Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences

2009
SCIENCE IN CHINA PRESS

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Coupling the hydrological and ecological process to implement the sustainable water resources management in Hanjiang River Basin
ZHANG Xiang1 & XIA Jun2
1 2

State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, IGSNRR, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

Research on the combination of hydrological variation and ecological demands plays an important role in water availability assessment and sustainable management on basin scale. An integrative frame, consisting of hydrological regime modelling, ecological water demands estimation and renewable resources management, is given in this paper in order to support the implementation of the sustainable water resources management. The suggested integrative frame has been used to study the integrated water resources management in southern Hanjiang River Basin which is the water source of South-toNorth Water Transportation Project in China. SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) model was used to simulate the monthly averaging streamflow and the amounts of ecological water demands in stream were also estimated in order to evaluate the available water resources for the local users and the transportation project. Then we formed the developing scenarioes by coupling the available water resources, the recovering rate of water resources in natural water cycle, the local water use rate and the amounts of the water transported to North, and used the Scheafer model to analyze their evolving trajectories. Eventually, the sustainable water resources management measures were assembled by the comprehensive evaluation of the scenarioes. The research indicates that the integrative frame provided a new way for the integrated water resources management in river basin.
SWAT (soil and water assessment tool), Scheafer model, ecological water demands, water resources availability, sustainable water resources management

1 Introduction
In 1996, the UNESCO-IHP defined sustainable water resources management as water management and use that support the society and its welfare from now to the future without destructing the water cycle or the integrity of the eco-system they live by. As compared to the conventional water resources management, the sustainable water resources management specially emphasizes the integral water management in terms of the future changes, social welfare, hydrological cycle and ecosystem[1,2]. From this, hydrological process and ecological process are two important scientific bases for sustainable water resources management. Water is one of

the material bases for the eco-system and the eco-system is in return never independent of water. The ecological integrity is one of the principal objectives for sustainable water resources management. Therefore, it is necessary to study the existence and distribution of water from the coupling of hydrological process and ecological process to enable better water resources management and provide scientific foundation for sustainable water resources management[3, 4].
Received July 8, 2009; accepted August 1, 2009 doi: 10.1007/s11431-009-0363-2 Corresponding author (email: zhangxiang@whu.edu.cn) Supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40730632)

Citation: Zhang X, Xia J. Coupling the hydrological and ecological process to implement the sustainable water resources management in Hanjiang River Basin. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci, 2009, 52(11): 32403248, doi: 10.1007/s11431-009-0363-2

In the research of simulation and application of the ecohydrological processes, the research of the non-point water quantity-water quality-ecological coupling system model provided a preliminary framework[2] and developed a system model based on multi-box model; Krysanova et al.[5] summarized the application of SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) model in ecohydrological simulation; Griensven et al.[6] summarized the application of SWAT model in the European Water Framework Directive and pointed out that the combination of SWAT model with ecological evaluation and land utilization would play an important role in the multidisciplinary eco-environment evaluation; McClain et al.[7] studied the ecohydrological processes of major rivers and wetlands in South Africa in terms of hydrology and geochemistry and pointed out the way to apply the ecohydrological principles for better water resources management in South American; In the research of the mechanism of ecohydrological processes, RodriguezIturbe[8] pointed out that climate-soil-vegetation dynamic process controled the basic ecological mode and ecological process, in which the soil moisture was the key factor that decided the relationships between the hydrological dynamic process and ecological mode and ecological process, and the dynamic process in the eco-system of arid and semi-arid areas heavily depended on soil water which is subject to the many complicated and interactive hydrological processes[9]; Newman et al.[10] also pointed out that in water-limited areas, it was highly necessary that ecohydrological researches should be based on the multi-disciplinary interaction and reinforce the relationships between hydrology, ecogeochemistry and ecological process. While in humid areas, it is necessary to consider interaction between the soil water movements in the aquifer and non-saturated zone, the water absorption by the plant roots, the precipitation recharge and permeation and the lateral movement of underground water flow[11]. The increasingly severe water problems, and the eco-environmental and social problems brought along with them, are a world-wide concern. People have realized that the water resources management has extended to the entire basin eco-system from simply a water element. As a result, the rational allocation of basin water resources and decision analysis of sustainable development call for an effective integral analysis tool. By building an integral model that integrates hydrology, production, living, eco-environment and system on the

basin scale, we can evaluate the demand and expectation of all water-related stakeholders and provide necessary analysis and support for the development of macro decisions. The frameworks and implementation of this integral model became one of the challenges in the research of the comprehensive water resources management over the past years. This paper proposes an integral framework based on the coupling of hydrological process and ecological process, describing the water resources evolvement, considering water resources utilization and using the renewable resources management model to analyze the evolving trajectories of water resources system. In practical applicaion of the Hanjiang River Basin, the distributed hydrological model, SWAT, is used to simulate and analyze the changes in the hydrological regimes, the calculation of ecological water demand in channel is based on the ecoclogical and hydrological analysis, the Scheafer model is used to analyze the evolving trajectories under different water resources exploitation and utilization situations.

2 Research framework
The basin ecohydrological simulation consists of a basic hydrological model and modules describing the ecogeochemical cycle (e.g., carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle and phosphor cycle, etc.) and vegetation[5] so as to simulate the interaction and feedback between these elements, like the forcing of water and nutrition substances in the growth of plants, water transportation in vegetation, movement of nutrition substances along with water. Making in-depth studies into the coupling mechanism of the above processes is very significant for maintaining the basin eco-balance, properly calculating the available water resources quantity of the basin and developing sustainable water resources management strategies. Figure 1 shows a sustainable water resources management framework using the renewable resources management model to analyze the evolving trajectories that are forced by the renewability, availability and utilization of water resources. The renewability and availability of water resources should be based on the coupling analysis of hydrological process and ecological process in basin. So the ecohydrological principles play an important role in the implementation of the sustainable water resources management. From Figure 1, the framework mainly consists of a hydrological process model, an ecological process
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Figure 1

Framework of sustainable water resources management based on eco-hydrology coupling.

model and a renewable resources management model. The hydrological process model coupled with the ecological process model is used to simulate the hydrological regime, assess the amount and renewability of water resources and estimate the ecological water demands. Based on these results, we can obtain the available amount of water resources in basin. Under different water resources utilization situations, the available amount and renewability of water resources are integrated into renewable resources management model. The renewable resources management model is a nonlinear system dynamic model that can simulate the complicated system evolving behaviour. There are three possible states that the water resources system will evolve into under different water resources utilization states, i.e., the sustainable state, the critical state and the dry-up state.

is based on the Logistics model in ecology, is applied to analyze the nonlinear evolving trajectories of water resources situations in an area under different water resources exploitation and utilization situations. The sustainable water resources management methodology system based on the coupling of hydrology and ecology can provide an evaluating tool for developing sustainable water resources management strategies. 3.1 SWAT model SWAT is a semi-distributed hydrological model developed by the USDA Agricultural Research Center aiming at the evaluation of the impact of different management regimes for medium-size and large basins on the water resources and pollutant dispersion. With its good physical mechanism, SWAT is capable of making long and continuous time simulation and simulating multiple hydrological, physical and chemical processes like the runoff, the transportation of sediment, nutrition substances and pesticides with the spatial information provided by the remote sensing and geographic information system. It is widely used in runoff simulation, non-point pollution, water and soil erosion, land utilization and agricultural management. Figure 2 shows the modules in SWAT model. 3.2 Calculation of ecological water demands One of the principal targets of ecohydrological research

3 Methodology
We use SWAT to simulate the change of hydrological regime of a basin. In order to consider the impacts of ecological process on water resources management, we focus on the ecological water demand and use the base flow analysis method and channel functional analysis method to estimate it. Based on the stream flow and the ecological water demand, the deduction method is used to calculate the available water resources. A renewable resources management model, the Scheafer model which
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Figure 2

Overview of the modules in SWAT[6].

is to maintain the balance in the eco-system by adjusting the hydrological process, e.g., to recover and improve the water conservation capacity, secure ecological water demand and improve the renewal sustainability of the water cycle in the basin by planting trees and restoring wetlands. Therefore, considering ecological water demand is an important foundation for sustainable water resources utilization. So far, researches on ecological water demands mainly involve hydrological method, hydraulic method, ecohydrological analysis, habitat simulation and integral analysis, of which the hydrological method, also called historic flow analysis, assumes the flow of a river according to the hydrological indexes, like the percentage of the average flow or the guarantee rate on the natural flow frequency curve. Representative methods include 7Q10, Montana or Tennant method, basic flow analysis and flow-duration curves. In China, the calculation of the ecological water demand within a channel is mainly based on the analysis of the functions of the river. The functions of river typically includes: (i) water demand for maintaining the habitat of aquatic (wet) lives; (ii) water demand for dilution and self-purification of the river; (iii) water demand for maintaining the sediments balance of the river. Hydrological method assumes the flow of a river with hydrological indexes to determine the ecological water demand within the channel. This method mainly aims at

the water demand itself and the value is mainly based on a low flow value within the channel. While the river function assumption calculates the ecological water demand within the channel according to the water demand for the river to come up to different functions. Both methods have their advantages. In this paper, the ecological water demand within the channel is calculated by both the hydrological method and river function assumption in comparison so that the calculated ecological water demand is not too small as it only considers the low flow or too big as it addresses too many of the river functions. 3.3 Calculation of available water resources The available surface water resources quantity is in general the maximal amount of the water available for the domestic demand, production and ecology outside the channel at one time (excluding repeated use of the return water) within a predicable period through economically appropriate and technically workable measures after integral consideration of the eco-environment and other water consumptions within the channel. The available water resources are the quantity of water resources that may be consumed and used as analyzed from the angle of resources. It is very important in the evaluation, planning, allocation and management of water resources. In China, the available surface water resources quantity is generally calculated in two ways: One is loss deduction, which deducts the unavailable surface water
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resources from the total surface water resources. Unavailable water resources include the minimal ecoenvironmental water demand and production water demand during the non-flood season within the riverway and the uncontrollable and unusable flow during the flooding season[13]; the other is the duration method or typical-year method, which adjusts and calculates the runoff process according to the current large or medium water project facilities and finds out the available surface water resources quantity under a certain frequency. In calculating the available surface water resources, it is necessary to study the calculating methods related to the minimal eco-environmental water demand, the production water demand within the riverway and the maximal water diversion and reservation or water supply capacity by taking into account the feasibility of technical and economical factors of the project. In the second method described above, the selection of a typical year is random in a way, and the adjustment calculation in the duration method needs both large quantities of related information and complicated work. So few cases are found where the available surface water resources quantity is calculated in this way. As a usual practice in China, the available surface water resources quantity is calculated by the loss deduction method. 3.4 Renewable resources management model The integrated framework, calculating the available water resources based on ecohydrology and simulating the nonlinear evolving tracks of different water resources exploitation and utilization situations with the renewable resources, Logistic model taking into account the renewability of water resources, is one of the effective ways to study and realize sustainable water resources utilization. As one of the core theories in population ecology, the Logistics model describes the determination of the relationships between the dynamic changes in the population quantities like the increase and harvest in the fish population and the time, which is generally expressed as[14] dx x (1) = rx1 . dt k In which x is the population quantity, r is the intrinsic increasing rate of the population, k is the maximal quantity of such individual population carriable by the environment, called environment carrying capacity and t is
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the time. Based on Logistics model, and considering the exploitation and utilization of renewable resources, we may build renewable resources management models, the representative of which is Sheafer model[14]: x dx (2) = r 1 x ux . k dt In which u is the exploitation and utilization rate of renewable resources, the population quantity x may be regarded as the available quantity of resources, r may be regarded as the renewable rate of resources and k as the maximal quantity of resources in the environment. Scheafer model is a one-order quadratic nonlinear equation that describes the evolving tracks of complicated nonlinear dynamic systems under multiple factors. Under the condition of the equilibrium point (state), dx/dt=0, two equilibrium points (states) can be derived from Scheafer model: x 01 = 0, (3)
u (4) x 02 = k 1 . r While the time-dependent solution of Scheafer model

is . (5) r r u r ( r u )t + e k x ( 0) k where x(0) > 0, when u<r, the solution of eq. (5) progressively tends to solution x02 (stable state), which shows that as under moderate utilization, (i.e., u<r), the renewable resources will be automatically adjusted to a sustainable renewal level x02 and stays at a sustainable availability state. While when u>r, the solution of eq. (5) progressively tends to the stable state x01, and then x 02 = K (1 u / r ) < 0 , which is an unstable, namely an unrealistic state. This shows that under excessive utilization (i.e., U>r), the renewable resources will stay a time with its actual utilized quantity being reduced year by year till the equilibrium state when x01 = 0, namely when resources are dried up and are no longer sustainable. From this, the evolvement of the exploitation and utilization state of renewable resources is subject to the resources quantity, the intrinsic increasing rate, the environment carrying capacity of resources and the resources exploitation and utilization rate. It is a nonlinear dynamic system with complicated characteristics. In the course of evolvement, there might be multiple attractors,
x (t ) = r u

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multiple dispellers and system bifurcation, mutation and chaos[14]. As the different evolving tracks suggest whether the exploitation and utilization of renewable resources is moderate sustainable utilization or excessive dry-up utilization, it is very significant for determining the right way of exploiting and utilizing resources according to the available resources quantity, intrinsic increase rate and environment carrying capacity of renewable resources and realizing sustainable utilization of renewable resources.

114 east longitude. The trunk is approximately 106 in an east-to-west trend (see Figure 3). The area above Danjiangkou is the upper stream. The Danjiangkou Reservoir is in Danjiangkou City under the joining point between Hanjiang River and its branch Danjiang, and the middleline project of the South-to-North Water Transportation Project takes water right from this reservoir. 4.2 Hydrological simulation of the Hanjiang River Basin

4 Case study
4.1 Hanjiang River Basin

Hanjiang River is the largest branch in the middle course of the Yangtze River. It originates from the south foot of the Qinling Mountain and was named Hanjiang River after it joined the Baohe River at Hanzhong Basin. It joins the Yangtze River in Wuhan and serves as a water source area for the South-to-North Water Transportation Project. The catchment area of the whole basin is 159000 km2 and the total length of the trunk is 1577 km. The basin lies between 30 40 north latitude and

We collected basic data about the Hanjiang River Basin like the DEM data, land utilization, soil types and meteorology and divided the coverage of the Huangjiagang station in the upper course of the basin into 16 sub-basins and 1929 hydrological response units (HRU) with SWAT model AVSWAT2000 version[15]. Then, we calibrated and validated the model respectively with the measured data of 19871996 and 19972001. The precision was assessed with two indexes, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency R2 and average relative error. The calibration and validation result of the model is shown in Table 1 and Figure 4.

Figure 3

Hanjiang River Basin.

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Figure 4 Table 1

Simulation of the monthly runoff at Huangjiagang Station of Hanjiang River. (a) Calibration; (b) validation.

The accuracy of SWAT simulation Index Modeling Calibration

2

Validation 0.73 0.90 6.5%

Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency R Correlation coefficient r Average relative error

0.79 0.90 7.97%

n

R2 = 1

( ESTi RECi ) ( RECi REC )

i =1 i =1 n

(6)

In which RECi is the measured value (m3/s), ESTi is the simulated value (m3/s), REC is the average of the measured value (m3/s), and n is the length of the simulation sequence. The analysis above shows that SWAT model is applicable for simulating the hydrological regime of the Hanjiang River Basin. As SWAT model includes consideration of land use/land coverage and climate changes, it can also be further used for evaluating the impacts of the land use/land coverage and climate changes along the Hanjiang River Basin on the water resources.
4.3 Calculation of available surface water resources

According to the definition and calculation method of the available surface water resources, the key to the calculation of the available surface water resources along the Hanjiang River Basin is to determine the ecological
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and production water demands within the riverway of the Hanjiang River Basin. In particular, determining the right ecological and production water demands within the riverway of the Hanjiang River Basin is an important guarantee for the ecological protection and sustainable water resources utilization. Ref. [16] uses Q90, wetted perimeter and Tennant methods together to calculate the ecological and production water demands in the upstream of the Hanjiang River. Considering the middleline water diversion in the South-to-North Water Transportation Project, it takes the calculated result by the Tennant method, namely 30% of the annual mean flow as the recommended flow; ref. [17] suggests that the basic ecological water demand in the middle stream and down stream of the Hanjiang River be the summation of the minimal water demand for maintaining the river ecology, water demand for river permeation and water demand for riverway evaporation, the calculated result being 18.451 (109m3). We use both the hydrological method and the river function analysis method. In the hydrological method, three hydrological indexes are used: 30% of the annual mean runoff, minimal mean monthly runoff over the past 10 years and 90% guarantee rate minimal mean monthly flow, the calculated results being 15.15, 11.89 and 8.14 (109m3) respectively. Considering the water demands for the sediment delivery and river shipping are 5.66 and 12.93 (109m3) respectively, the total water demand within the riverway courses is rated at the peripheral value of the

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ecological water demand and the production water demand within the riverway, namely 15.15 (109 m3). According to the major water reservoirs along the Hanjiang River Basin, the annual mean uncontrollable or usable flood water drained down during the flooding season is calculated as 22.33 (109m3). For rivers in the south of China, uncontrollable flood water can also meet the riverway water demand during the flood season. As the flooding season along Hanjiang River is usually from May to October, to simplify the calculation, we assume that the riverway water demand is evenly distributed during the flooding season and non-flooding season, then we can determine that the riverway water demand in the non-flooding season is 7.58 (109m3). Based on the total annual mean runoff of the Hanjiang River Basin controlled by Huangzhuang Station in the downstream being 50.5 (109m3), the calculated annual mean available surface water resources quantity is 20.59 (109m3).
4.4 Evaluation of the development of water resources

which is defined here as the reciprocal of the renewal cycle of the surface water resources system of the basin; Vs is the area covered by the surface water resources system of the basin (m3). By integrating eqs. (7) and (8) above, we will find out the water resources renewal velocity of the surface water resources system of the Hanjiang River Basin qs=1.62/a and the renewable cycle of the surface water resources system of the Hanjiang River Basin is 0.62a. The utilization rate of the surface water resources of the Hanjiang River Basin, namely the actual water resources utilization rate u in eq. (2) can be calculated by equation below,
u = H (t ) / x (t ) .

(9)

The key factor in analyzing the utilization state of the basin surface water resources with the renewable resources management model, Scheafer model based on Logistic model is to determine the water resources renewable rate of the basin, namely r. Ref. [18] studies the renewability of water resources along the Yangtze River basin and calculates the renewability of thurface water resources along the Yangtze River basin as 0.526 m3/(m2 a), from which the renewable water resources of the surface water resources systems in different sub-basins along the Yangtze River may be calculated in equationbelow,
Fs = Qs . A

(7)

In which Fs is the annual renewability of the surface water resources of a basin (m3/(m2 a)), A is the area of the basin (m2) and Qs is the annual renewable water resources quantity (m3 a). The relationship between the renewable water resources quantity and the water resources renewal velocity may be expressed in the formula below [16]:
Qs = qs Vs .

In which H(t) is the annual water resources consumption of the basin (including water diversion and industrial and agricultural water consumption, etc.). As known from related data, and considering the water diversion from the south to the north, the annual mean water resources consumption of the Hanjiang River Basin is 19.6 (109m3/a), the annual mean surface available water resources quantity is 20.59 (109m3) and the utilization rate of the available surface water resources of the Hanjiang River Basin is u=0.95. When qs=1.62/a is regarded as r in eq. (5) above, it is obvious that u<r = qs, which shows that the exploitation and utilization of the surface water resources of the Hanjiang River Basin is rational and moderate utilization at a sustainable level. Also from the analysis above, even when 1<u<qs, namely when H(t)>x(t), the water resources utilization of the basin is still believed to be at a sustainable state. This shows that as long as the actual utilization rate of renewable resources is smaller than the renewable rate, these resources will be recovered through resources renewal and thereby be sustainably available even if they are used beyond what is available for a period of time. This indicates that the Scheafer model can objectively describe the evolvement of the exploitation and utilization state of renewable resources.

5 Conclusions
This paper proposed an integral sustainable water resources management framework on basin scale containing hydrological regime simulation, ecological water demand and renewable resources management models. The basic idea of the framework is the possibility to
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(8)

In which qs is the water resources renewal velocity of the surface water resources system of the basin (1/a)

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simulate the changes in water resources under climate changes and human activities with distributed hydrological models, then analyze and calculate the available water resources under different situations in a proper way taking into account the ecological process, and analyze the nonlinear evolving tracks of the basin water resources utilization situation under different water resources exploitation and utilization regimes with renewable resources management models according to the water resources renewability theory. Based on this framework, the paper studies the applicability of the distributed hydrological model, SWAT for the Hanjiang River Basin. The results show that SAWT model may be further applied to the research of the impact of climate changes and human activities on
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