EVAPORATION

Prepared By ANAND P. DHANWANI Associate Professor D.D.University Nadiad.

Introduction

Vaporization of an element or
compound is a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase. There are two types of vaporization:

Evaporation and Boiling.

Introduction Evaporation:
It is a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase that occurs at temperatures below the boiling temperature at a given pressure. Evaporation usually occurs on the surface.

Introduction

Boiling:
It is a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase that occurs at or above the temperature the boiling temperature. Boiling occurs below the surface.

Evaporation
Process of vaporizing large quantities of volatile liquid to get a concentrated product. Practical definition is the removal of solvent from the solution

By boiling the liquor in a suitable vessel Withdrawing the vapor Leaving a concentrated liquid residue in the vessel : Mass transfer takes place from the surface Thus no boiling occurs.

Evaporation is a surface phenomenon

Properties of material to be evaporated

Either solutions or suspensions. Liquid must be volatile, while the solute must be non-volatile Material should be thermo-stable Liquid is water with low solid content Residue is concentrated Liquid Evaporating liquid is only one component in most of the cases.

Properties of material to be evaporated

No attempt is made to separate a mixture vapor, even if any The basic purpose is to get concentrated liquid, but not to get crystals Concentration Foaming Temperature sensitivity Scaling and salting Materials of construction (M.O.C.)

Comparison of Evaporation with Other Heat process

Applications
Manufacture of bulk drugs :

evaporation process is used in pharmacy practice, pharmaceutical industries, chemical industries etc. such as insulin, biochemical products (penicillin) & plant products. Preparation of blood products (blood plasma & serum) Enzymes & antibiotics. De-mineralized water after condensation (Distillation)

Manufacture of biological products :

Miscellaneous :

Evaporators
Equipment used for the evaporation are known as evaporators.

Heat is supplied to the evaporator Which transmits it to evaporating liquid So provide latent heat of vaporization

Steam is generally used as a source of heat. Which is generated by heating water in a boiler.

Why Steam as a source of Heat?

Steam has a very high heat content Heat is given up at constant temperature The raw-material-water-is cheap and plentiful It is clean,

odorless and tasteless,

No chance of contamination of a product. It can be used

At high pressure to generate electric power At low-pressure exhaust steam used for process heating.

It is easy to generate, distribute and control.

Classification of Evaporators

Single effect Evaporator

In this type, evaporator the vapor from the boiling liquid is condensed and discarded. Single effects units can be operated in

Batch mode Semi batch mode Continuous batch mode Continuous mode

Single Effect Evaporator

Single effect Evaporator

They are used when

1.Through put is low. 2. Cheap supply of steam is available. 3. Vapors are contaminated. It uses steam inefficiently.

DRAWBACKS:

To evaporate 1 kg of water we need 1-1.3 kg of steam.

MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATION

An evaporator is essentially a heat exchanger Liquid is boiled to give a vapour,

it is also, simultaneously, a low pressure steam generator. It may be possible to make use of this, to treat an evaporator as a low pressure boiler, To make use of the steam thus produced for further heating in another following evaporator called another effect.

Multiple Effect Evaporators

Series of evaporators between the steam supply and condenser is called multiple effect evaporator. The vapors from one effect serve as the heating medium for the next. Temp of vapors decreases and pressure also decreases.

Multiple Effect Evaporators

Construction & Mechanism

3 single effect evaporators are attached i.e. triple effect evaporator. The other aspects of construction remain same as single effect. The vapour from 1st evaporator serves as a heating medium for 2nd evaporator. Same as for 2nd and 3rd. Last evaporator is connected to a vacuum

Construction & Mechanism

The temperature in the steam chest is higher in the first than in the second effect. In order that the steam provided by the evaporation in the first effect will boil off liquid in the second effect, The boiling temperature in the second effect must be lower and so that effect must be under lower pressure.

Feeding of Multiple Effect Evaporators

The evaporators can be fed by several flow arrangements like: Forward feed method:-

Mother liquor is introduced into 1st then transferred to 2nd & then to 3rd. Mother liquor is introduced into 3rd then transferred to 2nd & then to 1st.

Backward feed method:-

Feeding of Multiple Effect Evaporators

Mixed feed method:-

Mother liquor is introduced into 2nd then transferred to 3rd & then to 1st . Fresh feed is provided to each effect and mother liquor is withdrawn from each effect There is no transfer of liquid.

Parallel feed method:-

Forward Feed
In some cases, the first effect may be at a pressure above atmospheric or at atmospheric pressure the second and subsequent effects have therefore to be under increasingly lower pressures Under these conditions, the liquid feed progress is simplest if it passes from effect one to effect two, to effect three, and so on, These circumstances the feed will flow without pumping. This is called forward feed It means that the most concentrated liquids will occur in the last effect

Forward Feed

Backward feed
If feed pass in the reverse direction Starting in the last effect and proceeding to the first, In this case the liquid has to be pumped from one effect to the next against the pressure drops. This is called backward feed The concentrated viscous liquids can be handled at the highest temperatures in the first effects It usually offers larger evaporation capacity than forward feed systems, It may be disadvantageous from the viewpoint of product quality.

Backward feed

Parallel Feed
A hot saturated solution of the feed is directly fed into each of the three effects in parallel without transferring the material from one to another. This is commonly used in the concentration of the salt solution, where the solute crystallizes on concentration without increasing the viscosity

Parallel Feed

Mixed Feed

The dilute liquid enters an intermediate effect. Eliminates some of the pumps as needed in backward feed.

Mixed Feed

Economy of multiple effect evaporator

It is the quantity of vapour produced per unit steam admitted. Feed is admitted at its B.P. so it does not require any more heat to raise its temp. Hence, the supplied steam is condensed to give heat of condensation.

Economy of multiple effect evaporator

This heat will then transferred to the liquid. The heat transferred now serves as latent heat of vaporization, i.e. liquid undergoes vaporization by receiving heat. Loss of heat by means is negligible.

Economy of multiple effect evaporator

So economy of evaporator may be expressed as:

Total mass of vapour produced/total mass of steam supplied.

In single-effect evaporator, steam produces vapour only once.

So Economy of single effect evaporator=N units of vapour produced/N units of steam supplied=1

Economy of multiple effect evaporator

In multiple effect evaporator:

one unit of steam produces vapour many times, depending on the no. of evaporators connected. N units of vapour produced/1 unit steam supplied =N Therefore, economy of multiple effect evaporator is N times the economy of the single effect evaporator.

Economy of multiple effect evaporator

Advantages of Multiple Effect Evaporators

Suitable for large scale & for continuous operation. Heat is used over and over again We appear to be getting the evaporation in the second and subsequent effects for nothing in terms of energy costs.

Multiple Effect Evaporator

Highly economical when compared to single effect. So Economy is very High. About 5 evaporators can be attached. Capacity is very low