counseling, psychotherapies and pharmacotherapy or help seeking behavior for psychological problems. Effects of mental health education on students! endorsements of stigma, as well as. "his study aspires to help more people in need of mental health services.

1.4 ational of the Study

&n Nepal we find different culture and religion which is uni$ue in terms of indigenous aspects of behavior. As in other culture across the world understanding regarding mental illness or psychological problems is same here in Nepal. "hough we see people are getting aware day by day as time passes, through the medium of education and awareness program regarding mental health, the stigma associated with seeking out professional psychological help remains to its ground level. "his research is essential to bring the change among the people of the country because the result reflects the stigma about the people in getting the professional help that will guide the authority who are working in %ental ealth sector, in planning8 implementation and strategy that are to be taken in the coming future. 1.! "b#ecti$es of the study Every study has its objectives on the basis of which research run in the process. "he present study has one of the following objectives. %eneral ob#ecti$e "he general objective of this research is to study the attitude towards seeking professional help for psychological problems among college students. Specific ob#ecti$es "o study the level of awareness about attitude toward seeking professional help for psychological problems among students. "o study the relationship between level of education and help seeking behavior.

"o study the differences in attitude among male and female student in seeking the professional help.

1.& Hypothesis "he present thesis has the following hypothesis which is based on the previous studies done by the researches which shown the positive correlation between the attitude and professional help seeking behavior. "here is no relationship between seB and attitude towards help seeking behavior "here is no relationship between educational level and help seeking behavior

"here is no relationship between religion and help seeking behavior

1.' (imitation of the study "he present study, relationship between attitude and help seeking behavior has limited to some of its area of a study that is sample siCe, sample design and variable that are not controlled they are eBplained briefly belowG the sample will be taken only from four colleges in the 7atmandu valley "he sample siCe will be of *++ students

9esearch is conducted in the limited area so it can!t be representative for the whole country.

CHAPTER= II L !"ra!ur" R"+ "7

/tudies show that the amount of seeking professional psychological help is very low although university students are in need. &n a recent review of utiliCation rates of university counseling services by 9aunic and Kenos '*++2-,it was concluded that only *5 to 35 of the students sought help from the university counseling centers which is very low.

9osenthal and :ilson '*++2- investigated mental health service use utiliCing a cross sectional correlational research design with sample of ,>>1 freshmen students and found that of the students who are seriously distressed, only less than one-fourth sought psychological help in the past siB months.

/tallman and /hocked '*++0- conducted a study with university students 'N L ,,42- and only 10.35 of the highly distressed students were found to seek help from a health-care professional in 3 weeks.

Nilsson et al. '*++3- investigated the use of counseling services of international students from the university counseling center during one year and found that only *5 of them sought help from the center. Another study with *231 college students yielded that >5 of them reported self injury which is a maladaptive coping function consisting of intentionally giving harm to ones body without the purpose of killing oneself and only *45 of them sought mental health therapy or medication in the past year '6ollust, Eisenberg ( 6olberstein, *++2-.

%oreover, in the survey of 134 university students, "urner and Muinn ',000- found that students are more prone to seek psychological help in the case of serious mental illness '045and suicidal ideation '0+5- or drugNalcohol dependency, eating disorders, coping with chronic disease, depression, anBiety 'more than ;+5-8 rather than developmental, vocational or social problems 'less than ;+5-.

CHAPTER= III M"!'o#olo()

3.1 Sample design

)olleges A=) PM9 KO<

Participants 1+ %ales /tudents 1+ %ales /tudents 1+ %ales /tudents 1+ .emale /tudents 1+.emale /tudents 1+.emale /tudents

3.2 )ni$erse of the study "he study will be conducted on the students of private college in 7atmandu valley in Nepal. "he selected sample will be students studying bachelor level. 3.3 Sample si*e "he participants for this study comprise ,2+ students of private college Nuniversity . &n this study1+ sample will the male sample and 1+ will be the female sample from each college and will combining the sample of two collegesNuniversity.

3.4 Sampling Non random sampling method will be used. )onvenient sampling procedure will be followed for the data collection. 3.! +ariables &n this study there is one independent variable and one dependent variable will be measured statistically. "hey are shown in the diagram below I$#"p"$#"$! +ar abl" Education D"p"$#"$! +ar abl"

/eB

Attitude toward /eeking Professional elp

Age

3.& ,ata collection method &n this study Muestionnaire method will be used. #ata will be collected by using reliable and valid test developed by renowned persons in the field of psychology. &n the process of data collection, following steps will be used. Permission will be taken from the principal of the college to collect data from the students one day before the academic test.

"est will be taken in the class keeping students all together.

3.' ,ata collection tools For this study the tools that is used for the data collection is Attitude Toward Seeking Professional Help developed by Fischer and Turners will be used. The ATSPPH-SF was developed by Fischer and Turners (1 !"# ori$inal % -ite& &easure. The authors reported evidence of criterion-related validity (correlations with previous help-see'in$ e(perience and respondent $ender# and conver$ent validity (correlation of .)! with the ori$inal &easure# and its te&poral consistency was reported to have a test-retest reliability coefficient of .)" *n ter&s of reliability+. The ite&s in the ATSPPH are rated usin$ scores between " (disa$ree# and , (a$ree#- for data analysis in the current study+ avera$e scores ran$in$ fro& " to , were used. The test is ai& to &easure the &a.or / factor psychotherapeutic i.e ,- 9ecognition of the Need for

elp *- /tigma "olerance 1- &nterpersonal 0penness 3- confidence

in %ental health practitioner 3.- ,ata analysis )ollected data will be organiCed on the sheet and then data will be feed on /tatistical Package of social science ' /P// -,>-. /tatistical methods correlation, independent sample t test will be used to assess the result.

R"%"r"$*"s
Andrews+ 1.+ *ssa'idis+ 2.+ 3 2arter+ 1. (%""1#. Shortfall in &ental health service utili4ation. British Journal of Psychiatry, v179, /1!-/%5.
.ischer, E. ., ( "urner, P.D. ',0>+-. #evelopment and research utility of an attitude scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1;, >0-0+.

=aron.9.A ( #.=yrane'*++;-./ocia psychology',,th ed.-, Prentice- all of &ndia Private Dimited,New #elhi Eastwood Atwater',00;-, Psychology for livingG Adjustment, and 6rowth and =ehavior "oday';th ed.- .Prentice- all of &ndia Private Dimited,New #elhi
.ischer, E. ., ( "urner, P.D. ',0>+-. #evelopment and research utility of an attitude scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1;, >0-0+. .ischer, E. ., ( "urner, P.D. ',0>+-. #evelopment and research utility of an attitude scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1;, >0-0+.

6o&iya+ 7.+ 1ood+ 1. 8.+ 3 Sherrod+ 7. 9. (%"""#. 8&otional openness as a predictor of colle$e students attitudes toward see'in$ psycholo$ical help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, v47(1#+ 1,)-1/,.

9osenthal, =. ( :ilson, ). '*++2-. %ental health servicesG Fse and disparity among diverse college students. Journal of American College Health, 57, 4,-4>. /tallman, . %. ( /hochet, &. '*++0-. Prevalence of mental health problems in Australian university , ,**Q,*>.

health services. Australian Psychologist,

"urner, A. D. ( Muinn, 7... ',000-. )ollege studentsA perceptions of the value of psychological servicesG A comparison with APAAs public education research. Professional Psychology! Research and Practice, "#, 142-1>,. :ong, R. D. ',00>-. Relationshi$s among degree of acculturation, o$inions a%out illness, selected socio&demogra$hic varia%les, and attitudes to'ard see(ing $rofessional $sychological hel$ among Chinese college students) Fnpublished doctoral dissertation. "he Fniversity of "eBas, Austin.