Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Section/Article
Description
Page 8-20-2 8-20-2 8-20-2 8-20-3 8-20-3 8-20-3 8-20-3 8-20-3 8-20-3 8-20-5 8-20-5 8-20-5 8-20-9 8-20-10 8-20-10 8-20-10 8-20-10 8-20-11 8-20-11 8-20-12 8-20-12 8-20-13 8-20-13 8-20-14 8-20-14 8-20-14 8-20-14 8-20-16 8-20-17
20.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.1 Scope (1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.2 T ypes of Flexible Bulkheads (1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 Information Required. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.1 Field Surveys and Records (1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.2 Soil Investigation (1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.3 Loads (1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.4 Drainage (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.5 Character of Backfill (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 Computation of Lateral Forces Acting on Bulkheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3.1 Active Earth Pressure Due to the Weight of Backfill (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3.2 Active Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge Loads (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3.3 Active Earth Pressure Due to Unbalanced Water Pressure (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3.4 Passive Earth Pressure (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3.5 Reduction of Weight in Passive Wedge Due to Upward Seepage (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4.1 Stability Calculations (1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5 Design of Anchored Bulkheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5.1 Depth of Embedment (1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5.2 Maximum Moment (1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5.3 Anchor Pull (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5.4 Flexibility of Anchorage (1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5.5 Anchorages (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5.6 Connections (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5.7 Allowable Stresses (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.6 Cantilever Bulkheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.6.1 Scope (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 Notations (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8-20-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 8-20-1 8-20-2 8-20-3 8-20-4 8-20-5 8-20-6 8-20-7 8-20-8 8-20-9 Description Lateral Pressure Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure Distribution for Strip Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure Distribution for Line Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure Distribution for Point Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow Net for Upward Seepage of Water After Rapidly Receding High Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stability Analysis Massive Earth Movements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depth of Total Embedment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum Moment Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anchorage Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 8-20-6 8-20-7 8-20-7 8-20-9 8-20-10 8-20-11 8-20-12 8-20-13 8-20-15
LIST OF TABLES
Table Description Page 8-20-4 8-20-4 8-20-4
8-20-1 Granular Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-20-2 Silt and Clay Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-20-3 Unit Weights of Soils, and Coefficients of Earth Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. c.
d.
e.
1 2
8-20-2
f.
Braced excavations and cofferdams, not included in the scope of this specification, exhibit different types of deformation with resulting higher earth pressures.
SECTION 20.2 INFORMATION REQUIRED 20.2.1 FIELD SURVEYS AND RECORDS (1995)
Sufficient information shall be furnished in the form of a profile and cross sections, or a topographical map to determine general design and structural requirements. Present and proposed grades and alignment of tracks and roads shall be indicated together with records of: reference datum, maximum and minimum high water, mean high water, minimum and mean low water, existing ground water level, location of utilities, construction history of the area, indication of any conditions which might hamper proper installation of the piling, depth of scour, allowance for overdredging, wave heights, and seiches.
b. c.
b.
b.
Granular backfill is recommended where the depth of the bulkhead is great or the bulkhead deformation must be minimized.
See Commentary
2010, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association
8-20-3
Table 8-20-1. Granular Soils Descriptive Term for Relative Density Standard Penetration Test Blows per Foot N Very Loose Loose Medium Dense Very Dense Table 8-20-2. Silt and Clay Soils Descriptive Term for Consistency Very Soft Soft Medium Stiff Very Stiff Hard Unconfined Compressive Strength Tons per Square Foot Less than 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 Over 4.00 04 4 10 10 30 30 50 Over 50
For Backfill
I
(6) (7)
0.20 0.25 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.50 1.00 0.35
G
(9)
20 17 15
I
(11)
38 34 30
G
(12)
25 23 20
(2)
110 110 90 110 95 80
(3)
140 130 125 150 130 125
(4)
65 60 56 70 60 50
(5)
78 68 63 88 68 63
(8)
38 34 30
qu 1 -------------p + Jz
qu 1 + -------------p + Jz
In pounds per cubic foot. These angles, expressed in degrees, are I, the angle of internal friction, and G, the angle of wall friction, and are used in estimating the coefficients under which they are listed. The symbol J represents J or J c, whichever is applicable; p is the effective unit pressure on the top surface of the stratum; qu is the unconfined compressive strength; w is the natural water content, in percentage of dry weight; and z is the depth below the top surface of the stratum.
2010, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association
8-20-4
SECTION 20.3 COMPUTATION OF LATERAL FORCES ACTING ON BULKHEADS 20.3.1 ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO THE WEIGHT OF BACKFILL (1993)
a. b. The active earth pressure due to the weight of the backfill may be computed by the Coulomb Theory, and is represented in the loading diagram by area I, Figure 8-20-1. The active earth pressure at depth z is:
pA = KaJ z
pu = Kaq
which is represented by area II, Figure 8-20-1.
8-20-5
b.
The Strip Load is not shown in Figure 8-20-1. Symbols and notations are shown in Figure 8-20-2.
1.27q c m n p 1 = ---------------- ---------------------------- For m ! 0.40 H 2 2 2 m + n qc n p 1 = 0.203 ---- ------------------------------- For m d 0.40 H 2 2 0.16 + n
8-20-6
b.
The pressure is represented by area IV, Figure 8-20-1. Symbols and notations are shown in Figure 8-20-3.
Figure 8-20-3. Pressure Distribution for Line Load 20.3.2.4 Point Load
a. The lateral pressure due to a point load, Q, Figure 8-20-4, varies with the depth as well as the horizontal distance from the load. The intensity of lateral pressure pq on line ab directly opposite the load may be computed by the following formulas:
Q m n p q = 1.77 ------- ---------------------------- For m ! 0.40 2 3 2 2 H m + n Q n p q = 0.28 ------- ------------------------------- For m d 0.40 3 2 2 H 0.16 + n
b. The unit pressure on any other point, on both sides of ab is smaller than pq at the same depth, and may be computed by:
2
2 2
p2 = pqcos2(1.1<).
c. Point loading is not shown in the diagram in Figure 8-20-1. Symbols and notations are shown in Figure 8-20-4.
8-20-7
d.
A Trial Wedge analysis, Part 5, Retaining Walls, Abutments and Piers, Commentary, is accepted as an alternate solution for the loading obtained in Article 20.3.2.2, Article 20.3.2.3, or Article 20.3.2.4.
b.
8-20-8
pp = KpJ z
b.
Figure 8-20-5. Flow Net for Upward Seepage of Water After Rapidly Receding High Water
3
SECTION 20.4 STABILITY 20.4.1 STABILITY CALCULATIONS (1993)
a. The stability condition referred to herein concerns a local condition immediately under the bulkhead. Massive earth movements such as the type indicated in Figure 8-20-6 are not covered by this calculation. Massive movements may occur independently of the type and design of the bulkhead and constitute a slope stability problem. The vertical effective pressure behind the bulkhead at the elevation of the mud line is denoted by p . It is made up of the effective submerged unit weight of the soil below the low water line, the weight of the soil above the low water line, the uniform surcharge load q as shown in Figure 8-20-1, and a distributional load of any line, point, and other loads. For purposes of this stability calculation line, strip, and point loads may be distributed uniformly over the area covered (behind the bulkhead only) by a 2:1 (horizontal:vertical) distribution to the elevation of the mud line. The stability calculation is carried out by treating the area behind the bulkhead as though it were a spread footing resting on the surface of the soil at the elevation of the mud line. Generally, stability problems will arise only with weak silts and clays. To meet the stability requirements the passive pressure must satisfy the following:
b.
c.
8-20-9
Concrete Structures and Foundations p d 5.14c ------------FS where: c = the cohesion which can be taken as one-half the unconfined compressive strength of soft clays below the mud line FS = the factor of safety For well defined loading conditions and thoroughly determined soil parameters, the minimum factor of safety for permanent construction may be 1.50. If temporary loading is included, the minimum factor of safety may be reduced to 1.30.
d. e. If weaker layers exist below, then the shear strength value applicable to these layers should be used in the above calculations. If the above criteria for stability are not satisfied, then these specifications are not applicable. In such an event, a thorough soils investigation and analysis, combined with field observations, may lead to a satisfactory design, but this condition is considered beyond the scope of this Manual.
b.
8-20-10
b.
3
Figure 8-20-7. Depth of Total Embedment
1 2
8-20-11
the anchor pull entirely below and back of the active earth pressure wedge. Deadman anchorages as shown in Figure 8-20-9 are designed utilizing passive earth pressures as resistance against anchor pull. (1) Deadman type anchorages are preferred. (2) Next in order of preference, is the A-Frame shown in Figure 8-20-9, utilizing a combination of tension and compression batter piles connected by a pile cap. (3) The least desirable anchorage is a tension pile as shown in Figure 8-20-9. The tension pile may be difficult to develop and costly. The flexibility requirements may be difficult to develop because of the high axial stiffness of the pile; further, this is frequently a very expensive anchorage. b. c. Corrosion protection of the anchor rods shall be provided consistent with the electrochemical properties of the soil and external factors affecting corrosion. The probable settlement of the backfill should be estimated and the anchor rods designed to withstand the added loading. Alternately, the rods may be encased in tubes sufficient in size to enable the settlement to occur without adding loads to the rods. Anchorages should never be proportioned for a factor of safety less than 2.0.
d.
8-20-12
8-20-13
See Commentary
8-20-14
Hu = Unbalanced head of water Ka = Active earth pressure coefficient Kp = Passive earth pressure coefficient m= n= N= Pa = Horizontal distance from top of sheet pile as a percentage of H Vertical distance below top of sheet pile as a percentage of H Blows per foot, Standard Penetration Test Resultant horizontal active earth pressure
Pp = Resultant horizontal passive earth pressure pa = Horizontal active earth pressure p1 = Horizontal active earth pressure due to a Line Load pp = Horizontal passive earth pressure p2 = Horizontal active earth pressure due to a Point Load Q ps = Horizontal active earth pressure due to a Strip Load of intensity q pu = Horizontal active earth pressure due to a Uniform Surcharge pq = Maximum horizontal active earth pressure due to a Point Load p = Vertical effective pressure behind the bulkhead at elevation of mud line p= Q= q= qc = qu = w= x= z= D= E= J= Jc = G= I= \= Vertical effective pressure behind the bulkhead at lowest elevation of the mud line Point Load intensity of strip load or surcharge load intensity of line load Unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil Water content Horizontal distance from top of wall Vertical distance from top of sheet pile Angle (in radians) from wall to center of a uniform strip load Article 20.3.2 Angle (in radians) made by a uniform strip load Article 20.3.2 Moist unit weight of soil Submerged unit weight of soil Angle of wall friction Angle of internal friction of soil Angle of point in question from maximum Article 20.3.2
8-20-15
COMMENTARY
The purpose of this part is to furnish the technical explanation of various articles in Part 20, Flexible Sheet Pile Bulkheads. In the numbering of articles of this section, the numbers after the C- correspond to the section/article being explained. See Reference 1, 22, 33, and 101.
b. This specification is primarily based on the references listed in the References. c. Tiebacks drilled into in situ soil are not included within the scope at this time.
b. This specification has been prepared assuming waterfront construction and designed backfill. The principles given are fully applicable to other situations, i.e. sheeting used for a retaining wall or wingwall. When natural soil is retained, consideration must be given to several other conditions:
(1) Swelling soils. (2) Poor drainage which may result in higher pressures. (3) Difficulty in the tieback installation, including necessary shoring for this installation. (4) Unknown driving conditions for piling.
Though some or all of the above conditions can be a part of any installation, they are more apt to occur where virgin ground is retained.
b. c. d.
8-20-16
b. Since the pressure behind a bulkhead will build up if the deflection of the bulkhead is not sufficient to fully mobilize the active pressure, rigid anchorages can be a problem, and this condition should be recognized by the designer.
b. Cantilever sheet pile bulkheads often undergo large lateral deflections which are not easily calculated. Erosion in front of the bulkhead materially affects the stability of the structure. For these reasons, cantilever sheet pile bulkheads are recommended only for temporary installations and not for permanent construction. Further, the use of cantilever sheet pile bulkheads is generally not recommended where a track will be located on the higher elevation behind the bulkhead. c. Cantilever sheet pile bulkheads receive all of their lateral support from passive pressure exerted on the embedded portion of the bulkhead. For this reason, the depth of penetration can become very large, which can result in very high stresses and deflections in the sheet piling.
8-20-17