The

Great
OF
THE

Cities

ANCIENT
BY

WORLD
SHEPARD

HAZEL

COP

10

USL

ILL

USTRA

TED

NEW

YORK

GEORGE

ROUTLEDGE
9

AND
Place

SOiNS

Lafayette

5$

UNIFORM
Copiously

STYLE.
Illustrated.

HEROES GREAT WORLD.

OF CITIES

AMERICAN OF THE

DISCOVERY. ANCIENT

REAT WORLD. PAUL AND

CITIES

OF

THE

MODERN

VIRGINIA.
POEMS YOUNG PEOPLE. AND SONGS

ILLUSTRATED FOR LABOULAYE'S TALES. SPORTS AND BOYS.

ILLUSTRATED

FAIRY

PASTIMES

OF

CAN AMERI-

THE
LIFE

PILGRIM'S
AND

PROGRESS. ADVENTURES
OF SON ROBIN-

CRUSOE.
THE LAMB'S WOOD'S

SWISS'
TALES

FAMILY
FROM

ROBINSON.

SHAKESPEARE.
NATURAL YOUNG PEOPLE.

ILLUSTRATED

HISTORY

FOR

All

bound

in handsome
covers

lithographed
in cloth.

double

; also

George Routledge
9

6"

Sons,
New

Lafayette

Place,

York.

Copyright,
By Joseph
L.

1885,
Blamire.

PREFACE.

The

object

of

this

volume

is

to

present

work

descriptive
as

of

the

Great book call

Cities

of

the

Ancient
Great

World,
of

upon

the

same

genera]
The

plan

the baa

companion
been
to

upon

the

"

Cities
of

the

Modern

World,"
the

endeavor
and of

up
and

life-like

pictures
towns

the

outward

appearance,
as

character
in the

position
their

of

the

capitals splendor

large
portance. im-

of

ancient The

nations,
aim
has

they
been

stood
to

days
their

greatest ruined
from

and

not

describe
of

present

appearance these and It for make other is

or

mental monu-

records,
into
such

but
that of

to

put
their

the

result

knowledge
might
have
the

gained
be

sources

shape
many

original
cities of

aspect old but the

clearly
too

realized. ruin

matter

of like

regret
a

that

the

chief be

suffered endeavor with

great
been the

anything
the best

complete
what

description
is known without doubts

to

obtained,

has

to

use

of
of

cumbering
and

narrative

either
to

scarcity
people. by
each

or

condition
addition effort
has

records

or

by
out

qualifications,
the

uninteresting
or

young held

In

to

bringing
made of has that

prominently
indicate modern associated the

national

general
upon from

position
later

city,
show

been

to

influence
have in

it exerted

times, people.
and

and In

to

what

fits benewhen these interest

we

the been

world

received
with for

its
characters

many

cases,

locality
are,
to

history
described itself

great
the

important
greater
life

events,
and

in the

connection,
and
to

briefly
make

sake

of

giving

scene,

history
of in

more

real. those of
to

There existence

were

monarchies shrouded
of

antiquity,
that known

such

as

China
describe

and

India,
their first

whose

early
was

is
for

so

mystery
Both The and
are

an

attempt
to

cities

given
before much

up the
the

want

data.
Era.

have

had of

kingdoms
China is

flourishing
believed Cities of
to

centuries
have been

Christian

ancient is

civilization described
in

same

as

at

present,

as

the

"Great

the

Modern

Preface.

World."

India

has

been

almost

entirely
the

despoiled
first

of

ancient

records

and

monuments,
but

so,

although
of

its

people
earlier

were

among

races

of

the

world,
of the

there

are

scanty
The

traces

any

cities

than

those

of

the

Mohammedans

Middle

Ages.
the

descriptions probable
has and

are

not

based

upon

legends opinions
such

and

doubtful

accounts,
authorities.

but

upon

most

most

generally
and

believed

of

reliable

The

range

of

thors au-

been

wide,

includes

standard

writers

as

Niebuhr

on

Rome,
of

Dyer
the East.

on

Athens,
The best

Wilkinson

on

Egypt,

and

Smith

and

Rawlinson

on

the

earliest

empires

histories

and

cyclopgedias
ancient

have

also

been

consulted,
the

beside

large
customs

number

of

other

works

bearing
to

upon which

topography
Cities
of

and

manners

and

of

early

peoples,
its

all

of

the

Gre/^

the

Ancient

World

gratefully

edges acknowl-

debt

of

existence.

Hazel

Shepard.

CONTENTS

Contents.

page

Egyptian

Cities

of

the

Nile

"

Memphis
Thebes Tanis

Heroopolis
Pelusium

Heliopolis,or
Bubastis Sais Alexandria Colonies
and

On

Islands

of

the

Mediterranean

Sea

Rhodes

Carthage Agrigentum Syracuse

Arabia
:
"

Mareb
Aden Arem Ocadh
.

Petra Bozrah
.

Persia

"

Pasargadse
Persepolis
Lower

Ecbatana

Agabatana
Northern Ecbatana

Raga,
Baoistan Syria
:
"

or

Rhages

Damascus Samaria Gaza Antioch

Palrr^ra
Baalbec

Aleppo

Contents.

PAGE

Syria:
"

Beroea
.........

222

Jerusalem
........

222

Joppa
. . . .

-231

lyre
.........

232

Ion
.........

234

Caesarea
.......
.

238

Mesopotamia:
"

Nineveh
.........

240

Asshur
.........

242

Khorsabad
.........

242

Babylon
........

249

CITIES

OF

THE

ANCIENT

WORLD.

ITALY.

o
opening
that

the

Seven

Hills

rising

out

of stood

the

fertile the

Italian

Campagna
ancient

bordering
Rome.*

the

broad,
it

deep,
ran

flowing
the strong

river
wall

Tiber,

queenly

city of

Round

Of Semus.with
upon

its great broad the entire

roads ian Ital-

threaded

peninsula, connecting
capital
of the with
other

the

great
and
to

cities

country

uniting
Rome in anil

the

provinces

political,
intellectual intersected
and

commercial,
interests.

They Campagna

the
to

led

the
in

various Rome's almost

as

urbs, sub-

which iesl days built

The
on

palmly fineitself. ly mainside fine

were

up

as

the

city

mighty capital lay

the
"Father left
or

eastern

of

Tiber;"
and

streets,

circuses,

did splenfrom
to

palaces
the

stretched

water's of in the

edge
Seven

the

heights
and

Hills,
tween, beand
extent

lay

the

valleys
beyond,
the

the

plains
and

crowned of Rome

the
was

surrounding
reached
at

elevations.
about the

The time

greatest
Christ
was

magnificence

largest

See

description

of

Rome

in

"

Great

Cities

of

the

World."

Cities

of
before

the

Ancient

World.
and nation

born, but
in all the
a

for hundreds known

on

of years the

then

it

was

grand

powerful, the greatest city

of
or

world, and
the Palatine Christ.

capital of the foremost

do
not

the

age. but

It it

began
was

as

small

town

Hill,we

know

exactly how
brother

when;

about

750 years but

before say truth nursed in

This

first settlement Romulus the and wicked

is known his

in historyas the City of Romulus,

Remus them his
never

scholars is
no

nowadays
in the

that

lived, and
and

that

there wolf

story about
herdsman

uncle

throwing
up
as

into the
own

Tiber, the
their

that

them, the
found the

that
to

brought them
their

sons,

great
the that

prowess

restoring Alba
them.

Longa

grandfather
story is
named border
as we a

and

building a city where

one

herdsman in
some

had way after

here
was

If all this pretty

legend,

thing
not

is sure,

city was

founded, and
from
a

it

was

Rome,
or

although
know

perhaps
the first

by Romulus,
settlement of
a

himself, but

word

meaning
But

because frontier,
not

probably a
of the

frontier the

outpost.

do

the

real become

history
like

the

foundation

city,and
have been

legend has been

and

told

for ages,

it has the

part of Roman
the

history,and
may
rate

people give Romulus

built

his followers of

credit
an

of founding

city,which
At any

by

some

militarytribe
is called
as

Italy or
Age.
did The
a

adjacent
the when do
"

country.
when read

the in

earliest age

of Rome is known

after

Romulus,
Romulus

justas
But
not

time
we

Elizabeth of what

reigned
Romulus done

England
we

the

Elizabethan

did,

must

remember that the

all,but that it was

Romulus
"

in the

time

probably legends say he lived.

it
was

that

it at

little

city of
three of

covered
soon

only the Palatine

Hill, but people.

surrounded wall
was

by

wall

having
the outside

gates, and
the hill all

became and

quite
spaces looked the

full of

The

carried

along
also

edge

round, enclosure, which was

settlement of

were

left clear of all

as

buildings inside
was

and

this This

upon

holy ground, and

of the great

called also

the

Pomcerium. Roma

Romulus,
The
over

beginning

city,was

called

Quadrat
that

a,

or

Square Rome.
and ruled

legends tell of Numa

a

Pompilius and
warlike

other

kings

followed

Romulus,
Rome had grew

city of fast-growing
the

people who
Priscus laid

made

great conquests.
other of tribes

very

rich, and
In
on;

to the spread its territory

where adjacent hills,

founded
were

cities. carried

reign
streets

of and

Tarquinius
squares

great out,

works and

ment improve-

new

were

public buildings
rium, Pomcea

erected. Servius and

Tullius, who
built
a new

followed, continued
wall. These This
were

the

work

of

Tarquin, enlarged the

Seven for
was

enclosed of At

all of the

famous
towers

Hills

with and

line of

mighty
like the
to

fortifications.

free-stone, with
short
to

watching
set

defense,
so were as

ramparts

of

the

Greeks.

distances

the

wall
not

with

arches for

give greater places where

from wide

strength and
the land

firmness
were more a

the

stonework,
and

for entrance,

they

compactly filed in; the gates

in observation sometimes within massive and

massive natural defense

imposing structures, always

made
a

located

formed
a

protection, and
without. three The

convenient
to

point of
were

bold

entrances
as

Rome

structures

of one,

two, and

arches,

powerful

in protec-

Rome.
tion
was

i r

as

they
of

were

majestic in
a

architecture.

The

citywhich

the

wall

of

Servius this

enclosed
a

somewhat

like

fan, with the Capitoline Hill for its pivot. Toward

from the the
east.

point

circle semicomes

hills extends
and

The
on

most

northerly is the Quirinal; then

the

the

Yimerial,
in
a

with

Esquiline

the

east,

upper in
a

half of the united

crescent

is

pleted com-

set

of

promontories, which
On

further

back broad

stretch
at

plain eastward
was

to

an

embankment,
fortification

sixty feet high and

of Servius. behind On

fiftyfeet
the

its base, which

part of

the

the southwest due south

ring of hills is continued

the

by the Palatine,
stands the the
upon

with
brink
are

the

Coelian

it; and
the

of

Capitol the Aventine

fortifications

the

of the river. continued

over

plain of the Esquilinethe

long
to

and
and

embankment

here

by the regular wall, which

the

engirdled the Coelian

tract
on

Aventine, and
The
to

continued made
cast
a

river, enclosed
bend
a
a

narrow

the

Janiculum.
its course The

Tiber south-

sudden

westward

little

the

north, but
was

changed
the

the

and

back

again
end.
and

in

serpentine trail till it

the Coelian
curves

past

city.

westerly wall city. Between

the

above
at the the

the river bounds upper Here

the

the Capitoline and

was

theQuirinal Hills, and adjoinsthe earthworks

most

Gate, the
river whole

northerly one
of many the Servius'*

in the

Quirinal
of
;i

bold

of

the

lay the Campus

circuit
for

Martins,
wall

where

greater
about

part

modern It

Rome stood
great
was as

stands. without
suburbs

The

measured the

miles.

being
extended

altered

centuries, while
beautiful

citygrew
Rome
were

and

grew,

till her

far into
within.

Campagna,
the

and

without
not
no

the walls
and It

great

as

Rome

For while

long time
the

fortifications

needed,
bounds.
the

were
was

allowed

to

fall into

decay,
Christ
new.

magnificent
wall

had city literally

was

in the third century site of

after

that

the Aurelian
the
were

which built, the

marks
entrances

present
to
on

Rome
the

old
wall
the the

and
of

Beside
Tullius
the

Coelian the
below

Gate

principal
and the

the city through

the
west

Servius

Flumentane these the

Carmental,
stood,
Aneus the
the

between and

Capitol and
river, and
with
or

river;
to

between

the Aventine
to

probably led Janiculum.

Gate

the Sublician On the the On

Trigemina Bridge, which

foot of

had

built
and

connect

the

city proper
the

southeast, between
wall
at

Aventine Coelian

the

Coelian,

Capene

Capuan Way
that roads led led

pierced
the

the
eastern

Hill, and
it
was

through it the Appian

the

into the
to

city.
across

the

side and The

of the above

Coelian

Coelimontane
on

Gate
two

villa-built

Campagna,
the

it the Porta

EsquUina opened
at

that stretched
and is the

plain.
famous

Esquiline Gate through which

embassies The

stood

the

foot

of the

earthworks,

last of

the

conquering armies, mighty generals,

to

valuable of the life famous

plunder and
Eternal
as

porta richly laden

passed for centuries Capitoline

It
was

the

glory and
the
core

wealth of the
as

City.
pivot of the city
the hills,

Hill

was

as

much

Roman
most

it of

was

plan.
and

the

smallest, the

steepest, and
was

the
or a

citadel until

sanctuary
chose
to

of the
one

city.
two

It

long known
of the of the

the

Hill of Saturn

Saturninus,

Tarquin
dedicated

of the three

peaks gods

hill called Latins

Tarpeian
and

for

magnificent temple, Jupiter, Juno,

and

the

great

Etruscans,

12

Cities
after this part of the side
to

of
the

the
hill The

Ancient
called the

World.

Minerva;
upper

ever
was

was

Capitol or
was were a

Chief

Place, while precipice

When citadel
In
on

the the

part

Arx of

or

Citadel.

Tarpeian
which
to

Rock

steep
hurled.

south-western marched up
so

the

Capitoline, from
first wish
was was

traitors their

enemies and
b.c.

Rome,

their

get

hold of

upon

the

the the
was

Capitol;
Sabine killed

the

Tarpeian
scaled
a

Rock

usually the
the head

chief of
a

point
band

attack.

460

Herdonius

this cliff at few

of

slaves, and
climbed the

with

them

by

the

Romans

days

later. years after the rushed down

a

There Carmental of

is another

story told, that

had almost

the

Gauls when and

rock,
of

near

the geese band

was

Gate,
roused

and

reached who

summit
out

the hurled

cries of the the leader

so

sacred the

Juno

the

officer He

Manlius,

down saved.
across

the In the

precipice.
remembrance

dragged
of this Manliuswas
on a

others

in

his
was

fall,and
carried in

the

Capitol
every

deliverance

goose

triumph
make

year

Capitoline by

Hill.

himself the

hurled that he
a

from

the rock
to

afterward, having
himself
a

been The

condemned

the

Patricians
was

pretext

wished

king.
form, platof tico porthe

great
made

Capitolinetemple
the by levelling immense and and
a a

majesticbuilding,in
of the rock
two
on

commanding
of the
two

position on
Saturnian three side. adorned

summit square

the lower hundred

peaks.
ranges The with

It

was

an

almost

edifice

feet

long, with
each

columns
was

in front reached

majestic singlecolonnade
great

extending along
like the
was

by

flightof steps, and,

sculptors.
of The made

was interior,

work and
on

of the the

greatest ancient
roof
were

pediment
of burnt
statue

covered

with

figures in relief,
the

groups

statuary
in the

clay. Within,
of made Jupiter, like
a a

temple

was

divided
and

into three the

apartments;
Etruscan in his the
a

centerwasa

of terra

cotta,
Roman

painted in

styleof art;
a

the

figure was

clothed

victorious A

general, and
of Minerva the mark stood left. the
a

held

right hand
nail In

thunder-bolt, and

in his left the

spear.

giltstatue
stood
at to

occupied Every lapse

of of of year

cella at the
was

right
of of

of

Jupiter, and temple,

which

figure

of

Juno
of the

put in the wall

center

adjoining the sanctuary

was

Minerva,
gates of
the

time.

the the

the

open

to

sky, there
the

statue
were

Terminius,

god
the

boundaries
were

and

landmarks.

The Here heroes

at

temple

giltbronze,
were

and

pavements

of rich mosaics. the chief

greatest
field battlethe The Close

festivals religious
were
"

held, the triumphs celebrated, and

a

of the the

brought
of

in

pompous and chief of

to

procession
hold their hundred
near

to

lay their

trophies
that

feet of

father

gods

and
was

men,"
the

banquets by
the twin
was

in the

feast-hall

beyond.
the

Capitoline temple
beside while it stood that of the

of four

sanctuaries

graced
of

city.
and

temple
it

Fides, and
or

temples
at
a

Mars

Venus,
so near

Jupiter Tonans,
that
was

the

god
a

of

thunder,
to

later

day placed
some
was
a

the great upon called the its

temple

considered the the in

two

porch

the the

Capitol, and
Saturnian Office

had Hill

bells level

hung
space sacred

pediment.
of the

Between

heights

of
or

the

Intermontium, where city. This,

Tabularium connection

Record the

stood, keeping
was

archives

with

Treasury,

used

as

library,

Rome.

'3
The of Arx the also

place for lectures, and

other
armor

for

some

other in
some

special purposes.
of the earliest

was

partially

occupied by temples; and

here stood

days
to

Jupiter and
out

deities taken
we now

with

the

giganticstatue
The

the
were

city several altars to "greatest of gods," made

a

of the deities

from read

the of

Samnites.
as

Romans

very

people. religious

The

that
to

belonging
were

Roman
to them

mythology
they
went

their

gods;
and

for counsel

auguries, to
with

whom

they
rich

returned

trophies and
peace
to

booty
mortal

as

thanksgiving or
were

offerings ; they
on

believed in

take their

form

aiding
mortals

favorite believed
far above

causes;
to

but, though
been

many

of them once,
as

were

have the

they

were

people of earth
Hill
to
was

deities.

So and

the

Capitoline

highly

reverenced
matters
as

devoted strictly saered Roman Beneath the open

temples and
which
was

of
as

the the this

state, the Forum space

holy

gods.
hill
narrow was

perpendicular brow Romanum,

a

of

long, rather
to to

stretching way
in width that the feet away

the the

east, south-

gradually decreasing
over

ridge
the Hill

six

hundred which

is called Palatine

Velia, and
with of the the
was

connects

Esquiline, and
Christian
set to

where the

in the

early part
arch of of

Era

triumphal
the Rome
was

Titus

commemorate

taking
an

Jerusalem.
space the
Romans

forum

in

open

for word

public meetings. The first meaning of was "open place," but after the
gave it to and the There this
was

the

city squares
of of business such
one

they

set

apart
to
or

for markets about

courts

it came justice, center,

have

meaning
were

exchange.
Rome,
"

several the

places
was AUGl'S'ITS.

in

but the

only
any
center

that
name

called

Forum,"
This

without
was

other of

to

distinguishit.
it contained At the
two

the

Rome

in its

glory, and

the

core

of its life when

million the

people.

foot of

Capitol,where

it measured

nearly

two

hundred

feel across,

stood

14
the

Cities

of

the

Ancient
Severus. years the
same

World.
In the

magnificent triumphal
lasted

arch

of

Septimius
about Rome

days

of the of

Roman

lic Repubof the thousand

during nearly (which Empire (which followed and lasted

years from 500
b.c.

five hundred

before

the birth

and Christ), like

a

time), for something

the Middle

to

500

a.

d., when built and of

fell and with

Ages
of

began, the Eternal

One of the
a.d.

City was
chief It
was

continuallybeing
these
one was

rebuilt

monuments

honor. the Senate its

among

the of the the

Arch

Septimius Severus,
in the the

erected

by
of

in 205 arches

placed in
bas-reliefs the
sons,
tower

finest spots head of

great city,and
and the in the read foot

reared the

grand
into and
to

in its

elegant proportions
faces and
two

at

Forum,
of

Capitol; upon
that the

depicted the victories

and Geta.
a car

Severus

east, his
to

entry

Babylon,
of his

of the

temple of Belus, while

In
one

legends

his

renown

Caracalla which
sons.

of

the

arch, upon
and his of the

stood The
on

drawn of there
as

the piers is a staircase by six horses abreast, and

leading

top of

containing figures of
the

Severus front the

statue

Marcus
were

Aurelius,

now

in

Capitol, stood

in

arch, and
was

all sides
as

columns, statues, temples and

liveliest part of after the alliance the of

basilicas,for

Forum The

the
was

grandest
the

well
some

the time

city.
the
a

Forum Palatine the

two

established and

cities of convenient

the

Romans

on

the

Sabines the with

on

the

Saturnian, it being
could Lake
was

tween place beit

was

hills where marshes

colonies the the Curtain

meet

on

neutral midst

ground;
of the

then When and

surrounded the

by by broad

in

the

valley.
of

city became
Hill the

entirelyunited
streets.

ground
four Forum

drained, paved, regularlylaid

feet while
was

out

bounded toline
two

For
was

about the

hundred proper,

from the

the

foot

great oblong

remaining by
of the the

the Capilength of Comitium. world

as

hundred the

feet, gradually diminishing in width,

assemblies the talked of the Senate the
were

occupied
destinies trivial the A
most

Here

held every

and

the and

cussed; disas

here

great
over

and and

lowly
finest
or

met

day,
the

matters

well
ments monu-

great

were

settled. the

It

was

adorned in

with

beautiful two-storied

and

surrounded

by

streets

city.
the In

portico along
the its twelve

encompassed
sides tables and
were

it, in which
and

shops
were are on

tabemce
one

occupied
another. the

first floor; and the of Comitium

basilicas of the

temples
which

raised

after

Romans,

considered

foundation the

all

law,

were

hung up,
law-courts

the

fasti alsOj written

the
as

white

tables, informed
the Forum there
a

citizens

when

the

open. On

right
the

or

lower

side

of

was

large and
and

statelystructure,
as an were

known Here

Basilica of the

Julia,used
the mad

as partially

law

court

partly
throw
At

exchange.
four into in the

the

judges
and
on

empire, called Centumviri, held

their stand

courts, which
and it.

number;
Forum basilica

its roof

Caligula
to

used

to

money the
corner was

for the and

the Arch

pleasure of seeing the

of Tiberius ancient is believed

people scramble
have and stood. Castor

after

of the the nificent magwere

Beyond

this site

very

temple

of

Pollux, where

costly

sacrifices

Rome.

"7
was

offered

on

the

ides

"

the

15th
"

of

Regius, and
with

after the

rites

were

July. This performed the

center

the

anniversary of

the battle of Lake

Roman

knights, richlyclothed, crowned

marked and
set

olive, and Opposite

the Column

bearing
Basilica

their

trophies, rode
taken from

by the temple in militaryprocession.

of
some

Julia,the
It
was

the

Forum

was or a

"

is still
"

by

the

of Phocas. base of

temple

and basilica,

on

huge

pyramid-shaped
The which upper
was

of white

marble, and
side of the
were

surmounted
was

by
was

giltbronze
by
the

statue

of Phocas. Via

side
not

the

great open
on

city square
Forum,
new

skirted but

famous

Sacra, shops;

built up

the

lined with

silversmiths' stabbed

opposite, and
father her
on

beyond
butcher's
"

them,

the

"

shops," where
from
"

Virginia was
the
"

with

a as

knife, which
way
to

he

seized free

one

of the

and stalls, Marcus."

by her plunged into

Further
was

breast,

the

only

keep her

from This

tyrant

the famous was Curia, or capable of holding six hundred mounted and faced their

Senate

House. There

great
no

magnificent public hall

tribune
to

senators.

was

which
rose

the in

speakers
turn

audience the fate

while of

they talked; each

speaker
balance.

and

spoke in his place, while

the the Senate House
or was

the world the Forum

hung
and the

in the the

Nearly opposite
upon which stood
vast

the

line between

Comitium,
orators

Rostra,
that

open-air platform, from

at the out-door

which

Roman the

addressed in the

the

crowds

gathered

public assemblies,
were

Plebeians

Forum,
to the

the

Patricians

in the Comitium.

These nation.

the

two

great parties that belonged

body

of the early Roman politic The Patricians

were

probably
were

descendants in the

of

the

original citizens
the inferior
race.

Sabines, and
of those
"

Etruscans, first united admitted,

to this
"

cityof Rome;
as a

Latins, Plebeians, the descendants

But
about
a

of

the

afterward

regarded

much

Servius
ciliation, recon-

Tullius,
the

the best and and

wisest of all the

common

kings of Rome," class,"which

was

skillfully bought
fast

opened
full

of rights

citizenship.
created
a new

He
"

gave the

them

laws

and

wealth, growing that they might not so liberties,

of the

in size and

become trouble.

jealous of the Patricians

So he while the

ruling body,
of
a

members

people
open been

"

and
to

cause

assembly Assembly
same.

militaryform,
Curiae,which
Tullius
was a

which

was

zens, all citi-

Patricians,or
the

of the Servius
set

had

long
great
new

the

only body
as

with

any

votes, remained

builder Pomoerium
were

well

as

statesman; four of the

were on

enlarged citytribes,as
Hills.

he

the boundaries the

by Romulus, and
like its
our

the

included

departments of Rome,
and Saturnian

townships,
on

called; these

the

Palatine,the Quirinal, the Ccelian TheCapitoline,

and the limits of the Servius Latin
or

valleys,and
the for
he

the

Esquiline
to

and

the

Viminal

Hill,was
to

in itself sacred

militaryand

religious purposes,
within the sacred

Aventine, while
Pomoerium,
built nation.
to

belonging
but
was

used

included never city,was of the temple Diana, the

to used

great Latin
alliance and with

goddess.
the whole

this

temple

because

wished
was

form

an

enduring
fices sacriRom
.

After
the

this the Aventine

customs

for many
and

festivals,which
2

belonged

national

of both

Latium

Cities

of
the

the

Ancient

World.
more tribes, or were many bly, public duties of the Assemwas

These

were

the

precinctswithin
the

walls, but without

Part of the Forum

there of the

under townships, directly which

citygovernment.
but of
a

gathered
was a

in the Comitium
not

Romanum,

to

elect

the the the

king,
throne

for is

early Rome
occupied
was was

monarchy,
another

hereditary monarchy,
The rule
was

in
to

which choose

by

one

after

royal family.
a

king, who
three

assisted succeeded

in

his government

by
the

senate.

This monarchical

body

lasted

long after the kingdom

of about

by

Republic, but
from

in the

times

it consisted

hundred The This

members

chosen of the

Patricians. and and the small

most

great

street

Forum,
the

famous of the Comitium

in

Rome,
and the

was

the

Via the

Sacra. whole

formed of Here summit. Sacra the

its upper

boundaries from famous

a

end

Forum,
to

extended of the

length
Hill. sacred the Via

oblong,
the When that the

beginning

of the

foot
a

Capitoline
to

it met

slope of the Capitol, which

up
to

led

by

steep

ascent

the

general went

offer

thanksgiving to Jupiter it was

came

through
Velian up

pageant

passed.

The the

procession
crowd

down lined upper

from the side

the

ridge, in to the
-over

Forum,
pavement,

passing through
the other

eager

that
on

street, and
and the

its smooth of the arch Hill.

past the temples and

shops

the

open the the

stretch

Forum

on

hand,

to the

foot of the its way

then hill, up
to

passing beneath
great temple
on

triumphal Tarpeian
The
entrance

of Severus

(after 205
could As
streets
soon

wound a.d.),

the

highest reward
into for
were

that

be

given
as

to

Roman

commander
was

was

triumphal
prowas

the

city.
with

the squares

privilege
through

granted
the

the

Senate

Tided march incense

the

expenses;

and

which

procession
were

to

adorned
on

garlands
the

and

gay

hangings.
were

Temples commander,

opened,

and

burned in vast

the altars ; temporary

stands

built to accommodate The

spectators, who
in the
"

gathered

throngs along
his

line of the

march.

meantime, rarely
"

usually collected
the

troops
the walls
was

outside
was

citygates; although
a

sometimes

but At
a

imperium
the

within

granted by
the

victor

during

his

triumph.
of
as

the

Gate

of

Triumph
of
"

commander took the

met

Senate, the
lictors
or or
"

citymagistrates,
attendants of from the

citizens,who
As lo the

lead

in the

march, and
fell

great body magistrates

in their official

dress, and

carrying their fasces

crowds

bundle

rods,

symbols of their
temporary
seats,

office.

eager,

fantastic the

back,
moved

gazed
on, with the

their

shouting
crowned This and from the borne

triumphe!

statelyprocession

citydignitariesfollowed

by

tibicines,or

the flute-players, celebrating

occasion

their

piping reed-instruments,

soldiers

filled the the the

bearing the booty on the points of long lances or on portable stands. with delight at the armor people with intense excitement. They shouted arranged
or as

standards enemy,

trophies, at the
rivers and

models

of

the

cities and inscribed

the with

ships taken
the deeds
were

the

pictures of battles,the great tablets

towns

of

victor.

Statues

personifying the
of

of
vases,

the

conquered
and

country

aloft,and

treasures

art, valuable

plate and

silver

gold coins, and

Rome.
lands. Fettered

products
foot
at

of

the

newly acquired
done their
cast

kings, princes
their

and

nobles
were was

followed,
withdrawn
open

who, after they had

at

part in this
into the hill.

of glorification

enemy,
mouth

the

of

the

hill,and
of the

Mammertine

Prison, whose
company of

for

them and

the

foot

sacred the
oxen

After

this sorrowful
come a

has

passed

the

jeers

heartless and

cries of

Roman for

populace,
the

body
after

priests,attending the giltplace of honor,

and dress horses

horned

garlanded

while sacrifice,

them, in the

preceded
chariot shouts He the
was

by singers, musicians, and triumphal

the

jesters in

fantastic light,

showy

ments, orna-

rolls the stood

chariot, drawn

victor, the
the

by magnificent object of the triumph, the idol of the

four
were

abreast. multitude. upon the

In the The victor. from of

resounded, unbounded
dressed of in

the

tokens the

of admiration

showered

toga

picta and

tunica

palmata, taken
and the

for the

occasion

statue

Jupiter
In

in the

Capitoline Temple,
him marched stood the
a

eagle-crowned

ivory scepter
crown
"

victorywas
over

in his hand. the

Behind
rear

public servant
army. At made held. the the

holding the triumphal Capitol the

usual this sacrifices the of

his head. his

a

triumphator
a

"

deposited sheep, and

and When succeeded great way

crown lap of Jupiter, bull, after which a festive meal

in the

and
was

swine,

With

day

of

triumph

rejoicingclosed.
the
or

ancient

Romans

did

anything, or
victories victorious of
some

wanted toward

anything; whenever
their

they planned,
this is wended what
we

failed,their first thoughts turned

deities,and
nations from
or

why

the their call

pageants
to

celebratingbloody
why
the from
was

and

conquests

of other
were

the

temples, and
first seek

the

generals, who

far

religious,would
The the word

shrine the
a

deity to
and
means

offer sacrifices

consult

oracles.

religion comes
the Romans

Romans,
for

a binding obligation, poiver, and

of religion

feelingof constraint,and
fame, wealth,
had altars
to

their other

worship
most

business-like

performance

prompted

by
of

ambition

and

worldly gratifications.
Fear;
and made either

They worshiped to a multitude offerings

or

Peace, Valor;

Plague, Hunger, they

believed
to

gods

and

goddesses
or

which

represented

presided
made

over

every
vows

element
to

of mind when hundreds of

nature.

They

prayed

these

gods for help,

carried
were

and

solemn

them

in

trouble of

with

fidelity.Nearly keeping
the
same

all of the and

some

which or were difficulties, temples scattered through Rome

statues

out

built

in the from wanted and

of vows, motive.

the

noblest

in the

the

world

were

executed this

They
way; their

had
so

great

anxiety to

know

gods'will, and
as a

in the the

most
answers

direct
to

they practiced what

class of

is known
as

the

they augural science,

or

read of

prayers
were a

by signs in the sky,

who priests,

by

of birds, flight
one

the

flashes

lightning. Augurs
and

formed
common

of
all

the

most

portant im-

scientific the of reserved

augurs,

collegesamongst
will
on

the

Romans.

It
were

was

for to

representatives of the State

all

compelled
A
it was

seek

sult people t"" contheir interpretation

the

divine

important occasions.
and called the

place in special
divided

the

temple

was

for these

observations,

tcmplum;

bytwo

lines into

20

Cities

of

the

Ancient
determined

World.

four
to

squares,

and

the which

heavenly signs were

they
were seen

as

lucky

or

unlucky, according
or

the
A

positionin
street

in these the

squares. led

running
reached
was

north-eastward the low the

from

Forum the

through the Subura,

and

lous popu-

quarter
and

covering

ground
most
ran

between

Esquiline,Viminal,
the

Quirinal Hills;
next to

beyond
Forum

to

Carinse, which
the

lay on

edge of the Esquiline

of Rome.
went
or

the side Via

tended ex-

Velia, which
of the

afterward

fashionable
out

part
the

On

the

southern the

another upper the

street*

by which
to

people
ox

from

great
which
were

Sacra, the

boundary
between

of

the

Forum,

the

great

cattle

market,
There

below

Capitoline, Palatine, and

these
was

Aventine the
or

along the Tiber.

or

two

connecting roads
a

fora, one
New

was

Tuscany Via,
at

Etrurian led

Way,
from
at

which Via foot

a

made Sacra of the bronze the and and

direct the

route, the
Palatine At the

other

the

Way
the
ox

Nova

which

the the
was

over

Hill, and
head the

entered Viscus of

market

the way,

Velabrum,
on

Palatine.
statue street

of the

Tuscus, or Etruscan
Etruria and

the

Forum,

of Vertumnus, led. in

god

patron
fountain

of the

quarter

through which
of buffaloes

oxen,

There was a long trough-shaped here, groups of Tuturna, the mythological sister of Turnus representation of the Lake

with

the wife
as

of

Janus the Sabine

the brow

war-god.
to

This Circus famous

to

street

was

much On of who

used the

by the early Romans,

Via
a

it led
western

from

great Forum
of the

the the

Maximus.

Nova, close under

colonnaded watch her
over

the

was hill,

Temple

Vesta,
was

circular
to

decorated, and shrine, beautifully

the
was on on

sacred

the

goddess
at

believed the flame

was

State.
never

It

was

open
to

during
out.

the

day
the

and

closed

night, but
year held the
no

on

altar

allowed ninth of

go

On

first of March

each
were

the fire in honor

renewed, and
of the
a

the the

June
of

the

vestalia

special festivals
was

goddess;
lane
enter

fifteenth the

June the temple

This
was

cleared

out

and

dirt carried
one was

into

narrow

behind The Roman

to
serve

building.
was a

locked her fires

by
were

gate, and
and

allowed

to

it.

goddess
the

and virgin,

tended There
were

ceremonies
or

performed these, who

was

by young
took
vows

priestessescalled Vestal

Virgins.

four

six of order

goddess

and

remain her
vows

virginsfor
was as

thirty years.
alive. looked had The upon

The

very allowed of the

and strict, the fire to the

any die

priestesswho down,
On
was

broke

buried this
was

vestal
as an

who
omen

severelypunished,
the other

fall of
to

State. Roman

hand, Vestal
were

Virgins
in the under

many honor

privilegesnot
by all the They
had

granted
of the could

other

maidens. from
the

They
lowest

held
as

greatest
as

people, and
some

received best
seats

respect

classes

well
not

highest.
any home

kept for them they chose

so

in the

theaters, were
of their remainder look upon
now

authority,and
was

marry

if

after the end

thirtyyears
a

of

service; but this

lives in the
was

considered

unlucky,
If the

most

of them
a

spent the
chanced of the
as

of their

service free.

of the The

goddess. Sole, and

had
a

eye
near

of

Vestal

to

criminal, he
the Christian

set

temple still stands

del ing lookprac-

the banks very much

Tiber; it is
in the

church

of Maria

it did

ancient

days

of heathendom.

Everything

very

INTERIOR

OF

Till

l\W

TIH.oW

24
for the of The tread of that

Cities
and

of

the

Ancient

World.

teacher

Paul, saint,
the seat Rome

an

Apostle

of

Jesus Christ,who,

fearless

persecution and
Via

death, entered
ancient and called Aventine
as

Appia

entered the

of idolatry to preach the Gospel to its people. through the Capuan Gate, and opened upon the hills where
to

valleybetween
"

Palatine in

the all

Circus

Maximus
to

stood. have been

This built

Largest Circus,"
into

it

was

comparison
the and

others, is said

by King Tarquinius Priscus, who sections; but thirty him;

it
was

arranged

seats

of the

people according
after time

to their

sion diviwho

it

was

re-arranged
fall of the

enlarged time

by

those

came

after

used

after the of the

was

kingdom by
mile

rebuilt

it,and

in the The half

a men

days
million and

Empire1 it was
nearly half
a

the Republic; JuliusCaesar kept in splendor till after the death of

Constantine. in its
races,
narrow

great oval

long and
look
at

nine the A

hundred chariot
races

feet broad; and foot

podium
for

of

people
were

could

sit and

which

horses and

constantly trained.
ran

spina
seat

or

back-bone, of
at

gardens, fountains
was a

statuary,
Arcades

down the

the

center

of the the

course,

the

end

of

which

triumphal
Circus
or

arch. and

around

top

of

tiers

were

filled with

jugglers and
Above business the the

mountebanks,
Maximus

stalls for

eating,gaming,

and after

carousing.
the Forum
was

square,

open

lay the ox market, which place of the city. It occupied

the Cloaca of the

the great

long,low by
a

stripof ground along

and drained

Tiber, but
sewer

protected from
known
stone
as

rising of
Maxima,

the
or

river

quay

by the
arch the of river
water

famous masonry often

the
one

great
the

drain, whose
In the and earlier and

mighty
times

and

is still the whole

sightsof
the

Tiber.

overflowed
even so

valley between
the base of the
over

Palatine

Capitoline, the
rushes
was a

sometimes the

reaching to
that
one

Quirinal.
except
it was

Willows

then

covered
row

ground,

could the

not

pass

barefooted; there
from
to

ferry to
went
ox

passengers
one

across,

to

foot of the the

name

Palatine, and
was

these that
a

boats

that the

from market still ple Tem-

hill to another the

that

of Velabrum
center

given

part of

beneath

Palatine.
was

In

the

of

the

Forum

Boarium,

great bull of brass

Tullius raised
a

stands, which
to

placed here
another
a

Fortune, and
in

to

long ago, and adjacent to it Servius the Sabine god Matuta.

for
a

Pompey,
The turned served Arch
to
as

also, chose

site here

Temple
arches

of
were

Hercules, and
raised with here its four

after in honor

some

tories great vic-

Spain, the
of the
a

first two

triumphal

of Stertinius. arches It

Janus, the Sabine points

of the the of the

god,
the

still stands and

were

equal sides and

and whose

four

compass, Romans of
on

its

forty-eightniches
sheltered where from the
sun men

for statuary. rain

great
news

portico where

while

discussingthe
was

cityor
ox a

matters

business, and
traffic. theater of the

business

connected Above the

with

market

carried market site for for

their

site of
to

the choose

stood
a

Marcellus. of
a

It
as soon

was as

custom

with
out
on a

the

ancients
or

theater, or
At

several

them, place
to

they
wood,

laid

market feast

public square,
of the

the

people demanded
first the

witness made

the of

dramas
so

the

days

immortal

gods.

theaters

were

Rome.
be

25
were

as

to

taken

down
were

as

soon more

as

the

performances
and of him

over;

but

in

the One

days
of the

of

the

Republic they
of

made

substantial

costly materials.
the Theater in of
two

finest

these

was

built

by Augustus, and
It consisted of massive

called
a

by
much

Marcellus, after the

stories of

emperor's nephew.
surmounted semicircle thousand
a

great

half

circle raised the

same

arcades,
The

by
was

pilastered wall, in
corridors roof the and of the the

styleas
of

the Colosseum.

girdled by
On
across

filled with arcade ropes

to

tiers
were

seats,

numbering
by
means

thirty

altogether.
was

fastened

of which the ends

sun.

canvas

stretched the

great

open

top

protect the

spectators
and
once.

from the

In

front

of

semicircle open

lay the
stretch of Theater

stage,
where

with many

various
actors

apartments,

and

back

of the About
an

long broad opposite

the

played

at

Marcellus it the
one

the /so/a

Tiber

divided

for

little way it of
a

to

brace em-

island.
so,
to

The sacred

ancients purposes.
were

called At coated
were

Tibcrina, and
it
was

devoted the form it stood

one it,

or entirely,

almost prow like

one

time

cut
so

in

ship, with
stream

and
some

stern;

its sides

with three there

strong masonry,

that

in the
to to

giantvessel. Jupiter,and
main the sick shore of
one

There
to

great temples built upon

was

Esculapius,
the Sabine

to

Faunus;
island
to
was

also

an

altar

raised

here

god
from

Semo-Sancus. the

The above

reached below. In

by

bridge that

crossed the
or

it,and reached
had another

that

imperial times
used for
a

island
as a

aspect;
where

site slaves

temples

and

shrines

being
cruel

prison,

neglected spot
freedom if

were

left to

die, the
"

Claudius

promising
wide and

them

they

recovered. The
on

"good
of

Father
commere

Tiber and and

is three

hundred
went

feet back

in the forth
over

city,and
the the

from

here,

errands in great

warfare, ships along the banks

with cities,

to

Mediterranean there statues,

a

Sea
were

numbers,

stretchingfar
gardens
and all connected
to

away groves, and

Campagna
and
as

and villages palaces, villas,

monuments

traversed

by the arcades

of

aqueducts, and

continuous,
world. To

if

single

city stretched from the Seven Hills to the sea, with ships, yard-arm to yard-arm, bearing the
came

the

mouth of
sent

of the

Tiber, there
the China

crowded

wealth

the

great
came

city
silks,

the

richness the

of the

earth; Britain
from the

and

Spain
works
rare

metals, from perfumes

art

amber fabrics world

were

from from could

Baltic, gems
and of

India, spices and

of
or

from Greece. its

Arabia,
All

woven

Babylonia, produce
to

unrivaled

from

that

the

things beautiful,

precious,
of the for It
were

choicest

dainties,
or

brought
burdens

Rome. the

They
at

were

landed roads. mouth from of

at

the

quay cargoes Tiber.

ox

market,
were

brought
landed
at

in

along
was

well-built the

The the

Rome had
one

Ostia, which
harbors
to
ever

situated

of

the
to

grandest

built,where
various

the

imports
Roman
the

many domains.

countries

brought

be

shipped

Rome The

and

parts of the
crossed of

first bridges that and

an

river at Rome called

were

looked
"

upon

as

sort

of religious
care

monuments,

order

priests

Pontifices bridge

makers

-took

of

26

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

them.
to

The

name

Pontifex Maximus,
of the Horatius The

now

the title of the oldest old

pope,

was

given by
Rome
was

the ancients the Pons army whose times has

the

high priest
Porsena. bulwark
sun

pontifices. The kept

"

bridge built
of old the is
a
"

in

which Sublicius, of Lars

crest
a

in the

brave the

days

against the
a

Etruscan

bridge led
Etrurians
a an

from

city to
There

Janiculum,
tradition the
name son

hill upon in earliest

against the god, god

go
to

stood. this

that of of

Janus, the
come.

founded
was

city on
altar

hill from here closed

reason

which
to

Janiculum
Janus.
that the

Afterward
was a

there

raised
was

Fons, the
that it

Janus spirit
to

Quirinus
of
war

of war,

whose

temple
for the

in times

of peace,
was

so

might
"the

not

forth; and
This

other sacred

not

then
was

necessary called and had the

as

offer sacrifices

him. of
a

site,held
his
came

to

the

god
"the

of war,

by the

Romans,
was

key
with

Etruria," and

by the

Etrurians here here which

came

key

of

Rome,"

Janus
his first emblem he
was

represented
of the

key

in he

hand.
to

From

Tarquinius
the it had Lars

Priscus

view

city over
power, chariot.

which

reign,and
the cap also

eagle, henceforth
snatched Porsena the Pons had away and

of Roman

replaced upon
Over in this

his head eminence

riding
defended and Numa The and
on

in his

his

Etrurian

band, winding

their way

magnificent procession
the foot
was

toward

Sublicius,so
his famous

nobly

by Horatius.
its summit

Near

of the

hill

Julius Caesar

gardens,,

the emperor
are were

Galba

buried, and the remains

been

of the first Sabine

king,
wood arched

Pompilius,
Romans in This

also the

said to

have

placed.
builders of the
were

greatest

bridge
used
to
sewers.

world; they combined

the
waters

masonry

splendid long-lastingstructures, and plan they

has
not

first to of the that

make

bridges.
but sway in

only

span

the

rushing
of

yellow Tiber,
fell under
or

building roads, aqueducts,

power still
over

and

Nearly every
remains
or

country

the

of Roman

some

mighty
plain
whose

their

bridges
of
seen

aqueducts,
the

stretchingmiles
of the the Great
a

of arcades skill in
or

smooth

rough and
the arch
most

land, showing hilly

wonderful still be in hard these
near

ness greatis

Roman

engineering. Among
Maxima,
made noble

works the

Drain,
concentric which

Cloaca

may feet of

river.

It is

semicircular

vault, measuring arches, each

the wall where
stones
one

nearly fourteen
of

diameter^ and
volcanic

consisting
like the of this drain
own

of three masonry is
so

huge
the

blocks river.

stone,

forms
now,
or

it enters
are

fine that
mortar

though the
cement,
not

workmanship kept in their place simply by their

The has been the

weight,
blade

without
can

displaced block

found, and
of the canals drains

knife

scarcelybe put
of the
between
now

in between which

the

joints.
a

This of

is but

mouth

vast

sewerage

system
lands

Tarquins,
the

by

net-work the

underground
and pours five hundred of the
a

the

marshy
Drain
was as

hills and
as

collects it did that

citywaste
thousand

it all into the Great years ago. It

perfectly
to

probably

two

due

this

nobly planned system

at

the

low-lyingparts
was

those city,especially

along given

the
to

river, existed

all,for the

Tiber

then,

as

now,

broad

and

rapid

stream

great inundations.

Rome.

29
Forum them of
was

In
were

the still

time

of

the

emperors, Palatine from

while Hill it every It

was
"

the above nation and

Boarium covered calls the

ever

and with

the
so

Circus many

Maximus
and such ings dwellesting interstood

standing, the
of Rome. of the

magnificent mansions
by the
spot
name

that

Europe
"

its most loveliest raised

beautiful and in
most

palaces.
The
most

still stands

in
some

most

sumptuous

buildings
in ancient

Europe
on

here, and
old hill. Here three
as a

events thrilling

history transpired
stretched The

this

grand

stood

the

gorgeous
an

Palace
area

of

the

Caesars, which
a

away

till it covered

and hills,

included

of three the

and

half

miles.

walls, although strong

fortress,were Chambers,
faced with and and and
was

decorated arcades

with and

finest

of

sculptures and

paintings the

world

duced. pro-

majestic columns
as snow

were

marbles, white

or

veined with all the The

with

purple

gold,
metals.

and It

embellished contained

costlygems
luxuries furniture

conveniences of

imaginable. jewels
and the

ivory, sandal
with

wood, cedar, and stered upholfinest

rosewood,
with fabrics that

ornamented rich looms

now

satins,brocades, and
could

produce
and

or

ship bring in.

vast

Nothing
pile,
wooded
or

can

picture the beauty of this

the

magnificence
flowers pure and
were or

luxury

of

the

parks, gardens and

and

terraces, where
in

trees,

plants,
fountains
at

grew scented

profusion, where

of turn,

water

gushed
perfect

forth
or

every

statues

of

beautiful with in the

form

noble
on

sentiment

grouped
and

taste

terrace,

in

garden,
halls walked used
not

shady
cruel

arbor. in

Through
one

these

Nero;

court

Agrippina
she
out
was some

to

sit with in

her embroidery

when

occupied

carrying
these

dreadful
ever

plotting or deed; and through

haunted in

NERO-

corridors

Nero

felt himself

by

her

spirit after
of and the

her

murder, while
emperor.
on

realitythey
these

were

filled

by friendly-seeming
-

enemies

hated

Among
terrace

gardens
front of
on

the
the
a

great

walked

studied, and
the The

the

that burn

lay in
called been

philosopher palace Nero, surrounded

of

by his court, watched

human

Christians gorgeous that

like torches the known.

row

poles,
it

set
was

up
the

for his
mosl

fireworks.

pile was
has
ever

Golden
Its

House,
wonders of

splendid thing of its kind

were

celebrated
I

abroad, by

Roman

travelers,by foreign visitors, and

in the

literature

the

3"d

Cities
"

of

the

Ancient

World.
imperial seat,
nations

The

Palatine, proud Rome's

stands pile) the learn

(An
In

awful

venerably great;
and
to
come

Thither

the

kingdoms

crowds supplicating

their doom:

******

Inferior And While And

on

temples
the o'er the

rise

on

either

hand,

borders
rest

of the her her

palace stand,
she

head

proudly

rears,

lodg'd amidst
means

guardian gods appears."

to

'

The in

palace extended
by
a

by

of

connecting apartments
was a

the

Esquiline.
courts
were

court

front,surrounded mosaics, and

triplecolonnade,
a

mile

long, faced
Other

in rich

marbles, paved occupied animals,

their banks.

with

contained

great

statue

of the

emperor.

by gardens, vineyards, meadows,

or

and

woods

inhabited

by
and

tame

and

ferocious
on

with

large ponds, like lakes, with

of the
rooms were

rows

of beautiful

unique houses back,

The the of the

to

walls

covered halls
on was

with inlaid

and gold, jewels,

was

pearls; the ivory with which

so as

ceilingsof
roses

the

dining

made

to

slide

to

admit

rain

or fragrant waters long table in the center

the

heads hall

of the dainties with

produce.
rich and
or

The

choicest service

At these old Roman carousers. banquets known spread with every luxury the world was of fish and fowl, fruit and spice, were heaped upon
was

of the

the

jeweled
some

which

the

table

was were

set.

Meat

and

fish and

were

put

on

small

large flat dishes

also of

with

raised

edges.
same

They
fashion

made
were

of metals very

beautifully
ing drink-

chiseled, and
vessels sometimes surface.
were

clay dishes
with artistic of

of the

which

costly. The
with
or

elegant form, of smootli surface, adorned designs wrought of the material

or bas-reliefs,

covered The Greek of

itself

soldered

on

the

custom

adorning drinking vessels

carried
to
a

with

rious precious stones, the luxu-

Romans

imperial times
Roman
was

sumptuous
were

degree.
kinds,

Drinking
and in

was

very

important
with

part
but any

of

feasts;the wines
used in such

of

many

generally mixed
so

water;
that

the water

small

quantities,or the wine

of the gross with crowned been

great

dance, abunin
a

large feast,and
With the table
a

those particularly and limbs had then

was

Nero, usually ended

A

drunken for hours feast

was

carouse.

their heads after the of the

flowers,the topers reclined

master
or

round chosen and

dishes and

removed.

king of the
to

by

cast

dice,

present
of chance of the Even the
or or

absent, witty conversation

introduced
to

drained in healths glasses were kept up, music was played and

sons per-

games

bettingwere

keep the company

small

lively.Sometimes
scenes

exhibitions of

dancing

were

given in the
whatever

hall,and
would

plays, or
on

representing carousals
occasions.
borne away The
on

gods, battles,or

excite the interest

or

please the fancy of the guests.

fightsof gladiators were

carousers were on overcome

given after the feast

with
or

some

Finally,when by
their slaves

fatigueor liquor, they were

upon the floor until
was

lay in stupor
and
at

their couches round

or

morning.

table, sometimes
three sides

square

others

crescent-shaped,

surrounded

by low

32
beautiful built with and The hard lined of all cities. All

Cities
around and

of

the

Ancient

World.

palaces, and laymagnificent buildings,

faced with

public squares,
rich

grand
were

colonnades beautiful
streets
on

marble,

porphyry
with

and

other

materials, by
stone

adjoining
wide and

gardens
were

and

shaded with

walks

walls

overtopped
of hewn
were

trees.

regular
rested

paved

smoothly joined
with fountains

slabs

and and

lava, which
with from The the

solid

foundations

below; the sidewalks, too,

and

paved,
statues

handsome

Roman

houses, adorned
and

beautiful

dered plun-

Greeks.

narrow, progress The

irregularstreets
of the Roman of that

badly-builthouses
were

which in

had the and

grown last

without

plan
of the the

with

the

kingdom,
the world in half

transformed

century

Republic. palaces and

which Nero

conquerors
so

built

palaces, circuses
more

theaters many

with

spoils of their
of

enemies,

public buildings. The Augustus,

a new

a century great fire of Nero's

Rome

contained

magnificent
vast

reign,following the
and wide from
mean

provements im-

cleared

away the

the

poor

hovels with

streets, in

place of

built

city upon
porphyry

hillyground,
and colored What

and

well-planned streets, Italy,Greece

tinued, con-

temples, forums
and Asia and Great cold
to

and

palaces of white
from

marbles Nero and

most

Numidia,

Minor, and
the

Egypt.
the

began the other emperors

beautiful roads

Eternal

City
on

became bold

grandest
over

sight in
and health

the

world. the

aqueducts, carried
and clear
to waters

arches

valleys,chasms,
into the
out

streams,
and

of the

far away

mountains

cityto give
of

comfort and portant im-

all,and

still further These and

beautify Rome

by gushing

handsome among

grottoes
the
most

fountains.

aqueducts

supplied the baths, too, which

of all classes.
were

were

public
The establishments. connected of with

private institutions
of the included

thermce, or baths They

the and

Romans,

among

their

finest

and

most

extensive
museums,

gardens

and

meeting halls, libraries,and

were

bathing apartments,
shower baths.

which All the which

most

arranged perfectly

for all varieties

or a

hot, cold,
two

bathrooms rested
on

lay over
rows

substructure

ment basefoot

about and
center
was a

feet

high, the ceilingof

furnace and From leaden for the other
at

of of

pillarsstanding this,and

half

apart.

The

firingroom
here the in heat the

lay in
went

front
out to

occupied the
and

of the carried
or

establishment. in earthen wanted each

or

through the basement

bath
rooms.

pipes
baths
means

walls

the tanks

The the
over

cold,

tepid,
and

hot

water

came

from

three The

lying above
were

furnace,
the ment, base-

connected around

with the

by

of

pipes.
from

bathrooms
to

Tanks benches

or

tubs and

furnace, occupied the

were

different of

distances the

it,according
for hot baths in niches.
a

their cold niche

temperature.

center

chambers
or

and A

baths, while
on

chairs hot

ranged along
was

the walls
a

stood

the

row nar-

side In for and the

a

of the

bath

filled with
a

cold

water

tub, for
was

plunge after the hot bath.

large public
steam

establishments and

separate

apartment

provided with all the fittings

bath;

adjoining were
These

oiling the

body.

for dressing,undressing, rubbing special rooms most baths, built with perfect great magnificence and

THE

BATHS

OF

CARACA1

LA.

Komi

35
the and

arrangement, houses,
of the and
so

were

very

numerous

throughout
in open of Titus squares,
were

city. They
were some

were

attached

to

private-

or

stood The

by

themselves

of the

grandest buildings architecture,

the

time.

great baths

of the of the

most

rich and

beautiful

large that
side. the

they covered
of

nearly
the

half

plain of the

Esquiline Hill, on
Viminal

southwestern Near

earthworks

Servius

heights beyond
for baths in the many

the

Quirinal and
of and

were were

crowned
the line The of

by another
the Servian time of

statelystructure,
of the Garden
on a

built

by Diocletian, adjoiningwhich
Field Mars outside others of great

lovely grounds
of usual the

of Sallust; and

the

Wall

the bath
was

south,

there

were

magnificence.
or

taking
the

justbefore
were

the cena,

usually the eighth

the

ninth

hour

day.
at
were

But

establishments The

open and

during
was

greater

part of

the

day,
Some This which

and of
was

sometimes the baths

night also.

opening
each

closing
had

announced pay
bather
an

by

bell. fee.

free; in others
and janitor,

visitor
a

first to
the
was

entrance

received handed

by the
to

kept in
which

box, while

received he

ticket
a

he and
on was

the

bathing

master. to

While

Agrippa

in
a

office
was

built admitted After

hundred

seventy
his death undressed from in the

bathing chambers,
his he he entered took and he
a

everybody,
were

for

time,
he

free; and
the
a

magnificent private thermce

the hot
room

left to the

public.
also with He and

bather

of the in
a

tepid bath, where

tank in side with

received its
next

dry rubbing;
reservoir the With skin
with

here

bath

grand, vaulted
a

chamber,
niche. saffron and

steaming
went scents. to

center,

the

flat cold-water
water

cold this
oil

bath, where
the
water

plunged into cold

the

mixed the
a

other

part of

bathing
the entire

was

over,

rubbing
with oil him

anointing of
outfit often

the

followed. master, from

Through
surface skin with

process

slave
an

bather's

accompanied
bath

his

frequentlyanointing
a a

his skin and

from

bottle,removing
with linen with

the oil and After

perspiration
the
the

the

scraper, final

rubbing
and the The

towels.

hair and Scented swan's

received
were

rubbing
over

anointing
which
was was

costly perfumed
out
to

ointment.

powders
down
or

strewn

body,
bather games, the

stretched

and
out

rubbed
into the

with
nastic gym-

purple sponges.
take

then recline and

ready
on

go

grounds and
stroll

part in athletic
walks groups close baths.
at

to

the

couches

of

the

library,
the
versations con-

through

the

shady
of the
were

among of
men

fountains

sculptures, or
of

join in

of any

gathered
large
baths bathe

in the

portico for loungers; opportunities

the
was

for all of these in connection and

and and

hand, and
a

provided with
part of the
now

greatest

care

and

taste-

with
men

the of

Here

day

passed by
compare

the

luxurious

wealthy

imperial times.
these

Nothing
The
to

stands

to

with in

magnificence of
large enough

places.
hundred these

of Caracallawerea
at
once.

mile

the beauty circumference,

on

for sixteen
use,
or

Besides

being built
their
statues.

the

most

perfect plan for their

walls, costly
came

baths
and

were

rich and

in magnificent
of line

mosaic

ceilings,
waters

marbles

frescoes,
a

unlimited

numbers arches

The
the

fourteen

miles

by

specialacqueduct, whose

still stand

upon

Campagna.

36
St.
most
are

Cities
in
to

of

the

Ancient

World.
less than one-fourth the
two

George's Hall,
exact

Liverpool, England, though

be
seen an

the
at

size, is the
each

copy

now

of the
exact

baths. copy of

The
one.

hall,with

courts

end,

in size and Between the

design
baths of

almost of Titus

and oval

the

Palatine, in
it is
was a

fine central the

location, lay the

It
name was

most

famous known

building
as

Rome;

an

amphitheater,
but was, It

called

Coliseum. other

first
a

the
statue

Flavian of Nero

Amphitheater,

said, given the

colossus

from

colossal

standing

near

by.

wherein itself,

nearly ninety

SECTION

SHOWING

THE

CONSTRUCTION

OF

THE

COLISEUM.

thousand built When thousand

"were

people
the
was

were

sometimes

seated

to

see

the

cruel it six

sports of
thousand

the

arena.

It
ten

was

by
it

emperor finished

Titus,
he
a

who

employed
it

upon

Jews for
wild Six

years. and
ten

dedicated

by the slaying of five thousand

lasted seated the
a

beasts
acres

captivesat
by the
a

great festival which

hundred

days.
one

of

ground
people

covered

enormous

oval, which
arena

nearly
A

hundred

thousand around

in tiers around

dirt-covered

open

to

sky.

portico carried

the entire

building was
The inner

resplendent with gilded columns, and marble statues thronged the arcades. was as portion of the Coliseum magnificent as Titus and all followingemper-

Rome.

3 7

ors

to

Contantine

the

Great net-work

could of

make

it.

The

podium

"

seat-galleries
"

was

encrusted

with

costly marble;
the

gilded bronze, supported

animals;
of the spaces

by stakes
between the

and
seats

wheels

of

ivory,
and

guarded gold
A and fountains

people from
the

the

wild
were

glittered with perfumes,

gems; of

awnings
water

silk; marble
odors

tripods for through

the

burning
air and
some

fragrant
of led

scattered

delicious

upon of which

the

people.
fierce
whole and the

great

system
were

underground
out to

passages others
a

lay beneath,
were

through

the the

animals
arena was

the

center;

conduits

for water, Roman

by which

sometimes
were

flooded, making fought

with all the and
waters

great
of
a

lake, where
conflict

galleys sailed,
actual

naval

battles of

fury

between

enemies,
blood

to

delight
over

the

Roman and

emperor stained the

at

people, who
below. it
was on

shouted There
were

applause when
broad roads the it the

flowed
to

the

decks and Rome

the

leading
Forum. arch of

the The

Colosseum,

toward stood that

northwest the

but

short way,

distance and
a

from

Temple

of

right hand

the

beyond

Titus
on

commemorated upper side of the

good emperor's
of earlier the
one

conquests

in

Judea;
the the

little further of Constantine

along
on

the
Via

Comitium

days,

stood of

Temple
emperors side

the

Sacra, above Vespasian

When
was

which extended

fora
after

and

the

temples along the Campus

for here

Trajan, Augustus,
of the

and

another

eastern

Capitoline Hill.
of the
new

the

Aurelian within

Wall the

was

built the

Martius, lying in the bend

some

river,

enclosed sprung of the

city boundaries,
was

of the for the

finest

of the

buildings
the the
ings meet-

had

up.

The
masses as

Campus
of the

originallythe
the old

field rule of

military drill,and early kings

and somewhat

great

people under beyond

the

lic. Repubup;

Gradually,
until river in later
was

the

city grew
the

walls,

it became

built

times

only
This

large irregulartriangle-shaped part lying in the bend

was
a

of the

reserved.

part

great

place for gymnastic exercises, and

the
an

views military re-

and

great

open-air assemblies, while

remainder open the space

was

occupied by public buildings, them, baths, theaters

who the have left and

temples, with
circuses. Here

stately colonnades
the

enclosing
of midst

about and

mighty
the One
to to

consuls in the

Rome,
of
a

generals
concourse

citizens
to

nanus

great
the

in

history,gathered
or

vast

witness upon

sports,
successful
was

review
quests con-

troops,

receive lands.

congratulations
of the chief It
was

of

the

multitude these

their

in other

places among
devoted
was

latter

buildings
or

the

Pantheon, Venus,
connected stands and

"

or

temple
them

all

gods."
Thermas

especially to
by Agrippa,
to

Jupiter
friend The

to

Mars

ami

after with

all deities.

It

built

the

of

Augustus,
still

his wonderful of the the is

over

and and the

dedicated consists

the

gods.
parts, the
A

Pantheon
or

in the

midst

modern

city,
edifice
or

of two itself.

oblong
steps

squareled up
to

shaped
the sixteen

portico, and
which

round
a

temple
and

flightof

portico,

hundred

feet

long

nearly fiftydeep;
so
as

it is three

supported
naves.

by
The

lofty columns

of

Oriental

granite, grouped

to

form

38
center
nave

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

leads colossal

to

the

great
of three broken

brass

doors and
or

at

the

entrance

to

the

temple,
The

on

either

side

of which edifice the

statues

Augustus
sections

Agrippa
by
with in
a

stood handsome smaller

in niches.

great
second

round and the is

is divided

into each
seven

stories arches rises

cornices,
ones

the

highest being
begins
to

by large

between. whose

Above,

cupola equal
that

in

mighty steps,
of the of St.

and

magnificent dome,
it. This is have
across so

height
in from

the domes

diameter of
are some

great
the

round

temple

beneath since

perfect
been

shape

the

greatest
of

buildings Rome,
of
seven

erected

copied
river and hundred which
to

it; among Sophia's

at

them

Peter's The

modern

situated

the
a

St. and
are

Constantinople. diameter,
and

interior

the

mighty rotunda, nearly

beside inside the walls

fiftyfeet
without;
Part

in

is surrounded circular niches. with

by

apertures
tiers of the and

entrance,

alternatelysquare
the lowest
are

The

correspond
before
are

those

is adorned
a

columns

pilasters between
and Above crowned in five

and

the of
a

niches. ent differ-

of these

of

beautifully veined
to

yellow marble,
with the others. marble is
are

part of them

kind,
which which worked smaller
was

colored skillfully covered the with base called the

harmonize of

this story another

stands,
cornice of

plates

colored This There there

to

and

by

beautiful
rows

forms

of the

cupola.

finished

stripes,or
row

finely-

squares, toward this

"caskets."
in which
a

twenty-fivein
round colors

each

growing gradually
The blue

top,
made

is

large

opening.
of the

sky,

seen

through
and
at

hole,

fine finish

the

brilliant
most

Pantheon

decorations,

the

same

time the

lighting the
and in

interior all the

perfectly.
were

Adjoining
inclosed

Pantheon

around
center

broad

streets,
the and

baths, great

squares

by
and the

colonnaded basilicas
or

walls,

of which

stood

long
rows

and

peak-roofed
Near of
one

temples by
was

halls, with

their

porticoes, arcades
and his

of columns. the This Arch

was

palace
the

of

Alexander

Severus

circus, the
in

Odeum,

rius, Tibeof the

with

story of that
that

emperor's

victories the

told

bas-relief. the

triumphal
Pincius and

monuments

graced
to

Flaminian

Road,
the of south.

great

northern the brow

highway
of Mount in
a

through Italy,corresponding
the

the

Appian
western

Way

on

Beneath

Quirnal spanned
Hill.

Hill, on

the

edge
to

Campus
and

Martius,
Arch nobles of

it extended

statelyavenue,
of the

by triumphal arches, Many palaces

from of

the rich

Forum Roman

Trajan
the and the

at

the foot with

Capitoline

the in

lined
men

way,

graceful overhanging
women scenes

balconies,
upon

which,

imperial times, great

entrances,

beautiful brilliant

looked of the of the

down ancient

military processions, triumphal

This The then horses the festival Via
scene

and here

carnival. feast.
was

is said

to

have the

originated
site of the

in the celebration where the and of

all

spring-time
are

Flamitiia,
of
a

Corso,

modern

carnivals of

held,

magnificent pageant platforms

on

of emperor

nobles,
kinds of

richly caparisoned
and

drawing

luxurious

wheels,

splendor, gayety

extravagant

pleasure.

Rome,
Rome the

was

now

capital of

vast

empire with
into

fully a million
freedmen

and and

half of

people,
poses purclasses

wealthy officers of the city and

of of the The

imperial government,
divided fourteen
were

slaves.

For

police the whole

Those of

citywas
the

districts, containing two

called blocks gave domus
or

dwellings.
poorer mansions

wealthier

inhabitants

mansions, while
insula air the
to
or

people lived in detached

were

apartments
an

built in

called

islands.

built it.

around
Sometimes each

open the

court, which great

houses

lightand
to

the

ments apart-

opening
made
poor
"

upon

belonging

were nobility

up
a

of many very
were

courts, and

surrounded class in

by rectangular buildings. The

the

houses upon
the

of the
same

large

wretched
or more

magnificent city
"

were

plan, they
many and

usually six
lived

stories

high, covering large blocks

and

and

occupied by

families,who

chieflyon
of and
a

porridge
house the
women

vegetables, such pumpkins,

and and where

as

cabbage, turnips,
melons. the

radishes, leeks, garlic,onions, pulse, cucumbers,

The
court
or were

atrium

Roman where From atrium the used

was

the

home-room,
the

images

of the of the and

family'sgods
household
store
rooms.

kept

worked
or

different

members

met

each

other. the

it passages and the

doorways

led to the fronted

sleepingrooms
on

Between passage, the

vestibule, which Sometimes,

room

the

street, the

lay a
the
were

broad
court
master

paved
behind
on

called
was

ostium.
as a

in the for the

large houses
men

principal
to
see

ostium then the

All

reception gods
"

who

came are

business;
to
one

the

household further

ox

as deities, tutelary they

called

"

removed
be

of

courts

away
were were

from

the

vestibule, so

that

the

family might mouldings,

colored part of
most
were

undisturbed. and

parts of the
The

house

usually decorated solidly and

The furniture had sometimes

with

statues,

bas-reliefs
stones
or

frescoes.

floors

laid substantially consisted for the

with

marbles

in handsome and

designs.
the
were

benches,
backs. with

chairs,
The

couches;
cushions

seats most

side-arms, but
and
so were

without the

legs and
inlaid

richlyornamented,
and in the mosaics. side In

tables,
were

wonderfully
a

jewels, carving
in the roof
a or

day

time
not

the used

houses

lighted from
panes.

simple hole
were

wall; glass was

in which that
one

for window times Somewicks often

Lamps
nozzles

bowl-shaped,
all the way

nozzle round

sticking out
the

lay the wick. lamp

also the had many
were

projected
with bronze

bowl,
In
or

so

and very Roman

gave

circle of

light. These, like the

and
a

branching

candelabra
to
was

used,
town

elegant
of

silver

ornaments.

addition

house

every
in the

importance had
in
some was

country

residence
on

which villa,
or

usually situated
In
retre.it delightful

vicinity of Rome,
times who
were a
was

fair spot

the and

Campagna
heated
as

along the seaside.

was a

ancient
!'""r all

the could

Campagna
afford
to

fertile, green
the in much the

beautiful, and
months
the

leave

city during
same

the

of

summer

and
the
or

fall.

They

built and
more

furnished

way

dwellingsin
the

city,hut covered
seaside

great deal
the

ground.
house
were

It often

happened
so

that

Campagna
as a

residence
and

favorite

of the

family, and
very

they

were,

rule,

more

comfortable

luxurious.

They

built with

handsome

domes effect,

and

towers

above rising

42

Cities

of

the

Ancient
and
water

World.

statelycolonnades, broad
enclosed partially sprang from the

piazzas,balconies
where surrounded with

shady

recesses.

Ivy-covered
marble

columns
or

courts, fountains and

running

flowed

through
villa to

channels

jetsand
mosaics

with

flowers; shaded
from the

walks, paved with

lilies
to

iant-colored brill-

overhung

vines, led

gardens beautifully
perfumed
ancient
to

laid out the

with

flower-beds,where

roses, These

narcissuses,hyacinths and violets,

were

air and but

delighted the
their

eyes.

about

all the made

flowers their

known small

the

Romans,

gardeners had

skill in

designing and

varietyshow

ROMAN

GARDEN

SCENE.

fine

advantage upon
grassy
were

terraces
were

and

slopes, or by
into fine

long

stretches

of

level

ground.
and

Smoothly
other
trees

cropped
and
were

swards

bordered trained
or

trimmed

hedges,
many

and

beech

bushes dense

clipped and
groves, These of
a

growth and

fantastic shapes.

There

natural

in luxuriant

foliage.
even

were

carefullydesigned globes, pyramids, ships, and animals could who not highly valued by the Roman citizen,
small

enjoy the pleasure

very

garden in connection

with

his town

house, except

Rome.

at

great expense,
was even

as

every

square

foot

of

ground

was

of great

value,

and

the

street

age front-

limited house She gave

by law.
was

The household. and

Roman

kept by the master's

mind

wife, who
home

looked

well

to

the

ways

of her

her

mainly
bondwomen

to

her

family,often
These in
servants

controllingand
bondmen and

directing hundreds
were

of slaves.

not

only
kind.

waiting, but in almost

and craftsmen

all wealthy families of

included There many

mechanics
were men a

nearly every
branches of

prising comcomplete staff of architects,

engaged
of mimics

in

various and

designing
musicians and the

and and

building,
troops
were

tailors and

hair-dressers, freedmen, and

the house and of
the
was

jugglers. Physicians
or

surgeons

mostly slaves
master

private secretary of the

a

of

often
to

slave; and
humblest for the

from

positions of

trust

honor many of it slave.

was

the

offices in

service nearly every one family in general and each

were

member

particular
were

performed
to

by
the

separate

Many
usual

kept
of

carry

sedan

chairs, which
end ladies of the
were

the

mode In

traveling about

lic. Repuballowed
veyances; con-

town,

only
the

senators

and

to be

carried

in these

little canopied and

"

curtained

but
a

litters and

frame
"

with in

straps
common

to

port supuse.

mattress
were

pillow

was

These, too,
rich in red the

carried There every

to

by strong
were

slaves

dressed

in

liveries. streets, with and

public litters for hire

household Slaves
were

well-to-do carry it.

had in
coarse

at
a

least one, tunic dark

or

slaves

dressed of

short-skirted if the

shirt.
men were or
a

These

material household

laborers, while
attendants slave had
on

the
more

higher
handsome
or

servants

had been

material.

After

given
"

had

bought

his cap

liberty he
"

put
or

the Roman

pileus

felt close-fitting
wore

the

toga,
his
who

mantle,
were

ROMAN

AND

"

"

'" \.

the the

ring signs of
a

and the

shaved

beard.
were

These the that him.

freedmen,

principal tradesmen
mechanics Landed of wealth
to

and

handicraftsmen
except
rents

in

city.
on

A
a

free-born

Roman

felt beneath

and

trade,

commercial

business

largescale, were
was

property,
a

with
of

bringing a
position in

large income,

the

only worthy

source

Roman

good

44

Cities
civil
was

of

the

Ancient

World.
literature ambitions and the
art
were

society. Military or duty

to

glory, to patronize sports,

In

his

ambition;
pathized symtion educanoble of all the the

his country with her

his watchword. She

all these
over

Roman

matron

husband.

watched

the her

health, the
found aid their

training,and
many in the of time

of Roman these beside. there

was on

children, and

matrons
cares

midst

to

husbands
went out to

in their
as

affairs

The
no

matrons

they chose;
them from

law

or

custom
or

prevent

going
called their

the

street

to

public entertainments,
The under young the ladies
were

circuses, and

festivals.
were

virgins,and
parents
became

authority of

they

until they were married, unless priestessesto Vesta.

was are. was a

The
not

garb of the Romans

on,
as our

dress It

laid on, consisted

drawn

clothes

of two the
men,

parts:
and

the the

upper

garment
of
the

the

toga of
it
was a

palla

women;

fully long piece of goods, often of rich material, beauti-

embroidered, and laid It was quite an ample folds.

toga
or

on

like
to

cloak

in the

art
mass

arrange folds in

palla properly; the

one

of

were

laid part in

direction for the The

arms

and and

part
a

another,
of
was

forming loops
over

sort

pocket
worn

the

breast.
on

other

garment
without

under

this it
was

the called

street, and
the

it in the about the

to

house;
to
women

tunica, and
men

coming
had

the

knees, fitted the

wore

closely; but
it reach and
times some-

it

more

loosely,and
it had the
common

the

ground;
not.

sometimes This
was

sleeves

garment
the

for

home the

and material

all

ordinary
wearer.

occasions;

quality of
the social
wore were

showing
the

the

difference Men and

in
women

position of
sandals
ROMAN MATRON.

when

they
and

went

visiting,which
but
wore

green,
out

yellow,

black;
toga
in the
on

when

men

went

dressed the

in the

they

shoes. of the

This

outer

cloak
worn

became
as

less

common
now

after
wear

Republic, and
"dress
were

days
very

Empire
or

it

was

gentlemen
The

their

suits,"
not

fashionable like the

important

occasions.

women's

garments

made

just

men's,

48
other their sacked

Cities
countries, and
power the divided finally

of

the

Ancient
and

World.
beside
the outside

the

empire,
the in the

losses,weakened
entered broken and up

city.

by civil wars, until Alaric After this, which was

are now

Goth, from
year
410

Northern a.d., the

Europe, empire
was

into many and

countries,which

the

kingdoms
has

and

empires of modern
recovered
is eternal. the Roman modern the old
one

Europe,
and of the

Asia,
the

Africa.

But, although this mighty State

never

never

its power, Out

queenly citycan
Empire
arose are

be

restored
state

in its

grandeur, Rome
of

Roman

the

modern

system

Europe,

and

language, law, and

world.

institutions About stood built. the It

in changed still, miles from

forms, alive and Rome,

where The
out stone.

active Tiber of
sea

in the
enters

sixteen

the harbor

Tyrrhenian Sea,
of the and finest
ever

celebrated
was

port
natural built of

of Ostia.

this
an

citywas

not
were

bay,

but

in

the The

artificial island
was

circular long semi-

walls

massive

harbor, which
far into the
a sea

altogether artificial,
the
even

having
The

been

made

by extending dams
with
a

and

walls

from

shore of the

line.

island, crowned
for the

formed loftylight-house,
came

fine breakwater

in front and

large
three

piers of the harbor, into which

with
corn

great ships from

Ostia
was

Sardinia, Sicily,

Africa, loaded
had sunk
"

Roman

market. and

built in
an

by Ancus
immense Ostia
a

Martius, who vessel, and

had
two

great
the
outer

pillarsof chalk, mortar,

"

clay brought
of the in the inside made
a

with

ship

to
was

form

the

foundation into the

breakwater.

harbors; the large

entrances out
on

port
of the

built out

sea,

shape of
basin

vast

oval, with walls, which

of quays

each

side

island; a somewhat

smaller banks thus

was

made

by digging

part of the
around
entrance. to

shore, and
it in the Fine

protecting the
of
a

by freestone harbors, and

extended for of
an

form

five-sided

figure,with
the

sixth side

partlyfree
led
sea.

stone-built

canals

connected vessels stories

a

two out

from On the

both

them

the

Tiber, through which

store-houses,
vaulted station
a

passed

to

the
were

open

embankments chambers the

stood and

several For

high.
time It

They
was a

built with chief haven

large arched
for Rome
town

ceilings.
of the

long
navy.

this
was

the

and of of

principal
had fall of the
a new

Roman

thriving and
of and Claudius

important
about
to

and itself, the

noteworthy
The

place among
old up
town

the

settlement the

Italy until

the

time

empire.
town

lay along
time of

sea-shore

close

the outer the inner

harbor; but
basin
was

opened
this
was

in the

the

emperor

when

made,
marbleof

and

familiarly known
to

Second
built and

Rome

in

as Partus, or the port of Rome. of its people, wealth, in size, and the number was

was

the

city of Capua.
was

It in about

the
800
B.C.

capital

of

Campagna,
a

in

the

southern
race

part
of

Italy,
Their Rome

founded

by Etruscans,
a

very

ancient

Italy.

country, Etruria,
was

was

inhabited
were

by

civilized

and from

cultivated the other Under

people long before

inhabitants
the of ancient rule of the and

founded, and
outrivaled

they

entirelydifferent
their other the

Italy,
The

in their appearance,

their almost

and religion, every in

language.
of
were

Etruscans,

Capua

city

Italy in wealth
fond

prosperity.
a

people became

very

skillful

arts, and

of

recreation; they held

great

Capua.
many and
most

49
games,
races,

sumptuous

festive

entertainments,

and

dances.

But

these

weak and habits made unfitted for war, and when the men lazy; they became down them unable to on they were fight. So the Samnites hardy neighbors came took it. and of the a complete conquered possession Although this made city finally did which it affect the of increased not so prosperity the city, change of laws and rulers, luxurious their much in wealth
most

and

greatest and
same were a

prosperitythat, in 343 B.C., wealthy city of Italy. All this

Samnite
a

the

old

historian and

Livy

called

it the the

wealth had

luxury, however,
the

had

effect upon

the after

inhabitants of wars, this

that

it had

upon

Etruscans; they, too,

conquered,
to

series

by

the

Romans,
it grew
even

and

the beautiful
more

citycame
than
as

under
ever;

still more

powerful
increase It
was

rule. in

From

time

prosperous almost that

as

it

continued and
out

opulence until,in
foot
came

216

B.C., it of four

was

grand
was

Rome
to

Carthage.
an

in these

happy, palmy days

soldiers
to

Capua,
thousand

she

able

send

army

of

thirtythousand
Hannibal had his army

and

horsemen.

When
went
over

Carthaginian general
to his

side,and

their winter the walls and of had had

Italyto fight against Rome, Capua quarters one year in the city. The
Capua
such
come

time

spent warlike that

by

the

Carthaginians
almost

within
so

nearly ruined
a

their round When

disciplineand
of amusements, the from Romans

habits; for the city was

t'.ie soldiers

gay, what

continual
to

forgot
its

they

Italyfor.
very the

finally
the

defeated

Hannibal much its and of

they punished Capua

severely for having revolted

under strict Roman

them, and

citylost
many of

dignity,being placed
away. famous
was were

rule, and
and The

having

privileges taken
the

Nevertheless,
for their
out
or

splendid
and

streets

buildings citystood
with
broad

remained,
on a

people

luxury
a

refinement.
extent

perfectly level plain, and

and low houses. Two

spread
the of

over

wide

of the

ground,
in the

streets
were

of these
were

streets

squares,

called

Seplasiaand Albana, busy city. Capua

In
was

celebrated, and particularly Seplasia were

far and the whole hundreds of also the

most

frequented perfumers,
of
revenue,
a

and trade for

the noted

shops
a

the

for which

wide;

it

was

great
with

source

Capuan
and
most

perfumers

plied sup-

empire
built

of

West

their

choicest named

odors the
as was

costly scents.
a

The

aqueduct,
and the

by Augustus
of the the
town

Caesar, and
for its
were gladiators

Aqua
as a

Julia, was
for

splendid
the
"

work,
of the

pride
where

magnificence
form of

well

its usefulness;

amphitheater,
earliest times Mediterranean Gladiators

shows in all

of

held,

also

superb
was

structure,
from

finest of

its kind the

Italy.
and

This

amusement

popular

the

with

Capuans,
who

the

city was
each

celebrated sport.
or

throughout
wild
or

Italy ami

the

provinces
were men

for its exhibitions

of savage other

fought
were

with

with

animals condemned

for the entertainment

of spectators.
but
as

They
a

captives,slaves, originally
and
even women

criminals;
in the arena,
as

afterward
it
was

free-born

citizens,knights,senators, slave, if
most

fought
of

called.
set

Sometimes

he

survived
ones

three
not

years killed

fighting

tor, gladia-

was

free; but only the

4

skillful

were

in the

terrible cont(

50
At the them
one

Cities

of

the
of

Ancient
this class in of

World.

time

there be

were

five thousand when and

men a

at

Capua.
kind the
were
more

They

were was a

taught

positionsto
to

taken

or falling cause

dying, and
to

certain

of food agony

given ator gladimany Some

thicken

their
more

blood the the way

them

die

slowly; for They

the

suffered, the

people enjoyed
in which
some

the

show.

divided

into

classes,according
of them
were

to

they fought, and

weapons

they used.
and
on

blindfolded; they
were were

fought in troops, others

then

in chariots

horseback.
bat; com-

Sometimes the

in full armor;

retiarii

light armed killinghim

him

again they only had short daggers for the and gladiators, fought by throwing a net over
with
a

their
quered, con-

antagonist,and
but thumbs
was

then

three-pointed lance.
on

If

combatant
on,
once

was

not

killed, his fate depended they wished

as

the A

people looking
man

who been
resume

turned
a

their

down

if

to

be

spared.
if
a

who

had
never an

gladiator
his rank.

always regarded
cruel

disgraced, and
a a

noble, he
the
one

could
had

This

sport grew
was once

to

terrible
contest

extent,
which

and lasted

people
hundred thousand and 73

extravagant

passion

for it. which

There
ten

and fierce

twenty-three days, in
animals
were were

thousand

gladiatorsfought, and
for the

eleven

killed. made
curred. oc-

Quite often the gladiatorsrevolted

to

against the
contests, and
birth the
to

harsh in

cruel
a

trainingthey
serious in his

undergo
taken

in

preparation
a

B.C.

very

outbreak
own

Spartacus,
was

Thracian trained

by
in

and school

a shepherd originally

country,

captive and
of Mount and

of with

gladiators
him from thousand

at

Capua.

He
to

persuaded
take

about in the l)Ut

seventy of his fellow

crater

pupils

escape army became

the
men

city,and
was

refuge

Vesuvius. their weapons

An

of three the flee to

sent

against him,
Spartacus
he collected
a

was defeated, proclaimed liberty to all slaves who

trophy

of the in

victors.
a

Then time
to

should
men,
a

him, and

short

force

of

one

hundred array.

thousand For
a

large part of them

he
was

trained every that

fight,making
sent
an

most

formidable his He
men were was

long

time

victorious themselves Roman

over

army

against
to

him, but
success.

followers

began
a

to

quarrel among
with the

and

put

end

his

perished in

final battle six thousand

general Crassus; sixtythousand

crucified
two

of

his

killed,and
a

prisoners were
between the

in the

Appian
and

Way
modern

at

Rome,
On times and

which the has

fine open of
a

thoroughfare
arm

cities. which
one

north taken

shore its
name

long

of the

Mediterranean,
Tarentum,,
was a

in ancient of the
most

from

the

city,stood
Tarentum the other wool
at about
,

celebrated nists by colo-

powerful places of Southern

from

Italy.
B.C.

Greek

city,established
of Rome. well suited

Sparta,
not
so

in about fertile

708
as

time

of the

founding

Though
for the
or

its land

was

that

of

some

cities of of the

Italy, it was
finest

growth of olives, and

inner sea,
as

its pastures

produced

quality,while

its port, these

it

was

called, abounded
the celebrated its and

in shell-fish

of all

descriptions.
most

Murex,
Rut This

which

produced

purple dye, was

to

the and

Among important and valuable.

to

the

Tarentum
was

owed especially

rapid rise
secure,

wealth
was

power safe

its excellent of any

port.
extent

not

only

land-locked

but

it

the

only

harbor

Cumce.

5
became
some

on

the

shores

of the Tarentine

Gulf,

so

Tarentum had the

the chief

market

for

commerce

of all this part of but their

so

Italy.

The

cityalways

of the

institutions

of the

rigid Spartans, neglected idleness;

prowess,

many

of the and

inhabitants, unlike
resist the attacks

people of their mother

sunk the themselves in

country,

gymnasia
were

strengthening
to

and drill, of

luxury

and

they

unable

Romans,
masters.

who, full of martial

Nevertheless furnished These
were

marched
were

upon

them, enough

and
to

finallybecame
support
of

their
an

the

Tarentines
a

warlike
a

quite

army. foot

They
soldiers.

not

only
When and

body
the

of

cavalry,but pids, from

fell into the
to

large force
of the

heavy-armed
were

called

the

Leucas-

their white hands

shields, and Romans,

formidable especially
some

in battle.

city

they took
the rich The
a

of
a

its finest statues

works and of
a

of art

the

capitol, and
citadel

also

plundered
It had
a

cityof

vast

quantity of gold
was a

in silver,

massive,
with market
next to

richlywrought pieces.
at

general form

of

Tarentum

that

triangle
or

the

the

apex. stood which

a

splendid gymnasium, and

bronze
statue
seven

good-sized Agora,

place, in which
that
was

colossal
was one

of

the Jupiter,

largest in existence, Just outside

quets. public banlands; it duced pro-

at

Rhodes,
the

of the

wonders
was

of the world. for festivals and and its fertile

were was

the

Agora

Museum,
was

public buildingwhich
for its

used

Tarentum delicious

celebrated and

pleasant climate
its oils and its

honey
the

fine,large olives,and
of the this the

wines

of

the

choicest than of that the

quality.
from any

But other
as

chief

production
Italy;
The for
a nor was

city was
care

wool, which
to

better

part of

due entirely

the the

natural

advantages
and

country,

the

Tarentines of

bestowed

greatest
also noted

upon

keeping
it

improvement
The

of their breed

sheep.
was

citywas long
time and figs,

for its horses;

tine supplied the TarenGreece.

ritory ter-

cavalry; which
abounded
an

famous

throughout
the times

Italy and
shores
a

also of

in pears,

chestnuts, while
in ancient

of the

gulf produced
of food.

abundance climate of

which shell-fish,

formed

favorite
was

article

The

Tarentum,
of the

though
was

justlypraised for its

to
some

mildness,
the
cause

generally reckoned
of the
B.C.

soft and indolent

enervating,and
habits
to entirely

considered The

extent

luxurious devoted
were more

and selves themnual an-

people.
the there

inhabitants

in the

fourth

century
that their

almost festivals Tarentines their coins and

pursuit of pleasure, and

are

it is said With The

there habits

held

than the

days
of

of the

the fine

year.
arts.

of

luxury the

combined is
a

cultivation

great

beauty and
numbers Nor
was

varietyof
pictures,
literature
coveries, dis-

proof of this, and

works
to

ancient which
a

writers the

speak of the
adorned.

of

statues,

other

of

art

with

citywas
Rhinthon,

neglected; in addition
of

Archytas,
this

philosopher celebrated
a

for his mathematical dramatic

Aristoxenus, the great

Tarentum. It
was

musician, and

poet,

were

natives

from

city,too,
in
on

that

the

Romans

first learned

the

principles

of the On great

regular
the interest

dramas. of
us,

coast to

Campania,
not
so

the

southwest of

part
the

of

Italy, was
nor

Cumse, the

much

account

city itself

a place of position it held

52
among fabulous other
events
towns

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World
it is where
are are

of in the

importance
greatest
to
us. was a

of those

days, but
poets,
and

because the his

some

of have the

the
curred. oc-

told
was

Virgil'sfamous
of Roman date The very
new

book, called
of the

yEneid, writings
of

said among is its

to

Virgil
Latin there power classics is
no

finest but

known that
was

foundation in the

Cumae

unknown,

doubt Rome

it but

ancient, for it was

The
came was

height of
first subdued of

prosperityand
it,and
it finally and
town.

when

settlement.

Etruscans under made

the what

power
was

the
a

Romans

called

municipal
Cumas
was

Under for the

the Roman manufacture

Empire
of Its
a

noted of

kind particular

red earthenware. excellent for the

also territory
was

produced
the fertile

which flax, manufacture

on

especially adapted
the

of nets, and

vineyards
a

the

plain around
very famous

cityyielded
The

delicious of
one

and of the

wine.
at

abode

Sibylswas
with her ./Eneas'

Cumae, and

it is in connection his story of the hero lower

to

that

Virgiltells
into the

descent

regions.

The

Sibyls were
were

supposed
some

be

prophetic by the ancients;

say
were was

old say

authors there of all

an

there

four;
The

others

ten

of them. Cumsean she

most

famous

the

Sibyl; according to
offered nine
to

ancient

legend
of Rome

sell

to

certain refused the had she the

king
to

books, which

he

buy.

Burning three, she

same

offered

remaining
asked burned
same

six for the

price that she

refused

for the nine ; three more, the

being
and

again,
The

still demanded three.

pricefor
the

remaining
the

king bought these, and They

VIRGIL.
were on were

Sibyl vanished.
and of

famous in the

sibylline books,
temple
at

preserved
the

Jupiter
care

Capitoline Hill
Counsel
to

Rome, help

in the

of two

officers;afterward
the

there
at

were

ten

and officers, of the books. able When voyage

who fifteen, finally and

alone,
were

directed

by the Senate, might look

from away

the

contents

sought
to at turn

Sibyls,under
the shores of

the
to

belief

that the their

they gods.

were

predict future ships of Troy,

the

events,

misfortune, and

appease

the from

Trojans
his

last

reached

Italy,after

long

while

companions

54
The seek the

Cities

of
that

the Ancient
it

World.

Sibyl now cityof

where the

warned
the the

,-Eneas
so

was

time

to

turn

from
came

these

awful

scenes

and

blessed;

they journeyed
Here the air themselves

on,
was

and purer

into the

Elysian fields,
the

the groves
or

of spirits grass countless

a

happy dead, were

of

resided.

and ways,
or

freer,and
some

"shades,"
on

enjoying
or

in various in

in sports At

the

green the had

to

in games

strength
Anchises the

skill,others

dancing

singing.
The of the which the
not

last,among
and who told
son were

multitudes, ^Eneas
him be

long conversation,
born, related
to

joyfullyrecognized Anchises. men pointed out to yEneas

would

father
race

his

be

exploits they
of
a

perform
and

in

world, and
the Roman

him

how

the

result

would

the the

foundation ruler

Trojan
the the

city,from
does

power

should and world. the

rise,to be in time
returned Such
was

of the

world.

./Eneas

Sibyl then
explain,
her'
cave

left Anchises, the upper Near

by
the

some

short

cut, which
of Cumse abode and

poet

to

story told

Sibyl who
colonies

had

there.

ruins
Crotona

of the
was

ancient
one

city her
most

is still pointed out Greek

to the traveler.

of the

celebrated Achaeans and

in the southern 710

name

part of
very

Italy.
soon so

It

was

founded

became ancient
to

by a body distinguished for said,from

the Hercules
on was

of its
a

Spartans
power. of

about Its

B.C., and
was

size,wealth, and
of the
name

derived,

the

legend god
buried
Crotona

person his

Croton,
been

who

the
was

during
believed
was

wanderings;
Hercules
some

but

having
to

a night'sshelter gave killed by him, accidentally

he

spot which

predicted would
have Hercules founded
two

become been

the

site of

mighty city,
from
an

city.
and Crotona

by
these

of the ancients
to

the founder Not

of the far

worship particular
was

always paid
two

by the inhabitants.
about of the the
most
same

Sybaris,
of wealth

and and

towns,

time, enjoying
and its than and and

equal

amount

became prosperity,

populous

powerful rival; its

brated cele-

cities of that inhabitants

part of
devoted

far Italy. Crotona, however, was athletic themselves to particularly of for

less luxurious

exercises,
games old

became other said for

for the number The

prizes they carried

the asked healthfulness

off at the of its

Olympic

contests.

citywas
he chose

famous

situation; one

legend

that

the

founder that
cause

of Crotona health.

when

by
to
men

god
was

what made

especial advantage he desired

free particularly from

it, replied
would

So the situation is said young be

anything that
in the

and illness, the

same reason

this

the and

reason

why
medical

the

people excelled
of

sports.
their the

For

the

maidens had the

a

of the

citywere
school of Greece

distinguishedfor
great
renown, and

remarkable

personal beauty.
the of the he

Crotona considered

physicians of
athletes of He

place place, Milo

the

were was

best

either

the

most

celebrated

for his

or Italy. Among the giganticstrength and power

body;

gained

victory in wrestling six years

a

in succession his shoulders whole of it in

at

the

public
In

contests.

is said to have
race-course,

carried
and
to

four-year old
to
an

heifer

on

four
one

times

around 511

the
b.c.

Olympic
he
was

then

have army

eaten

the

day.
did

appointed

command
an

against the
thousand

Sybarites,and
men

wonders defeated

in the three

final

battle,in which

army

of

one

hundred

from

Crotona

Mantua.
hundred weakened thousand from he

55
became old
a

Sybaris.
tried
to

When

he

an

man

and
tree

was

somewhat

by his age,
he
was

tear

apart with
fast

his hands

forest

splitby partially
was

wood-cutters;

caught and

held
to

by the
Crotona

closing of the
Between and

crack, and
540 and

voured deB.i
.

by being powerless philosopher, came Pythagoras, the Greek

wolves,
a

defend
to

himself.

530 there

taught his doctrines

men

with

great deal

of

success.

He

and

his for
a

followers, mostly young

of

the

pletely city,com-

changed
and
a was

the

government
many

time, but
which the

became Pythagoras finally killed. the

most

unpopular
the

banished, and

of his
or

discipleswere
was scene

Six

miles

out

of

citywas
the kind

temple of the goddess Juno

Hera,
became

famous

building of
the

in southern the Italian

Italy.
Greeks,

This
at

temple
a

of

great

yearly gathering of all

of

which

procession took
and this their

place in honor
was
a

goddess,
for the

to

whom

were splendid offerings

made;
to

festival

favorite Around
on

time the

inhabitants
was a

of

the

neighboring
temple
were

cities

show

magnificence.

temple itself
the cattle of the money and
set

large forest of pine-trees,enclosing within

to

it rich pastures,

which Out built

belonging
which in the

the

allowed cattle

to

feed

unprotected and
a

uninjured.
gold
the
was

the

sale of

these

produced
ancient

column

of

solid

up

sanctuary.
Mantua
was a

very

city, founded
porthern
of the cities in in

by

Etruscans
near came

four the river under that

even

hundred

years
or

before
as

the
now

building of
called. but its
name

Rome,
most

in the

part of

Italy,

Padus,
the

Po,

it is

Like

Italy, it early
middle

dominion
not

of the

Rome,

rarelyappears
times
one

history,and
in the
was

it is certain ages and of

it did
now

possess It

importance in ancient
for of
whom

that

it did it

retains. poet of
a

is,in fact,famous Very little is known merchant, by

The
to
near
was

only
he
must

thing:
man.

the

birthplace
was

the

great
servant

Virgil.
ing travel-

this famous
was

His

father of
on

the

hired of his

much been

thought
very another

account

his

faithful
in

service.-*.

merchant's

regard
he
a

have her
was

strong, for he

gave the
son

daughter
of he
a

marriage
farm

Virgil's father, and

Mantua, which
born
to at

with

gift; this
left to miles father of

was

charge
when

small

inherited, and finally

small

his poet

died. but his

Virgil
home
of education

Andes,
been able the

village,three
place.
son was

distant gave

from him

Mantua,
all the he

seems

have
was

in the

latter the

His fond
own

advantages
excelled When the

he

to, and
literature

study, so
and where enable upon

that of

soon

in

his

knowledge
about emperor

of

both he him

of

his

country
to

Greece. he him
his

Virgilwas
friend of the
ami

thirty-threeyears Augustus,
his time
to

of age gave

removed

Rome,
to

became
to

who

enough
he
to
was

money
at

live comfortablv poem, the

devote

writing.
a

While

work

great
ami On
on

./"/""/,/,
aloud ticularly par-

Augustus expressed
the sixth book

strong desire
the of
emperor the
a

hear and

parts.of
his sister

it read, Octavia.

the

poet read hearing

one

before

pathetic passage
the reader
to

poem,

Octavia

and fainted, of

revivingn!keach

on!.

be

rewarded

with

certain amount

money

for

line,

so

impre

56
was

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

she

with

the

work.

Virgil died
ancient and

in

his

fifty-first year, city of

very the

19

B.C.,

and

was

buried

at

Naples.
Arpinum
of
was a
a

very

celebrated
at
a

Volscians, in the central

the its

part

Italy. republic it was

It

was a

city of importance flourishing town; but

its chief

early period, and during derived from was celebrity

Roman

having

CICERO.

been and

the

birthplaceof
Tullius
us

two

of the most The

illustrious of

men

in Roman
are

history,Caius
allusions
to

Marius native rustic

Marcus

Cicero. the

writings
had

Cicero

full of

his
were

place; he tells
and of the

that

inhabitants Cicero's

many

although they good qualities,

left him villa
was an

simple in their
little river
waters

manners.

father

estate

in the town,
an

on

the banks surrounded

Fibrenus, where

his favorite

situated,on

island

by the

of that beautiful

stream.

Ravetma.
57

Ravenna

was

in

the

northeast in ancient

part

of times.

Italy,

on

or

near

the

coast

of

the

Adriatic

Sea; lakes,

it

was

very

important
it
was
a

city peculiarly
houses crossed

Surrounded

on

all

sides it

by
was

marshes,
built
directions

or

lagoons,
the

situated raised

city,
on

something
piles,
or

like and it

Venice;
was

actually
by

in

water,
which

for

its

were

cut

in

all

canals,
with the

were

either

by
were

bridges
scoured

ferries.

The

marshes

were

connected of the tides.

sea,

so

that

the

canals

every

day
so

by
secluded

the

ebb

and

flow

It

was

strongly
often it their

defended

by
for

nature,

and

occupied
and for the

position
many of added

that the

prisoners
emperors
to

were

brought
chosen

here

confinement,
of residence. in

same

reason

made

place
of

The

presence of fine

of

the

court

greatly
not
a

the

prosperity
place
swarms

and live in

splendor
on

the of

city;
the

but lack

spite
fresh of

public
the

works muddiness

it

was

pleasant
the

to

account

of

water,

of

the

canals,

of

gnats,

and

the

continual

croaking

frogs.

60

Cities
sailors their well The trained
crews

of the
they

Ancient
had

World.
trouble their
a

the

were

so

that
wore wore

seldom

any
on

in

robbing and
and shirt made

ing murder-

victims. of

steel

helmets

heads,
of
two

carried of
a

light wool, short,

great

shields and when

made

rawhide; they
their
were

only
each
man

one

garment,
was

sort

they

made

attacks

armed

with All

javelins and
nations At the last
sea;
on

curved
sea-coast sent out

sword;

they
the when taken their
came

terrible their

enemies

to

fight against.
and in

the

the

suffered

from

merciless who

robbery

persecution.
of them

the he and

Romans

Pompey
and

Great,
the

succeeded
was over

driving the pirates off

thousand
were

pushed
twenty
survived all the

them

hard,
were

strife

ten

killed
men

thousand and

prisoners.
robber from lives these

In in

spite of this,many
the mountain well
as

of these of
was

desperate
Cilicia. obtained
was a

continued which

regions
that which

Nearly
by large
it and

wealth
was

as piracies,

commerce, lous popu-

poured
Later

into

Tarsus, which,
the rule the
as

the

historian governor.
to

Xenophon early
Roman

tells us,

cityunder
on,
as

of

Persian

when well

citywas
The

subject
and

the

emperors,
at

was

renowned
to

for culture of Athens

to

commerce,

its zeal

for

learningwas,
luxuries. ornamented

that

time, equal
and

that
more

and
art

Alexandria. and
to

people

became with

less fierce and In

warlike,
the year
most

paid
it

attention

providing themselves
noble
or

42

B.C.

was

grand metropolis,
It had many of handsome booths open Parts The

filled with

buildings and
of

in

superb
were

fashion.
a

mosques,
or

places

worship,
meat met

and

market-places;
as

these
we

not

lection colbut held

to

stalls filled with where of the

and and

vegetables,such
talked
over

call

markets,

squares of river and that when

a one

people
flowed

the

affairs of the the

day

or

meetings.
this

magnificent churches
through
but the

which middle
were

adorned of the

city,remain
was a

day.

Cydnus
source

city,and
the in effects the the

great

artery of trade
It is said into the found habits
stream

of

wealth;
the But

its waters
was

extremely cold, unfit

ill from
not

for bathing.
a

Alexander

Great

made

very did

of

plunge
as

over-heated. built

the

people
and cities.

bathe much

water
same

they

it in
as

the

river; they
and of and

public baths,
in other all the The

cultivated These
were were

bathing
the
most

the

Greeks

Romans

baths ornamented

were

among with

magnificent buildings
adorned
use

Tarsus;

rooms

mosaics bathers rubbed

and could with

with of and
one

paintings
any

statuary.

tanks after had taken

the

arranged bath, large just

the

so

that
was

water

temperature

they wished;
all the

the
a

body
set

ointments When many

perfumes;
bath
a

nearly
was

baths it
was

room

apart

for exercise. but

only
of the About

day

desired,
times

before

the

principalmeal;
the residence

people time,
him

bathed when

several the

during

day.
it became beautiful with her of the queen of she
up

this Roman

citywas
Anthony.
in order

most

prosperous, the

famous

general
with heart

Marc and

Cleopatra,
to

and

wealthy
and and
was

Egypt
resolved the

visited
to
come

there,

impress
made

great

pomp.

She
a

beauty magnificent preparations,

vessel. The

him

wealth,
sailed

river into the

of the

city in

most

sumptuous

stern

covered

Troy,
with

or

Ilium.
silver. The

or

gold, the
the

sails

were

of

purple, and
in time
to

the the

oars

were

oarsmen

pulled them
harps.
most

through
beautiful

Cilician

waters to

music

of

flutes,and
a

pipes,and
of the
on

The

queen,

adorned

imitate

Venus,

lay under boys stood

the vessel

canopy

exquisite
side of
her

workmanship
couch. about the Her

embroidered maid-servants

with

gold; while
to steer

fanning her
and
scatter

each

helped

sweet-smelling incense

shores.

CLEOPATRA

JOURNEY.

"

The

barge
on

she the

sat

in, like
the
so

burnished
was

throne,
beaten

Burned

water:

poop

gold:
cilver,

Purple
The Which

and the sails,

were

perfumed
with

that the
oars were

winds
to
*

love-sick
tune

them:

the
*

of flutes The

kept

stroke.

city cast Anthony

sit alone. for vacancy,

Her

people

out

upon

her; and

Enthroned

i' the
to to
a

market-place, did
air; which
on

Whistling
Had And
gone made

the gaze

but

Cleopatra too,

gap

in nature."

The queen rich the

Roman could

nobleman have land

was

as

much

impressed

by

all this

magnificence
and
men.

as

the her

wished;
and

he

became Tarsus

Cleopatra's
was

devoted
also for

slave,

made It

gifts of
Greek
near

treasure.

famed

its great

was

birthplace of St. Paul, of Antipater the stoic,Athenodorus

poets
and

the

several

grammarians.

The

emperor

Julianwas
in the

and of philosopher, in a magnificent buried

tomb

the very
All

city.
city of Troy,
know
of
or

The

ancient that
we

Ilium,
the

was

situated
fabulous

northwest

part

of

Minor.

it is from

partly

of ancient descriptions

62

Cities

of

the

Ancient
discoveries that there Sea

World.

and such foot army

from

recent

until investigations; but it has been from Another

two

these

modern
was.

scholars

thought that
that it

no

city existed;
of Mount upon
a

proved
the

They
allow
the

say

lay
of
a

at

the

Ida, far enough plain

the before it.

yEgean

to

movements

large

flowing through
for
some

plain, were
from

plain rivers,the Simois and

smaller The the ancients

lay behind

it.

In

front which This

of the
ran

city,
strait

Scamander, Hellespont.
of it
as a one

parallel
flowing
breadth.

distance, and
divides

then, uniting,emptied into the

Asia. into

is the river in
or

which

Europe through thickly-wooded banks

The miles and

spoke

wide mile

^Egean
is
seven

Sea. miles

It is about in width and

plain in
long;
steep.

which
near

Troy
the
sea

was

situated

eighteen
of

twenty
is

it is Simois

level,but in front of the site of the ancient

and Scamander the
sea.

city it
water

high
ing flowof
was

The it and

rivers

form
There

slender is
a

threads

bright
we

through
the traditions founded called Old

disappearing in Trojan
war;

city Troja,
or

which

read

in

of the the

but of the

that

is not

the

Troy
B.C.

Ilium The

of

which history,

about

beginning
the

seventh The

century

former

is sometimes tells
us

Ilium,

latter New

Ilium. that from

war

history of
a

the

Old

Troy
named her

that

the

god Neptune
off
a

built its
woman

walls, and
Helen made nine

years her the

after home

Trojan prince,
Sparta and
The immense year, latter

Paris, carried
to

Greek

called Greeks

in

took
were

Troy.
within in

cause Bethe

of this the walls it. been of their It

was

upon
were

Trojans.
by
the tenth

driven army is

city,and

years

spent

Grecian which

besieging
to

captured
1184
was

and

utterlydestroyed
celebrated from
statue

in the

supposed

have

about There

b.c.

in

Troy

of the and the

goddess Minerva,
people believed
it. succeeded But

called the

the

Palladium.
not

It be

was

said
so

to

have

fallen
as

Heaven,
remained the

that

city could
two

taken of

long
the

this statue

within

Ulysses and

Diomed,
in

of

the

leaders

Greeks, entered

city in

disguise and
camp. it

stealingthe
of

dium, Palla-

which Greeks

they
to to
a

carried

off to
ever

the

Grecian

Troy

still held advice

out, and

the
solved re-

began
to resort

despair of
stratagem.

subduing
They

by force, and
to

by the

Ulysses
to

pretended
were

be

making preparations
and

abandon

the

siege,and
They
their

portion of their ships

built
but
an

withdrawn

lay hid they

The

behind
was

neighboring
as an

island.

then

immense
was

wooden filled with

as

horse,
armed

which
men.

said

intended Greeks

offeringto Minerva,
went to

in fact sailed and

open,
once

remaining
The had

then

ships and
broken up thrown

away, the

if for final

departure.
the enemy
went

encampment
The

fleet gone, the

more

thought freely over

was

Trojans, seeing the given up the siege. they

held
a

gates

were

and

whole go

population
the chief

out;
so

great

rejoicingbecause
armies of another what felt afraid it was it could of it. madness

they could
nation. be for.

plain
the

long occupied by the

dered won-

The

great horse
wanted

the take the

object of curiosity. All

Some
was

to

it into

cityas
them

trophy;
told
to

others zens cititheir

Among
to

these take

Laocoon,
horse into

priest of Neptune,

who

the
on

the

the

city,and

advised

be

THE

LAOCOON.

Troy,
guard againstGrecian
forward who
a

or

Ilium.
of

65
group he
was

fraud.

Just
be

at

this

moment

Greek

prisoner.
him.
he

Speechless with

terror
on

people appeared dragging brought before the chiefs,

promised that his life should

asked He had
was

spared
that

condition
name was

of his

questions
hatred said of

told been
an

them

his

the answering truthfully and Sinon, that, through the

Ulysses

left behind

the wooden size for the told them Greeks.

horse

offeringto

at their departure. He by his countrymen of such a Minerva, and that it had been made

huge
had the

purpose

that if the This

for a prophet preventing its being carried within the city.; would took of it,they surely triumph over possession Trojans of the

story completely deceived

monstrous

people, and
immense

they might
the

get the

horse
over

into the the

sea

when city,
two

they began to think how suddenly a wonderful thing happened.

serpents.
advanced the

There

appeared coming
the crowd stood and with

They

came

upon the

land, and

fled in all directions. his two

sons.

The

serpents

to directly

spot where
round
was

Laocoon

They
The

first attacked father He

children, winding
to
rescue

their bodies
next

breathing in
in the and

their faces.

attempting

them
away,

seized

and

crushed

serpents' coils.
in their

struggled to

tear

them
was

but
upon

they strangledhim
as a

his children that the the

poisonous folds.

This*event

looked

clear the

indication

advised of

about

horse,

and

triumph, and
who
were

the shut

day
up

closed in the their

men,

with Laocoon for what he had gods were angry into the citywith songs people dragged the great statue with feasting and merry-making. In the night the armed let out by Sinon, and they opened body of the horse, were had returned with under
cover

the gates of The

the
set

cityto
on

friends, who
overcome

of

the

darkness.

citywas
was

the people, fire,

feastingand
of this He of
sorceress

sleep, were
many

killed,and
adventures

Troy
on

completely subdued.
home
sea,

Ulysses, the author

to

plot, had
went

his way and

from

Troy

his

home

Ithaca

in Greece.
race

through perilson
whose
some

land power of and

escaped from
his

the

Cyclopes, a

hideous

one-eyed giants into

Circe, who
were

he and

companions
into he lost

fell, got the better of the

of his and sailors,

turned

Ulysses'men

swine, sailed through the whirlpools where

some

the

monsters

Scylla
ture, adven-

Charybdis,where

after years

of

wandering

and

at last arrived safelyat Ithaca. Troy was built with great magnificence. the streets, with altars and fountains. lining

There Their

were

statelypalaces and
utensils
were
was

household and

were

high walls finelymade,

manship. work-

and

the ornaments Behind

used the This have

to

decorate

the there

furniture
rose a

for dress

of beautiful
an

cityproper
contained had the
as

on hill,

top of which

acropolis,""r
the

fortified The that of

place.
must

all the

temples

of the
one

gods
is

and

the

palaces of by
the the
At

kings.
walls

city
is

many

gates, but

only
and

spoken by

of

ancients, and
The
Ilium It

directly opposite
are

Acropolis, opening into the plain before

strong, Hanked
towers.

city.
New
t""
war.

Troy by

described
or

loftyand
was

the
was

goddess Athena,
built
some

Minerva,

worshiped
and
was

by generals

before

going

of the 5

kings

of

Lydia,

enlarged and

firslby beautified,

Alexander

66

Cities Great, and

same

of

the

Ancient
It is not

World.
known

the the

afterward
as was

by Julius Caesar.
or

exactly whether
part of Asia country
almost
was

it

occupied
The of the

site

Old

Ilium

not.

Ephesus
soil around
most

situated

in well

Lydia,
watered
a

country
and and

in the

western

Minor.
one

the

citywas

fruitful. healthful free from

The

whole

fertile in the world, with advantage excepting that it was made

mild

climate, and
severe

every

natural

never

long
said
to

earthquakes that sometimes

the the

great havoc.

The

rich It

central territory,
was

situation,and
been founded

Ephesus
warlike The this
was

great prosperity.
women

have

by

energetic people gave of Amazons, a race Europe

the and and Asia. of around shrine
never

who

lived

in

Caucasus, the
its and
so

boundary region
of Romans much Luna bowed pomp and

between

chief

glory of the city was

that

magnificent temple

Diana;
in

goddess Persians, Lydians, Greeks

a

worship,
where said she that

there Diana

temple in the world

names.

displayed
to

magnificence.
was

had

three
on

She she
was

was

supposed
known
was as

be

called

in heaven, ancients

the moon;
was

the

earth
As

Diana, and

in hell the

she

pine. Proser-

Diana,
with
as a

she bow

the

goddess
and her

of with

hunting;

ancient

artists and

poets
She

picture her
was

as

armed

and

arrows, with

maid-servants

following her.
and
a

often On her As

represented
shoulder she
or

running
had
a

garments
held either

flying back
a

tied bow in her

one

about her

her.

quiver,
Diana

and

javelin
a

or

right hand.

Luna,
a

the

moon, in

was

represented
drawn

with

crescent

on

bow

and

arrows, she

silver chariot
a

by

two

horses, the
office
was

with forehead, armed white, the other black. the her

a

Sometimes As form

carried she

torch, indicating that

with three the

her

to

give light to
to

world. in this small

Proserpine
was

appeared
Before

honey.
of

great

heads; among temple was built,the

was

other

made offerings

Ephesians
from first

worshiped
As

ebony
became

statue

Diana, which
age, it but the
on was

they
in

believed

sent

down

heaven.

this
a

figure
block

decayed by
or

propped
later

by rods
was

of

iron; it was
in
a

placed upon
with

of beech wealth

elm

wood,
As

times

kept
sacred

shrine,
had

adorned in

all that the nificent mag-

could

give.
was

veneration the

for the the

goddess
of

increased

Ephesus,
This the the

temple
was seven

built

spot where
at

image temple
other

stood.

temple

times

ruined the

and

restored
was

the

expense
B.C.

all Asia.
was

During
burned than
to
women

night on ground
himself

which

Alexander
man

Great

born,
said

in he

356
did

the
no

to

by

called It
was

Erostratus, who
rebuilt and this time

it for

reason

make

famous. their the

by the people of Ephesus

this time then four it
was

alone, the
and

ing contributyears before and

two

jewelry
was

ornaments;
It
was

two

hundred and

twenty

temple large

finished.

hundred

twenty-five feet
Greek

long

hundred
as

and
as

twenty
the

feet

wide, being the

at

largestof
It
was

the

temples, and
with with
bore

four

times

Parthenon the
statue

Athens. Diana
was

magnificently decorated ivory, furnished

coins of

sculptures

and

paintings;
ornaments.

of

of and
seven

exquisitely wrought
a

golden
the

Some
was

of the
one

medals of the

Ephesus
of the

representation of
A criminal

temple, which

counted

wonders

world.

flying

68

Cities
Beside the

of

the

Ancient

World.
included above

called

upon.

temples the
houses

buildings of Ephesus
on

large theater, a
the

gymnasium,
many handsome North called the of

elegant private
tombs.

built

terraces

risingone
Smyrna;
ancient

other, and
cities

Ephesus,
of

also in the Minor.

name.

province of Lydia,
The It
was
a

was

these
town

two

were an

eyes

Asia it her

latter

was

very

founded

by
extended
a

Amazon,
and

who

gave

place of small
all Asia several

importance until it was

150
b

beautified

by the great general Lysimachus, about

.c,

when The

it became
streets
were

most

magnificent city,and
well in various

certainlythe
drawn the
at

finest in

Minor. squares;

some, hand-

paved, and places, and

It also

rightangles, with
a

statelyporticoes stood temples and

other

city had
an

numerous public library,

public

buildings.
it
was

possessed

excellent
came a

harbor,
be
one

which of the

could

be

completely closed, and

and from
most

chiefly by
and the

this that

Smyrna
The

to

wealthiest

flourishing
of

commercial rhetoric Toward many In the the

cities of

Asia, with
the

wide-spread
from the mountains

fame

for

learning
of
as

its schools

philosophy.
interior cities

view

Acropolis
stretched

the far
as

city was
the of eye

truly grand.
could

valleys and
could the whose be the be islands

reach;

celebrated

seen,

places where

great
full

events

history happened. just at

hand flowed Several born. of

opposite direction Meles,

their edifice
on

of Greece banks

lay in
was

view; while
to

little river

shady
this
a

Homer

said but
a

have

been

places have
were was a so sure

claimed of

to

birthplace of Homer,
honor, that they built
statue

the

inhabitants
to

Smyrna
poet;
it their

rightto
said

temple
even

the
a

great
cave one

splendid
the
were

containing
to

of Homer.

They

showed it
was

near

where city, and there

poet

was

have

composed
cities claimed

his works.

But

only

claimant

'

Seven

ancient the

great Homer

dead,

In which

living Homer story of

begged
the

his bread."

The
own. was

Smyrna
They
say invited
was

people used
he became
a

to
a

tell the

great

poet's life in
his
poems

way

of

their

schoolmaster, and
to

first wrote

in the
on

city; he
in that

then he

by

foreign merchant
by
a

travel with eyes, he

went

him; and
made
to

while

his travels
so

Ithaca he

attacked and

disease

in

the

which

him

totallyblind;
a

composed
on

recited while

verses
on a

wherever voyage

afterward
to

gain

living. The
landed
to at

story Ios,
a

goes
an

to

say

that

from

Smyrna
of
answer
"

Athens,
at

Homer

island

in the him "As Ios

^Egean by
many
some as we

Sea, and
young

there

died in

vexation
to

being unable
if
we

solve

riddle any
we

asked

fish.

fishermen, caught," said they,

as

his

question
many
as

they
did

had
not

caught catch,
some

we

left; as

carry."
A little

became

celebrated has been

the found from of

burial there.

place of the

great

poet,

and

people believe
more

that

his tomb than

the

fiftymiles
richest ruled
man

east

Smyrna

was

Sard

is, the of

ancient any
the

of in

Lydia.

Croesus,
at
one

those

days,
nations.

and He

perhaps
ascended

capital time, lived

in
a

Sardis, and

time

over

thirteen

throne

ROMAN

TYPES

AND

COSTUMES.

Miletus.
and prosperity, he undertook he heir to and
soon

69
treasures.
a

time

of peace in

and

was

untold

He

seemed monarch.

to

be

cessful sucvast

everything
he

became the
was

mighty
of the

The

wealth

which

inherited and
near

increased

by
We

tribute

conquered
sands of of his idea the

countries,
the

by

seizing private property,

a

by gold which
Sardis.
to

dug
form

from
some

Pactolus,
from

stream

which

flowed he

may and

wealth

the the

offeringswhich
historian,saw
a

made

the

gods

placed

in

temples.
of

Herodotus,

hundred

and

seventeen

ingots of

solid

gold

great

weight

laid

all of other in various rich offerings, He also saw at Delphi. parts of Greece up them had been placed in the temples by this wealthy monarch; gold, which among

the
statue

life-size of
a

statue

of

lion,
and When with

wine

bowl said the

to

of be

the

same

weight baking
of the

as

the

lion, and Solon,

Sardis

a
a

female, of
of

gigantic size,
one

Crcesus' wise before

men

woman.

famous
at

law-giver of Athens,
request
Crcesus.

of
wras

seven

Greece,

visited him

the

he

brought
curious

king he found
adornments
was

richly

dressed, and
beautiful
nor

ornamented

the

most

and

valuable Solon

imaginable,
at

in he

colors,elegant in designs of gold and

the be had

jewels.
to

not

all

surprised,
ordered
be

did

pay
to

compliments opened,
seen

which his

were

expected
him named died

the

king.
and
even

Crcesus furniture beheld and said

a

then
to

his treasures and than Athens be when he. who

and

magnificent apartments
asked if he
some

shown,
man

Solon Solon had

it all Crcesus that and he

had

happier

answered lived pure

had, and
lives and dead.
a

poor

worthy people of
that
no man

good
was

happily; and
and

could

called The

truly happy cityof

Sardis
so

until he
was

at

first built in
a

rude the

manner,

the

houses

were

covered

with but

dry reeds,
the

lightthat
the

large
for

part of

city
At

was

repeatedly destroyed by fire;

was

Acropolis,

stronghold

defending

the

town,
the

built upon of the

an

almost hill
on

cessible inacwhich in of

the the

with a triplewall. rock, and surrounded a Acropolis stood was large theater surrounded

side

steep

valley
and

was

splendid gymnasium
of the tombs in Sardis The

and
was

still

more

smaller buildings, and by many splendid palace, the residence

Crcesus.

One

circular and

in

forty feet in diameter.

to

customs

eleven dred hunshape, and measured pursuits of the inhabitants of the city
was more

were

similar and
Miletus

those

of

the

Ephesians, but it is probable that there

than in

cence magnifiof Asia

luxury
was

in Sardis

Ephesus.
part
of

situated
at

in

the

northern

Caria,
the It

on

the

western

coast

Minor. had four

It stood

the entrance
a

of

bay
of

into which islands.

Maeander
celebrated foremost

River
as an

flowed,and
industrial
[lower, the

harbors, protected by

group

was

and

commercial its

city,and
commerce

in

early Grecian
colonies the
same

history it was
over

the of
a

maritime

extending
pontis, and
in its best

and At

all

the it

shores

the noted

Mediterranean,
place among
historians.
had and

Promost

the

Euxine.

time

occupied

the

enlightened cities, being the birthplace of several

philosophers city, each

Miletus,
own

days

consisted

of

an

inner

and

an

outer

of which

its

for-

jo
tifications.
It must have

Cities

of

the
and have
must

Ancient

World.
from Its and the ruins
were

been

great

to beautiful, judge

of magnificent

and

temples, arches, etc., which time they listless, though at one

of couches
were

been

unearthed. been brave

people
their

weak,
factures manu-

have
were

warlike.

Their woolen

and

other

furniture for.

very

celebrated, and

cloths,

and

carpets

eagerly sought
Ceramic famous
over

Halicarnassus,

called Zephyr originally Gulf. About

was

ia,
b.c.

was

an

ancient
Was

city
and
monument

of

Caria rule

in

Asia

Minor,
died that

on

the
most

380

the

city
who be all

under

the

of Carian it. He

princes, the
in 352, it has

of whom

Mausolus,
caused
to to

restored raised
a

fortified
so

and

his remains

his wife
name

beautiful It
was ders wonso-

ever

since

given grand
The

the and

mausoleum that the

magnificent
called it
one

tombs. of the four

rich and of

beautiful, so
the world. feet in

noble,
was

ancients
a

seven

foundation

almost formed
to stone.
were

square,

measuring
into the

hundred rock.

and On

seventy-two
t.ie
tae

circumference, and platform

carried there in
was

by quarrying
the inner Behind colossal

solid
was was

west

side

of the been and

the
a

entrance

tomb,
this

which
stone

closed, after
an

corpse and battle

had here
scenes

in, by

huge

alabaster

vase, and with

the,gloomy
in the
was

vault

statues

of

men

and
a

horses, portico
on

were

sculptured
columns
a

rock. flinty

Upon

the this
was

foundation
a

massive thirty-six of which

was

built,and

surmounting
From

pyramid,
of the

the

summit The

marble

statue

of Mausolus. and

plan of the citywas

rose on

grand
formed

symmetrical.
excavations crowned Two

the

edge
the

harbor

the

buildings
walls of

terraces

partly by
was

from

rock, and
or

partlyby
tomb the of

masonry. the second

The

first terrace

by the
citadels

Mausoleum,

the
at

Mausolus,
end

by the temple of Mars.

the whole
was

occupied hills

upper

of the

city,while
and the extremities the

enclosed and

by

strong and
stood had
on

loftywall.
two

The

palace of

Mausolus

temple of Venus
of the of make Salmacis those made
true
a

Mercury
and

the

points of the harbor, features, among

of the

forming
which Srlmacis

the

city.

Halicarnassus
a

many

attractive The
water

were was

fountain
to

vast

theater. it very for

spring
of

of

thought
of This

who this
an

drank
excuse

lazy,but
their

it is

probable that the

love

inhabitants
ana

Halicarnassus
was was

indolence.
the

of them native of

luxury Herodohowever, for tus, only in their later history,

wrote
were

well-known

historian,who
warlike of
crests

Halicarnassus,
affairs. them

that the

the

people of that region

of three
were

were

once use

and
was

skilled

in naval

They

inventors

things
first to for

the

which
on

borrowed
to

from

by

the

Greeks;

they

the

fasten shields.
420
b.c.

helmets, and
was a

put

figures on
of money

shields, and
about

they
far

invented died and in

handles

Herodotus He

born

in Halicarnassus deal

484 B.C., and

traveled

Italy about
a

inherited

great
he

and

wide, staying
scenery, and

long time
and

in every

country

visited,and
customs.

afterward His

the describing carefully beautiful father

cities, temples,
so

manners,

and

style of writing was

that he is called the

simple,

high

value

is

placed upon

his works

of

history.

Comana

"

Pcrgamus.
the western its

71
Asia
moon were

Comana

was

city of CappadOcia, in
in

part of

Minor,

on

the

river for cessions proand

Sarus.
the

It

was

celebrated of the

antiquityfor
to

temple of Ma, the

goddess, and
two
a were as

devotion

inhabitants

her
on

worship.

Every
the

year chief

there

great

in honor
was

of the
next

goddess,

which

occasions

priestwore
persons owned

diadem,
slaves

considered

in

dignity to
of the
not

the

king.
by

Over
were men

six thousand and The

women

continually
by the
of
to

engaged high
the
eat

in the service

temple; they
be for sold

priest,but

they

could

him.

high priest was

the

also
was

governor forbidden

city. Among
swine's

other

rules the

preserving the purity of

enclosure;

place, it
from broke result the
men

flesh within
was

sacred

Cleon,
have

robber

the

eastern

part of

Asia his

Minor,
terrible
was

once

made

high priest by
was

Octavianus
to

Caesar; he
been the

this of his

rule, and

and
a

speedy
people

death

supposed

impiety.
was a

Comana
vast

large and
of

populous
from the

city.
towns

At

the

processions of
all

goddess
and

there

gathering
was

and

country
lived

around,
in order

women. vows

The and make their

population
lands On army

also increased

by people who
inhabitants
were

there of

to

keep

sacrifices to the

goddess.
side from of

The

fond

and luxury and good living,

produced plenty of wine.

the which other started the Asia

Minor, in Mysia,
under

was

Pergatnus,
the

the

place where
of the

the

Sardis

Cyrus

to

subdue
an

king of Persia, was

defeated and

disbanded.

Xenophon,
march himself
became is said

great
to

Greek

historian,has
near

written where

interestingaccount
the army
was

long Cyrus

from

Sardis

Cunaxa,
Cunaxa The
two

Babylon,
Greeks of the and The the

and

killed.

From

the

began

to

retreat

homeward,
and is the

Xenophon
the retreat, in

their leader.
to
a

whole hundred months.

journey, both
fifteen battle mode
noon

of the

expedition and
time

have year is

taken and

days' march;
of Cunaxa of of
on

employed
by
of and
the phon, Xeno-

both

was

three

fully described
troops
of Asia

and who
were

as interesting showing

warfare the

the

Minor,

called made

the

Barbarians.

About

day of the
his horse army

battle, one
in
a

Cyrus's
calling
battle.

officers
out

his appearance, the from

ridingat
was

great

speed, with
with he
a was

sweat,
for

that

Artaxerxes

king
the

approaching
in which

vast

prepared
on

Cyrus
mounted
arm

leaped down
his

chariot
a

riding,put
orders
own

his
all

breast-plate,
the

horse, and
and number the Greek

taking
their
one

themselves the

take of

javelin in his hand, gave in his stations,each man

were

for

troops Barbarian

to

place.
and used

The

to cavalry,

thousand,

placed
him

on

the

right of the line of battle,

bows ami
arrows

her with
and

peltasts,who
was

carried and

only lightarms
about

slings.
went

In the center

Cyrus,

with

six hundred

cavalry, tinCyrus

men

all armed who

with

defenses breast-plates,

for the

thighs,

and

helmets, excepl

alone;
were

into the had

fightwith
on

his head forehead

armor

unprotected.
and breast.
to

All the horses of the

cavalrythat
came

with
and

Cyrus
as

armor

the

Presently the enemy

and
on

in

si^lu,

they approached,
There
was
a

bra/en

began

Hash,
armor

the

spears left of

and
the

ranks

became line;

Visible.

body

of

cavalry in white

the

enemy's

*]2
close with front the

Cities
with

of
wicker
to

the

Ancient

World.
them

by

these

were

troops
shields
some

shields, and
their
were

next

to

heavy
and

armed bowmen.

soldiers
In

long
hubs of

wooden

reaching
distance under

feet; then
chariots

other with

cavalry
the

of the

line,at

apart,
the

sharp scythes projectingfrom

of the

wheels,
were

and

driver's

seat,
the

pointing to
for and
some

ground.
distance;
attacked

At but and

first the ing becomkilled. and and

treated re-

forces

Cyrus

victorious, and

pursued
left

enemy

separated
His death

in

this way, the

Cyrus
Greek

was

almost

alone,

was

discouraged
Xenophon
an

forces, and
reached

they

abandoned the and

the

expedition generals
army

homeward. soldiers gave

was

When many

they

Pergamus,
his
a

captains, the
skill in

the

rich

giftsfor
in

bravery

leading the

back.

Pergamus
were

ancient

city,situated
one,

most

beautiful

district;three
the

in its

and vicinity,

the
was

Selinus, flowed
a originally

through
fortress of of which foot of

lovely rivers while another city itself,

natural
were

washed situated houses. became

its walls.
on

Pergamus
of
a

great
there the

strength, being
at

the

summit

round hill,
a

the
at

foot the

that

time

no

Afterward, however,
the
as

cityarose
one

and hill,

the the

latter then chose of cious spa-

Acropolis.
a

Lysimachus, securityfor
was one

of the

generals
which

of Alexander amounted in
to

Great,
it had

Pergamus
dollars. walks could unusual of The
no

place
B.C.

of the

his

treasures,
most
a

nine

millions

In

197 and

city gardens, public buildings,and

mil^s
out

of the

splendid places

Asia;
was

library.
Sea,
and

One

temple
is said

built which made with

an

be

seen

for of

upon The

the

^Egean

everything was
which
to

degree
less than

splendor.
hundred fond built of
an

libraryof Pergamus,
volumes,
sports
of
was

have
to

consisted

two
were

thousand games immense and

given by Anthony
kinds; they
the river had
over

Cleopatra.
races

inhabitants

all

horse with

and

and cock-fights,
to

they
the
arena

amphitheater
matches and

Selinus The

ments arrangebrated cele-

flood

for

rowing
of

swimming
province trade,
of for

contests.

citywas
Ancyra.
road

for its manufacture In the central this and

ointments, Minor,
a

pottery, and
in the

parchment.

part
town

of

Asia it
was

Galatia, was
it

The between

positionof Byzantium
about sold the their

made

place
and

of

great

lay on
and

the

Syria,and

constantly
the

filled with inhabitants The

merchants raised
monument

travelers. herds of of

The

hills and the The

citygave fine, silkyhair

of
a

fine, pasture, in

great

goats

large quantities. Caesar, whom

The is
name was

chief of

antiquitywas
as
a

marble

temple
had

Augustus
museum. name

the

people
was on

Ancyra
said
to

regarded
come

god.

city also
an

rich

Ancyra
found

from the

the

fact that

anchor
Patara

(theGreek
was a

ancyra), flourishingcommercial
had
a

the

spot where

city stood.
of

cityon
Patara

the
was

southwest
most

coast

Lycia.
a

This times

place

was

large, and
and
a

good

harbor. This

celebrated

in ancient

for its

temple

oracle

of

Apollo. period
of

oracle

spoke
to

its

prophecies through
been the she six winter delivered

ess, priest-

only through
The the

certain the say.

of the
a

year,

said

have

months.

priestess sat
oracle had
to

at

bottom

deep,

circular

pit,whence

whatever

GREECE.

ANCIENT
or

civilization
nation. world
to
a

reached
With possesses

its the has

highest
exception
come

point
of

at

Athens,

the

capital

of

the

Greek that

Hellenic modern

Christianity,
these
were

nearly
who
most

everything
themselves

the from that

from

people,
the

raised remarkable first in

barbarism
ever

grandly

organized
the their

nation.

They

people regular
poetry, of

lived. which and

They
stand

originated
perfect
of

plan
kind founded life and

of
even

political freedom;
now;

they

wrote

histories, sculpture,
true

they
of

excelled

oratory,
of

architecture. and the

They
of that

the human the

science
nature.

mathematics,
In all these

physics, things
of

politics,
the first of the In

philosophy
and in

they

took

steps,

doing

gave

world and

their

grandest
may the have

legacy given

all, which
the Greeks
set

is freedom
some

thought.
ideas
to start

Asia

Minor,
but gave

Egypt,
the the

Phoenicia

of

with, they
in the

Hellenes world centuries

more

began
such since
to
an

development impetus
all the and

and

them it has of the of

most

going.
never

two

centuries and have

intellectual that
store

that

stopped;
combined
The the the
was

yet,
not

twenty
as

time,
of the

nations

world

added
seat

much Grecian

the
was

science lower

knowledge
of the

principles. easterly
into of

chief three

of

the

power

upon and far

part
which

enormous

peninsulas,
Sea. Its and Unlike base its
two

Spain, Spain,
extended sides
a

Italy,
and from
were

Greece,
different

project

ward south-

Mediterranean
a

from of the the

sea.

Italy,
Adriatic

the
to

third the
most

peninsula
mouth
of

vast

triangle.
Danube it very

the washed

top

the

river

by
of

Being
the
eastern

favorably

situated,
was

naturally
great

became of

great

center

attraction

when Its almost

terranean Medishore it
on

the

world's

highway
which but
sea a

commerce

and with many

civilization.
islands

was

bathed
to

by

the

yEgean
on

Sea,
west

is studded
narrow

linking
and

by
the

land south The

Asia the

Minor;
open

the of had

channel skirted

separated
the
most

it from fertile

Italy, portion
lakes,

highway
Peninsula
coasts.

the in While with

was

by

of

Africa.
ami

Hellenic

itself

grand
one

advantages
of the
most

of

mountains,

rivers,
of

naturally
the surfaces

protected
are so

it is
numerous

mountainous either itself

chain
or

countries

Europe, by
the ing formsmall

arranged
or

small
sea,

plains,
the land the

entirely
almost of

surrounded
established

limestone

mountains into many

open

only

to

the

that which

people
the

small

independent
was

states,

by
other

great

mountains
In these

northern

boundary

defended

against

tribes

nations.

75

76
plains the people
built

Cities
their the

of

the

Ancient
mountains up in

World.
which

cities.

The
grew

separated

one

from and

another its from of

and being lofty

own

rugged,
So the

community
states

independence, solitary
and

formed

character.

Grecian

grew passes

strong
were so

hardy; they
and

were

protected
that
a

foreign invasion
resolute
men

by

mountains

whose
an

sharp
thus

dangerous
for their inlets the the
rest center

handful

could

keep

out

invading army.
grow
on

But

guarded against more

and reached of the of Gulf It
was

powerful
a

"enemies,
wonderful the

the

Hellenes of
sea

did

not

up

wild

isolated many

people, bays
and with

peninsula had
far world.

extent

coast

all

sides, and
one was on

into

land, affording easy

The
most

intercourse these the

with

another

famous
an a arm

of of

provinces
Sea

Attica,
the
east

in

about the

the
on

country,
the
west.

bordered It "of
was a

by
itself

JEgean
the
most

and

Saronic

peninsula and
plain
the
near

southeasterly part
shore of this of
a

of Greece. that

in the stood.

midst The and It

hill-encircled built upon

the western

province
beautiful
was

Athens

city was
there
was was

rising and
The
or

falling ground
and

plain, studded
center

here

by rocky
called the the chief

hills.

highest
upper

steepest
even

of
more

these than

the the
rose

of

the

city.
of

Acropolis
of all of
a

and city, walls.

Capitoline
almost the and of summit

Hill

Rome,

places
hundred

within' the and

an

Its

rocky
the eleven Athens

sides

perpendicularly
there
ran a

to

the

height

feet. fifty
uneven

Around

edge
hundred
as
a

line of

fortifications broad.

enclosing
This
was

plain
of of

feet fifty the of here

long
the
now

and of

five hundred all Greek

the

beginning

city; it was
watch-tower

greatest

citadels,the
Here the noble lie

sacred

enclosure

temples,

and

the

whole their The

Attic remains

plain.

grandest pieces of
in
a

Athenian
tnan

architecture any the marble

ever

stood, and
in

more

ruined
was

condition

other

architecture

Europe.

enclosure the the

of

the

Acropolis
was
a

entered pure

through
white

Propylaea,or occupying
been

vestibule all the

to
a

overlooking
end the
mit. sum-

city.
hill. The

There This

vast

gate of
side upon

western

of

is the

only
the

which
was a

it has hundred So the

possible

reach

frontage
width
as

of

Propylaea
in New

and

sixty feet, or

little more
a

than massive be
one

twice

the

of well

Broadway
as a

York. But beside

magnificent building was objects it was

most

fortification
"of the and
a

gateway.

these
was

also

built to

principal adornments
enclosed
means

of the citadel. of all the

It

the
art.

magnificent thing in
chief toward both

Athens,
of the

displayed the greatest splendor

square

antique
On of

The

part of it consisted

large
the

by

walls of
were

on

right and

left,but opening
with

city

and

Acropolis by
the

porticoes.
forward

either

side of the central rich

a

colonnades frieze and

which other

formed beautiful "of

grand entrance,
these marble

lofty wings
the

stately columns
the of the

decorations;
of the

stood

toward

west, while

great

double the

flight
center

splendid marble,
of

steps led up

slanting rock

hill,from
which

the

city to
with the

section of

Propylaea; between
with grooves in the

them for the

lay a

wide

carriage-road, paved
carts

large
the

slabs

chiseled

wheels

of the This road Behind

carried

splendid
main columns

peplosoi Athens
entrance

religiousprocessions.
led up
to the

also extended the facade

through
of Doric

the

gate, and

temple.

Athens. deep vestibule, with

slender The end with
outer

jg
into three marble aisles beams
or

was

columns

dividing it
laid upon

compartments

and

supporting
At back of

the the

roof. further

ceilingwas
of
a

most

beautifully
or

decorated. into
as a

this Doric

magnificent hall, five stately

colonnade The and and whole carried

doors

gates
same

led
size

portico,fronted
the
western
or

pediment
space
a was

above,
covered

the

those

portico.
the
naves

with

slender

marble The In

which cross-pieces, of the

spanned
were was

rich and

graceful casket-work.
artists of the times. from
as

interiors the northern and

as we

wings

adorned the

with

paintingsby

the

greatest

part

there These the

celebrated
were

paintings by Polygnotus
upon of

Homer's
ence rever-

Iliad

Odyssey.
have for

poems

looked The

by the Greeks
the

with

much

Scriptures.
was

surface

hill-topwas
extensive
statue

naturally uneven;
One

but the

the

inconvenience

of this the

overcome

by steps and
parts of
the colossal bronze

paved slopes.

step below

inner

portico lay

level of

the

adjacent
a

Acropolis platform.
was one

Nearly opposite
the first

the

Propyla^a stood
saw

of Pallas; it With the

of

things the
feet

Athenians

after above

entering the gateway.

every It Athena of other

pedestal it was
visible

about from for

seventy
distant

high, towering
land
or

object

on

the

Acropolis, and
and

points on
was

ships

at sea.

represented the goddess armed Promachus,

other the

ready

battle,and
artistic

called

by the Greeks
all of which

"champion
which

goddess."
space beautiful other
on

Numerous with

holy statues, altars,groups splendor, above

buildings,and
rise
two

ornaments

filled the
were

grand

structures

beyond

sacred nation the entire Greek almost than to description, and more any The of these was the Erechtheum, nearest a temple called places in the world. northern side of the
were

the

Acropolis.
more

It

was

built in the than It oldest with

Ionic

styleof Greek
because venerated of

architecture,and
of the
manner

its apartments which

complicated
in it
were

ordinary temples
was

in

the divine and

services
was was

held. the
a

the

most

all the

temples
the

in Athens, The
western

connected taken
corner

with up

rites in three

the

religioushistoryof
between the
a

city.

end At and the

by
was

wall

windows

ornamental handsome
and

columns. entablature

upper

gracefullyproportioned portico,with
the

pediment
Ionic

surrounding

roof, which
this
a

was

borne door

slender by six tall, led into the

richlydecorated
which
was

columns.
a

Beyond
opened
the

beautiful into

sanctuary,
a

in the The

shape of

large oblong
to

divided into
a

half, and
this

distinctlyseparated by
a

cross-wall. other

portico doors maidens,

or

sort

of

corridor, with
room

small
rows

hall

at

the

end, corresponding
led into the cella other
a

portico. upholding
The

Around the

stood the the

of

caryatids,
three ways doorstatues

representingAthenian
of
but

ceiling.
main

From where

corridor
shrines
to

temple hall of the Erechtheum,

stood. other

and

Neptune
reached
was

and

gods

hall,corresponding
across

this in

size,

through
to

colonnaded Athene

portico extending
or

the

eastern
was

end built

of the building, for the

ship wor-

devoted

Pallas
was

Minerva. his

This

temple
from

not

of
treasures

Pallas, but
of the

placed under
It
was

protection, being the

a

store-house

of the Bacred
a ErechthetlS,

city.

called

the

Erechtheum,

tradition

that

80

Cities Greece, had

devoted
to

of

the

Ancient
the

World.

mythic king
that the
was

of

been the

buried

on

spot where
stood the

the

temple stood.
In

The and

tuary sanc-

worship of Pallas
edifice
on

opposite the Erechtheum, Acropolis.

the architecture."
was

with

Propylsea was the most magnificent proportions it

if not Greeks the the
most

imposing
crowned

stately elegance and

of the
most

the

highest point on
of Greek for Pallas the

hill,"one
The known She
was or

fect, per-

perfect, monument
the
was

Parthenon, the
as

called

it,or

"virgin's shrine,"
the
name

also

Parthenos

or

virgin;Minerva
at

given
reason

her
was

by

Romans. Pallas

most

devotedly
of

worshiped
and of

Athens, and
she
was

for that referred

called
as

Athene,
She
a was

Pallas

Athens,

sometimes

to

merely

Athene. in

the

warrior
war

goddess
brought
or

wisdom, art, and

peace.
arts

peace, that
was

for the Greeks Attic

said that

waging

successful in

she

about

All

the

people deemed of,

while
state.

most
was

desirable believed
to

military power
over

civilized of

Athene

patroness

she

watch in

the and

perity pros-

the

cityand
and its in

the whole full view of

Attic the

The It
a was

temple

stood

grand

solemn the

beauty above
pavement
columns of

people.
was on

of entirely the

white
"

marble, and
or

peristyleor
of the of the inner richest

vestibule

level with

capitals
came

tops
from

"

of the Mount

in front
one

portico of the Propylsea. The

marble which any

a

Pentelicus,
rarer

quarries in
sculptor and
The with columns of

the whole builder

country,
than almost
was

had other

in every

part'

veins
or

of this material the

a

for

place in the

ancient

modern

world.

shape of the Parthenon

a

ing regular oblong, standcolumns

a

above the way

flightthree
it.

steps, and
the

lofty
was

row a

of massive

Doric

around

Above

broad

entablature;
on

running all richlysculptured

the four
an

pediment decorated
of the roof.
At

front,while groups
end
rose

sculpture stood
row

the

point and
there
row was

corners

each

within the walls

was

the of

outside the

of

columns The second the

inner

colonwas

nade; beyond large and

far and
were near

which

temple.

of columns Here

the
were

portico of the Protiaos, which

rich
to

raised

two

steps above

peristyle.

there

collections celebrate

of the iron

sacred holiness

objects,made
of the

and chieflyof silver, of its

temple and

kept safely behind

seen

and railings, In the Around

carefullylocked
center

brought from protecting goddess. They up by the Tarniai,but were

was an

plainlyto be cella,or
main

from

the outside. the

of the

Pronaos

entrance
was a

to

the

hall of

temple.

the outside

of this apartment

cent magnifision, procesthe slabs the the

frieze of colored which of the

was

sculpture representingin reliefs the celebrated

great
festival religious
some were

Panathenaic number of
some

the

of

the

city.
by Lord

large

frieze,together with
of the

other taken
to
as

and pieces of sculpture in relief,

of
to

statues

pediments, They
are

England

Elgin, who
and
are

sold

them the

government.

now

known

the

Elgin marbles,

among

greatest

objects of interest in the

Over
the
entrance to

British the

Museum.*
an

Pronaos

assembly of the gods

in
"

was

represented

as

looking

*See
,

descriptionof

London

Great

Cities

of the

Modern

World."

82
armed horse
races,

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

with
races,

spears

and
or

riding

shields, and others on horseback. leading their horses, and with

drawn
to

Next
them

came

the

victors of
"

in

the

the

winners

the

chariot

their

standing in their splendid cars attendants, guarded the hekatombs

appearance, held in their hands

by four
be

horses

abreast.
men,

Priests,with
for their

old sacrifices; from the

chosen
tree

nified digband

olive branches the votive

holy
the

of the
a

Academy;
select

other

distinguished persons
carried

carried baskets

offeringsfor
celebrated

goddess;
After

of citizens'

daughters plate wrought brought valuable

the and wives and distinctive the make

containingthe utensils
most

for the

while sacrifice, them

ephetol

by the
tribes

masters.

followed

daughters of the
costumes;
so as

protected by the Athenians, in their picturesque

matrons

holding
as

in their the of

hands

oak

branches, the emblem

sunshades and
a

of Zeus chairs

Xenios,
of the

to

them

guests;
center

maidens the

carrying the
was woven

citizens'

daughters.
carried in which the

The
a

procession
the

formed

by

ship

resting on
and dressed.

wheels, which
In

for

sail the old

peplos of Athene,
of

by Attic
in the

maidens,
was

richlyembroidered,
this order
most

the

Xoanon

goddess
most

Acropolis
streets

procession moved
sanctuaries the where

through
were gifts

the

splendid

of

the

city,past
the side the

the

celebrated

offered, round
steps, entering
to

the rock
at

of the

Acropolis, up the roadway and

celebrated of the

great
the and

of flight

marble

last
on were

through
the sung
east to

Propylaea.
All assembled

Here
armor

procession divided,
weapons
were

gather again hymns

on

Parthenon.

taken

off,and

goddess
the
was

by the

crowd, while
in the

burnt

offerings blazed
all sides in

the

altars, and
the

votive

were offerings

laid away

sanctuary."
by hills
and
on

Below there walls

was

Acropolis lay the city,surrounded

to

except

south;

it of

open

the

sea.

Athens made
a

was

an

oval irregular of
two
seven a

shape, surrounded
miles.
to

by

the

Themistocles, which
the
a on

circuit while

half

This the

enclosure
sea

called

Asty,

or

city proper,
the walls

great walls
the

extended the Phaleric The

coast,

enclosing
Phalerum between Athens all other

long and
the ends of

broad

strip of land

from

cityto
on

Bay, reaching to
coast-line the the
at

east, and
these The

peninsula of Piraeus
was

the

west.

and

the
were

broken of
were commerce

by

several
was

fine
at these
was

harbors, where
port-towns;
not
a

ports of
center

situated. of

center

of

features the
were

Athenian
were

life

all respects;

streets

narrow,

in the Asty. It crooked, and often

magnificent city in
the

unpaved;
than

mean-looking

private
an

houses

everywhere
None the streets.
on a

overshadowed of the The houses

by magnificent public buildings,making

were a more one

unpleasant

contrast.

story

high, and
frame

this

often had
was a

projected over
narrow

dwelling of
air.

family in good
it had
A

circumstances
a

usually
or

frontage outside, which

had
no

dirty,undrained
in the
a

street;

either of

wood

built of unburnt the the

bricks

dried had

open few

lightcoat
on

tinted slightly and floor,

never

plaster
times some-

covered

only
at

small

windows
entrance.

the

second
was

front
cases

openings
were

all

except
with

the
a

This

imposing,

but

in

some

there

two

columns

small

vestibule, in front of the passage

INTI

RIOH

OF

I hi

PARI

HI

NON

Xj"r^ AtJicns.
leading to
"

the the

central

court

of the and

where buildTng, the

were

porter
or

"

one

of the the
as a

household The

slav
rooms

guarded
were was

house-door passage
on

answered

knock

call

of

visitor.

opening
but
court

into the

either side
to

sometimes
now

occupied
and
then

shops
guest
rows

and

workshops,
The
An

usually appropriated

the the

slaves, with house,

and

chamber. of columns. further of end

nearly in
opened

the

center to

of the

surrounded of the

by

altar stood open hall

here, dedicated
from

great
or

protector
as

family.
was

At
a

the
sort

an

this court

yard,

it was

called,which

half-public

the public and private life of the household. reception hall, and the boundary between the family gathered at regular meals, and to take Here ceremonies part in the religious of the house. life In
were a

prominent place duly

a

stood

the

altar,on

which

all the

events

of the
of

the
all-

domestic

celebrated
were

by religious
made
new

ceremonies. upon
a

Offerings to
the
"

Hestia,
or

preserving goddess,
member of the

and member of

celebrated
"

departure added,
in the of the and

return
a

any

family,when
and
sort

even

slave

was

at

marriage, a
circle. attended from here
were

birth, a death,
This
to
was

all other of half his

occasions

any

unusual Here

happening
the master

domestic house read

also

public reception-hall.
received which his
were

his

saw affairs,

servants,
on

business

calls, rested
in
boxes
at

his he

books wrote,
a

of

manuscripts

parchment,
with

kept
feasted

standing about;
table. The
was

studied, and

talked

his visitors

and

them

Greeks
an

very

hospitable nation, and

with both
across

provision
master

for the the

entertainment of every

of guests household.
were

important
of
rooms

consideration

the

and end

mistress

Back

this for

hall, and
the

extending
who
were

the
at

rear

of the
or

dwelling,there
opened
house.
uncommon

good-sized
under the

maids,

either The
center

housework
one

spinning and
rooms

weaving,
into
was

supervision
had also from
a

of the

mistress. into the

to

of

these

the

hall, and
Athenian

doorway
here extend

garden
the back of

which

lay behind
for it
was

the
not

There

sometimes
an

agate

leading
the

street,
a

for

dwelling to
rooms, bedfor

full

depth
the

block.
at

Opening
small the
and

into
rooms

colonnades

the the

sides
rooms

of

the

court-yard were
into the best apartments and the
taste

storerooms, open
were

for servants, children.

while The the

opening
painted,
the

hall

were

master,

his

wife, and
and

floors of the
were

always paved
was

sometimes material

laid in mosaics;

walls

furniture of the

of

some hand-

design, although
the
women

far from

sumptuous

old

Romans.

Men
these

used

couches,

and and

children tables. in the

some
a

sat

in chairs; about houses These

were
were

all the

furniture

beside bowl-

things

consisted with

of chests
a

The nozzle. of

at nighl by lighted

shaped they hun^

to
were

oil lamps, rich and

wick

lying
It

made

very

poor

but light,

artistic ornaments;
was

them

made

to

stand, while

otl

upon

candelabra. costly
even

of peculiarity while

the Greeks

that
no

they were
expense

contented
and

live modestly and

the

meanly
and

themselves,
of old Grecian

they

saved and

put

no

limit upon

elegance
men

splendors

their

temples
were

public buildings. These

in the

public spirited

of

the

grand

times

happy

of prosperity

the

86

Cities

of
in

the

Ancient

World.
in

state, and

found and

their it was

joy
not

not

private magnificence but

freedom it became and

in

beautifying Athens
vanished, and
have luxurious The with

public way;
was

until Greek that

greatness

had
to
were

Athens

under and

Macedonian then it
was

power, that upon

more

fashionable and

private
later
two
or as

houses;

the the

public places
same

temples
as

neglected.
ones; but

style of dwellings
more

were

general plan
apartments

the

earlier
some

courts, large and

luxurious All Romans of the

sumptuous

filled with

such

furniture

the

placed in their palatialdwellings.

Athenian and waited maidens children household
at
was

the work the

done
care

by slaves; they ground the

of the made households The cellars and The their

corn,

made

bread, served
did

table, took
spun, of the of
wove

kitchens, made,
married lives after for the their
not to

purchased,
women,

errands; the
young in

and

garments.

maidens, and
part
and the

Grecian the the dress home.

passed
matron

the

most

private apartments
of the

looked up
to

slaves

management

house, and
on

girlswere
and

brought
did
or

bestow
were

thoughts and
allowed
to not

nearly their entire interest

or

domestic

duties.
not

They

play
even

associate when

in

any
went

way
to

family,
The

they

with who boys or men public entertainments

belong
in

the

religiousceremonies. spinning and

work, either
maidens. hold housebroidery. em-

chief

occupation of women,
Even distaff the and wives

beyond

preparing the meals,

nobles
were

consisted

weaving. using
There the
was was

of Athenian

busily occupied

in this

spindle themselves
this to in the

plenty of
usually
There Attic
were

or directingtheir daughters and members do, too, for the clothing of the many

slave

of the

all made

house. for
to

The

Greek

ladies which
were

had

also
woven

great and of

skill in

festive clothes
were

holy images
weave a

embroidered;
Athene
woven

and

the

maidens

obliged
achieved of the

peplos for the

four years.
or

statue

in the the
was a

Parthenon, portraitsof
great honor

for the
men

Panathenaic had
one

procession every
noble deeds

Into the

this

were

who become

for Athens those whose

Greek

state.
woven

It

to

peploi,as

portraitswere
bound
to

into

the
as a

peplos
sort

were

called.

It

was

deposited in the holy temple of the goddess, and

of Athens. Sixteen other
matrons
were

kept
a

of illustrated
statue

chronicle Here
at

to

weave

peplos
or

for the

of

Olympia;
in other maiden
an

and

ladies

were

obliged

make

garments

drapery for sacred

The
matters

images
of
a

parts of the
was a

country.
business-like when
a was

marriage
to

Greek

very

arrangement;

the marry,

chief
was

be

considered should be
as

by

Athenian born
an as

that
not
same

the

lady

well of

gentleman, himself, and have

citizen poor but At
was

he

proposed
with
was

to

large dowry.
not
man was a

The maiden

law of

did the
a

recognize any

marriage
the
or

Athenian of
a

that

city.
the

Sometimes
state

daughter

deserving
one soon

presented with

dowry by
rich

gifts from
had
to

the be

by a gentleman, but
number of

of citizens. the order

time

it

the

lady who
with slaves. her
new

received bride The home ding wedwas

a

reversed, and
father's house

the

present
and

given, partlyof cash, partlyin clothes,jewelry and

the ceremony

leading the

bride

from

her

to

Athens.
Grecian made "On bride
to

87
but before this several forms
were fully care-

one

of the

most

interestingof Offerings
attended
was were

customs;
to

observed.

the

deities

protecting marriage,
toward

and

other meal
at

special ceremonies
her

to.

the

wedding-day,
She

dark,
the

after the
was

parents' home
the

over,
a

the

left the

adorned festivly
sat

house,

and

conducted
and

by
his the

bridegroom
man,

in

chariot
one

his the

dwelling. gentleman's
of shouted

between
or

bridegroom
friends. upon

best

who

was

of
a

relatives

intimate

With

marriage-car there
while the added bride's
to

went

procession
with with

wedding

musicians, playing

flutes and Behind the

harps,
chariot The

this

all passers

by

friendly good
torches,
kindled
at

wishes.
at

mother house
was

walked,

wedding
wreaths in her

the

home

hearth.

bridegroom's
the meal

hung

of

and foliage, hand.

at

the

door
sat

his mother down after

to
a

awaited

procession with
retired the

burning
not

torches

The

company

wedding
the bridal for the

here, if they had

already done
the

so

the hall

parents' home,
behind the the her

and

this,

couple

through
lifted the her

doorway
For
seen

to two

the

courtyard, where
friends
sent

first time

lady
of

her

veil.
was

days

wedding
veil. and

ents, prestook

and her

during
at

this time head

lady

not

without

After
a

that

she

place
up the

the

husband's

household. six years

manner

Boys
old; then

girlsof
were

family were
boys
be and

brought

together girlswere
A

until

about they were gradually taught all

man was was

they
the

cated; separatelyedubut the

were

of domestic from among

a

duties,
siaves
as

sent

to

school.

trustworthy
this
man,

chosen often
as

of the could

household

for

the
care

boy;
of

and the

who in

worthy

companion
to

found,
had
a

took

little fellow
over

his

walks,
The in

attended Grecian

him slaves

and

from
not

school, equals
nations his

general supervision people;

masters, under able
to

his ways. them

were

were

graded always ignorant, dewith their

were
was

many that

of

birth, education,
of their who

and

behavior
or

except

through
in

the

misfortunes

families
was

their

they

bonds

of servitude. him had

to

So

the

boy's companion,
and
wear

called in the

pedagogue,

instruct lad

good

manners,

lead

his

mind

right direction.
behave

An
at

Athenian

learn

early to

his garments

to gracefully,

properly

table,
them

and for of grown to make room keep respectfully quiet in the presence men, his head with walk he must meetings upon the street, where bent, as a sign "^( chiton and modesty. The pedagogues wore a cloak, and high-laced boots, ami carried
to

in

sticks
look
were

with

crooked

handles, They
had
were

while

they

wore

beards the

and

long

hair

to

make

themselves Athens in
nr,

venerable.
not

nothingto
what

do with

boys'

studies. and gave

Theschoolsat instruction

public; they
The
a

kept by private teachers,

was

gymnastics, drawing,
and

and
master

called the

grammata,
to

which write

included

reading,writing,
letters, which
use

arithmetic.
with

taught
their
A

children The

by forming
materials

the
then

pupils copied
tablets

pencil on
with
wax.

tablets.
book
was

writing

in common

covered

formed in
common

togetherseveral by joining
use

leaves

of this kind, and

other

single ordouble
of

sheets The

were

for letters,
of

note-books, and
ivory, pointed
at

requirements

daily

life.

pencils were

made

metal

or

88

Cities

of
the

the

Ancient

World.

one

end, and
to

flattened the

or

bent

at

other;
use.

so

that
was once

they

could
a

be

used

both

for

writing
ing mak-

and

flatten
to

surface the
wax was

for future
over a

There tablet
at

also The

burnisher, which

probably
of of

served

smooth into
rare
a

whole
to

Egyptian
parchment
black the

custom

papyrus
was a more

paper and

known

the

Greek's, but,
Ink
was

like the of
a

made

hides,
ink ink.

expensive
stand double that

article.
was

made

coloring substance,

and
was

kept in
also

metal and

sometimes
were

fastened made for

by

ring to
the
were

girdle.
kinds

Red of

used,

inkstands paper

holding they
or

separate

Reeds
our

were

used
A
man or

for

writing on
either
a

and

parchment;
the kline his

pointed, and
the

split like resting

on on

pens. bent

wrote

on reclining

couch, with

leaf

his

leg,
The

sittingin
wrote

low

arm-chair, with
lad had His and finished his

writing apparatus
their

resting
at

his

knee.
were

boys
After authors he
or

seated

upon

the, risingsteps where

regular seats
the

schools
to

made.

the Athenian of his

elementary studies,he began

were

read of

the

great

country.

thoughts
thus became also This
was

given chieflyto
familiar with with the
a

poems

Homer,
his
own

which time

learned other

by heart,
age

best love

language of
and

any

of Greece.

filled him

pride for
every
one

his nation.
was

The
to

next

grade he entered
and
as

for instruction and took

to

in music. upon

Almost
at

boy

taught

understand
was

appreciate music,
he grew
to

play well
part

least

ment. instru-

This

because understand chords with

older feel
to

and

in games, the

and festivals,

great

battles, he
strains and in
or

must

music

inspired by it; and

do his the
a

martial

would this

help him

best

in whatever

inspiration of gay he was attempting;

of his tongue, and

connection

study

he

learned But while

great

lyricpoems
was was

continued in
common

his education branches

was

in literature. and and

boy's mind

being carefully trained

also attended of
to.

higher studies, his bodily development

Exercise limb.
A

planned,
deal of

gymnastic apparatus
was

arranged
this when
a

for the

development
between and

every and

great

attention he had

given
in

to

boy

was

sixteen

eighteen years
to

old; and
and

masters

running, wrestling,boxing,
to

cise militaryexer-

harden The

develop the
of addition

limbs, and
were

make

the

man

graceful and
the After
or a

easy

in his took young

bearing.
great
Athenian The
to the

gymnasia
in

Athens
to

public
of

in which institutions,

citizens the

interest
was

the

support

the

government.
as a

this

prepared for the duties

of made Greece made

of life either of

citizen
or

soldier. in their
were

state

great demands
of of
a

her

men;

her

men

devotion

State and

great demands

themselves; their public duties

last consideration. it ruled the
ever or

of first this
was a

tance, impornation
was

all

private interests

The

result

of

which, during the century and

half that

world, achieved since;

fame

so

much

that

trulygrand
of
taste

that

it has

been

the model
strove
were

of nations
not

yet it was

composed

viduals of indi-

simple habits,who

for wealth

for

themselves, whose
arrogance,
or

elegant
tyranny;
men

and

dignifiedbearing
together
and
as

not

coupled with
the the

extravagance,
of
a

they
worked

all worked

units

for for

advancement of the

great whole.
cause

Great

in

modesty

devotion

good

State,in the

of

art, science,

Athens.

91
became himself citizens the world above successful
a

or

whatever

their

cause

might be,
like

and

when he
was

this

of the

undying fame,
actual benefit of Greece

not

Nero, because wrought.

that she It

built from
to

they too had magnificent house,

that spirit in

names

but

for

their work and

of such its models

the greatness

arose,

bequeathed

ence, literature, sciof

a.

democracy
where feels
a a

philosophy, oratory, sculpture, buildings,and, the free, self-governingstate,

"

all, the first example

every

right-minded

citizen
can

not

only
he

personal interest but

he

always take
a

personal part in the affairs of the land

has

lives in; in all matters those among grave

share, from
its position details that

questions that define

nations
to

other

the
own

affect the "The

to the

well-beingof
make

his

household,

permanent
world

gifts bequeathed by Greece

up of
to

the

foundation and

of

all

that have

the greatest been able

thinkers

scholars
"

accomplish since;
is that these
a

and could

thegreatestmarvel
dosomuchin Grecian eleven
not

people
from

such

short
to

time; for although

date about it
was

historyis
hundred

said

years
b.c.

before the

Christ,
real

until

776

that

historyof
that time

the Hellenic the the and

nation with rule

was

began. Before
was a

country
line of the

its islands

kingdom;
to

passed from

father

son,

king

priest,general, and
of elders. This the of

dent presitime is

of the

popular assembly, supported and

a

guided by
known
as

council Heroic various

the
to

Age, when tribes,some

war.

people
which
even

belonged
were

almost

constantlyat
rest

But,

then, though the Hellenes

like
all

were

barbarians
were a

the

of

the

world, they

superior sort of people.

a second aristocracy; prophets, surgeons, workmen, while the

They

had

landed

THEMISTOCLES.

class of and

bards, priests,
workmen
were or

skilled

artisans,and

another slaves. sober

to

middle-class All
were

of

hired
to

poorest

people

mildly treated
others in addition

more

be

respected than
with

the

earlier

Oriental

nations, for they were

and

temperate,
brave

dignified,
and

and self-respect

good

feeling for

being

hardy.

"Q2

Cities
into

of

the

Ancient

World.
had national nation. bond of

They
union is the
for

were

divided had

many

states, and

although

all the

tribes for into

each
reason

stronger

feelings for historyof

founded the

its native Greece the

city than

the whole

This

that the
at

ancient

is divided age. named

periods of power, Cecrops, and

that of

centered

the

time

the

most

flourishing city of
was

It is said

that Athens built

on

by

an

Egyptian
was

the the

little first

city that kings was

the There
.-are

he

the

hill of old

Acropolis
and

called in the

Cecropia.
thirteenth chief the

One

the of

celebrated

hero

Theseus, who
the various them

century
seat

B.C.

united

tribes
were

Attica, enlarging Athens

great
centers

making
all Athens
not

it the of stood

of

government.

many with
were

among among

states

Grecian
In

empire, which
the Heroic

crowded rulers
to

interest,but

first.

Age
was

the

kings;
or

but

the

people could
there
ten
was a

endure and

monarchy;
council

the

title of shared

king

"changed
Before
was a

archon, long this office

of nine

ruler, and
was

senate
a

which

his power.

held

years every

at

time and

by different
the
The

nobles, after that there

was a

body

archons

elected
as

year,

there finally

written

set

of be

laws ruled
up

demanded.
over,
one

Year
more

by year,
anxious named that upon and
some

the

nation

grew,

people became
laws

less for the

willingto
were

and of the
were

to

rule themselves.

they
to

asked

drawn

by

archons
severe

Drace, but they were

the whole
to

intended in
a a

check

independent archon,
foundation

spirit and
named of the

so was

cityrevolted
a new

little

while, and
These power the
were

another the Attica

Solon,
great

called

make

set

of

laws.

democracy,
it had the the
B.C.
on

from

this

time, 594
;

B.C., the
to

of

began

to

develop,
the
near

although
490

reverses

but

none

weaken the

State, for, when Sea, and

marched

in

year

Persian
west coast

army of

of

Darius

crossed with
met
one

^Egean
assurance

landed
a

Marathon thousand

Attica, and
were

much
on

dred hun-

strong
force
a

toward of
new

the
a era

city,they
little
more

the

way,

and

totallydefeated
This
supreme

by
was

an

Athenian

but

than
was

tenth Athens'

their

number.

victory
power.

the

beginning of
this Persian The Xerxes

for been
won

Greece; it

first step to it had Attica years

IBefore .small Darius

"came;

power

had been with

thought invincible; now by

Athenian hosts. and skill, After
ten

been need another

defeated
no

by

army.
nor

day
his

had
son

longer

fear

all their

engagement

several most bitter struggles, during which taken and brought on Athens was defeated in the end, and historyenrolled by the Persians; but they were fourglo TJousconflicts, Thermopylasa, Salamis, Platasa,and Mycale, in which the question between burned Greek
at

it

freedom

and
to

Asiatic the

despotism
the

was

decided

Salamis, and
next

warrior-statesman
was

forever. To Athens, the chief victor due Themistocles, the first thanks were

The the the

to

half century
eras

most

brilliant

period of Athens'
hundred

existence, and

one

of

world; although a closed more years chapter of her grandeur, in that short time, at the most hundred two years from Solon she produced more Demosthenes, greatness in every respect that all the later nations
the world combined. At the close of the Persian

greatest

in the

historyof

the

of

invasion

Themistocles

was

the

chief

Athens.
of Athens he and had
at virtually

93
nation. and and when that the the He he had raised the

man

the

head its

of

the

cityto
to
now came

its the

importance;
back, rebuilt

successfully led
it and
was

armies;
state;

abandoned

Athens he of

torch-lightedPersians
its walls from

to

save a new

the

gloriously won,
old.
A

reared
was

city finer than

to

part

the valuable

piunder
new

taken

Xerxes

devoted

adorning
and

capital with
had

splendid porticoes,groves,
been
two

gardens.
one

There
was

long
in
was

parties among
of the few

the

people;
to

aristocratic

and
the the

conservative, wishing
hands old

keep

the

government
the and other

Attic

families;

democracy, believingin equal rights

Themistocles done
but
a now was

self-government.
had of he

the
to
was

champion
this

of this party, and form power, his the

great
that and

deal he would

establish in have
so

government;
lost in his

great

excellence,
that take
was

plunged
by
"the
was was

country

ruin, but
party
which
to

the
a

people
vote

were

induced

aristocratic

of

what He
most

called

ostracism, by
most

he
most

banished.

the sagacious,

the far-sighted,

judiciously
one

daring, the
most

and craftiest, of

unfortunatelyalso
"

of

the

unprincipled glorious state

had
as

politicians;
he had done and for
now

he
so

would much

have
to

ruined establish

the

that

if he
one

not

been
as

banished

his

place

taken

by
but he

some

rrs'/'Vi"l

^-^

good
at

Aristides;

the
came

party spirit ran

high,
with
was a

and

if the

conservatives their

forward,
do
no

Aristides
true

head, they
was

could

harm;
to

patriot,and
form

not

opposed entirely
He
was

the

cratic demo-

of government. love of

called his

his pure

unselfish

country,
measures

the Just, and grand public and

a

Jrir

si

and private integrity for the

careful

were

good thing
the ban-

people.
his
a

He

only

lived

four

years

after the
man

is'.iment of of Cimon
"

rival,and

his

party, under

leadership
"

wealthy, able, and

very

popular
was

did

not

remain

in

5power

long.
the and
so

Cimon head

banished the

by

ostracism,and
then The
that

Pericles, at place to
Athens

of

democracy,
nation. this called have
common man

am
1'KKICLES.

took

his

the whole

Greek under

growtli
the

of the

citywas
of

wonderful

brightest page
were

Athenian

historyis
reared
was

the been
as

Age
the

of Pericles. world's
to
us;

There
ever

splendid buildings
on

that
as

models

of architecture

since;

the

streets

statuary

posts

beautiful

gardens

94

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

lay
There

in many
but
were

places; and
the

colonnades of Athens hundred

filled with
was more

paintingsand
in the residents
a

squares;

greatness

sculpture lined the public people than in the citythey builtthen, and
of these

scarcely two
thousand
were

thousand but it
was

only
the

about

twenty-one

voters;

noble

population, comprising
centered under

great

writers, speakers thinkers, and Music, art, and

the lowest and all every class of

all the

first

artisans,painters, and
of education
were

sculptors of Greecehere, and

the
was

opportunity
were one

for all branches

to

people
this

made

love

and art, literature, noble of

men

poetry,
whose

ence influabove

authorityof

great
was

and

thoroughly
than that Great them
a

man,

genius
him, and

others, whose
was on

knowledge
for the every

greater
state.

any

about

him, and

yet whose
talent
was

-onlythought
at

good
side;
manners

of the

surrounded

his command

but among had disturb

all his

majestic figurerose
he
was

magnificently.
of
tones

His and
sweet

stern,

quiet,reserved
that
out

princely courtesy;
his

master

himself of the

all about voice

him; nothing could

rang in
a

self-possession nor
his
at

alter

the

and This

effect, ruling the

was

studied, thought of the populace

for
over

measured
as

oratory, overpowering

in its

splendor

genius ruled
the head of

the that

illustrious

city.
had envy It

the

man

who
saw

thirtyyears
were

stood

great

ancient

democracy,
full

and
to

that and

its laws
to

absolutely carried
lived
"

out, while
said
an
"

every without
to

citizen any others.

not

liberty
their
a

toward
was

speak act; they neighbors, under a constitution

because it
was

Pericles that made

himself them

example
many, worth station State had

called Its

democracy,
dealt

framed

for the

good of
one;
or

the

and

for the gave

man

few.

laws

"citizens t"ack "every another what he

positions of
had had who does
a

equally in the disputes of every dignityand importance; no poverty

that
to

and

alone

its

humble the

kept any
no

if he
one

powers

would his

benefit
own

the

State.
or we on same

But

despots:
by
for

right
at

follow

tastes
"

pursuits without
are

being disturbed
our

looked
to

things differently;
nor

for

not

angry

with

neighbor
are

please himself;
no

do

we

put
the

those time

sour

looks
were

which
severe

offensive,

though they do
real

positive damage."
every citizen
was or
"

At

there
a

misconduct, which

afraid dealt

to

break, and
an

fine

against public opinion existed

"

laws

against those who

a

wronged

another

meanly with
been in
a

inferior.

Seldom, if ever,"
age such
a bination comwas

celebrated

of great
an

English writer says, qualitiesas were by birth

way
to

has

there

statesman
man

of any

united

in this illustrious democrat in

Pericles; though he
conduct;
the
on

aristocrat

he

was

thorough

principle and
on

he

never

stooped
admirable open and

in any

make

himself

popular, but
flattered for their

kept his hold

be

people by his
what
was

commanding
in
severe

qualities alone; he never them, and which it was

on

his countrymen

except
to to

really
he
was

good
was was

to

taught
afraid

cherish; but

their

faults and

and follies, when this

never

peril his popularity

rise That what
a

l)y giving disagreeable advice; and

done against the injustice
a

not
was

appreciated he would
almost the defiance.

up

him

with

scornful the

dignitythat
place among

such

splendid

man

as

this

so

long held

chief

people shows

grand

98
of the

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.
him. "At these and

speaker, while
the
men

some

were

ranged
talk of
over

upon
matters
war

the

seats

above

blies assem-

of Athens The

met

to

of the

highest importance appointment

all these of of and
a

the most

varied

interest.

number the

their

ships, the
new

stage

play, the
other
ters mat-

reception of ambassadors,
were

building
in that

of

temples,

many

discussed
common

and

decided

wonderful

democracy
the

Athens

by

the

great

body

of

citizens." the
eastern

Between another and

some

end

of the called

hill where the

Pnyx
or

stood

and

the This the

Acropolis,
also
was

was

hill of

irregularform,

Areopagus,

Mars

Hill.

steep

only separated from the Acropolis on the side of rocky, and was that the Apostle Paul, centuries here hollow ground. It was
of the Christian
no

by later,in the early phers philosoAt the Pericles.

recess,

Erechtheum

days

Era, preached
men as

to

the

Athenians, who
seats

were

inquirers and
of

but still, southeastern

a

such of dark

occupied
is
a

these chasm the

in

the
to
a

Age

corner

the
water.

rock

wide
was

leading
sanctuary
The
or

gloomy
the
came

containing
called
a

fountain

of very the

There
or

of
name

Eumenides,
from be also

by

the among the

Athenians the Greeks

Semnce,

Venerable had

Goddess.

tradition

that Poseidon the

as

brought Ares
his son; Athenian of the
was

Mars and

to

this spot to this

was

tried before the

reason

assembly
it
was

of

gods,
a

for of

murdering
one

perhaps

why body

selected

seat

councils.

In the

early historyof Attica

the Council It the
accuser was
a

it

used after

by the Senate

called

of

Areopagus,
venerable

or Council; and by the ruling instituted Solon, the great Attic law-giver,

another members between beside

senate.

most

assembly, formerly made

sat
as

up open

only of air, and

of

the

chief

of the

aristocratic seated
on

party.
one

They
block of

judges
the

in the

decided but
sorship cen-

stone, and
were men

accused, upon
a

another;

being judges, the Areophagites, as

over

they
rules the

called, had
of

the

citizens. He

They

were

all oldish the

to

general high position in the state, until

sort

the

time

of Aristides.

changed

somewhat,
democratic
were

hoping
party,

to

keep

out

greater
the

forms re-

by making
assembly
were

slight concessions
of

and

opened

august
the poor

to out

all classes of the of the

citizens; but

they
until

still elected
came.

by vote, and
He broke
men,

kept

Areophagus Council, aristocracyand

reference
to

Pericles council

up

the who

handed highwere

power elected

opened
or

the

to

meritorious
was our

by lot, without
that "Our
on

wealth

family position. It
private duties, and
man

Pericles'

justly politics

proud boast
are

politicianshave public affairs;for

that in the The up

still their
we

private citizens
from

well

informed
not

regard the

who

keeps aloof

useless, but
So the from with
were

blameless." about
era

it

came

of this great

man

that laws
so

Greece

was

placed entirelyin
were

hands the

of

her

people.
and
was

tablets in the of laws

containing the
place, not
man's

of Solon

brought might
that
be

down

Acropolis
for that

set
a

market

much

that all
to

familiar

them,
their

part

every and

education; but
of Solon

show

the

people
of

guardians.

These

constitutions

were

the

foundation

Athens.
the lowest

99
but it was poorest classes,

Grecian the

democracy, because
of Clisthenes of power
to

they
that all

gave

vote

to

or

reform

opened
of

the

public

offices the

citizens,and
five hundred.

established

popular

senate

He which votes, made

also the

introduced

ostracism, a plan by could, by

years
to
a

Athenians for ten

majority of
citizen
state.

banish himself the from of

more

any the

who But

harmful
true

although
was measures

beginning

of the

racy democ-

time the of adopting Clisthenes, he did not pretend the alter the
to

to

do

than

constitution the demands

and for made

laws of Solon reform

according
a

that about and of

century
a

of progress of and
a

necessary;
or more

after

quarter

century

further

progress

ment, develop-

the basis of the Athenian

was

government
laid entered of
out

still upon

the

frame-work had

by
a

the

great

and legislator,
career.

into

glorious
interest

The the

institutions citizens and

a

thenes Clis-

had in

given
the and

personal
of

welfare
a

grandeur
warmest

their country,

spiritof the
up
was was

patriotism rapidly sprang

The State every
or

among the

them. of

highest
The

court

Council

Senate, which

chosen
on

by lot gus, Areopawere

year. and

body
the

met

the

prepared another,
which

measures,

which

laid

before

Ecclcsia
on mass

met

the

or sembly, popular asPnyx, and was

composed
and poor.
a

out

of the the

of

citizens,rich
there
was

Below
of

Areopagus

held
the
auses

court

justiceselected
once
a

by lot from
The

popular assembly
were

year.

tried

by

divisions this laws

of the whole

body.
Solon life and

After made
out

framing
many

constitution,
about

private
amuse-

private rights, public

DEMOSTHENES.

ioo

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.
had

ments,

slavery, marriage and

and
were now was

other

matters.

These the

been

preserved
and

for

over

dred hun-

years,
or

brought down
the

from

Erechtheum,
life. of

hung
in the the The

in the

Agora,

market-place, which
In

great
was an

center

of Athenian

the

heroic

age

the

Agora

assembly
the Forum

freemen,
was

next

government

to

the

Council; but in the days of the democracy the

or

name was

given
Rome.
on

to

public meetingAthenian
the

place,

market;
foot of

it

was

to

Greece the

what three
on

to

Agora
It

lay
on was

at

the

and

between

hills of
east
was

the

Pnyx

the

west,
of the

Areopagus Asty,
and
tered cen-

the
a

north, and
heart the of

towering above

it

the

the

Propylasa

Acropolis.
Athenian

large, irregularlyshaped square,

the

occupying nearly a quarter

ran

of the

in

the

city; from
for

it great streets and traffic

out

like
sort

arteries, traversingtown
of business in Athens

country;

highways Agora
took

travel

for every

in the The and space

set up

Athenians
no

great
make

interest it

and

pride in the chief public place of their city,

beautiful. laid

spared
with

pains

to

statelyand
for and

They
out

surrounded

the vast

open and

colonnaded
amusement

porticos
here

meetings; they
there, while
In this

agreeable promenades
a

places of
of

temples, altars and

most
a

host

of

statues

and and
set

monuments

graced
the One the

it in every their

part.

neighborhood

of the

shopkeepers
section
or

artisans of booths.

city had
part
was

places of business, each

and

craft in

distinct and

noisy
for the

bustlingwith

mountebanks and

quack doctors; principal

on

in another

were

market

quantities of wheat, barley, flax

cattle distant

oil,the
from

products of the
fair hills of of

country, and
and and
more

markets, for selling the stock provinces.

pastured
these and

the

Attica citizens

Widely

different

busy

throngs
In

countrymen,

were

the

quiet, dignifiedbankers'

changers' money-

quarters.
the
here

shops,
was

in

the of

portico,
Athenian of

on

the business

thoroughfares
and civic men,
one

or

open

squares,

in the

every breadselves themin The hind, Be-

part

the the gay

thick

life.

All, except
ladies

sellers

and within

groups and feet in

flower of

girls,were sight.
folds the At of

for Athenian the

men were

kept

their

homes the

out

time

richlydressed
material.
a

robes hair

that
was

fell to

in
a

heavy
knot

beautifully embroidered
secured chair. way, for both with At there
men

usually wound
a

over

brow, and
cushioned
on

golden pin.

walked torches of in two and the

slave, carrying his master's

the
In
streets to

night people
was no women

carried

through lighting.
other

light them
sort

their

public system
dressed the

the

days of the greatness

one was
a

of Athens

and called
was a

simple garments;
was an

of

shirt,or
called
one arm over

under-garment,
chiton. This

endymata,
closed
button

outer

cloak round

or

dress

the
was

an

oblong piece
in the with with
a

'of cloth

wrapped
two

in folds

the side

body;
were

put
the

through
gold, and
chiton

hole

side; the
"bx

ends
were

of the open often side

fastened

opposite
or

shoulder
set

claspj which

beautifully wrought
that the ends
came

in silver

cent magnifi-

jewels.

On

the

together the

was

completely open

1 the

ns.

103
with the ribbon folds
were

to

the waist. wished The

was

Round
to

the

hips it
the

was

fastened

or

girdle,and
that of the

when

the
the and

wearer

shorten of

skirts of
women was

the garment

pulled up through
men,
a

girdle.
sometimes
was

chiton
so

the

usually
over

more

ample
the

than loose

long that
back and made

it

hung
to

the

girdle in deep,

folds, and
There

portion
were

also

turned times

made

hang gracefullyover

shoulder.

at

different size and for

were a

changes
this and forms

in the
but

shape of these

garments,
the

long time
in various of

endymata
the
worn

about

only by
side out-

articles Athenian
wear or

indoor
men or

clothing
women.

For
a

they had cloak,

also

called in round. with left

the

large ment, garhimation,

a

which border
across

was

oblong back,
the part

shape, with
It
one was

all the way the

over

laid
corner

thrown the
across over

shoulder, and

main the the

was

of the cloak brought or chest, passing under the other

right shoulder; flung

corner over

end with folds made

the

left

shoulder,
in

the down
to

hanging
back. This

heavy
be

the

could the

completely envelop
the
cover women

ure, figranged ar-

and

sometimes and
arms

it to There the
were

head

also. into the

-

small in prevent

weights
to

sewed

corners

order

preserve from

folds and

the cloak Athenian

ping. slipGREEK

Usually the
were

garments
were women woven

MALE

HEADS.

white, but the cloaks

and
both
were men

often sometimes
wore

brown,

and

the

brilliant OrientaL the dresses,

colors.
had

ful Beautialso

patterns
lers and
worn

sometimes

into the material

on.

of
were

which

rich
""

embroideries

sewed

The

citizens much

usually bare-headed; caps

to

by travelers,hunters, and
ot

workmen almost and

worn

exposed
thick
and

the

sun.

Great slaves
with

(.ire

was

taken

the

hair,

which

was

always
even

long.
men

The

alone naked house. the Ik

had

short-croppedhair.
and

At

home,
wen-

in

the

streets,

walked

feet,

when
crowds

shoes
that

or

sandals

they

were

removed

before

enteringa
robed
in

the

filled the

Agora and

loitered

in its porticoeswere

104
folds of the himation

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.
in and strolled

or

the

graceful chiton.

The

white
on

figures moved
the squares
or

out

of the
the

stately colonnades, gathered in picturesque groups shady promenade.

"The of bread
to

along

Athenian and

citizen

was

very

sociable first the

person.

He hours At

rose

early, took
calls
sort

lightmeal attending
substantial

wine, and
in the

spent

all the
or

morning
law-court.

in

making
a

or

public
was

business

assembly
came a

mid-day

of

lunch the the

or

taken, and
of
a
"

then

gossip in
to at which

the the

colonnades, the gymnasia, the Agora, and

harbor
at

studios

or artists,

stroll down

Piraeus.
ate

The

meal principal

of

day

was

four

o'clock

dinner,
with of

the better

classes

meat,

beef, mutton,

kid,

pork, fish
drink
was

especiallysalt fish, wheaten

wine
western
one

bread, vegetables, fruit, and

the Stoa
a Pcecile,

sweetmeats;

their

mixed side side

water."

Along by columns
decorated

the
on

the
a

market-place
on

ran

colonnade
were

formed

and

wall Stoa

the

other, against which

the and

panels
the

placed,
it
was

with

paintings.
sections

This for

lay between
The

Agora
a

and

Pnyx;

signed de-

in its various for

public consultations

general sheltered
the the walls

meeting place
represented the
of
ever

public
of the here

or

private business
the

of the citizens.

pictures on
notable

battle and
near

CEnoe,
battle
was

fightof the Athenians

Marathon. Tower 50
b.c.

against the Amazons,

the it
most
was

destruction that

Troy,
stood of
a

of the

One of It the
was

of

buildings
until

Winds;
a

not

built

long
two

after

the

time

Pericles, in
little
recess a

about

tall

eight-sidedbuilding with
regular
walls.
a

porticoes and
round

standing out
point, where
broad
a

from

its smooth

It

was

covered bronze

rising to
which roof the The way there Greeks

pretty capital supported

the direction with the

movable

by a figure of Triton,

roof

pointed with
was a

its staff to

frieze adorned them

of the wind. the edge of the Just beneath sculptures representingthe eight winds, which
a

personified; below
contained the
a a

lines of
was

sun-dial

were

chiseled from
ran a

into

the

wall. in
a

interior that

water-clock, which
time. the around foot

gradually filled
from the the

reservoir
street

marked

passing of
sweep

Eastward of

Agora

the
was

of

pods, Tri-

making
with Here works the
some

bold

Acropolis.
formed household since
was

It the

very

handsome,

of the

finest

public

buildings of the
names

city,and
been centuries and

favorite for ages,

promenade.
and whose
on

the and

great

men

walked have

whose lived

have the

words with

thoughts
world. adorned

through
many their

powerful influence
from the small
bronze

whole

The

street

had

temples,
summits
contest.

named

votive

shrines which

which had

it.

Upon
in the

the

shrines

supported the
an

tripods
was

been

obtained

choragic

Sometimes

exquisite

statue

placed upon the tripods. At first these prizes were the sacred set within precincts of the theater; but when this space filled extended was all along this street. they gradually
Two of the
most

celebrated the

theaters Of

in Athens

stood

not

far
to

apart upon
the

this street, and

was a

in the

slope below
As

Acropolis.
of music

these, the
was

nearest

Agora
to

the

Odeum

of Pericles.

ignorance

held

by

the

Athenians

be

disgrace,Peri-

io6

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

introduced theaters. as from the performances given in modern They were worship, and at first were always representations, either funny or serious, of of fantastic

form

of
ploits ex-

some

Dionysus.
dances,
the

The

chief the of
was

part of the
chorus. the

entertainments
were

of the

Dionysiae festivals
gay, sometimes the vine

were

given by
were

These the

sometimes of and songs;

sad,

to

represent

characteristics

seasons;

approach
marches gay and

winter, when
solemn
summer

and

fruit-bearingtrees
and the

dry,

symbolized by quick movements

was

grave

music; for springtime

was

there representations

were

stillmerrier,
two

autumn,
of
some

vintage time,
or a

hailed

with
to
a

great

hilarity. Between
a

hymns
and and

leader recite songs, the the This He

the

chorus

speaker, dressed

represent
or

satyr, would
manner.

step forward
The of

exploit of Dionysus, in either

dances After of the
a

serious

funny
with

hymns
and

the

and

recitations
an

were

all connected
was

the

"god

pleasure

of

vine." leader
was was

while

actor, who
relate

not

singer,would
opinions
was or

chorus, and

the

supposed
53 B.C., and

hold a dialogue with exploits of the deity. of stage

introduced called
some

by Thespis, in about
father of Greek heroic made

the
or

beginning
so

plays.
wrote
on an more

the

tragedy; twenty
age
out

years

after
a

Phrynichus
on

plays from
those
actor

story of

the

of

Greece, which
that

were were

vast

improvement
between
a

of and

Thespis.
the leader

Phrynichus
of the chorus

dialogues
intervals
wrote

carried

during
became
a

between

the

hymns.

In

few

years
so

there

came

another, .^Eschylus,who
on

dialogues in poetry,

for two

actors, and

the

entertainments

the stage
to

separate

century
a

following it developed
to

wonderful
An

from the chorus, and during the half has since served degree of art, which as

model

all ages

of

play writers.
characters that

important
or

part

of

stage
were men

costumes
on

were

the the

masks, which
actors

represented different
various full of

passions

emotions, and
of been

put
not

and

off,as

assumed

represented classes
have after their
a

individuals.

This The the

great theater
used

people

must

most

and' imposing sight. lively and unless

to

spectators
free

to begin to gather soon shown list, paid their fee and were

daybreak,
seats

they
number

came on

upon

according
of

the
women

their
to

tickets

by the police of the

but and whistled

theater.
at

Before it
was

the
not

days
and of

Pericles
a

went

the
es.

public entertainments,
Favorite

this time

thought

proper with

place

for

lad

poets
were

actors

were

loudly applauded
received other tokens their

showered

flowers; bad
spectators
or

formers perwere

at, and
and

disapproval; the
the famous

always demonstrative
actors;
audience. Some distance
to

plainlyshowed
out

feelings about
when
a

performance appeared
the
not

the

and

often

broke

into

acclamation

person

in the

the

south-east
a

of the
structure

theater

and

the

Odeum

stood
was

magnificent
finished until and

temple of Olympian Jove,

over

colossal

in the Doric founded.

style that
It
was over

six hundred

and

fifty years
a

after

it

was

three
was

hundred surrounded

fiftyfeet long, and

about
a

about and

hundred fluted

and

seventy-five feet broad, and

six feet in diameter

by

hundred

twenty

columns

and

sixty feet high,

,iki

OP

TOMBS

in

Mill

NS.

Athens. along the

near

109
front river and sides of the
ran

arranged in double
The

and in the
a

triplerows
sacred grove
a

oblong
across

structure.

temple stood

the

Ilissus,which

the

lower

part of the
hills In

city

at

foot of

range

of

justwithin
all other
sums

the

south-eastern

wall.

size,splendor, and beauty this temple

structures
were

excelled Immense upon

in Athens.

of money

expended

it; in the

great
or

ivory

and

a loftypillar cella was of Jupiter gold statue

Zeno,
not

if

was equal to, grander, than the celebrated tor's sculpon

by Phidias, that
the and Other the the

work colossal in

Acropolis.
of
most

It

was

size

exquisite
also
was

workmanship.
the

statues

graced
full of bronze
were

temple;
before

peribolus

them;

pillars stood

figures representing the cities that

colonies
on rare

of

Athens, and
of

upon

pedestals
pavement
and other of the

the

solid white

Pentelican

sculptures
stood

Egyptian
the

marble

around

sides

enclosure. West between the Museum leaf of the the

Olypium,

about

midway
rose

Ilissus and

the

Agora,
a

Hill,shaped like
in whose made
out

vast

four-

clover, and
had chambers
a

sides their

the homes

early by
rock.

inhabitants

hewing
Below,
entered

of

the the

solid

street

called
on

Ceramicus,

the

Agora
of

the

south-eastern

side,and
into
a

crossingit diagonallyextended
the and
same
name

district the
was

from The

between Ceramicus the the Inner

Pnyx

Mars into

Hill.
two

divided

sections,
To
on
a

and

the Outer Inner of

quarters.

right of
the

the

Ceramicus,
the It

height of land north

was

Areonacus nicu^ub,
was

LYSICRATES

MONUMENT.

Aim

celebrated
the

Theseum.

built with

statelypillared front

and

pediment

in the Grecian

style,and

was

des

no

Cities

of

the

Ancient
of the

World.

first the

as

tomb

for the

bones

of

Theseus,
later
an

one

early kings
had

of the

heroic

age,

and

reputed founder
in and had
as a

of Athenian
a

greatness'; these
were

remains

been

brought from
which
as a was

Sycros
also
court
on a

by Cimon, temple

469, and
the

few

years

placed in the
and
was

Theseum,

privilegesof
The

asylum,

sometimes
structure

used
was

of its

justiceand pediment
and many troublous the loss of
as

prison.

beautifully proportioned
its walls. It
was

adorned and

and

frieze with

sculptures representing the exploitsof Hercules

upon of

Theseus,
in for

paintingswere
times
some

greatlyvenerated
detailed is
now

by the people, and

bodies

armed

citizens
the when

were

to

sleep in it.

Excepting
as

of its ornamentation

Theseum
was

standing in
the north-west Some

almost

perfect

condition
The
was
were

in the

grand

old

days
a

it

built. suburb
on

Outer

Ceramicus

formed

handsome honored with

of the

city,and
tombs

the

burial-place of all persons

It the and
tent to to

with

magnificent monuments,
was

covered

a public funeral. sculpture and set with

of these

manship. pillarsof finest workof their before

custom at

bury soldiers
expense. and

who

fell in the For three

to

cause

country
burial of the the

with the dead

great
bodies
men

ceremony,

the
on

public
purpose,

days
all the the
to to

the

lay in
who

raised

kept
the carried

open

relatives
came,

wished in

bring offerings. When

coffins,and
covered
a

time
on

for

funeral the

remains

placed cypress-wood procession of citizens,friends, and

were

carts

graves,

followed songs
man,
to

by
chosen funeral and

mourning
tribune
or

women, earth

hired
a

sing woeful
respected
and made of the

flute

music.

After

the bones his

had

been
on

with

wise

and

by
sat

the

citizens,took
After
to
were a

place
the
at

temporary
to

platform,
homes thirtieth

the

oration. down

this the On

procession returned third,the

the grave, and of the made
to

the

former the

dead

men,

meal. offered

tenth, and
the year that

days
with

after

the

funeral

sacrifices
a

up
on

tomb, adorned
oblations his soul and

flowers, was
were

always
in

hallowed

spot, where
of the

certain prayers
not

days
were

libations

offered
to

memory
or

the

Happy
of the

dead; and Land, and

might
on

be admitted the
to

Elysium
the Dark and side had for

condemned Ceramicus
were

wander
was a

forever road
a

banks the

of

Stream.

Through
there

the Outer

there situated
to

running
from

gymnasium
On either who

gardens

Academy,
were

which
monuments

about

mile

the

city.

along the way

illustrious
or

Athenians, especiallythose
had been

fallen in battle.
a

The the

Academy
old hero

was

grove

garden, which
There
were

given to
here. with the
one

Athens

gymnasium
was

this

by famous particularly
were
was a

Academus. after Plato

many his

gymnasia
school adorned in
"

in the The many

city,but grounds
statues

began
trees

to

hold

of the and

Academy
of

planted with plane temple

the Cimon
to

and
one

olives,and
part, and
the very words:

altars ; there house

Athena of which made the

in

another Let
no

modest
enter

tle litwho is of
a

Plato, it,and

over

door

were

ignorant of geometry."
water

grove and

beautiful

by putting
drives.
a

streams

through
to

laying
where,

out

shady walks
the

temple

the

Muses,

after

great

broad, open teacher's death,

Plato of

built
was

statue

himself

Athens. placed.
that among The of

1 1 1

teachingsof ordinary
and wide Athenians
a

Plato mind that

in this beautiful did

not

people
the

understand

templed grove him; but

understood

were

so

deep and
were

learned
men

there

several

of

day
the

who

through
and minds
has

them,
His of

circle who upon

fully understood partially

appreciated him, and him, his teachings spread far

and

wide.

influence have

all who

lived Most ideas

since of his

been

very
were

great.
from the

teachings
own

of his his that

great

teacher, Socrates;
was

greatest
there rules is

thought
a

to

show

God

who that the

makes

all and

all,and
His

soul lives forever. of

standard his

living was
were

very

high, and
the

teachings
honor. of

full of

lofty principles of
writer

perance, tem-

and justice,
was

Plato in

the

finest of
a

essays
answers;

the his
so

form

questions and
beautiful

styleis
easy and

prose,

that is

gracefulthat
it is now,

it is almost and it has and

like

poetry;

always been, greatly

studied The
to

admired and

by

scholars

writers. life
was

chief

object of Plato's
the

spread

philosophy
lived

of his

derful won-

teacher. Socrates of the known

and

during a largepart
is better

age
now

of

Pericles,and

in his person,

character,
man

teaching than any

times. He

other left all Plato

of

ancient written know of

nothing
that and
we other an-

himself, and
him is from writer the of

famous

those

times,
SOCRATES.

Xenophon
the
most

historian. looks

Beneath that there most alwas

grotesque
man
was

any His
nose

ever

had,

the

noblest

soul

described
whole hero

in
and the

all ancient

nistory.
coarse,
a

flat,his lips thick, his eyes goggled, his

face
and

figurewere
mind of

clumsy, and

unpleasant; but

he

had

the

soul

of

true

philoso-

112

Cities
and

of

the

Ancient

World.
devoted his life to the

pher.
"With

He feet

was

brave

hardy soldier, and

in threadbare

benefiting others. public walks, the

to

unsandaled, and
the in in and
to

dress, he roamed
every
resort

about of
men,

gymnastic schools,
poor, the young

market-place, and
a

talking
how

rich

and

old,
truth

voice

of

wondrous

sweetness

and had

powerful charm,
to

teaching
men

rightway

living and
what
to

thinking."
or

He

found did
not

question
so

till they knew wonderful

themselves he

they thought
the eyes of
to know

what

they
pagan

think, and
the way
to

by his
and notions

power He

opened
them

these

Greeks how
to

truth

honesty.
and Wit
art

showed He

how

themselves, and
showed of than

get rid of wrong

self-conceit. and and

taught the
then
was

principlesand
more

the and

importance

of

morality.
beauty in

were intelligence

thought
the

virtue

honesty; and

in

men

and

women

worshiped devotedly.
first

It is all

rightfor these
or

things to
had

have

their

place, but that is

Athenians into
to to
error.

not

place, as
he all

many

sophists

false teachers and

taught the

believe, by putting lies in the

Socrates felt that
must

place of truth
how He The

crookedly
and

reasoning truth
arouse was

show

false all this was,

people
consistent

love

with but

his

and virtue above justice teachings in every act

a were

things.
of

of his life.

set an example, too, that not answer Sophists couM

his arguments, young followed could

not
men

they brought
for there He
was was

charge against him

a

corrupting the
around

minds

of

the and

of his be
to

Athens,

great
on

many the

who

gathered
refused
to

teachings.
proved, he
his life.

tried

Areopagus,
He

Socrates, and, although the charges

run

condemned said the

to

die. would

away

or

stoop
cup

to

anything
hemlock

save

He

soul

live,and
his has

drank fearlessly

the

of

poison prepared for him.

of the his
or

Many
writers of

greatest
any

men

of the age the

time whole

took world

up

teaching,and
received of the

from benefit

two

of the of his

best

other life.

grand
on

thoughts and
beliefs the

noble

Beside

the

Academic

school

philosophy, founded
were

the
was

of Socrates, and taught by Plato in Athens, there of Epicurus," the Epicurean, held in the "Gardens courage bore for
a

three

others. for

One years

founder, who
he died. He low
now

with

patience and
true

most

of which painful illness, he did

not
mean

taught that the

his
own

aim

in

living was simple

manner

pleasure, but
of

pleasures; and
understood
as

temperate,
His from he idea
was

livingwas
came

far from from These The

what and

is

epicurean.

that

lastinghappiness
chief adorned

pure he

noble would
was

employments,

especially
mind, which
the

study and

intellectual the
was

pleasures.

taught
the

give peace
Marathon.

of

thought was Agora, which

here for The Aristotle. called in
an

object of
by the
and of

life.

Stoic

school Battle

taught in the Stoa of

Zeno

paintings of
Athens

of

taught ure. pleaspupil,

nearly sixty years,

last great It the
was

spread the philosophy of scorning both

ancient
was

pain

and

school the which of

founded
was

by
in the

Plato's Athenian

great

called

Peripatetic school, and

stood the in the The midst
name

held

um gymnasigardens
came

Lyceum,
suburb

of

shady
of

woods

and

beautiful

eastern

city.

the

Peripatetic school

/ thens.
.

i i e

either

from

the

pcripatoi or
of

covered down

walks while
a

of

the he

grove, his

or

from
"

the the

habit usual

that
custom

the

philosopher had
was

walking up and Although

gave

lectures

to

be

seated. in
as

Aristotle

was

pupil of Plato, he did

answers, but gave He
or men

not

follow

his master in the

and
same one

Socrates fashion
to

teaching by questions
most
"

and

regular lectures
had
two

professors do
a

now

in modern advanced

schools. students and Here

was

sets
were

of classes;

"intimates and

small

number
was

of

who

themselves
his grove
the

philosophers
was

teachers,

held

in the

mornings;

in the

afternoons years

open
man

to

larger circle of men,

with
men

called and

"outsiders."
manners

for thirteen the reverenced

short,
of the

slender
most

his small of Athens.

were

eyes

brisk

teacher his

learned

His
so

intellect that

embraced the

all the his

learningof
lectures he
wrote
a

time, his
every
deal
on

and activity

earnestness

great

subjects of
He

included

topic that could

the science of

engage

men's

thoughts.
and the been

Besides

his lectures
was

great
of

rhetoric,ethics,politics, poetry,

natural

history.
and

the

founder

logic or
of
are

reasoning, and learning which

almost and under
to

was

developer
used

of originator

scientific methods
ever

thinking and
now

have
as

by the
them

greatest
to

minds

since,
lived
at
was

and

followed

exactly
there

he

bequeathed
the

the

world. At

He

Athens
a

for twenty
in the donia

years,

wrote

larger
When

part of
a

his works.

first he
at

pupil
e-

Academy
as

Plato, after that he spent

the Great. of
"

number returned

of years
to

the court he

of Mai

tutor

Alexander it of
a

he

Athens

occupied the

Lyceum,
The the

and

made

school

philosophy.
now

loftyhill
eastern
or

Lycabettus
It
to
was

St.

George
In

"

rose

in

grandeur

and

side beauty just outas

wall. Seat
streets

the

crowning

feature

of

the

landscape,

Vesuvius

is to

Naples

Arthur's

Edinburgh.*
squares,
crest

front of it

lay the whole

city,with its stately

and

temples, its busy

and

its great the

theaters, renowned

gymnasia
of of
a

modest

dwellings.
for two Far

In view

of its noble
"

greatest commonwealth
to

Greece
to

flourished after generations.

hundred and
as

years wide

the

center

of power

good
and its

its country for Athens

as a

and
was

good
proud
of

its lines of

swept,

state

with

her

enemies, and
unlike

ambitious

of conquest
to

dominion

most

nations

antiquity; but,

nearly every
many of

other, it gave
them grew but rich when

dependencies
to

great
no

security from
was

powerful
w.

enemies;
their home
of

and

prosperous,

while the

interference

governments;

they appealed
business of
on

Council

against the
cause

oppression
was

rich

and

powerful Athenians

doing
a

their

their territory,
Greece

heard

and

redress

given
"

even

against

citizen

the

capital. But
The

was

continually
was

disturbed by rivalries the various states. among :" e of omplete national pride; Sparta, and
Mter the
were

supreme less

power

of

Attica
not

not

others

important, could
little In

endure

death

of

Pericles away;

poor

government
state

prevailed,and
to
wane

by

nian little Athea

allies

drawn

the

glorious

began

spiteof

few

noble

Sec

"Great

Cities of the

Modern

World."

1 1

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.
and

efforts

her the

power coveted Athens

was

scattered; the
chief

Peloponnesian

war

came

on,

although Sparta
for when

gained
the The

place, it was
of Greece
race was

only to
went

lose it before
too.

Philip of Macedon;
allowed it
was

glory of
bane cities to

fell that Hellenic their the last

of the overpower

their

local

pride; they
laid iron

love
not

for their until

cial spe-

allegianceto
hand of Rome

the

nation

at large, and
an a

things
the

had
states

gone

too

far, and
the

had

grasp

upon

them, that

discovered

and

greatest

principle of

democratic

government,

Federal

Union. The Gulf. chief

port of
four

Athens and
one on a

was

Piraeus, from

peninsula
Piraeus
was

at

the

head

of

the

Saronic

It is about A
were

half miles the

western

the
was

and capital,

contained
or

three the other

fine natural
two

harbors. smaller The

ones was

large
on

side

proper,

Harbor,

the

eastern to

side, one
Before of
to

of which
the

called

Zea,

the

Munychia.
bor harthe Phaleric became
a

last had

the

nearest

Athens.

time
on

of Themistocles the when Attic

as a

the Athenian side of

been the of

the
sea

open shore

roadstead is nearest

Phalerum,
Athens;
that

eastefn
the

Bay,
the naval small

where

but the

great

democrat be made

leader

the He

people his genius foresaw

selected the

capitalmight
more

great
the wall teen fif-

power.

peninsula of Piraeus
of the Phaleric
manner,

favorable surrounded

spot

than
a

point
feet

on

the

opposite shore
and
most

Bay;

this he

with

built in the

strongest

durable in

standing sixty feet high and

than miles Walls. those of the
as was

about

thick, vastly greater

enclosed
was was

height and
seven

thickness
a

Athenian
as a

Asty. Asty,
necting con-

The with

port thus
which the it

about

and

half

around,
There

large
also

the wall

city with
was

fortifications
was

Long by Phalerum, but the long fan-shaped space entirelytoo great to be easilydefended, and
with the the

connected

the

famous

enclosed
as

between
town

the

two

the

of wall

Phalerum were,
soon

small

and

in comparison insignificant

Piraeus, it and
year

the

abandoned,
The

while

importance
extended the head

of the
a

peninsula grew
gate
in the

by year.
side of Athens than called
a

Long

Walls
to

from of the this

western
a

in

westerly south-

direction the

peninsula, making
is

greater

reach
were

lay between

Asty and
extended

the

Phalerum;
and

probably
north
A

the

reason

they
south

"Long."
space of

They
about
on

in two

parallel lines, the fiftyfeet between.

rows was

wall

and
ran

wall, with

five hundred side and

roadway

through the center, flanked

was

either

by closelybuilt
travelers. of It down strolling
were

of houses;

all

day long it
the
on

thronged
and many
to
"

with

laborers,
idlers

merchants made while the

a

always
the

busy, livelyscene;

Athenian
see

point
Wall

Long Walls
to

during
and fro

afternoon
matters

the

sights," Beyond
cation fortifiwere

many

more

constantly passing lay a

fine wood
was a

of the

business. old Phaleric

North

there the

of

olive trees, of

and

toward

beyond
built after the built up the

South

Wall

stretch

cultivated of

vineyards. Pericles, who

to

These also

walls laid
out
on

plan of Themistocles, but peninsula

as a

in the time The

and that

Piraean

town.

height

nearest

Athens, skirted

Piraus*
side west, view
sort

1 1

by
was was

continuation called the

most

of

the It

South
was

Wall

and

overlooking
The entire increased

the

Phaleric in
a

Bay

from

the

Munychia.
important

occupied by the citadel,and

of Piraeus. further below land
was

military point of
was

part

peninsula by
the

rocky
and
war

and

of the

natural

its fortification;

safety was

walls

crowned

by

in the which A This broad of the further but

lofty Acropolis. The small harbor the rocky sides of the hill toward
was a

occupied by fleets of
were

ships, and

there

temples and place

a

theater, beyond
head it of the
was

large oblong market-place called the Hippo damcia?i

distance
the

Agora.
was

short

below side

the of
a

south

side

of

this market
was

the

Zea.

lay
and

at

south

Munychia,
narrow

and

also

naval

harbor;
with

quite a
solid wall inlet and
was

sheltered

bay, with
the both

inlet

guarded by promontories,
of its shore.
waters

the

peninsula following
up the

irregular outline opened

that
was

The of

Munychian Bay,

coast, but

upon

the

safe

Phalerum

were

portions of the roadstead

It
was

anchoring ground
to

for the the

great Athenian
maritime

navy.

the power the

dream in

of .Themistocles and
an

make

Athens

greatest
and

and

mercial com-

Greece;
to

for this he immense

opened
and fleet, has

dock-yards
to

built arsenals:

he

couraged en-

people

raise

keep the navy- in excellent

pages filled with feats
the
successes

tion condiof

by increasing it every
his wise

year.

History
of

many

management,

the

conquest

the

Athenian

ships and

of

the

skillful,

hardy
The time
but

seamen.

art

of it
was

ship-buildingwas
unknown. the The

originatedso
Greeks of believed

when

of a long ago that there are no records that ships were first built by the gods;
to

the world

owes
on

development
with
or

seafaring vessels
sometimes

the and with

Hellenes

themselves. with

They

improved

rafts and

dug-outs, by making
one row

sailingcraft

great row-boats
two,
one

flat bottoms, above and the

was

sometimes After

of the

oarsmen,

bank
were

sitting
made

the the

other.

during
rowers

time

of
even

Themistocles, larger
to

boats

number with
to

of tiers of

increased The entire and up

ten, who

made

their vessels
of

flyover
Piraeus

water

great swiftness.
the

eastern

portion of the peninsula

the and of the
western
commerce

devoted

the the of
and

large sheltered
Emporium.
the

ship-yards,navy, harbor, was given

The

citadel,while
to

and

upper
was

part, with
known
as

business foot of in

and and the

Agora
have
to

lay between
been fro
a or

the
scene

citadel
and

easterly shore
business
and
men

harbor;

it must

busy

merchants

porters,

workmen

passing
the
shallow

and

collected

little groups,

buying

or selling

talkingover
Across the eastern and market

their affairs. upper end with

was

of

the

harbor
was a

there

was

long wall
was

or

pier,and
used ami

shore, connected
Piranis with

it,there
a

which long portico,

well
as

for

along storing
torn

selling corn.
was

shipping

as

receivingport,
samples
had

this other shown

stored

products of home
one

and

foreign raising, There

were were

porof

ticos along the

shore, particularly
and

called
and

Deigma, where

goods

on

sale,

where,

also,bankers

money-changers

offices.

The

porticos

n8

Cities

of

the

Ancient
the

World.
and rather

and

squares The

were

spacious and
people mentioned
were

finelybuilt,but
thousand
as

streets

were

narrow

lected. neg-

population was
of often

several

probably,
of the the
west

but

this

was

included
was

among from
tended exother an-

the the

number

livingin Athens,
in the
name on were ran

for while

Piraeus

distinct

Asty,
so

both
as

included
a

capital. The
shore of the

fortifications

to

include

quite
the

strip of

land

harbor,
the

and

little
at

bay outside
of the
narrow

entrance.

There that

ancient between
set

sepulchres standing here, and

the up and
to

the

end

strip of land
Fount for the of

out
was

little bay and his

mouth

of

Piraeus

the

altar-like

Themistocles

by

respected his memory

he
was

great things he had

owed
to

done harbor

They countrymen. forgave his treachery after

gone.
a

The

Athenians
on

this

grand
monument.

him,

and

could

not

have

selected

better

spot

which

place his
land This

West

of Attica

an

irregularstripof
Peloponnesus.
isthmus which

connected

the

main
one

part of Greece
half of the and

with

large peninsula called

of it

comprised

almost

territory Corinth, they

come

Greece, and
was

but

for the

lay between midway

have been neck of land

the

gulfs of Saronica
the
to

surrounded entirely

nearest

together and

at

by water. point where

half

About the
to

between
seems

gulfs,where
the year

jointhe peninsula,
1350

stood B.C.,

the

famous

city of
of

Corinth.
was

It is said
a

founded Its
a

in about

but its time stood

a on
a

importance

dozen

centuries feet
to

later.

the Acrocorinthusy or citadel,

vast

great

almost rocky hill,

on

two

thousand

high;
make

ravine
most

separated it from

range

of mountains in of

the

citadel

Europe, beyond
Gibraltar." level of the At

north, and helped comparison with both

base of

it

"

the

gigantic
and hundred

natural tress forfeet full of and the

at

the
a

Acropolis of Athens rock, nearly two

four the miles in the
about

the

the

this, on
It
on

broad
was

above

the

isthmus, lay the city. It

amusements.
was

extent,
two
was commerce

people, wealth, business, and

it had
two

was

called

city of

seas,
on

harbors.
were

Lechasrem filled with it could

the

western
a

bay, and
great
of the

Cenchreas

eastern;
one

they
for

ships, and
not
was was across a

controlled the
a

part of Grecian

time,

although
of

claim in

importance
of which

port of Athens,

it had

flourishingtrade
and southern

its own,

and

favorable

place for the

trucks
was or

meeting of northern
the made inth Cor-

commerce. one sea

There
to

contrivance the

sledges for hauling

useful, and

galleys from
a

another

neck,
were

very

great stopping
used

place.
it situated

The

people
the

ingenious and
and of the

industrious,they amassed
much
to taste
an

great wealth, and

and

in improving liberally
at

beautifying the citywith

peninsula, it was
was

luxury.
of

Being
the

very

gate
war,

able

take

important part in the great Peloponnesean

state

which

between

Sparta, the

most

erful pow-

peninsula, and
for about

Athens. the

itself This

closely to Sparta, furnished

lasted Athenian

ing allylarger part of the fleet against the Athenians.

years, with it

Corinth

joined against the capital,and

began
soon

contest

twenty-seven
ended

after the

death

of

cles, Peri-

the

great

leader, and

the

fall of Athens.

And, although it

122

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World. Iliad,or Siege of Troy;

of those
most

capital was
from that
we

here, was
have in
ever

great figure in Homer's

poem

of the

so,

another works

part-legendaryrecord
of these
two

of the have

Grecian also
some

customs

far off

times, and
poetry that
On the for

the
was

writers

we

of the

beautiful

written.
coast

western

of

Peloponnesus
of all

there
to

was

state

called

Elis, which
as

was

brated celeof the

center

having

the The

greatest

temples

or Zeus, Jupiter,

and
was

the

scene

Olympic
of river very

games.
was

beautiful with
state

plain where

these

took and of

place

in about it the
never

the

Elis, it
active
to

dotted This

hills and raised

temple-groves,
sacred

Alpheus.
part

scarcelyanything
a

ran through importance, and

celebrated took
were

any
pelled com-

in Grecian their
arms

politics;it was
before
met

land

of

peace; when of

armies the
war.

lay down
games

passing through it,and

as

festivals The

were

held, members
of

of all the
at

States Elis

there

friends,even

in times

custom

holding the
the Greeks the
no

in honor

time
to

reckoned This has

years been
a

began in the year b.c. 776, and from that festival by Olympiads, or periods of four years from one
of Zeus

next.

very of

important feature

in

Greek had
at
a

history,because
been

before when

then
a

regular dated
was or

records

all the
as

circumstance

set

down, it was
year of
some

country's events having happened

kept;

but

now

particular time
All

in the
a

first,

second, third,
and and
tents

fourth

specified Olympiad.
sent

Greeks in the

took

terest deep in-

in these festivals;every state people gathered from far and all the

near

embassies, who came There by th6usands.

so

greatest
than

splendor,

were were

more

Olympia
and

could surrounding villages in

a

accommodate; plain was

as

buildings by
games dwell
a

erected, huts built,

pitched, and

few of

days
all

the

skirted
as

mushroom lasted.
on

city,active
Then it

bustling, with
for
to
none

tradesmen

kinds,
and

long

the

vanished,

except
"

priests,servants,
of

watchmen

might
mountains

the

ground consecrated
through the
at
some

the

father the Elis from the

to

gods

and

men." forth the of from the

to

Where

Alpheus
the
sea,

issues stood

wind

its

course

plain of
distance and and

temple of Zeus, the chief of the gods; it was

the stream; and sacred and from

the

righthand
was

it,stretching down Altis, the

countless

to

the

sea,

along

shore,
statues

the and the the

walled dedicated

grove

called and

place

of

festivals and
uary stat-

shrines, of

gifts,of treasuries
adorned is the wondrous with

monuments

figures commemorating
and colossal victors

victors; it was
inner shrine

by eminent
work

artists with of Greek the

marble

figures. In
their

sculpture, the
feet of which

figure of the Olympian

received
crowns.

Zeus, adorned
with and took
contests

gold and

ivory, at

Other while about

temples stood
auditorum

in the and
The

grove,

great

colonnaded
statues

and galleries
of
a

rich
were

porticoes, gathered
space
rounded sur-

baths,
in the

race-course

countless in open the

to

victors

vicinity.

games the

place
were

stadium,
men

great

open
so

by tiers of seats;
were

of any

rank,

long
and

as

they

born

Greeks, and

consisted

of

wrestling, boxing, jumping, running,

throwing

Sparta.
quoits
most

125
and chariot
races,

and

javelins.
to

There and

were

also

horse

races

that

magnificent
the he

animals the

finest
was

horsemanship
a

in the country.

The he the

displayed the only prize given

won

by

judges
had

conqueror
one

garland
treasures

of wild of token
was

olive; but
life. and then It have
was

who

this ft-lt of
the

that

secured of the the

of
to

the

greatest
this of

ambition
names as

noblest
as

youths
before

land

receive

simple
Elis.

their

proclaimed conferring
in

victor

great
his

assembly
and
was

He

looked took

upon

everlasting glory on
him

family
the

country; put
met

his fellow-citizens the

pleasure
and

paying
he
as turned re-

greatest
to

honor;
it

his statue

in

Altis,
with
a

or

sacred

grove,

when and

his native

city

people
his

him

triumphant procession,
in the he loftiest strains had
a

he

passed
From
seat

with that

through

the

streets to

praises were
of
some

sung

of

poetry.
front

time, according public gift of

the every
on

the

customs
a

states,

right to
from

the the

at

all
a

games money

and and

shows,
freedom
were

place by
from

the

king
laws

in

battle,and

city he
the
most

received The war-like

games,

all taxes.

greatest
of and

inducements Grecian

offered

by

the

of Sparta. in

This

was

nations, and
for

excelled its of 405

once men

all others

its attention and

to

exercise,

institution the

making
shore from

strong,

powerful
The

skillful warriors. fall of Athens, of and the the it

was

It

was

situated Greece called of

southern

the
to

peninsula, and,
371 ruled
B.C.

after

the

ruled also part It had cities other

for

thirty-four years,
Although
was

capital

state

was

Sparta.
it the

this

city
for

the
nor

Peloponnesus
the
way

greater
built. ancient

Greece,
not

not

famous

its appearance

in which which

splendid buildings nor

and it lacked the If the had
an

magnificent
luxuries had

adornments made their

have

for

other

were

renowned,

which deserted

attractive
homes

its rival cities in

parts of Greece.

inhabitants remained influence

was was

and

only

the

vacant

buildingsand
as

silent streets and

as

in it,one
as

would for

dreamed

of its having had

of

great

power

wide
or

Athens,
the

example.
due

Yet, after the fall

Athenian
was

rule, Sparta
like that of the
customs

Lacedaemon

leading state
who

in Greece.
to

Its greatness
and the

not

its great and

rival; it
the habits very with

its
a

militarypower,
times power the and

rigid laws

stitutions, in-

of

people

directed

all their
was

energies toward
carried
mi

being
two

supreme

in

war.

In the

earliest

government

by

kings,.who

ruled

together

equal

authority,

and

this

continued

through
who

the rule of fifty-seven pairs of princes. Finally,Lycurgus, the great law-giver, made of Sparta, was famous king, the reallymay be said to have founded state with laws the dissatisfied but he alone; for months. ruling Becoming only reigned eight the

of and

country

and

the the

way
world

in which

they
and
to

were

enforced,
the

he

kit

the

throne

to

others,

traveled
a

about

studying Returning

comparing
the

different nations, time

he
at to
once

and

ning planah-

model

government.

city after
most

some

the

whole
the

constitution,and
new

got

thirty of
The

the

prominent

citizens

help him
did
was

in
to

putting
form
a

laws

in force.

first and power

most

important
kings,
and

thin-

LycurgUS

senate

which

shared

in

the

of

he

had

with equal authority

126

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.
intended look after the

them. of both
met
now

This the and

body, kings
then

which the

had

twenty-eightmembers,
There
was

was an

to

good
or

and
to

people.
or

also be

which assembly of all the citizens,

accept
to

reject what
were

might
five had
men a

proposed
called

to

them

by the
every who these and

senate

kings.
the times

In addition

all
own

this,there number,
without
a new

Ephors,
of

elected

year in

by

people, from
ruled

their

who the

great deal
officers.

power,

later

Sparta themselves
next

other of the

Having
that nine

made

ments, arrangebe fectly per-

Lycurgus

made

division way of of

lands,
He
was

so

everybody might
thousand gave

equal in their possessions and

living.
which it
one

made the had

lots for the each

to
man

city and
or woman

thirtythousand
with
a

for the
one so

district these there

out
was

capital,and

family
no

of

lots; every
were no

just enough
in

property
so

live

comfortably, but
laws
were were

more,

that
to

poor

people

Sparta

long
and

as

these

in force.

In order

keep

luxury and used;

little tables
as

extravagance,
a

gold

and

silver coins

abolished, and
these coins
to

only
make

iron any

money

it took and

great

quantity
was

weight
and

of

value, very Sparta, and

buyina
were

selling
kinds
to

done,
one

only
ate

necessary
common

like beds, chairs, and articles,

at

manufactured.
coarsest

^ Every
or

in

public tables
sat

in
at

only
each five

the of

food in

were

allowed;
month
a a

about bushel

fifteen persons of
a

table, and
of

them of

had

bring
of
no

every and

meal, eight gallons

little money law
to

figs,and
and the

wine, buy flesh and

that but
a

pounds
The

fish.

cheese, two private houses

be
most

pounds
the

half

of

city were
the

very
axe,

simply built,the
doors of the
was

being
was

the
saw.

should ceilings

made

with

tool but

with

nothing
them

Among
the and
a

the

interestingand sickly and

boys,
As for
soon

toms peculiar cus-

Spartans
to

the

trainingof
strong
near were

children, which, though barbarous

All the called The all

and

cruel,
babies

intended thrown well

make
a

healthy.
mountain
to

deformed

were

into

deep

cavern

Taygetus, and
as

only the
as

strong
ten

and years

proportioned
had

infants

allowed

live.

they

were

old, were

placed in companies, where

their exercises and games

they were

kept under

the

same

order
were

and

and discipline,

together. work,
and

learning, they
was

only
make battle from

taught what
them the
an

was

absolutelynecessary;
to

their hard much

principaleducation
to

intended conquer. than

to

to

obedient

command,
showed

to

endure

fight and
be

In
run

Spartans
enemy. The

never

any

fear,and
country

preferred to
divided did

killed

^
population of the cityand
the Helots. The
were was

into three but

classes: govern the Helots

the the

Spartans,
state
were

the

and Periceci,
arts

first named

nothing

and
next

practice the
in

of war;

they
who

always
position
been

natives
as

of the

country;
The

Periceci
were

rank, and
besides

had

nearly the
nations

same

the

Spartans. by
time
customs

the all the As them of

slaves;
ing, farmthese
were

people
Helots

of other

had
to

conquered
other classes from
severe

the

Spartans; they

did
war.

being
Such

servants

the

and

helping them
to

in many

increased death.

in

number
were

they revolted
the

time, and
of the

of

put

to

simple and

inhabitants

Sparta,

EGYPTIAN

CITIES

OF

THE

NILE.

THE
is

granary downfall that the the earliest The of

true

of the

the Roman

ancient

world

from
was

the

time It is said
was

of

the

Jewish
and in

patriarchs
southwestern The

to

the

empire,
of of the which
was

Egypt.
world any divided

here,
to

Asia,
tion na-

history
of those

civilized
we

have

begun.
of

Egyptian
and Lower

have ago

certain into
two

records

government
and
most

cal politi-

institutions.
Both Lower is and The rooted here first extend

country
the

long
of the

parts,

Upper
the

Egypt.
and

along

region
to

Nile;

Upper
shore.

Eygpt
The the entire is said
most

being
earliest

southerly,
of the

Egypt
in the

reaching
Lower
two

the here

Mediterranean
was

history
ancient of been Africa

country

Egypt;
most

the cities

seat

of the

powerful

monarchies,
now

important by
an

of

continent
to

stand.* lished estab-

capital
Menes,

founded
at

Egyptian
four modern

king

have

Memphis,
This
a was

by
in the Nile

perhaps
the from

about site the hill of

thousand

years and the

was

before built
stream

Christ. upon of which

situated of land old

Delta, by
Menes the where the elaborate the and the

near

Cairo,
turned

huge
Nile
cut

tract

redeemed
course

river, who
into
was a more

main

the he

from
on

its purpose.

under the
to

Libyan
the site

westerly
off any for carry eleven The which the from the site
were

channel,
built up

At

point
secure

stream

turned from

he

strong

dikes,
this
course

and
was a

spared
very the

no

pains

of

his of into the

city

overflow. beside
a

Altogether making
a new

portant im-

and Menes
on

piece
old bed of of chains

engineering,
a

for
to
a

river,
lake
arch mon-

formed north raised

canal

to

safe miles had

quantity
below fine
a

of the natural

water

large
the

the

west

city.
new

About

great

dikes

walls

his

capital. mountains,
as

protections

in river

the and

Libyan
the

and

Arabian of these the

of much
cut

defense

against
of

the

inroads but

sand,
did
not

as

against

robbery
trade

and with

pillage
other

wandering
There

Asiatic
was

tribes;
direct

the Red

city
Sea,

off and

countries.

communication stood

with

the below

Mediterranean. broadened and Lower all says and above the

a

Memphis
the for miles

just

where passage

the between It An

valley

opening

to

Delta,
the

commanding
of the the

the whole and

Upper

Egypt
the space that

"

fitting place
about three around

capital
between

country.
the hills.

probably
ancient

occupied
historian

of

river

the

circuit

See

description

of

Cairo

and

Alexandria

in

"

Great

Cities

of

the

Modern

World."

TYPES

WD

COSTUMES

OF

I IRLY

GRECIAN

I.IKK.

A I on

phis.
three of
or a

i ;i

it

was

over

seventeen
was was

miles.

It
with

was

built with fortifications

enclosures, the innermost

sort

citadel; this

surrounded called the the

of

limestone, and

"White

Wall,"
sometimes

"the known

white
as

building," from
"

which

was capital

the but

City of
was

the White

Wall." called

Other

names
"

it

most
we

always
have the

Memfi,
the

the

also were given, place of good," from

which

Memphis.
space within fifteen-mile groves, of and circuit in
one was cupied oc-

Part

of

sacred by gardens, villas,

quarter
was rounded sur-

lay

the

great

Acherusian and of the

Lake canals.

Menes,
The lake the

which

by
the north distance
ran

meadows
west
"

probably lay on
river canal chief the
to
"

and away it
to

cityproper,
on

while

at

some

extended
a

the

east

side;
to

probably
temple
sacred been

from

large reservoir
shrine of

belonging
or

the where

of the

city,the
by Menes,
much

Ptah,
lived.

Vulcan,
This

Egyptian
built whose

bull called
to

Apis
or

is said

have

Ptah
a

Hephaestus, the
bull. It
was

spiritlived in
very of time

white

god of creation, tified enlarged and beauin the

by the
because

monarchs such
a

that

followed, and
notable travelers the time

course

and stately Grecian

building that
Herodotus of

it and

was

greatly admired
by Diodorus,
were

by the
visited with

who

it in about

Julius
in their

Caesar, and
own

familiar in Rome.

magnificentarchitecture
gateways
were

land the

and

Its massive of

covered

with

flat-looking sculptures
two

guarded by
were

mighty

statues

of One

were Egyptian graniteand limestone, which

art, and

about of

fiftyfeet high.
hollow the

of

these, the famous

so it,

sus Colosin

Rameses
a

II., is still in existence, lying on

its face be and

ined. exam-

the sand, with

dug

around

that

it may

Beyond
adorned
were

majestic portals were

set

vestibules

halls,
courts

with

statuary, and

with

shrines.

Outside

built

columns,
sacred and
The

adjoining with supporting the

was

lofty carved
roof.
In
one

figures in the
of in these

place of
or

Apis,
Rich

the

bull,

kept when
fine of

exhibited

public.

gifts
part.
memoration coma

thank
most

of offerings

sculpture adorned
was a

it in every of Sethos, He in

celebrated
of his

these

statue

victoryover
with this

mouse

in his be

hand,

the Assyrians. inscription: Whoever

"

held
sees
statue

ancient

egypti
was

AN

VASE.

me,

let him

pious."

Amasis,

too,

placed

colossal

here, which

sev

enty-livc

132
feet

Cities

of

the

Ancient
its

Wortd.

long, and
There
were

is famous
no

for its
statue

positionas
time

well

as

size; the figurewas

have been

represented as Egyptians
"

and reclining,

other many
most

of that

is known

to

placed in that way.

the ancient In

were

among

the

magnificent temples in people of antiquity. religious

other

the A

city,for

preacher distinguished

says:

Egypt life was the thing sacred; all that had life was in a way divine, the sacred ibis, life; death, too, was crocodile,bull, cat, snake, all that produced and all that ended
sacred. The

holy
The

animals

were

preserved
was

in

myriad heaps
to

through
of

generations in

mummy-pits. Egyptians
to
a

sovereign'stomb
deities the sacred
was seven

built forms.

last for One of

thousands the
most

years."
was

The posed supin tival fes-

had live

several in

in different

celebrated
at

Apis,

bull, which
close
to
was

was or an

kept and

worshiped
that of when in

Memphis
The

temple

of its own, of

which

either

adjoining
occasion

Vulcan.

in honor
came

Apis lasted
of their

days, and
streets to

hundreds
a

of strangers

to
one

the

city. Through
out

the

the welcome

priests led the bull

him smell
as

solemn

procession;
as near was

every
as

went

houses

he his

passed.
breath if

They pressed
When

they could, and would thought to give them the

were priests

have power
out

their of in

children

possible, for that by certain

believed As
soon

future foretelling of

events.

Apis died, some signs

pass
to
as

chosen sacred
creature

to

go

search
one

another, which
died the the divine

they knew spiritwas

find.

given
found

in the

books,
of

for when
same

Apis

into another
one

the

kind, which
upon

priests must
it to him
state

they
the

with after

all the

sacred him

marks there

it, they

took

Nilopolis, or
on a

the with Nile

City of
a

Nile,
cabin

and

keeping
to

fortydays, they put

conducted which
was

boat the him

golden
phis, Mem-

prepared
where he

receive
a

him, and

him very

in

down for

to

had

temple-home

comfortable of the ancient of time

beside tell
us

being
that

beautiful, with
the sacred books

large fine grounds adjoining. Some

historians that

lay
of

down

twenty-fiveyears
was

as

the
a

length
fountain

live,and
with
a

that when deal

at

his time

up,

he

was

led to
was

of the and
a

the Apis should temple and drowned sion proces-

great

ceremony. when of

His his

body

embalmed,
on a

grand funeral
followed
a

took dressed

place
in the

Memphis,
the

coffin,placed

sledge,was
hands

by priests
with
or

spotted skins
on

fawns, and
with natural
a

bearing
bunch

in their vine

staff entwined

ivy

and

ornamented the pomp

end
a

of

leaves, ivy, grapes,

was

ries. berand and

not

Sometimes buried with

Apis died
and
most

death, and

then, too, he
found.
a

embalmed
were

great
up

mourning kept only paid

dwelt actions Close this is
now

magnificent ceremonies; throughout all the city until another was

to

lamentations The and

made

Egyptians
omens

divine

honors

the him

animal, but
as an

considering that
were

wise

powerful god
that his

in

him, they
to

consulted
to

oracle, and
the of of
a

guided by the

were

thought
the called the

give.
of the

temple

livingbull, was
It consisted

place of sepulchres for those

group of carved

dead;
to

Serepeum.
reached

temples

dedicated called

ferent dif-

deities,and

was

by

an

avenue

large

figures

sphinxes.

Memphis.
It
was

133

very the

extensive, and
most

had

many of

distinct
was

parts,

remarkable

which

occupied by underground
mummies died from of all the
1400

tombs animals 175

filled with that had

sacred
to

about

about

b.c.

They
and

filled
some

and galleries of
or

many in

large chambers,
These fifteen

them

were

magnificent granite
were

coffins twelve bore it

was a

sarcophagi. feet high and

sometimes

feet

long, and

stone

tablet dedicated

to the bull which

enclosed, and
born he and
or was

telling in whose
was on

reign
at

he

discovered, who placed in the

the throne phis, Memdied.

when

temple
ruler the

in the time have

of what made

he

These

records

apis tablets
dates

very and

important in fitting together the

Other slabs
upon

sovereigns of the early Egyptian dynasties.

of historical
as

importance
of votive

were

placed

the tombs

a sort

offerings. About
discovered
were

thirty years
celebrated the
was museum an

ago

they
the

were

by

Frenchman,
of order of monks

and

removed Paris.

to

Louvre
or

at

There lived records

priestswho
the sacred duties.

in and

the

Serepeum,

keeping
been the

performing other religious

is said to have of the

Menes

teacher first religious and he also

primitive Egyptians,
the
custom

introduced
set

of

having

and feasts, and

luxurious

example magnificent houses.

to
a

the

of

having

According
historian

great
was

ancient
seat

Egyptian
five

Memphis

the for

of

early

dynasties,which
During
more

lasted

many

centuries.

this time the and more city grew palaces, public buildings, flourishing, temples, gates and porticoes of grand design and solid architecture and with in red
were

and

white raised

and and and

GALLERY
IN THE

yellow

stones

marbles

embellished

beautiful decorations
are

furnishings.

There

remains

showing

CHEOPS

PYRAMID.

1^4
these
bronze

Cities
deal

of
of

the
skill

Ancient
and

World.
had elaborate of their vessels of

people
and
customs

had

great

taste.

They
know
more

many

burial
An

than

costly articles of jewelry; but we of their every-day life. They

was

religion and
of death. and
a

lived

in the

contemplation
were

Egyptian's
Memphis
those world.
most not

coffin
was

made

in

his

lifetime;

his

ancestors

embalmed;
remarkable towered among the of

sovereign'stomb
of
was

built to

last for

thousands

of

years.

The

most

part

the and

necropolisor cityof
massive
are

the dead, in the center which for ages

to set

of which been

the pyramids, wonders

high

monuments

have

of
but
a

the the

There remarkable far from

to

seventy
are

of nine

them that

now were

be up

seen

in different the

parts
of

Egypt;

the
now was a

in

necropolis
of
an

Memphis,

place
as

Cairo,

called
to

Gizeh.

The

first act
"

Egyptian king, as
The tombs then finished like

soon were

he

came

the

throne,

begin building his

out

eternal

abode." and
or as

made partially
a

by digging
monument
was

chamber above. At

of
a

the

solid

rock,

by
the tended in-

making
entrance

huge
to
a

stone

first

slantingshaft
was as

opening,
the but ended

mine,
where and
be

sunk
or

in

the

solid

rock. and had

This
no

large
rock if the
as

monarch
at
some

to

have

his coffin
a

sarcophagus,
chamber the
a

rule the

of solid

length,

chosen with

depth, sculpture
could

square

was

made Now

in
at

and

highly finished
should the
was

paintingson
let down Over of in the the
out

walls.
stone

any

time,
so

king
he

die, his
work
on

remains his tomb

sealed chamber

coffin;but
his

long
the

lived rock

continued. the of

for

sepulchre
The

natural of

leveled square
was

off,and
blocks
open,
or was

building
after and

pyramid began
of the earth
monument

by laying
close

masses

masonry of the

and shaft each

stone, quarried
year year

by.
in

mouth and than in

kept
section that laid it
on

but

the

grew
a

height

breadth,
above blocks and

layer

of

stone
a

masonry of

being kept
At
cut

size broader monarch's from

that

it,so
were

always
an

pyramid
all four

huge steps.
were

the

death, long
summit the
to

each with

step, and
outer

surfaces

smooth

base,

touched mummied the

up

dressing of
monarch in the hollow and

masonry.

With and the

great ceremony

embalmed
was

and

body
and

of

the

in its

sculptured
of

painted sarcophagus,
rock. Then the

let down
was

shaft,

placed
had

chamber the
entrance

opening

carefullyprotected

by stonework,
and
amount
a

filled up. with

stone

door and

ornamented

The shaft opening faced the north, Egyptian sculptures and hieroglyphs. The
even

of labor
a

skill it

required to
the wisest way

build but

the work

simplest
of the

of these

monuments

has is
a

been of

mystery
and

to

all

people

of later ages; and

the

Great

Pyramid

piece
derment woner cov-

engineering that
awe.

fills even This

most

learned any

of modern of the
to
a

engineers with pyramids.

a

is in every and its the

larger than
The in

other
at

It of

twelve hundred

acres

and

ground, eighty feet above

to

of

slantingsides
base. Cathedral
one

come

point
the
on was

distance in the

four

Washington
Europe,
the
are

Monument

United

States, and

next

that the started

Cologne
with other

only
the

loftier structures usual

in the world.
was

It
to

was

underground
before

chamber
monument

plan,

but

it

necessary

make

eight

rooms

finished,to

relieve

Memphis.
the

137
noble
monument

bearing
for
was or

of

the great

masses

of

stone. two

This

is said Christ.

to

have His

been
phagus sarcoond, sec-

built

king Cheops,
not set

who

died

about

thousand
was

years

before

in the

first chamber, which

which

almost and the

feet long, nor fifty built

center

in the

''queen's chamber,"
a

is rather that and

smaller

in

the

pyramid itself;

but

in

third

room,

lying beyond

occupying

of the great monument.

THE

ROCK

TEMPLE.

It is reached
in red

by

an

inclined

passage after
a

that short

ends

in

level the

corridor, beautifully finished

granite,and
here would

opening
have
or

distance those

upon wonderful

place of the royal sepulchre.

old builders and and masonry south had
to not

The
two

heat small
are

been

if stifling

extended

air-channels about nine

chimneys through
square,

the
to

stone

the

surface;

they

inches

leading

the

north

sides, and

giving

138
perfect
hundred ventilation. thousand
men

Cities

of

the
about

Ancient

World.
and it is believed work that

Cheops

reigned
upon

fifty years,
were

so

the
a

employed

his tomb

at kept steadily

for half

century.
The second

great pyramid
we are

stands

on

higher ground
six others

than the have

to

the third

it was first; is
over

built

for

king Suphis II.,who,

feet since

told,reigned sixty-six years;

there
are

two

hundred in who silence built ties, par-

high,
two

and

beside years

that

that

stood

here

thousand

before the

Christ, bearing testimony

customs

the

skill of those

them, Egypt.

and

treasuringup
scenes,

pictured

of past ages.

The

sculptures represent
of

boat

fishing, fowling,and
of

other

ordinary occupations
after
as

daily life
was

in ancient

The

art

embalming
seem

or

preserving the body

believed
or

death
one

invented his soul

to

by
went

the
on

Egyptians.
a

They
and

to

have

that
ten

as

soon

any

died

long journey,
dwell in it

that

after

three
reason

thousand

years the

it would

return

the

body

and

again.
in

For

this and

they preserved
that

body by removing
After in linen

certain
was

parts and

putting
in carbonate The best

spices
of soda

salts

keep
and

it from
was

decaying.
up
to

that, it
cemented

steeped
gums. dollars

for seventy about

were as

days,
much

wrapped
be

by
inals, crimfor

process but and

cost

as

would than

equal
home

hundred thirty-five

of
were

our

money;

there

cheaper
were

ways often

this, for
at

all
or

classes,even
in

embalmed,
before the of

their bodies in the

kept

public places
Nilometer in the

some

time One

being placed
celebrated and

sepulchre.
was was a or

reallyimportant objects in Memphis

the

measurer

of the

Nile,
Some
was now

which

the height of registered say that upon this

was

river, and
it
was

held

charge by
firstthat built the site oppodition con-

special officers.
was ever

historians the model stands

near

movable;

probably
when

built,and
which Cairo.
now.

which

later architects

improved

they
of Rhoda

Nilometer Old

the site of the ancient and the island

are

cityon

the island and

Both

the
was

measurer once a

in

ruined partially abundant rushes. found

neglected
Arabs

There

beautiful and

garden here, with

Pharaoh's
out

water, tall palm trees,

The Moses with the
a

rich-colored it
was

Egyptian
the reeds Near
"

plants
the

thicklygrowing graceful
that

say

that

among basket. called

of Rhoda

daughter
there end of
a

floatingin the
smooth white is situated used In the is feet

wicker

spot

they point
At the It is made into which

is of

tall oalm the island

or

trunk,
be

Moses' of
a a

tree." house. and

southern up the

Nilometer which

in the
to

garden

square
waters

well
come

chamber,
from
A

covered there
to

by
is
a

dome,

Nile

below. cubit
measure

center

slender

pillarmarked
inches. about On

off into each side and

seventeen

cubits.

equal
square, arch

about there

fourteen is
a recess

of

the

well, which deep;

run

is about is covered the upper At

eighteen by
the
a

six feet wide much like

three that God

each around

pointed
of criers
one

bearing an risingNile
out

inscription very
all relate the Nile
to

those

part of the
season

chamber; they
the
sent

the

"water
have

sent

by

from
most

heaven."

measurers

always
the

been

carefullywatched,

and

through

the

cities to

proclaim

level reached

by

the

flood.

Every

is

Memphis.
eager
to

139
the whole year

know, for the

Nile has draws been

condition

of

the

country

for

depended

upon

the

inundation. The called

Egypt's great
nourishment.

artery

of the

existence, through

which

the

sandy country

life and the

cover

During
and

spring

and

summer

months

waters

the
sweet

gradually rise hard, dry banks

water
a

with
The in the

great

lakes. takes nourish

to

earth,
moisture
trees

like

sponge,
to

enough
a

for and

year

and

supply the growing

season

crops

all the

other

thingswith
past. baked
could wonder wither months have like of
cause

life till their the it

seems

is
so

Then that
ever

soil becomes
as

if

nothing
it is
not
a

grow the die.

again, and
tall But in

that and the

come

palms do
a

few

life-giving
all is of the

waters

up, and

changed
greatest
is the

magic.
the

One

earth's

mysteries
for unknown
more

of this river's
a

rising ly regularages,
a a

once

year

and

not

varying
in the in the

than and

few few

iiSifi

hours inches At the

time

height of
at

its floods. Rhoda the it last three the

a

Nilometer
to

begins
week months

rise

during
in

in

June;
is

about

it is at its

height,and
into with

country

transformed dotted with

about

placid lake,
cities and boats

dyked sailing
The
MUMMY
IN

towns,

numberless
or

darting
remains

calmly in many
MUMMY.

directions.
at

flood twelve

its it
a

height for

COFFIN.

days;
soon acres

then like

begins
with

to

go down,

and

the

Nile

valley is
and

lovelygarden,

with

stretches Indian
corn

of

cornfields,
and

deep green

clover

meadows,

covered

high-grown

beans,

140
and
waters

Cities
with with

of

the

Ancient

World.
of acacias

sugar-cane

cotton,
teem

palm-trees and fish,and

ancient the the

groves

lying

between. geese

The
swarm

sweet,
its

soft

white

ibis,quail,pelicans, and
and the river be vultures.
waters
a

banks,
It is not

from suffering occasionally

visits of cormorants

strange

that

the

people, when
have
a

they
or

saw

bring about

this it
so

beautiful
was

change year
that

after year, have them

should believed

thought

the

sacred in

natural other

many

they should things that did

genius
and

to spirit

thing; and this,as well as in

there
was

good

or

evil.

So, among
for whose

their

divinities

the

god Nilus,

to whom they paid great honor temples along the flood-swept banks
was

worship they
stream.

built

lared statelypilheld the

of the

mighty
then

Memphis
honorable wealth and
once

not

always capital
a

of

the

Egyptian dynasties.
and
or

Other
600

cities

position

for about

thousand the the

years;

in about

B.C., the called

not

old-time

importance
more

revived, and
his power
court at

king
ancient

held the lost

pharaoh, as he was capital. This was

for of many the and

brews, by the He-

for

long, but
afterward that

it

brought
continued

back
to

of

the

beautiful

city,which
Several

centuries

flourish

in wealth centuries

and
were

magnificence.
ruled

dynasties
held their broadest into
on more

ished flour-

during these
Thebes,
the Nile
one

ten

by Upper
times. midst and

Egypt,
It

capitalat
section of

of

the

grandest cities of ancient

river
now

valley,the
which
are

flowing through
marked Habu farther the

the

lay in the dividing it

and Luxor
was

four the

principal
east

quarters,
and that

by the villagesof Karnac

on

bank,
than of
two

Gournah of

and

Medinat and
seems

west.

The
secure

location from

central enemies the

Memphis,
The site

being
hem

south,
nature

it

was

the

northern

Egypt.
chains

marked in the
a

by

for the the Nile

capital city of Upper

sweep
ten

Egypt;
sides and divided

of hills which
on

valley of
circular

away miles

on

both across,

return

again

the the

north, leaving
broad

plain
on

about

almost In the

equally by days
the of its whole
to

river, and
have

protected
its been walled before

the

north
or

by

narrow
seems

entrance. to

with magnificence the city,

necropolis
in the from birth

cemetery,

have

covered

plain, and
have
a

to

the of the

inundations

by
would

embankments. have and made it

It is said

been

in existence years
"

Menes, which capital.

From

something
arose

like

thousand
sources

old when

it became

Its power about stood

prosperity
to
1000

from
or

three

trade, manufacture, and

of the

religion.

1500
at

b.c,

during the eighteenth,nineteenth, and

and the and prosperity,
was one avenue

twentieth
most

dynasties,it important
the Arabian it the
a

the world. Red

height
Its

of its power

cities of the

position
and the
to

on

Nile,
of

near

the

great

through
Western
caravan

hills to the
common

Sea,
for

the

interior trade
on

Libya through
one on

the the

Desert, made
trade also in with the

station

Indian

the

side, and
the of the

districts the

yieldinggold,
mines which with any the

ivory, and
thread open the

aromatic limestone of the

herbs,

other;
Red

it

was

of vicinity

borders

Sea; all these

a

advantages, combined
seat

highway

river, joined,in making

third

greater
b.c,

of trade the
new

here

than

other

place of ancient

Africa, until the

century

when

city of

Alexandria

Thebes.
turned the of into another
was an

141
Thebes in also
a

stream

commerce

channel.

was

celebrated

for

its linen of the

manufacture,

which
to to

important fabric

Egypt,

because

large

number

people belonged
which
was

the
use

hood, priestwoolen and taglios in-

forbidden

garments.
made and

The in

glass, pottery,
Thebes the
were

highly
workmen
must

prized,
or

beside thus

many

artisans been
a

employed

there

have

great many

others

ing, in buildvast

decorating, and
number of

repairing the
with very which

great edifices
Another

the tion por-

citywas
of

filled. the

large
this

Theban

population
all

were was

priests and
the and for

their

attendants, for

religiouscapital for
at

Egyptians,
The entire mile of

times the

Ethiopians also, who

Ammon. of mile after

worshiped

god
up

city was
large
and and

made

magnificentbuildingsfor public and secular use. religious private,

Homer
"

Although
capital
hundred The
as as

described

the

great
a

or ITecatompylos," having

gates, it was
were
as

not

walled and stood

city.
stately
in the

gates

massive but

city gates probably,

of

enclosures Each

temples
it is
a

and

palaces.
its
own

temple,

believed,had
thick which within

circuit, generally,
with

brick-laid wall,
were times some-

strong

gateways,
one

arranged
that than outside the inner
or

another,
The

being considerablylarger
enclosure.
as we

army say, in
an

quarters,
were

barracks,
too

would laid

fortified massive from the for

with

walls
and

strong
incline

blocks,
the

having
level
to

STATUE

OF

AMENOPHIS

IV.

ground
The

the of Thebes its

was

top of
world
more

rampart.
many

grandeur
other

celebrated which
were

throughout
more

the

ancient and off

things, but
than in

chieflyfor
any

temples,
The

numerous

magnificent

place.

center

of the

city was

marked

142
in

Cities

of
long

the

Ancient
miles
or

World.

an

oblong
almost

about there

two
was

miles
a

and

four

broad,
palace
of
at

which each

was

the the

sacred four the

and

royal quarters;
and
avenues

sumptuous
of

temple
and The of

of

corners,
ing connectat
now

continuous that bordered

on

lines the the

large

magnificent buildings lining grandest

the the

oblong.
left bank
over

temples
the which It stood

was

situated Karnac enclosed

some

the
is.
a

north-east It covered of the it to

corner,
a

river,where

villageof
was

great square

thousand fifty
a

yards around,
colossal

by

wall

unburnt

brick,
there

and
was on

occupied by
an avenue

built-up platform.
with these writer

distance

from from Ammon

river,but
a

lined At

ram-headed
a

sphinxes leading
says, the devotee and
to

flight of

steps

the from

bank.
some

steps,

of

would awe, would

land, perhaps

distant the
to

and city,

filled with

amazement

ious religstill is

slowly walk
of and in the

along
main

between
entrance

majestic and
the
two

tranquilsphinxes
This colossal but

the

more

majestic gate
three the hundred

building.
hundred

entrance

about

sixtyfeet
the
a

long,
is of in

and

nearly

high, Beyond
the

without

tures; sculp-

great

door

middle range

sixty-fourfeet high. pillars, running

of
a

this

door-way lay
and

large court, occupied by

to two

down

middle,
or

ending

opposite through large

is

colossal after has

a

statues
a

front

second

propylon,
steps, the
covered famous
on

grand entrance,
visitors reached with
a

which,

ascending
flat stone This hundred is the and of the

flightof twenty-seven completely great pillaredhall, the building in

of the nine down is

hall which of the

roof, and

all sides

tures sculpit

deities.
one

of Karnac; hyfiostole

supported by
across

there mighty pillars, forty-four

being
There

sixteen is also

columns
a

running
row

the

breadth

parallelrows.
the the
center

double
were

formed
to

of twelve

larger columns, running

the

of the of
was

hall.

These the

designed
roof,

support
window and

highest parts
were

roof, in
the distance
rows

sides there

which,
a

above
court

main
a

small

lights
recessed

cut.

Beyond
The direction

hall

back
was

with
a

statelyportico
and broad aisles

door-way.
in the and other

across

the

hall

about

dred hun-

feet, while fifty

three
outer

of

lofty sculptured pillarsmade

alone, plan
main
"

hundred

feet long. fifty

more

The
acre

hall of

without the

counting
form of
an

the long, ob-

porticoes and
for the

courts, covered

than often and

"

an

ground,

in of

oldest in The

Egyptian
than in

architects

followed

the

making
in covered

their
one

ings buildof the

greater

width

length,
of

of

placing the
Temple
his

entrance

long
and

sides.

substantial

walls the

the

Karnac the

were

with

reliefs

relating to inscriptions
Seti. In
some

exploits of
the

great
and

Eygptian kings, Rameses

hosts
one a are

II., and
of down

his father other

trees

pictures battles,and
for his

monarch

making conquests
are

nations, winning
to

gathering
and

spoils; in
of in the

the

people
and

cutting
to

open

passage

armies,
were

another

shows

triumphant
arts

return

Egypt
senting repre-

with

many
the

captives.

Then
an

there artesian united many

scenes

peaceful

home-work,
mines of the

sinking
canal
one

of

well the

to

aid
to

working
Red

the

gold
to

south,

and

cutting the
This
was

which of the

Nile in

Sea. dedicated the great

but

temples

Thebes,

god Ammon,

144
stands.
entrance

Cities
This
was a

of

the

Ancient

World.
courts

was

sublime
two

stone

with edifice,
two

loftygateways,
hundred in front.

and and
over

halls.

The

through
two

pyramid-like gates,
*

feet wide

feet fifty tall stone and

a

high, with
shafts
woman.

lofty obelisks
gateway
there

of
were

red
two

granitestanding
immense red

Between of

the
a man

and

the The

granite statues,
were

propylceaand
the

the of
some

noble

pillared hall beyond

ancient monarch in of

adorned
over
an

with

sculptures
enemy, which

representing
battle
scenes,

triumph

Egypt

Asiatic

hunting
side of

scenes,

and
was

other
a

events

militaryor
or some

from every-day life,

it is believed From foot the of

a

that this structure the Luxor

state

palace sphinx
a

important
led to the
to

public building.
at
on

west

hall the
was

avenue

river,where,
steps

the the

grand staircase,there
There,
a

probably
of the the

ferry leading
the of

similar

opposite bank.
across as

continuation

dromo, called

Royal Street, extended

what is
now

the Medinat

western

portion of the city to

These its
were a

group the from

buildings at
southern

known

Habu.

temple,
scenes

magnificent
that

palace-temple of large district

residence
was

Rameses

III., with
of

splendid battle
of Theban but
a

king's history. A
was

lying south
the
more

this group
was

palaces and

temples, which
or

probably

the

of

monarch,
than

the

vast

Necropolis,
went to
a

city

of of

the

dead, which
hundred

not

only
From

five miles Habu there

across

in
was

extent

depth

several

feet.

Medinat
street

almost
western

continuous

line of the
a

temples and
where the

public edifices lininga

that
was

ran

the

part
from it

of
ran

city,to
dromo

village of
the

Kurneh of

is. the

This sacred

opposite Karnac, royal quarter

western

and

which

completed
the Abode he sank many
western

square

and

of Thebes.
was

The who Hills.

whole
was

quarter
to

known the
sun

as

Pathyris, or
in her
arms

of

Athor, the goddess

the

believed
was

receive into

as

behind

Libyan
spacious river,
the
row nar-

It

divided embellished

several

quarters,
statues.

built

up

with the

lofty and
bank

buildings,and
at
a

with
a

immense of hills

From

of the

point above
the

Karnac,

range
a

to the north-west, began, which, bending slightly

skirted

Pathyris with

beautiful

background
the tomb of

of

green.

In ancient and

their

side

toward
a

city were

numberless

temples, palaces, public buildings and

was

dwellings; in
beyond
These
or

valley above
some

Medinat-Habu of the

the the

queen;

the

ridge,
tombs

at

distance retired
out

north and the

busy part of the town,

sepulchres of the Theban

the

rulers
are

fill a hewn

sheltered

valley called
most

the

"Gates and
were

of

Kings."
chambers

of

rock, for the

more

part,
the

great

vaults

in the but like

mountain them

sides, far
but

simple than

pretentious pyramids of
vast treasures

Memphis;
on

filled with

sculptures and

hieroglyphs,where
discovered. the
most

of

knowledge

tian Egypwith the

history have
the ancient

latelybeen dynasties

Among
and

the
most

many

kings
was

associated Rameses

Theban

famous

powerful

One
"

of these Cities

obelisks of the

was

removed

to

Paris

by Napoleon,

and

set

up

in

the

Place

de

la Concorde.

See

Great

Modern

World."

Tanis.
the Greek

147
He many

Great, whom
in the

historians
B.C.

called

Sesostris. have
never

reigned

for

nearly seventy

years and

fourteenth wonderful the

century

The of of
to

Egyptians
which and he

legends of his conquests heroes, Rameses

and Numa he
was

tell many ramis of

some

stories

deeds

did; but, nevertheless, like Semiancient II. did of the and

to

East, Theseus enough

of ancient into he
as one

Greece,

other

form permost

feats great
men

give
He

him has

undying fame,
been called that the while

make

him of Rome eager

one

celebrated of and who

to to cut

times.

Napoleon

France make looked have have

blended

character, because
made generous

gain territory
He is said

conquests,
upon him

also
a

plans for the

wish slightest the
was

private rights of the people,

a

sovereign whose
equally divided
for the

supreme

law.

and systematically made in be

as

and Egyptian territory, would for the receive commercial

in his tax the

system
He

allowances many

canals
to

directions

injury that property and for watering crops damage

vast

from

Nile. and

uses,

caused He
was

dykes
a

built to well
as

protect

cities from he with and subdued his

during
and

rising of the river. powerful nation conquered

the of

warrior

king;

Ethiopia, another
army Sea. navy With Red

ancient

Africa; and
other beautified another where work

going
his

eastward

Libya, Persia, and

these
wars

countries

beyond

Syria
marshaled

the many his

spoils from Egypt

of and

he On

capital,and
successful
to

adorned

other into with

cities of

both

Ethiopia.

expedition he
also he
was

host

Cyprus, Phoenicia, Assyria, and

large bands captives, whom
state, and
of
on

Media,
he
set
ments monu-

and and
s

returned other
own

to

on

temples
and when

Ammon
to

deities,on

palaces for the

was

statuary
whole

Rameses'
were

glory.
by
a

It

the

golden
that

age

Egyptian
since have is

tecture, archi-

acres

covered embellish itself

we a are

singlebuilding,when
and
courts

pillarsand
never

obelisks been made

were

raised
"

by

thousands

to

halls told.

have

equaled
the

not

even

by Rome
ever

They
round

were

structures

that that and

were

country

famous

since

for

style of architecture
in

erection

colossal,
of

massive, and
avenues

grand,
and

with

towering heights, huge

seen

pillars,long

nades, lofty colonfar ahead

our

halls,ornamented
ever

sculpture and
other Greeks

paintingsthat
taught
what

anything that had

would and
seem

been

in any the

country
have

before, although
us

to

eyes

they
of
art

stiff and likeness had also

crude, because
to
a

real

beauty

the

true

nature

is. in Lower necessary broad

Rameses

residence
soon

Egypt, for with his

to

vast

kingdom,
he

surrounded
in the

by warlike
so

enemies, it
to

became

have

northern of

stronghold

Delta;
a

in addition lower
seasons

the
at

powerful
For the and any

city in the
some

valley

Thebes,
court
was was

established
not

sort
at

of in but
war

capital
of there the

Tanis.

time, however, the monarchy

the the
were
same

held

here
at

all

peace,
was

splendor of the
on

still centered
the

Thebes;
were

when with the

disturbance in the of

the

Syrian frontier,or
became
at

king's hosts
it
was

at

countries

north,

Tanis

royal residence;
time
sure

nearer

than be

capital to the

scene

operations, and
While enemies

stood
to

too

far

inland in it

to
an

easilyreached

by the enemy.

almost

discover

148
awkward for army
on an

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.
found
as a

obstacle

againstinvasion,the Egyptian king

as

it

equally good
which of

as

station
set out

stores,

headquarters
the
east

for

reserve

forces, or

post from

to

expeditionto
was

and

north-east. with
tents

During
mustered

the

warlike of the

reign
had
a

Rameses,

the

Bucolia the

frequently march,
of
or

covered gay

the of
was a

forces

king getting ready for powerful and

cellent ex-

forward

the

quartered army.
composed
of

Egypt
and

which militaryorganization, of thousands foot-soldiers armed close

horses

chariots, and

hundreds

with

helmet, spear,
dense An
acres

coat-of-mail, shield, battle-axe,

and of with
over

and club, javelin,

dagger

for

fightingin
in open

array, army of he

bows,
four land

arrows,

and sand thouman,

slingsfor skirmishing and

men was

conflict
a

order.

hundred
to

supported by
could

fixed in

portion of six
times of peace;

untaxed could
not

each any

which

the
or

soldier

cultivate

but

follow

other

business

occupation
took and

Rameses have
statues

great

pains to

set

up

temples and

beautiful

buildings in Tanis,
of his armies The and
was

and

to

lofty obelisks
in the

raised

describing the conquests

the made

tion posiwith

of his the

dynasty

figures either in stiff positions. legs and arms

surface and had and and
an

historyof Egypt and the world. standing bolt upright,or kneeling on

The shows work that
was

statuary

with the both knees, or sitting always finished with remarkably fine tools the
must
same

clean-cut excellent

lines,which

the

have

been

well
no

tempered
tive perspecand

edge.
were

Egyptian
The modeled
were

paintingshad
colors
were

with stiffness,

little The the

light and
wall

shade.

brilliant

red, black, yellow, blue

or

green.

columns

after the

Egyptian palm,
from the grace
to

the

full-blown of the

papyrus famous

plant, and
the used with

decorations the
as

copied
was a a

and the

beauty

or lotus-plant, lilyof

Nile.

It

religious symbol
part
of their in tombs, of many of the

people, who
the all matters

venerated it
was

plant and
in death with

held

it and

belonging
other

to

sacred and

giftsfrom
in

gods;

sacrifices
or

holy ceremonies,
a

connected
nection con-

another

life; it was
Nile the and of

symbol
the
season

great
sun's

things,especially in
full power.
was on

the

rise of the that

This

lotus the

has

no

connection

with

fabled

"lotus-eaters,"which
Morocco,
1100

probably
the northern

shrub of

called Africa.
was

jujube, growing
In

still in

Tunis, Tripoli, and

the Thebes It
was

coast

the

Twenty-first Dynasty, about altogether from

to
a

year With
we are

B.C., the

scepter
one

of

Egypt

transferred

Tanis.

this

change
Thus

of the affairs of

greatest

epochs in ancient

historybegan.
united had
two

time,

told, when

the

Egypt,
second
a

Assyria, and
it the

Israel

into

one

stream

of universal

history.

Tanis, the Scripture

In

city of Zoan,
was

national

capital and
of
son

under the Egyptian kings. periods of power an beside. important commercial center Western Asia
was

the
was

It

time and

of peace, after him

of arts, and ruled

gathering wealth.
Solomon,
further
"

conquered by David,

by

his of

the

during

many and

years the

Tanis prosperity,
east

peaceful," who developed such

it enriched

made
a

an ally of Egypt. Then, large trade with the kingdom

of Israel

countries

that

the whole

nation.

The

citywas

Heroopolis
"

Peltcsiu

m.

149
tribe of from Arabians the who invaded

founded the Nile

by

the

famous
about

Shepherd
2050
b.c.

Kings, They
cities

or

Hyksos,
the

country in
of the

entered
as

Delta

east,

taking possession
1900

country

and

founding

they passed along.

fortresses beside

First,they conquered Tanis; in about

Lower

Egypt, where
and for about the
At

they built other

cities and

they conquered the Thebes,

centuries
land of ruled

cityof
four whole

Egypt.
overcome

length
by
his

they Ahmes,

were

who
over

celebrated
the

victory
invaders Theban 1500 and

foreign
the in about

by

founding

Monarchy,
b.c,

whose
was

splendor

power

the

glory of
tant impordences resi-

ancient One of

Egypt.
of the the of
most

northern the

Shepherd
the
was

Kings

was

Heroopolis,

City of Heroes, which

a

frontier Red

town

at

the

head

of the of

Sea, in the land

which
Nile

Goshen,
the

lay

tween beand

Delta due where

or

Syria.
of
most

Almost

north the

Heroopolis, easterly
of the

Pelusiac

branch into the famous

Nile

emptied

Mediterranean, the
maritime
the It
to
a

city of key
of

Pelusium,

Egypt,
the

stood. road

lay upon

great

Palestine,
plain that
BUST OF RAMESES II.

commanding
was so

narrow

from
no

north could
were

to

south

that

invader

safelypass
the

into

the

Delta; and

south

of

ous it,at vari-

points along the Memphis,

beside many

river others

great
note.

cities of Thus

Tanis, Buvastis, Heliopolis, and

it
was a

of lesser

depot for Eastern

trade,a

150
port of the
maritime which the and Great

Cities
sentinel It
was

of
at

the

Ancient

World. Nile, and

well station
a

Sea,

the

entrance

of

the

between

river traffic.

built,and substantially
the

guarded,

populous city,
have canals it
was

prophet Ezekiel
also called
a

called

Strength of Egypt.
near

Heliopolis,
been built
on

On,
or

stood raised
so

the

point of the Delta, and

lakes Thebes
was

is said

to

large mound
It had it
was

site,with large
of the
as

that
or

were even

fed

by several
but

lying before Egyptians

the sun" and wisest

it.

not

nearly
Abode

Memphis,

finelybuilt,and
called
was

great
or

celebritybecause
the

it

the

capital of the
the
name

sun-god.
"

The

On,
to

Sun, while
This
was

Heliopolis
of under schools
went

or

cityof
the

given

it
men

by the
of the

Greeks. time
was a

the
to

Athens

Egypt,
the
or

where

most

learned the the

used

to

gather

study
the

priests of the colleges were

great deity. Moses,

so

prophet,

student

there, and
chief
was

famous

that the

even

great Grecians, Solon, Thales, and

Plato

there
at

to
one

study.
time,
ple. tem-

Manatheon,
and It and

writer then

of the

Egyptian history,was
father-in-law
an avenue were

priest of Heliopolis
at

long before
was

of of

Joseph

the the
are

head

of

the

renowned
of the

reached the
entrance

by

sphinxes, from
tall obelisks them and The is still
was same

north-west
now on

gate
the

city,
ble nota-

before
monuments

there world. in all the

two

that

among the

most

in the the of oldest the of

One

of

standing by
or

ancient

site.

It

is

said to be second

country,

raised curious

in honor

of Osirtasen made

I.,
of

king
on

Twelfth the

Dynasty.

inscription was
into the

in heiro-

glyphs

each

four

sides; it has

been

translated

following lines

English:
The The The Hor of the

Sun,
who upper
are

life of those

born,
and lower"

King
Lord

of the

land,

Kheper-ka-ra;
The The The of the Double who
are

Crown, born,

life of those
son

of the

sun-god, Ra,
of On, spirits

Oristasen;
The Ever The The The friend of the

living: golden Hor,

life of those who
are

born.

good god,
executed the the this work of the of

Kheper-ka-ra,
Has In He

beginning dispenser

thirtyyears'cycle,
evermore.

life,for

Bubastis
eastern

was

in the

Delta, about
Nile. It

midway
was

between

Heliopolis and

Tanis, and
after

on

the

bank

of the Pelusiac

among

the first cities founded

Memphis,

Bubastis.
until about it followed raised river.

151
1000

but

it did

not

grow

to

great importance
seat

B.C., when It
was

Tanis

as

capital and
sacred She
was

became

the any

of

the

twenty-second dynasty.
the
was

ments by embankThe

higher than
.

other Ba-hest

place above
or

inundations the
same

of
as

the

city was
her, and

to

the

goddess
the says

Bast, which
as a

Pasht, the goddess of fire.

were

represented in statuary
was

lion-headed

figure. Cats

sacred

to

Bubastis Greek in the the

great

burial-place for cats,

other
so

writer

that while
was none

ancient An for bulls. as was Memphis temples might be grander, and might have cost more
to

building,there
as

pleasant
in from up

eye

that the

of

Bast.

It

stood

the all

middle

of

city, in plain sight city had

the
so built,

quarters,

for the

been

raised
was

by
left

embankment,
where down reached it
was

while first from

a

temple
it could
town.

be

looked It in
was an

upon

any

part of
road

by

paved
the

that another

led

easterly

direction

from place. marketwas

temple,

straightthrough
This about and
was rows

entrance

four

hundred
on

feet both

wide,
sides
trees.

lined of the formed

by

very

high

Except
whole Two the of the

entrance,
an

the

island. from side

artificial channels

Nile,
the

one

on

either

temple, encompassed
the These
a

building,leavingonly
passage.
were

entrance

channels feet shaded

cut

each
were

hundred

ANCIENT

COINS.

wide, and
with the

thickly
The

trees.

gateway

was

sixty feet high,

that covered

and the

was

ornamented low wall The in

vast

with

figures

upon

stone,
the Bast

something
to
"

like those with

long

skirting a grove yearly festival Egypt.

numbers
some a

within
in honor

which of

temple stood
is said

its sacred been better

women

image
come

of the

goddess.
any

have Men

attended

than

other

The in the

old each
men

Greek

historian
of

said,
the

and with of the

sailingall
which the

together,

boat, many
their hands. is used

women

castanets,
voyage,

they
others

strike,while

of

pipe during the whole

At up

time

and the

sing and
of the

make

clapping
More The

with

Bubastis
at

they celebrate
in

feast with
the

abundant

sacrifices. year beside.

grape-wine

this festival than

all of

rest

152
number is not of and the

Cities
who

of

the

Ancient
said to be

World.
hundred

men

women

attend

are

seven

thousand, and

this

counting
the

children."
or

Under Lower
on a

Twenty-fourth Dynasty,
was

in

about

the

year of

660

B.C., the It stood due

capital of the
in the
west

Empire
western
now

transferred of the the

to

the

celebrated the

city

Sais. about

Delta,

branch stands
stone

river called
town

Canopic

branch,
or

of

Tanis,
from
as a

where
some

modern

of

Sa-el-Hagar,
seat

Sa

of

the

Stone, named

modern

building
as

in the the

neighborhood.
of the

The

city was

chieflyfamous Egyptian
the flood the outside

great
Sais

religiouscapital,and
was

last

independent
it above

Government.

built that made

with stood it
a

massive temples, great palaces, public buildings, upon

an

walls, and
of river. the

stately
the

gateways,

embankment

that vessels
a

raised

high
Like

Nile, and
many and
at

conspicuous sightto
the
was

soon

after and

they

entered canals for

a

other
one

cities end

of there

country
a

it had

fine lake

many

walls;
was

large, strongly fortified enclosure

The the

citadel,which
to

mostly made
"Greeks
was

of crude

bricks.

temples of the citywere goddess whom

or

dedicated

several
same

of

the the

to Egyptian deities,but chiefly

they called
In her
most

Neith, the
the "Feast

that of

and

Romans
was

called
one

Pallas,
the
most

Minerva.

honor

Lamps"
in the

held, which
At

of

important and
of

beautiful
a

ceremonies

country.
Neith's multitude filled with 'all who the

stated

times
on

the
one

assembly
of the houses
on salt,

priests and
of the open the

people had
air. The

special meeting for

all burned flat
saucers a

and sacrifices, of
a

nights
in the
name

festival the

inhabitants

lightsround
mixture gave
to

their

lamps

were

of oil and the the

not

top of which
of the the

the wicks of if

floated.

They burned
The

night
were

and

festival

the

Feasts
as over

Lamps.
were

Egyptians
so

absent

from
was

festival observed
to

night

they

at

home,

that

illumination From very from became

confined this

Sais,but
fortress he gave

extended

the

whole

of

Egypt.
Cecropia, but
their earliest civilization

earlytimes
there and

citywas
a

closelyconnected
in
to

with

Greece.
was

It is said that Ce-

"crops

went

founded that other

Attica, which
the which

first called Hellenes Greek

afterward laws
was on

Athens, and
and
a some

half-barbarous the

marriage
laws, with
a

things, from
was a

wonderful

developed.

At

later

day

there

large Greek
the who died

quarter

in

Sais, governed by
of the the

Greek
was

separate
the

government
of

from

Egyptian

districts in about

city.
650
were we

This
b.c.

during
this earliest

and

after
no

time

Psammetichus,
allowed the

year

Before the

reign

foreignerwas historyof
he

historywriters
for when

it is to

to the Greeks as Egypt, that foreign policy of Psammetichus

live in

and

about
are

debted inhis guage lan-

for the written

own

ancient Greek

Egypt.
bodies then

But

it was and

not

policythat

benefited Greek

government,
and

hired the

soldiers of

tried to introduce

the

customs,

he offended numbers.

great

Egyptian militaryso that they

to

moved gether alto-

into

Ethiopia in
with armies instead

vast

The

king
too

had

carry

on

his Eastern monarch

wars
was

of of

foreigners;and
the

often of

after this the

Egyptian
next

the his

conquered

conquering

hero

battle.

The

king, Necho,

gave

Sai's.
attention
to chiefly
a

15,

ing mak-

his country
center

great
of

for the Red

trade between

the

Sea,
and

Europe
built and the Sea hired
were

Asia.
on

He
ters, wa-

fleets

both
to

strove

join
Red He who best

Nile

and
a

the

by

canal.

Phoenicians,
among in
to

the the

sailors

ancient

world,

make
some

tions; exploraof them Arabian around

and sailed from Gulf

the

all the way

the continent the mouths This

was one

of Africa to of the Nile.

of the most voyages of of

important

discovery
times. notable
wars

ancient
most

Necho's
were

with

Josiah, King
whom he

of

Judea,
and

conquered;
whom but

Nebuchadnezzar, King
of
was

Babylon, by
defeated;
there who
were

he after

him

several
some pecially es-

kings

made

splendid conquests,
Amasis.
won

He

back
of

part of the lost

the

power and

beside

Egyptians; cessful being suche

was

in war, prosperous

in peace his nation

and well.

governed
Under
more

him

Sai's became and

more

beautiful than

important

it

had

EGYPTIAN

WATER

CARRIERS.

154
ever

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

been

before, with many

When from the Amasis his died father and
a

tradesmen his
son

and

merchants,

large commerce,
the

and

rich home-

trade. inherited invaded almost

became

king, and
For the

bitter

quarrel with
it.

Psammenitus empire young Cambyses, the king of Persia, who soon with
next two

country

conquered
them
to

centuries invasion

the of

Egyptians
Alexander its

were

constantly struggling against the

332

Persians, till the

the

Great, in
to

B.C., united

the

great Macedonian

Empire,
to

which

king

believed

be

the

world. Great
a

The and whole

Alexander's
new

conquest
not

brought
the of
new

an

end

the

dynasties of
in the the became

ancient affairs

Egypt,
of of the the and which of the

opened
world.

epoch
held

only
court

in

history of
the

that

land, but

The

independent
their He from miles

nation
at
a

Pharaohs

kingdom
of land

Ptolemies,
called after

who

city, founded
for it the low and This

by

the
narrow
was a

great conqueror,
tract

him,

Alexandria.

chose

separated the
sea-shore,
and that above the

lake

Mareotis

the
west

Mediterranean. of the It of the

sheltered

part

about

fourteen level of the

Canopic mouth
was a

of the
on

Nile, beyond the reach

a

inundations.
stratum

city founded
of of the the Great the had

rock, for the soil

It had

at

point lay
of
on

over

the

firm
two

rock

Libyan
Sea

Desert.
on

every

advantage
Mareotis became

situation; south, by
a

sheltered the Nile

not

harbors

the all of

north, Lake
which
soon

the

and

far distant canals. he

toward

east;
not
on

connected

fine system but

of

Alexander led
out

long
to to

to

stay in his

newly gained territoryof Egypt,

celebrated This
was

while
to
a

his his

armies

Persia, he left the

the
new

Greek done

architect
most

Dinocrates

carry few many and

plans in regard
became It grew

city.
for its of

successfully; in
also for
east

years other the

Alexandria

celebrated
to

magnificence and
commerce

beauty, and
Africa

things.
The

be

center

and

of

learning for the

came

west.

traffic and and

of intelligence that

Europe, Asia, and

the
new

together there, bringing wealth

soon

so civilization,

cityof the great conqueror

it,off the
of white built Mediterranean the famous
rose

became

one

of the of

most

renowned

in the the
a

world.

Before

shore, lay the

island
the
same

Pharos, upon
name. was so

north-east

point of which
tower

stood

light-house of
four hundred upon looked

It

was

large square
nificently magof the

marble, that
that for the

feet it The

high, and
as one

prominent and
wonders
was

ancients

of

the

seven

world;

it lasted
at

sixteen be

hundred
seen

years.

beacon-fire, which
away. architect the It
was

always kept
by the first
upon
"

burning

the

top, could
and finished

by ships forty miles

who ordered the the Saviors ;

begun
engrave

king Ptolemy,
inscription:
architect made of the and the
"

by

his son, the Gods

to

it this
but the and

Xing Ptolemy, to
other

for

Benefit of Sailors
he
mortar

secretly cut

lettering in the
that. As he Sostratus The

marble, which expected, the

the
son

filled with fell out

mortar,
in the
to

king's inscriptionon
words:

course

time, leaving the bold

substantial

the Cnidiati island

was

of Dexiplianes,
with the

the Gods
a

Saviors,for the Betiefit of Sailors.

stone

connected
or

cityby

high
the

dike

called

the

Heptastadium,

Seven

Furlong Mole.

On

Alexandria.
top
of

155
after especially built up with
out
as
a

this there

was

street, which

became

popular promenade,
island and the
was

the

villas of

laid

suburb

city.
the into
eastern

The

Mole natural

rated sepa-

large
two

bay
On the Great
west

here the

harbors. side
was

largerport,
Harbor,

called
on

the the
or

while

lay
of could
two

the Safe

Eimostos,
Return.
to

harbor Vessels

pass breaks

from
or

one

harbor spaces

the

other

through
wall, and
to

open

left in the
were

the

bridges that spanned

to
were

them go

made

be

raised harbors

let

large

vessels

through.
was

The waters, break-

protected with
within Eunostos the

magnificent
there
an

and basin called with had mouth The about other from those center,
was a an arm

artificial
was nected con-

Kibotos, or
Lake

Chest, by
a

which

Mareotis
to

large
or

canal

that

running
Nile.

the

western

Canopic
ed extendin the
across

of the

citywas
four direction

laid out miles it

was

in squares, and west;

a

and
but

east

only
by
waves

about

mile

the

walls

washed the
two

the of

Mediterranean Mareotis. In

to

bathed where

by
the

the

main

streets

crossed, there
of
balmed em-

handsome It
was a

temple-like edifice, built

mausoleum the Great This in which Alexander
was

marble.

the

body
coffin of and pure the in
two

of

lay

in

a
a

gold.
its

stolen,
a

after

while,
here
one

Alexandrians

put
The

sarcophagus
that the
to
on

of alabaster
were

place.
the
the

streets

met

chief
ran

thoroughfares Canopic

of

city,
the the the

of which the

from from

Mediterranean Gate

lake, and
east west. LIGHT-HOUSE
IN

other

to

the Both
were

Necropolis, or
were

burial-ground,on
busy
colonnades

wide with

and

thoroughfares^
the

OLD

ALEXANDRIA

which

lined

splendid

156
whole
were

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

distance,and built up with magnificent houses, temples, and publicbuildings. They

intersected

by side
north-east

streets

running
as

to

various

parts of the three

divisions that

of the

city.

On

the west
to

was

the quarter

known the which

Rhacotis, after the little town

Alexander of
the

found

there;
included

the

lay

occupied

by
the

the
narrow

Brucheum,

Jews' District,while the eastern the magnificent Royal or was

the

part
Greek from side

citywas
This into the bor. Har-

quarter.
shore the view
over

peninsula called
formed
a

Lochias,

which
on

ran

out

the of
a

Mediterranean,
The
to

and

natural of the

breakwater

the stood

eastern

Great

large handsome
sea,

group toward

buildings that
mouths
were

upon

it with

northward ful the beauti-

the

open

eastward

of

the

Nile, and

westward
and

waters

of

the every

Harbor, where
of

there

flutteringsails
were

high-banked galleys
These the the army

gathered from

sea-port of the known

world,
first of

the
was

palaces of the Ptolemies.

a

kings were
of Alexander

not

natives the

Egypt.
he
came

The
to

them because

Grecian his

general in
lot when among have off the his liked

Great;
the

Egypt
of

it fell to
was

great

conqueror As
soon as

died, and

government

of his vast

empire

divided would ward

over

generals. it,made

Ptolemy
he had

took

possession
energy his

Egypt, others,
talent
not

who
to

trouble; but
beset islands had his and

enough
to

and

only

dangers which
among the

realm, but

extend
eastern

dominions of the

by conquest
Great Sea. the

his enemies
the other

along the
of

shores

When

generals who proclaimed

years after his few

received

portions of Alexander's Egypt.

gave from the This him the
was

empire, took
in about of

title of 300

king, Ptolemy
B.C., and in
a

himself the

sovereign
of them

the

year
or

people of Rhodes
The

surname

Soter,

preserver,

gratitude for

deliverance

latter part of his He made

were

siege of the king of Cyprus. and prosperityfor of peace a time reign was
foundations the great the for
a

the

new

kingdom
commerce,

of and

Egypt.
soon

laid the Alexandria

good government;
on

he

encouraged
Its vessels
were

port
broad

the

Mediterranean.
were

lake, harbors, and

canals

full of

boats, and
were

wharves in

lined

with

loading and
to

unloading goods;
fro past
were

men

standing about
and groups

crowds, and
or

slaves

running

and

piles of merchandise,
into lake
seas

of idlers the

street-performers.
of
masts

Many
the

nations, and

represented in that motley crowd, and

out

forest

that

lined

shore

extended breezes

the open
at

or

the of

harbors the
as

carried world. and

sails that had But

been

filled out made

a

by the
wit and self, himthe
even

of
as

all the welcome

known money
wars

Ptolemy
He

Soter
was

learning
and material
as

Alexandria Alexander's
more

merchandise.

writer with and

his records for

at
a

of

supplied the
on

great historian

Arrian

later and

famous

work the

the

same

subject.
entertained

At
the

his court,

guests

the

beautiful and his

palace
of

on

Lochias his

he
son,

greatest
surname

scholars,
was

authors,

scientists

artists son's
son

his

time;

Ptolemy
or

II., whose

Philadelphus, and example, and

and art,

Ptolemy Euergetes,
Alexandria

Ptolemy

III., followed

Soter's

gradually raised
as

well

as

in

ing, learnto a magnificent position in literature, and commercial Not far wealth, militaryglory, prosperity.

158
The

Cities

of

the

Ancient
and

World.

Egyptians
of the

were

the

first

paper-makers,
marshes from and it made like the is in mud

probably, in
or

their

own

way,

the

first

book-makers
or

the

world.

In the

pools along the Nile long sheets rush, with

and
water
a

they

either for

found

cultivated

papyrus is The
rare

plant, and
now,

scrolls used and green

writing.
often is whiter

The
ten

plant, which
feet
more

is much

soft while number

stems,

long.

bottom than

part, which

it is of

growing,

and
one

compact
another. of
or

the rest, and

are

under the

the outer ancients with

on

skin used their

thin, filmylayerslie
paper.

above
out
one or

These

what side

for

making

They

were

taken then sheet and of the

the
more

stem,

and

laid

by side
Then width be
was

edges overlapping each others, until they made carefully pressed for
was a

other;
up
a

layerswere
the proper in the

put crosswise
thickness.

top of the

strip

of

they
of the made

were

time, length
of sheets. finest
use

afterward the papyrus

dried
stem to

sun.

The

sheets any

according
of about

to
a

the

used, but they could end; the scapus qualitiesof

of forbade
or or or

length by glueing
up

number

squares
were

end

roll

usually made
known the

twenty
the

There
was

different from the

papyrus the

paper,

by different plant.
It
was

names;

made

innermost

filmy layersof
was

made

for the

of
were

Egyptian priests,who usually put

made grow of all it
was on

its sale until it ink with

a

covered called

with Kash.

sacred When
a

which writings, the paper

was

in red white

black

reed

newly
would

brownish-white

and in color.

flexible;
It
was

but the
so

after
most

while

the and

material able fashionthe

a

brittle and

gradually deepen
in ancient manufactories the of

famous

writing materials
that immense traffic with

times, and
it
were

became
set

popular in the days of

that It the sustained
was

Ptolemies

up

in

Alexandria,
and

large and
a

wealthy

various than

cities
the

of

Greece of
a

Italy.

very

pensive, ex-

single sheet
The

costing more

value it

dollar; but

Greeks and

and in

Romans

and imported it in large quantities,

used

largelyin
small It of

public documents
the until
were

writing-books.
called after pages the and

long strips were

which of the
we

wound the
era

around

which rollers,
was

Romans time up of into the

volumina, from

have

word that of

"volume."
the the is
a

not

some

beginning
bound

Christian books.
now

sheets
most

papyrus

cut

like modern that is

One existence of

celebrated version of and the

manuscripts
the Bible. the is called sixth

Alexandrian

Library
the It

in

Greek

It is at andrian Alexafter hands

present

among Codex.

precious curiosities
was

the in

British latter and

Museum,
part
their of

probably
the

made

the

century
in finest the

Christ's of the

birth, long
Arabs. In

after the

Ptolemies the

were

gone,

fair

city was
of the

vicinityof
the
same

Museum

there
as

were

many of
a

buildings
The

in the theater

capital,with
had its

much

appearance
seats

those the In

Greek

city.
stood

great

splendid tiers of
the and

and

vast

stage;

public halls their colonnaded

this quarter the Ccesa-

porticoes, and
rium from with its

temples their sculptured pediments. stately facade, and

It
was a
"

grand

Cleopatra's Needles," the famous

where of divine honors
were

obelisks
to
or

Heliopolis, in front.
further
on were

temple
Court

paid

the Ex-

rulers;

the

extensive

Justice, the

busy

Emporium

Alexandria.

159

change, where
with with

Alexandrian

merchants

met

day

after

day
was

to
so

transact

business

connected

foreign trade, and

their beautiful

the great

Gymnasium,

which

large that

just the
a

porticoes,
Between

polished granite columns, covered

fullyan

eighth of

mile.

CLEOPATRA

NEEDLE.

this

and

the

sea

was

the

market-place, which
rich the sides

was

probably
fine the

open

in

the
was

center,

rounded sur-

by

colonnades

filled with

sculptures and
toward

pictures. It
inner

overlooked

by

many

tall and

statelybuildings on

part of

the

city,while

160

Cities
of the

of

the

Ancient

World.
into dotted the semicircle hulks of the

seaward Great tall and

the

blue

waters

Mediterranean
towers

swept
and

vast

Harbor, ringed with

slender
out

palaces and
one

with of

great
the

beneath

masts;
toward

on

side

the

long and
of of

line glittering

Ptolemies'

palaces
the other

stretched
side of

the

gleaming
led back
to

tower

the the

Pharos,
This the

and

from

that,
with

on

the

wind-swept bay, the great dike promenades, Away

well the
as

Hepstastadium,

its

bridges and

its fashionable

to

the

city.
the

part

of

Alexandria.

the

east, outside
where

the elegant and aristocratic was of Canopic Gate, lay the suburb
races,

Nicopolis, and
were

great Hippodrome,

games,
or

and

hand

to

hand

bats com-

almost the

patronized
This been

as

in Greece
was

Rome.

But the

grandest
of the
to

edifice

in Alexandria
was more even

the

Serapeum,

in the

Rhacotis

quarter
of

at

other and

end

city.
have

largerand
It stood
on

finer than any other

the

Serapeum

phis, Mem-

it is said

magnificent than

building
of
a an

in the

world,

excepting the capitol of ancient

was

Rome. the
a

the of

summit

artificial
a

hill,and
hundred

reached The

from hill
was

the

level

of

adjacent parts
the like the
a

the

cityby

flight of

steps.
divided The adorned in the

made and

with

cavity in

center, stronglysupported by arches, and

off into vaults sacred with world about

corridors

catacombs. surrounded decoration the colossal

buildings occupied exquisitestatues

and afford. hundred
vast stores

large square
tasteful and shrine of the

by
that

portico; they
best of for

were

every the

the

artistic talent
tained con-

could three for the

Beside volumes of

statue

Serapis, it
the the

great
as

Library, rooms
votive of the and and

priests,and

apartments

treasure

brought
Greece
"

to offerings

god.

Sera-

pis is said
believed

to

have he

been
sat at

brought
the the

from of

by order
Lower Osiris In and the

first he

Ptolemy.
somewhat belief the

People
nected con-

that in the

gates

the with

World,"

was

minds Romans

of

Egyptians
Pluto
or a

Apis,
from either
a

in

of

the and The

seen

Greeks

and

with

Hades. different

vicinity of
the

the

Serapeum
quarters.

throughout all Rhacotis, the city had

inhabitants upon of
as were

aspect
of

eastern
or

almost the the

entirelyEgyptians;
houses and

few

Jews
customs

Greeks

were

the

streets, and parts

of
a

shops had
the been native built the

less of dress

foreign appearance
were

than

those
so

the it
was

other

while city, had

and Grecian
a

retained the
a

far

possible in
the Macedonian about line quays, from

city that
emperor,

by

architect,under
country
same

tion direc-

of who

and of

was

capital of
men

ruled land. and

was

by

Greek,
with

gathered
The shore and

him of

thousands Rhacotis

important
the kinds of
were

from of

the

skirted

harbor

Eunostos,
were

lined in of

wharves

where

different air. of of

merchandise

stacked

high piles,
fruit fresh

unsheltered from here the and

the

rainless

There which

huge heaps of grain, and

up
"

market-boats, many
there in
were

drew slaves

at

the

foot

of

the
"

sea-wall

stairs;
or

cargoes

black

human

merchandise

being landed,

lounging

groups,
east to

awaiting purchasers.
west, led

The
to

long colonnaded
the burial

street
or

andria crossingAlex-

from

through

Rhacotis

ground,

necropolis, of the

2, EGYPTIAN

QUEEN.
I

9,

ETHIOPIAN

QUEEN. 13-14,

3, PRIESTESS.
NUMIDIANS.

4, TRIEST.

I-I2, SERVANTS.

Alexandria.

161
of

great
from

capital.
those

It

was more were

one

of the ancient

largest in Egypt, and

for beside cities, and

was

quite

different tombs

character of Grecian

of the

the vaulted extensive

and galleries

style,there
It
was

gardens
rather

shops, and
be led in

embalming
queen

establishments.

in

part
a

of

the Alexandrian

necropolis that the beautiful

than

Cleopatra killed
emperor

herself

with

stinging asp,

triumph by the Roman

Augus-

THE

GREAT

PYRAMID.

tus.

Beneath where

the houses

in this quarter rock

was

of the

city there
for

were

long galleriesand
There
water
were

bers chamalso furnish The

east-

the soft limestone vaulted

dug

immense
all

underground
with
a

cisterns

building purposes. in Alexandria that held enough

out
use

to

the

inhabitants
custom

bountiful

supply for household public baths

was

Greek

of
1 1

having

numerous

very

bathing. in the popular, especially

and for

l62

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

ern

and

central

quarters;
this
come

and

was

followed

by

residentshalf
a

from

many
or

other
more

countries. of all sorts

In

its

palmiest days
who had but

great Egyptian
from these other all lands.
there
were
men

capital had
The thousands and
women,
a

million
were

of and

people,

largest

numbers slaves

of

Greeks,
to
were
were

Jews,

Egyptians,

beside and

of

belonging
households Then there

great

officials, large

wealthy merchants,

rich

whose

almost

enough pleasure

to
or

fill

small
"

village.

visitors, on scholars,
tists, ar-

business artisans

tradesmen,
of every
east

merchants,
trade and
to

and who
center went

-people
and It
to

and

occupation,
to

from

north

south,
was

west,
win and

the
to

great
make evil. that

of attraction.
to
was

the
to

place
do

fame,
to

money, There could

learn,
almost be found

teach,

good,
the world all
or

do

nothing
at
was

that

produced
was

not

Alexandria;
either from made

that

valuable,
all crafts

useful,
were

and

beautiful

imported;
to

practiced

there,
rare

boat-building
and manufactured

glass-blowing
gorgeous and and grown it
was

and

inlaying
and sails in

with

woods
was

precious metals; there,

in colors
was

clothing
ships'

furniture
were to

even
broidered em-

be

found

worked Flax
to

handsome fields
was

patterns.

that

in

the
woven

Egyptian
into
men

brought
and made in

the

city,where

fine and

linen

into

beautiful

garments.
were ried car-

^TT^f"\r

ov^="~~2 "p^~^4|" f
-

Both

women

delighted
on

luxuries; they

through slaves,
and and

the
wore

streets

gay rich

litters borne and

by shiny

black

robes

of with of

embroidered and

material,
a ber num-

decked of other with

themselves
ornaments

bracelets, anklets,
burnished year
30

precious
B.C., hands In the

metals

tering glitin all

jewels.
then it many of

In

the

Alexandria of the years

wealth and

and from it

magnificence
began

fell into
to

the

Romans,
that lowed fol-

decline. and

saw

struggles
one

much
to

desolation, passing
but
a new

from
EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS.

the up.
town

power At

country
the
now

another;
of this

life
merce comone

sprung

about and

beginning
a

century
is

returned,
the chief

and the

the

forsaken

revived; Sea,*

modern of

city, which
old Alexandria.

of

ports

of

Mediterranean

lies beside

the

ruins

See

descriptionof

Alexandria

in

"

Great

Cities

of the

Modern

World.

164
Up
with upon
to

Cities

of

the

Ancient
it was

World.
in league alternately the sway of and

the

middle It

of the fourth the

century
rest

b.c.

at

enmity
But

Athens. the death

with fell,

of

Greece, under
off the and

Alexander. and

of the extended
a

great conqueror,
its territories the

it threw

Macedonian its

yoke,
commerce

risinginto
and naval with

independence,
power. Alexandria. of
was

greatly increased

It formed When he

league with Ptolemy

I. from
a

Greek

kingdom

in

Egypt, and

had

fine trade

helped
The but

the Rhodians

againstthe

fierce

siege of
or

Demetrius and till

Macedonia, worshiped
time of the in 155 Until the
was

received them
as

them, in gratitude,the title of Soter

preserver;

by

god.

prosperityand
the

importance

of the

city lasted
an

the

Roman

emperors,

place

was

completely destroyed by
the southern shore

quake earth-

a.d.

rise of

Alexandria, the greatest

This upon
coast
an was

sea

port

on a

of the which

terranean Mediwent

Carthage.
settled

the

capital of
from is.
was

Phoenician miles
to west
a

colony,

from
an

Tyre and

African
as

peninsula many
a now

of the Nile

Delta.

In

angle made
once a

by the

line

it turns Bon

northerly
It
a was

westerly direction,there
the ancient tory promonthe the Fair fair

was

deep bay, where

while
a

Cape

guarded by
western

of

Muscury,
On and

opposite that

there

headland, called between,

and stood
some

Promontory.
towers

jutting tongue of land, about statelybuildings of the great commercial

in of the

midway city.

It controlled

of the
on

best
west

trades
coast

world, and

ruled

many

flourishing colonies

great

towns

the The than

the islands, and along the shores of the Great Sea. Africa, among original city occupied nearly all of the peninsula, which was considerably broader it
was

long,

and

presented

almost

a one

square side
was

coast

line to
to

the

open

sea.

The
to

northern upper

portion, with
of the the

exposed

the

Mediterranean and
most

and

the

other

the

enclosure

bay,

occupied by the busiest

was

closelybuilt
washed

part
sea

of the
on

city;while
and the
was,

southern

portion, which
known
as

almost of

square

and This

by the pleasant,
the

the east

south, was
for the upon
a

the

suburb with

shady resort, and

dells
A
a

most

part, laid

out

Megara. gardens and

the the

was

groves,
waters to

in sheltered of
was sea.

and

ravines, or
was

the

pretty hills that overlooked

blue

low line

which cliff, of walls.

sort

of natural
was

defense,
divided

ran

around
two

edge,
"

which

added
was

The

city itself
or

into

quarters,
The shore On
two

the
was

citadel,which
the

called

Bosra,

and

Coshon, city.
measured
over

the

harbor
near

quarter.
the
eastern

citadel in the the land

highest

and

strongest
a

part of the

It stood about

center

of the it
set
was

city,on frequent

which long hill, walls that

rose

two

miles

around.

side

defended

by three
towers,
hundred Beside

each
two

feet high, consisting of fifty above the wall.

and stories,
were

with

stories four

Along these enclosures

barracks line of
was
a

stalls for three thousand

an

elephants and this,the

whole

thousand

horses, with
a

for twenty that made

men.

city was

fortified with There

ramparts

enclosure and city,

measuring twenty-three miles around. a mighty standing army always ready

large militaryforce
conquest.

in the

for defense

or

Carthage.
It time
was an

165
thousand

easy

matter

for
out
war

the

state

to

raise

hundred

troops:
thousand from

and

at

one on

the

city alone
two

sent

forty thousand
chariots. The

armed forces

one infantry, were

soldiers

horseback, and

thousand

drawn

Libyan subjects,

ALEXANDER

THE

GREAT.

whose

was conquered territory

adjacent to Carthage,
from

from

hired the

Numidians,
rich mines in

and

they

were

maintained

by

tribute

subject nations, from

slaves; Spain, and

66

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

other

products
and

of

foreign colonies, and

trade controlled the north-west of the There

from

import-dutiesreceived

from

the

enormous

maritime Cothon tipper

on

inland

by the city. citadel,for the Carthaginian harbors

two
were on

lay to
of the side

the

side lower the the

peninsula.
of
a

were

well-arranged and
site is
or
now

finelyprotected
marked

basins

the

great land-locked
Tunis. The
or

bay, whose
outermost,
mole

by
was

the

salt

pits

above from

modern

city of
by
a

merchants' far from be loaded

harbor,
the shore. before

protected
Here
was on a a

bay

broad

pier
boats

running
drawn up

out to

spacious quay,
Greek wine colonies and

along which
or

were

startingout
near.

trading expedition,
of from

to

discharge Italy
wax or was

their from

cargoes the
more

from

ports far and

of

From

the
were

Southern Corsica short

adjacent land
slaves of and

Sicilythere
from

oil;

brought,
to
came

with

honey;
"

Sardinia
corn

"

lying a comparatively
was

distance

the

north

Carthage,
from the great

the

great

supply

obtained; from
metals and
were

the

Lipari Isles
In
return

sulphur; and

southern

Spain various negro-slaves,

rich

brought.
in great in

for these Other the

cloths colonies
now

gold

quantities.
a

goods, ships communicated

north-west owed
coast

city
with

sent

the

Carthaginian
Morocco

that

extended

long line
the

over

of

Africa the

where

is, keeping up trade

was

with

natives, who
a

allegiance to fishery of
and

celebrated fish that markets.

are

city.
still

There

also

in

that

quarter
and

large

valuable

tunnies,
Oriental the

caught in the Mediterranean

The cities
coast

sold

in various

Levantine direction

lines of of and the

commerce

extending in the other

Mediterranean. the Great The and
even

reached of

great Phoenician
visited every the

Eastern of

merchantmen ventured
to

Carthage
from
to

island

Sea,

the

Azores, Britain, and

its the
a

Baltic.
inner and mouth

concealed Beyond the merchants' harbor, and almost This was close haven, the port of the Carthaginian navy.
an

view, lay the

of the
at

heart

city,
the

had of

outlet

to

the From

sea

on

the

east, between
end the of this outlet

the island of
was

city and
a

large
ran

island
to

bay. dike, cutting the naval

inner
to

the

the

western

small

mole

the great On the

haven

off from thus

the

merchants'

harbor.

side

of that

the

enclosure
a

made, the haven island, which

harbor
was

flanked in the
on

by docks, corresponding
All with within island.
were

those Ionic

surrounded
so

small the

lay

center.

furnished

with

columns,
two

that three

entire

lined

all sides

nades. statelycolonthese

Between
all
were was

and

hundred

ships could
residence

be accommodated
was on

docks,
chains navy of

within drawn very

sight of the
across

admiral, whose
which

the

Strong
The

was entrance, only powerful; in the great days of the Carthaginian

the

about

seventy
state

feet wide.

it numbered

hundreds

ships and
the
as

thousands could

of men,

government their wonderful This

But kept up, like the army, at enormous expense. well afford it, for her people were famously successful in business,
was

and

commerce

proved.
to

enterprise extended
the barbarous

other

lines,besides:
that lived

by

caravans,
or

as

well

as

by ships,
coast,

they

reached

African

tribes

inland

along the

western

Carthage.
and with them for traded

167
arms,

trinkets,saddlery, pottery,
dust and negro whole of their

and

woven

cloth

of

cotton

in

exchange
to

hides, ivory,gold
the the food

slaves; they
cultivated Phoenician itself
was

also

paid great
a

attention
so

and agriculture,
all the

territorywas
Thus their
own

like

garden,
made the

that
use

it

supplied

people
the and

wanted.

the
state

colony
a

best

of all their

and, although opportunities,

among wilds of their

small

territory, they
of
some some was

planted colonies
of weak made for
a

continent, and
on

gained possession
Sea. But there of the
were

the

most

important
in the

flourishing places
one

the
was men

Great that who

a

places
up

nation;
troops,
men

of the most

serious
or

large part

army instead

of hired

called

mercenaries,
no

fought
State
were

for money

of
out

cause.

These

having

great

interest

in the

liable to break

MEDAL

OF

ALEXANDER

THE

GREAT.

in revolt

when

they
to

became

and dissatisfied,
severe

them,
was

were

given
the few

being
the

and who

to love Carthaginians,having no reason in the weak point oppressive. Another government,

the

that

great aristocrats
lower
not

were

at

the
not

head

of the

people,
their

were on

haughty
and
set

and

overbearing toward
freedom whose up
to

classes,and
try
were

did their

establish

state

principlesof
free men, themselves
to

all; they did

and

to

bring

allies

together as
but
a

citizens leaders
men as

interests soul This

abilities whole of

wanted

by
called

the

state; upon

few of
a

for the will.

of the kind the

nation, and
government,

looked
an

the

mass

servants

do
a

their

oligarchy,is
and of the foot

very

bad

thing
men.

for

country,

unless

leaders
on

happen

to

be and

just, unselfish
at

Adjoining

the Cothon

the south

the

public-spirited Bosra, lay the Carthaginian

68

Cities

of
open

the

Ancient

World.

Forum,
and and

which

was

probably

an

market-place leading from temples

the chief

surrounded it to the the

state

by colonnades, temples
harbors,
were

other
to

beautiful other

buildings with
quarters.
The

roads

to

the

city gates,

various and

of

some, here, large,hand-

magnificently adorned.
very and much of fire. who
same as

The

Carthaginian religion was

a

that

of their
was

forefathers, the
to

Phoenicians,
children Other and deities

worship of the captives

were

stars

Their
was

great

god

Moloch,
appear such of the
as as

whom
sun.

were

sacrificed; and
the

supposed
of the heaven.
to

to

the wind

Hercules, Astarte,
the

goddess
vault of believed One

elements,

and and
were was

rain; and
heroines

Esmun,
of with who

god
honors said
to

of

the

sky, or
also

Many
become
most
was

heroes

Carthaginian history were

divine
was

have the She

deities,and
of these of

worshiped Queen
the
so

and have

sacrifices. founded shore his death the

of

famous

Dido,
her

city.
her

Elisa, princess Sea, and

Tyre,
there

great

Phoenician father

city on
was

the

eastern

of the

Mediterranean

lived

long

as

king.
Dido
to

After

arrogant

brother

Pygmalion
But

became
to

ruler, and
himself could with
a

made power

poor and

very

unhappy

by murdering her husband, in order

wealth. dissatisfied three hundred

give
he

more

get possession
a

of his brother-in-law's

before

find

it,Elisa

formed

conspiracy with
seized
a

senators,
set

who, They
of

number off the

of other
treasure

Tyreans,
and several
a

fleet of

ships lying in port, and

who
were

sail.

carried but

thousand

people,
of

glad
Here

to
on

leave the
now

the north

beautiful,
coast

tyrant-ruledcity.
not

After the
a

long voyage
land from

westward, they landed

Utica. Numidian the
sea,

Africa,
*'

far

from

Phoenician

colony

Elisa,

called the

Dido,
her

The

bought fugitive,"
she Sicily, should

piece of
a

the

king, and
and

upon

peninsula
case

opposite
brother
was

built disturb the

citadel them.

overlooking
After The the

safely
mother of this

fortified in

try

to
or

custom

in the

country, this citadel

word
was

called
a

Bosra,
and
a so

fortification.
was a

Greek

meaning
Dido
as was

"the the

hide

of

bull," king for

into

there

story told

that when

bargaining
as men

with be

ian Numid-

piece of land, he said she might have

The

much her and

could
to

enclosed
at

bullock's hide

hide. small

princess agreed; and

were

at

once

set

work
to

by a cutting the
a

thongs, which

fastened entire

end

to

end,

made

surround

large
"

tract, which
Work
was

embraced

nearly
at
once

the
on

peninsula.
a

begun
became

building
a

city,which
This

was

called up,

Carthage,
which
soon

the

New

City." Tyre
the then

Dido and
near

queen, Phoenician years

a

and

flourishingstate
was

sprang

rivaled
or where some-

all othei
a

colonies. the

probably
Rome. ^Eneas

about In

870 B.C.,

hundred is
"

before

foundation

of

Aeneid, there being built

was

story of the

storm-tossed the

traveler

of Virgil's great poem landing at Carthage

"

and
more

enjoying
Dido:
"

hospitalityand
than
streams

society
in the

of

Dido. Latin

It is said

that

gratitude
where the sides

never

beautifully expressed
While the

great

poet's lines,
creep

yEneas

says

to

flow to the upon

sea,

while

shadows honor and

of the

mountains, while

sky

feeds

stars,

always

along praise shall

Carthage.
be
to

69

thy

name,
was

whatever
ever

lands

call
a

'

'

me

and

it is said

that

no

more

beautiful

and
"

modest

answer

given
I

to

grateful testimony,than the fair Queen's

learned how
to
succor

reply:
It
was

By

knowing
three

distress

myself

have

the

wretched."
came

about

hundred the

years world

after Dido's

time the the

that

the affairs of

Carthage

into the

general
quered con-

history of
African
no

surrounding
to

Mediterranean. beautiful

Cambyses
the
to

of Persia maritime since

having cityon
Persians

Egypt, resolved
coast; but the refused navigators,

gain

prize of
he had

great

the
were

Phoenician
to

sailors,whom
war

employ,
as

make

on

their

own

children,

they called
been
were

the

Carthaginians
of the

had

been which the In

Tyrians, and
had grown

the
out

Tyrians
thwarted
a

had

them, because Phoenicians, and the

Phoenicians
a or

larger part
descendants. attention

nation

of Dido's

colony

their of

Although
to

expedition
500 marked

thus

failed,it called
treaty with
the eyes
to

great

deal

the
soon

city.

about
a

B.C., it made

the

infant

republic of
turned. their attack

Rome, Xerxes,
and the
to

and

after became

port, toward

which

of all nations obtained made the

an

in his have

mighty
The in

scheme
a

arranged
faction
at

conquering Greece, invade while to plan for them Sicily,

for when

is said

have he

help,
upon
as

main
one

land.

Carthaginians said, that

a

they
true

invaded Xerxes

island, it was nothing

from
to

allies of with

civil war;

and

perhaps it is
under Sicily, The
was

that

had
men

do

it;but
several

any

rate, in the year

at

480 B.C., three

in

hundred the army slain.

thousand

the great

African of

state

landed

Panormus that the

leadership of Hamilcar, the first

was

great
and and

generals of
and

name.

defeated;

most

of the

ships

captured
him after the
a

destroyed,
worshiped
was a

general
between with of the of

The of

people
Dido. and

afterward For the

professed
years

god

his

as spirit,

they
the

did Greek

that

seventy

that there invaders

deadly

feud

Sicilians

Carthaginians;
towns
on

contented

themselves remainder

holding
island this
was

three
to

manufacturing
Greeks,
to

the
B.C.

coast, and

leaving

the

the

but

in about and

410

they
the
so

laid

plans for adding the whole

about. Their

fertile island

Sardinia after

their

other

possessions round

invasion

successful, but

they had

obtained

reduced prize,their army was partially destroyed, and their people much able For to keep a part. they were a couple of centuries, sometimes only sometimes
were

by plague,
in peace, where else-

and

with war, Carthage kept this hold in Sicily, while her conquests steadilyincreasingand adding to her power, wealth and fame. Notwithstanding the treaty, which was twice renewed, this nourishing rival was the

more

than

arrogant

Roman

nation
as

could

endure.
to

When

once

they had
and
come were

seen

the their

grandeur jealousy
rise in for aid

of the
was so

Carthaginian fleets
roused
war.

they happened
an

lay off
Roman in

Ostia

Tarentum,
which

that

they secretlyhoped
found
a

opportunity would
troops

might give
to

to

open

Presentlythey
trouble between

this,when

appealed kingdom

settlingsome
Another

robber

colony
two

Sicilyand
went met

the

of Rome

Syracuse.

party asked

which help of the Carthaginians, and the armies

while speedily, and in

no

delayed.

They finally appeared, however,

for great friendliness,

jyo
the

Cities

of
the

the
of

Ancient

World.
the
an

Romans,
and

after defeated

driving back
him in
an

king

Syracuse, fell
combat.
now

upon made

Carthaginian general
open

Hanno,
was

unlooked-for

This that

breach,
in

which

the

Romans'
to have

long
war

desired with

opportunity; and
The

they

had

landed

Sicily, they
called the

determined Punic upon

their African

which rival,

in their Latin Senate of the

tongue
north
a

they
of

nation,
the last for the

that

is the

Phoenicians.
not

haughty
but
a

entered
wars

lightly
that

struggle; it
over a

could

foresee and

that it was

the first step to

series

would
to
save

century,
Roman

become finally
"

not desperate conflict,

was a

for

glory, but
and
mercial com-

life of the

nation. of her power the

Carthage
and

powerful
with

maritime and

state, in the

height

resources,

Spain
to

Africa her

at vast

her and

back,

and

with

the

first

general of

age,

perhaps
and

of all ages,

command

experienced
The with the the

armies."
war

first Punic loss of of

over

lasted Sicilian

twenty-four years, territoryand

talents
was

ended

in

naval

defeat

for

Carthage,

her

the of

islands

lying between restoring the

Both
was even

it and Roman

Italy,with
prisoners
who nary ordiwhich

paying
not
come

three Then

thousand
a

and silver, the

without had

ransom.

peace

made

with the

militarycommander
of the
war.

Hamilcar,
sides had but

into command until the But he

until toward of the the young

close

leaders
means

appearance for
went

Hamilcar,
would have

who been

surnamed
worse.

Barca,
his

lightning.
close found her the of the
an

him
to

defeat

Shortly after
plan
make Rome. his plined discilike
a was

the
to to

war,

in Spain, Carthaginian territory the power

a

where

empire,
loss of

which

would

increase

and

wealth

of his power

nation,

up

Sicilyand
and

Sardinia, and
power He extended

establish
over

formidable and

against
raised and

His

militarywisdom
vast

genius, his
in all ways

people
immense
a

made winning qualities

enterprise most

successful. and he

the up

Carthaginian dominion,
resources

armies,

opened
the country when he

of the

country
He

great general, while

whole

governed work,
son

like

trulynoble

sovereign.
after
new

threw

his

soul into the great and his young

and

died, left
For

it in the able hands the

of his son-in-law wise old founder's

Hasdrubal, death,
towns,

Hannibal. his

eight years Carthage,

to

Hasdrubal
one

carried which
was

out

plans, consolidating the

New
statesman

kingdom,
in

founding
all ways

of
to
a

the and

celebrated skillful

and

endeavoring
a

possible
rival rich and mines Soon

wise

general
It
was

establish Rome

flourishingand
alarmed
to
see

wellher its

organized kingdom.
enemy and there in

so

successful, too, that

of all the southern

became

possession
soldiers.

part of the

large peninsula,
Punic

with

hardy
was

another for the

rupture,
deeds of

which the

is known

as

the

Second

War,
When

and

is old
to

especially famous
Hamilcar leave
to

Carthaginian general
was

Hannibal.

in the

prime
that

of his young behind father

an

manhood in the fair

setting out
You

for

Spain,
will

he

expected

his
so

nine-year-oldson
earnestly
up you the will be

mother-city; but
"

the

little fellow

pleaded

go

hesitated.
to

may,

if you in the

promise
which

that when
covets
our

you

grow

enemy

that great

nation

North,

172 figure the portrait, which

Great dreaded of the
as a

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

the

facts

have

forced

them

to

hand

down

to

future

'

ages.

statesman,
the
most

supremely great
warlike

by

as a soldier,beloved by his troops, and stands forth an people of the ancient world, Hannibal

justly object
lived,

and highest admiration Napoleon and Wellington, both "He crossed his cautious the

esteem;

two

of him march

the
to

ablest be the

generals that
greatest

ever

pronounced
a

of all commanders. tained mainto

Alps
in

after

five months' the

from

ground
to

Fabius
or

Maximus

defeating Italyitself, and the daring Marcellus,

steadfastness and
one,

Romans but

Spain, for fifteen years again and again, opposed

withal It he
was was an

the

unable

to

capture
contest.

Rome,
Rome Wherever

subdue many

Roman

courage."
and
to

unequal
but poor and

had

generals; Carthage
was

only
called

him

she

gave

support.
ened threat-

there old

danger

he

was was

needed.

When home.

Scipio landed
The her navy go
to to two

in Africa
met

the of and Zama.

Hannibal city itself, lost his army,

generals
reduced

in the battle

Hannibal

and

his country up;

not

independence.
was war

Spain, Sardinia
to ten

all the

foreign possessions were

was

given citywas
of
not

the
to

ships; all
sent; con-

military power
last of

broken,
was

and
a

the

again
as war

without

Rome's

all there
even

great deal
fate did

money break

be

paid

indemnity, or

sort

of

damages.
son.

But

this sad
to

the

of old Hamilcar's proud spirit of

great
all

He

began right away

the
state to
was

improve the condition down;

would the
not

Carthage; since that

in the friend and
so

was

they
were

had

left; but

run

oligarchy was
support
their

hands and

of her

men

who

willing to submit
beside

Rome,
him
to

and

great
laid

enemy;
a

they
to

were

jealous of
into

Hannibal's the hands his

genius, nobility,
of the

heroism; and
he fled to himself. had
to
"

snare was

by
so

which tracked

deliver from

Romans,
he

that

Syria,but Carthage
fear;
the
so

place
and
a

place by
in

foes, that
had the

poisoned
of all Rome

had wit.i of

turned
one more

against him,
effort ambition." island there
were

doing

that

rid herself

in

four

years' war
but about

citywas
miles

entirelydestroyed,
from

victim

Roman The shore

was

of

was Sicily

hundred

Carthage.
was

On

its southern
It

several

important places, the

a

greatest
Grecian
most

of which

Agrigentum.
the Dorians.

founded very

in

582 B.C., by
soon was

branch
one

of

the

people, called powerful

and its of

It

grew

and rapidly,

became

of the for

prosperous

of ancient

Mediterranean within
"

cities; it

celebrated it the
was

the

grandeur
the

public buildings,and
Grecian

century after its foundation

cities."
most

called

by the celebrated
third of
name

poet
was

Pindar, ably probIn

the

fairest of mortal the

In

early part of

century
the Greek has

B.C., it

largestand
cruelest
man

magnificent cityin any

was

portion

dominions. handed

the
as

early part of its history it

that of the every

ruled
ever

by Phalaris, whose
lived. He for fear of

been

down

tyrant that
and

death

great

of his dominions

reigned for sixteen years, putting to being rivaled,extending his territory

with
most

by

the

aid of hired
at

armies;
one

entertaining himself
he caused
a man

atrocious
to

cruelties.
a

The

story is told that

time

named

Perillus

make

great bull of

Syracuse.
brass, in which
inhuman handed for he roasted many

73

people alive, seizing Perillus

others and like
"

for

his

first victim.

For

this

deed, and
down
as a

it,the
cruel
as

name

byword,

as

has been of the tyrant of Agrigentum Phalaris," is the last degree of comparison him death.
so

inhuman
rose

conduct. in
to

His

cruelties

made him
to

hateful After
was

to

all the

people, that
first places

they
made

suddenly
up

indignationand
become hundred
masters

put
of

the
one

Carthaginians had
of the with the

their minds

Agrigentum Sicily,
people
In the
were

they

attacked. forces.
never

Its two The

thousand and

unable in 405. of of

to

cope it
soon

great

southern

city was
great
power site is

sacked and
now

destroyed
the
was

But the

rose

again, although
it fell under the

to

so

beauty.

course

Punic

War

Romans. The of
most

The

occupied by
founded about

town

Girgenti.
which
as rose

famous It
a

of all Sicilian
was

cities

Syracuse,
same

after the
some

palmy
time

days
in 700

Agrigentum.
by Archias,
with
a

the He

time from find the the be

most

Rome,
location

that is

B.C.,

noble

Corinthian. of his

set

out to

the fair
a

city of
coast

the

Peloponnesean
far west.

isthmus,
established
on

number upon the

a

countrymen,
of

in the of

They

finally settled
a

island

Ortygia, near
became

eastern

cityand
of the

colony, which
grew Sicilian Greeks.
was near

famous
center

and

they powerful city of all

interest and half

here Sicily;

that

celebrated

island, and

finallyto
soon

the
was

of about main the

on

importance and
a

in
a

the mile

history

Ortygia
extended
at

only
to

mile

long,

broad, but the settlement

on

the of
one

land; and
River the

had

several It then island

large quarters
consisted
at

the

peninsula,

by,
two

the fine

mouth

Anapus.
west

of five separate of the

was

with districts,
was a

harbors,

of the

the

mouth This

river

very Great

large and splendid

Port;
the the main-land
to

natural

bay
as

five miles the Little and

in circumference.

called
on was

the the

other, known
on a

Port,
It

was was

sheltered also called On the

on some was a

by the island Laccius,

and

south, and
docks and

the

north

west.

spacious enough
the main-land. and the

receive

large
strong
the

fleet of

ships.

Ortygia, overlooking
or

wharves

of the

castle the

citadel,fronting the
side

Above,
the

lay

Syracusan navy, stood "outer city" defended ground,

on

land

by

stout

wall

natural

formation

of the

which

was

in
east

places very steep; high, solid sea-wall

the

the

protection
it
was

toward

Mediterranean
to
overcome.

the

north

and

that

almost

impossible
in the

This
the

quarter

came be-

largest and by the Greek Aphrodite

This
was

most
name one one

thicklysettled
of of agora
"

of any
a

containing city,

market-place
or

"

called

temple of Zeus, the Prytaneum,

a

town

hall, whose guage. lan-

with Ode

splendid statues,
to

which
most

was

figure of the Greek

poetess
ever

Sappho,

is
one

of the of the

beautiful

lyricsthat
dinners:

was

written

in any

chief and

places in the
had
to

city, where
when honored

the
any

magistrates
one
a

called

Prytanes held
service
to

their

assemblies
was

great
the

did

special

the
at

state, he

invited

Prytaneum,

with

reception, and
and

entertained To the

public

expense.

north-west

of

the

outer

city,there

were

new

quarters

called

Tyche

174 Neapolis, which

Between westward grove
between
were

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.
enclosed within the walls.
ran

at

first unfortified
rose

suburbs, but afterward

to

them from and

the about

ground
of

gently
of There

the

summit
near a

of hills called foot of the

Epipolae, which
was

the center

Syracuse;
was

the low

first rise

the of
a a

sacred

temple

Apollo.
New games
to

and which

rather
was

marshy
used

stretch

ground
burial
mere

Neapolis, the
and

City,
and
one

and

Ortygia,

partly for
from

ground,

partly
cut

for

religiousprocessions.
of the finest parts of the many there of
were

Neapolis grew
of the

adjoining district of
amphitheater

Ortygia
of and

city,containing the
greatest
rich

out

the

solid

rock, and
quarters

the

theater, temples and

Like
"

public buildings. Here

that that of Grecian in the

in other
a

palaces and

villas, ducts, aque-

magnificent baths,
many

and

famous

spring called
A the
out

the of small

Fountain

of Arethusa.
was an

colonies, the
hands of
a

early government
few the persons.
mass

Syracuse
number

oligarchy,
powerful
tented discon-

is, it was

of rich and
a

families

managed

everything, while
a

of

people formed
into
a a

large and
in called

party, called

democracy,

which

broke the

revolution

486; but before

Gelon.

long
He the

it

was a

peaceably flourishing again under

wise and in peace and

rule of off the

great

statesman

was

state

popular leader, who abroad; who extended

warded the After who

was

Carthaginian enemie's, and city and

the
same

kept

size of his

the

increased

her

ance importAnd

in wealth
was

military prowess.
on

death,
the

progressive government
or

carried about

by

his

brother,
of the

famous

Hieron,

Hiero.
not
an

at

this

time,
for

the

middle
to

fifth century and

B.C.,

Syracuse
a

became

only fair,
attractive another
court

stately and
place
poet,
Pindar

beautiful

look The

at, powerful
celebrated

as flourishing

state, but

culture. literary
"

iEschylus by

visited
"

it from

Athens,
at

and the

one

of odes

the upon

greatest
the

of Grecian
won

writers the

was

entertained of the
a

of
at

Hiero, and
the

wrote

victories this

chariots
won

Syracusan king victory in

from the

Olympian
an

contests.

During
the historian

reign the Syracusans

who
was were now on

brilliant

pulsing re-

attack

from

Athenians,
says: "It

the

down-grade
Athens
In
a

their

power. of the and in

An

English
it

the

last

effort

of

for

empire

world, and
a

was

decisivelyfought
the

and

lost. irretrievably

grand land-fight,
was quished. utterlyvan-

series

of sea-encounters

Athenian

militaryand

naval

force

Then,
all of

during many
many the Greeks in
a

years

of

pride

and her

power,

Syracuse spread
But

her

sway

over

nearly
serious
ful. success-

Sicily, adding

rich cities to
a

domain, especiallyunder
sole governor.

the

ruler had

Dionysius
a

I.,whom
set-back From
an

called

Tyrant, meaning
but of

the state
was

struggle with
the

Carthage;
the and

she tried

again before
was

long, and

then

beginning
then Hieron

government
a

Syracuse
Toward

constantly changing between

last of the third
a

oligarchy, a democracy,

despotism. king.

the

century

B.C., of old
perous pros-

the

democracy

in power

made chosen

considerable This her

disturbance, and opened

A
a

descendant

Gelon, named

II., was
for the

long, peaceful and

was

administration

great

city and

state.

treaty

made

with

Rome,

Syracuse.
and the for

75
had faithful
to

nearly fifty years the mistress During the second

Punic In

of War
216

the

North

allyin
was

this master

of

South.

their

assistance wise old

Rome

given willingly

against their old enemy

Carthage.

B.C., the

king died, leaving a united

PATMOS.

a cityof grandeur and power linked the Roman to state; but the connection his easily broken followed, and transferred by fooiish young Hieronymus who laid a to Carthage. Rome allegiance at once In scorching indignation and swift hatred was

state, and

7 6

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

determined if and

siege,
it his stories the Roman had

which

lasted

for

two

years.

She mathematician

would

have

conquered
who

the

city
devoted

in

less himself wonderful lifted

time,

not

been

for

the inventions

great

Archimedes,
his made native

great
told

genius
of his

to

for One

defending
is that let vessels he them

city.
huge
with

There which

are

contrivances. of

engines,
so

ships
he the is

entirely
also These said

out

the have be

water,
set

and

drop
on

much of

force

that

they
used

sunk;
in

to

other

fire it is

by

means

burning
that

glasses
his into

sun.

may the enemy

at

exaggerations,
at

but for

certainly
turned

true

by

wonderful blockade. he know him.

genius
He

he

kept
was so

bay,
on

and

long
when

time

their

siege

deeply
until he

work

problem
his desk

the

city
a

was

entered,
soldier orders reward

that beside

nothing
Marcellus,
should who should be

of

it

looked the the head

up

from of the

and

saw

Roman

who allowed

was

at

besieging
and

army,
even

had

given
a

that

no

harm

to

befall

great

philosopher,
the soldier

offered

to

any go

one

bring
and

him

safely
when

to

him;

ordered

the

grand

old this

man

to

along
great

as

prisoner,
of

Archimedes sword noble Sicilian and

refused,
killed him.

perhaps

not

knowing
was

was

t.ie

genius
and built

Syracuse,
a

he

drew

Marcellus From this it sank

very

much

grieved,
wns no

monument

over

his

enemy's
cities

grave. under

time

Syracuse
a

longer

great.
which

Like

all almost ancient

other

Rome, by
the

to

town

of is

small

importance,
there the
now on

was

completely

destroyed
which has become

Saracens.

There linked

village
istamus

the island.

Ortygia,

peninsula

by

an

to

main

ARABIA.

THE
Felix,
was

vast

oblong
arm

peninsula
of the Indian These Their

between Ocean
were

the
was

Red

Sea

and

the off

Persian

Gulf,

Syria

and

the into and

western

portioned
or

by

ancient

geographers
the

three the known

divisions.

Petraea,
lines
were

the
at

Stony;
all

Deserta,

Desert;
but all

Happy.
as

boundary

not

precisely
Deserta

reckoned,
included
was

Petraea the tially parland

was

the

north-western

part
of the
coasts.

of

the

country;
while

unexplored
of of the
two western sorts

sandy
and

regions

interior,
In

Arabia times other

as

Felix

the the

fertile

south-western
one

ancient the

now,

population
in cities

of

people,

nomadic

or

roving,

settled

and

living

or

towns.

The part of

Nomads the for

are

the
to

tribes

who brave the

have and

no

homes,

but
but

live

in

tents,
any

and
sort.

rove

from

one

country
thousands

another,
of years

hardy,

disliking

of

confinement. their powers

a

Bravely
and their

Arabians assaults of world's that of of

maintained

their all the

freedom,

faith,
of

peculiar
but had there but
a

customs

against
very little share

the known

nearly
because

great

military
to

antiquity;
deal that
a

is

them,

they
The

kept
most

themselves

great

and
ever

small in this

in

the
was

progress. Yemen
were or

important
in

monarchy
Arabia
or

flourished and

country
state.

the

Himyarites,
Sabaeans,
after

Felix, Saba, they

is

prosperous of the their

now
a

powerful

The
a

people
very

called and
on

Sheba

one

early
capital
fruitful in
a

kings,
at

and

became This with

wealthy
situated

important large
wealth

trading
oasis and of

nation;

made
even

Mareb.

was

the Their the

Jowf,

which

land very

covered

many

villages.
among
to

cultivation

place
Arabs. and their

the Their

Sabaeans
commerce

prominent
civilized nations

position
led

ancient,
among

half-barbarous

with led them of the

to

civilization
went.

themselves,

enterprise
The

extend Sabaeans The

it wherever
was

they
and

land

fertile date the in

delightful.
and would

The noble sweep

wide orchards down

plain
and the

was

covered rich yards vinetime and

with

luxuriant
were

vegetation.
most

palm
winter their

flourished
torrents

plentiful.

But

valley

after

time,

destroying
12

everything

path.

Houses,

harvests,

vineyards
,;;

178
orchards
were

Cities

of

the Ancient
and

World.
visited the him
across

swept
at

away.
one

Again
of the floods.

again
or

destruction

fair and
to

fertile up
a

valley, until
barrier

length

kings, Saba
A
to

Lokman,
It

bethought

raise the with

against these
from marble
one

sweeping ridge of

great

or dike, was rhole, was

built

valley,
great
a

extending
blocks of

mountains with bitumen

another. and

of solid masonry, iron

cemented

clamped
It built
rose

with
to
a

bars,

and

presented
the This hundred of

strong
and dike
was

barrier
so

against the destroying waters.

that many
or

great height above

on

city,
lofty
and

strong

of

the

people
of

their houses
a

its side. lake

a

converted feet in

fifteen

twenty miles
was

the

valley into
streams,
the
on

noble
a

twenty
conducted Thus The

depth.
to
"

This the

fed

by

several

and

great

number of the

sluices

its waters became

were
as

houses,
of

the

and fields, diadem

gardens
the
as

inhabitants.
universe." their
to

Mareb

the
a

mistress

a cities,

brow

of the

Sabaeans actions of their

noble

people, unusually large and

and commercial brave broadened travel and power. them lands

princely in
devotion famous the
were

ance appearthe pendence inde-

and

in their wealth

Their

country

kept

spirited:they
their and and

navigators
with the
to

for those

days; visitingother
that trade in the

ideas, while self-respectin

intercourse

foreignnations
and richest wealth. The

they gained through world,

gave them
were

about through controlling addition

largest

polish
The
to

immense

riches and

of the

Sabseans

expended
bulk these

in

education,"" art, literature, public

trade
was

improvement, spices and

and

in luxurious and

living.
in addition

of their articles
were

in

gold, perfumes,
than
were

precious stones,
other

they exported frankincense,

more

myrrh,
any of wood these

costlybalsamic
world.
vases

substances, which
records relate

plentiful here
commonest

in

other

part of the
and in

Ancient
were

that

their with

utensils

gold
was

silver;their

encrusted fairly
warm

gems, of

and the

spicy cinnamon
palace-homes
and studded of

every-day
merchant and silver.

use

for fires to
to

the their of

stately halls
food. The

ancient

princes, and
The doors

cook
were

houses with

had
vases

pillars ing glisten-

with with

gold
Men

ivory, crowned
decorations

and jewels, and of

valuable
women

sculptures and
wore

other

of all kinds

filled every

ment. apart-

and
was

necklaces considered One

gold
writer The

and

richlyembroidered The glistening gems.

than Saba brass silver,
or

mantles, beautifully wrought precious

iron. in every metal
was so

bracelets that it

abundant

less valuable says

and

ancient life

Yemen

abounded usual

production
cinnamon. that

that and The the

could cles artitrees

make

happy.

soil not but and

only

yieldingthe

vegetation of corn,
and with

wine

of

common

food, gums,"
One of freshen the

balm,
the

cassia, incense, myrrh

were so

"wept
had their which

odorous

gales
sense

perfumed
that

fragrance
and the Immense

natives under

frequently to
noses.

their

of smell articles

by burning pitch
grew wild
was

goat's hair
celebrated

principal
so

incense,
of

the

ancients in

used and

largely in religiousceremonies.
upon

quantities were
One-tenth the say that shrub

gathered
all that
was

Saba,

carried
was

the

backs

of camels Saba.

into other Old

lands.

gathered

set

aside

for the

deity of

writers

Aden.
in

1S1

from

which

it

was

made with

grew
venomous

extremely unhealthy places, which

serpents.
None but
to

were

also

difficult to
were

reach, and

infested in that

slaves the

and

malefactors

employed
believed steal it The had about Sabasans had Arab
to
was

gathering the incense, which

it
was

belonged only
over

government.
any
one

Arabians who tried

to

so

watched jealously

by the

gods

that

destroyed.
held the
to

Sabasans pass 275

on

key

to

the

East, and

through them
of
an

the and

"

riches of the

Indies when

"

the way

the great

trading cities
established Some the

Egypt
Indian have

Syria.
that

Even in
no

in the

B.C.

Ptolemy
a

Philadelphus
of the
to

emporium
said others of

Egypt,
that

held

monopoly
not

trade. undertake

writers

other say

nation the took

countered en-

navigators brave
sailors would
to

enough
tell what the way and land.

perilousvoyages;
to

courses

they

followed idea

the

country

riches,but
were

great

pains

conceal
on sea

and

spread
Immense
a

the

that

tremendous

dangers
luxuries. of

both third

prices were

paid for these

sometimes in
to

In
was

the

century

of the of the

Roman

Empire,
this that bear
to

pound
was

of silver and then tried wealth

gold

given

for every

pound
one

silk,and
reasons

material the
see a

bought
so

enormous

quantities. Arabia,
was

Perhaps
because The

of

Romans their

hard flow and say

conquer

they
Sabaeans other
queens,

could
were

not

thus

into

another's their
one

hands. tion civilizaof their

themselves Asia and

colonizing people,
Africa. The Arabs
or was

spread
that

into Sabaean with the

parts of
was

Balkis,
went
so

the

celebrated of this

Queen

of Seba and The

Sheba, that
afterward

richlyladen
to

presents
best

to

learn say

wisdom that

King Solomon,
is not
true.

married queen
was

him; but
an

historians

celebrated

probably

Ethiopian monarch,
The about half the the
was

Yemenite
240
b.c.

to

although Abyssinians say that she was one of their early rulers. from kings are said to have reigned nearly three thousand years, or commanded entire those centuries the southern 529 a.d.; during they
peninsula.
and All
some

of

the of

Arabian

the

people who
time and the first the

lived

in

this

had territory also last

were

to

obey
under sway

rulers power

Yemen,
the
a.d.

during

of the

Northern

Arabs At

of Yemenite

deputies,governors
Abyssinians made
In about

tribute

collectors.

their

overthrown;
in 529

in Arabia but
as

invasion known ever reallysuccessful re-established, seventy-five years the old kingdom was in another

part of the Persian

dominion. and

empire; and
In the from

quarter
Christian of the

of
era

century
there
was

it

came a

under

Mohammedan that
at

early

part of the
the
seat

great flood
has
been

destroyed Mareb,
The

that

time

Yemen

government
chief

Sanoa.

city of Aden,
A British Gulf way of Aden.
to

on

the

south-west marks from Red

coast

of

Arabia,
the

was

one

of

the

sea-ports
shore here

of Yemen. of the
on

town

now

the

site of and other

ancient

city,on
of the

the

upper touched and

Vessels the

India

countries

East

their

ports upon
it
a

Sea; and
after

Arabian, Abyssinian, Nubian

tian Egyp-

navigatorsmade

stopping place

going through

the

perilous Strait of Babel-

82

Cities
"

of
e?i

the

Ancient
the the Indian

World.
Ocean. double
waters

mandeb,
washed Red
was

the

Gate

of

Tears,"
at

route to

to

The

city had

the

advantage of standing
lands that

the

entrance

contained

the

richest homeward

of the ancients, whose great ocean products of the world; and at the gate bound from the East bent
to

of

the It

Sea, toward
the the

which

all vessels

their go

course.

advantageously
was

situated

in all ways, for

and

until
sort

navigators began
of Asiatic

around

Africa

it

greatest
Chinese who

of all markets traded made called

every

produce
of many with

and

manufactures.

Even

here; and
the the
was

the

population consisted
beautiful it
was

ent people of differrichness. Aden

or

nations,
natives This

place wonderfully

Oriental known
as

The Eden. and

sometimes
means

city Athana given

to

; but

best
on

paradise,and
It had
rare. sea

the has

fair seaport
now,
a

account

of

its wealth
A

beauty. day
for

then,
Week

as

the

little town the well the

most

delightfulclimate.
and

cloudy
pered tem-

is very

after week It
was

sun

shines

warmly
a

brightly,its
the

heat of

by cool

breezes. rain
water

built,and
from

had

magnificent system city. They

on a

cisterns
were

the collecting
to

from

circle of

hills

surrounding
them all the
water.

These and

large enough
to

hold
were
some

thirtymillion
time

gallons, and

inhabitants
are

public

places of Aden
have been

bountifullysupplied with
during the Middle
to

clear, pure Ages.

of
an

supposed
and

built
a

Aden

stands

high
The

rocky
It
merce com-

peninsula, in
is connected and Christ small

valley that
the

seems

be
a

the

crater

extinct

submarine

volcano.

with

mainland

by
the

narrow,

level and lasted from

sandy
about

isthmus.
two

great
years

condition flourishing time

of this port Middle In

thousand

before
a

till some and

to

during

insignificant village.
improve,
became It is
now

Under the Mohammedans Ages. of Great 1838 it fell into the hands the between
a

it became

Britain, and then 1869, when

the

began
Red revived. have

especially after
great

Suez

Canal

was

opened Asia, and

in

Sea

the

highway

Europe
north

and

Aden's

importance people, who

built

very all

thriving,with
countries, east
is connected been

thousand busy population of thirty

gathered from
The

and with

west,
the

and

south.
I rem
or

peninsula
who
a

of Aden

legendary cityof
of many

Arem,

by
the

King Sheddah,
father founded took

is said to have the desert

the hero

great

exploits. Sheddah's
when the
son came

royal
to

city in
great

part of the

peninsula, and
the raised work.
a

throne, he
the of roof
most

pleasure in completing fashion, and

were

He

finished

the

buildings in
was a

statelyand
of
rare

elegant
The walls with

then of

royal
bricks

palace, which
of

marvel The tated imi-

magnificence.
was

laid

alternated

gold and
and

silver.
were

gold, inlaid

pearls and
and made

precious
fruits of hollow

stones.

Trees with

shrubs birds
so

in upon waft the

metals, with
laden
out

flowers
were

rubies, and
and Around the

golden

perched
every
sive exten-

branches; the
was

stems

filled with

perfumes, palace there

that
were

of air

with

sweetest

fragrance.
of the Garden with
a

gardens, laid
When
all
was

in imitation Sheddah
was

finished

set to

out

of Eden, mentioned splendid retinue to such

in the Scriptures. inspect the grand veneration that

establishment, which

designed

inspire his subjectswith

they

Ocadk.
the
was

183
legend
a

would
such the
not

believe

him

to

be

god.
the

But

Arab

says,

Heaven
a

would terrible

not

permit
from it
was

pride

to

live,and

when

party

within the

day's journey
made

noise

sky frightened them destroyed.

Many
of the

all to

death, and

citywas
cities

invisible, although
even a

great Yemenite
we
can

sea-ports and
of this

are

unknown
race

now, is from

in few

name;

and

nearly all that

confined individual

learn

powerful Arabian
to

ancient little

writers, who
about

themselves
"

mostly
men

general descriptions, and

the

said

very

places.
for

The

of

Dedan,"

Scripture says,
Diodorus universal Red in

"were

merchants

in

precious cloths
treasures
200

chariots," and
seemed the

the old
to

Sicilian there

traveler
one

Siculus, said that

mart.

all the

of the world b.c, before

center

In

the

tury cen-

about

Greeks

ventured

to

navigate the
it
was

Sea

themselves,
commerce
were

they used
of ancient lines of the
were
"

to

purchase their cargoes

that
was

of Arabia.

But As

only
as 2000

part of the
b.c.

Arabia

carried

on

by

water.

far back Over

sea

there and the

many

regular communication
desert" the luxurious

kept up by
houses and of

caravans.

sandy
sea.

waste

fertile articles

plain
that

ship of the
common

transported goods from

tin mined

to

Beside these
caravans

to

wealthy Sabseans,
from

transported
and the

large quantities of iron, lead, brass

Arabia, Persia

East;

ivory,tortoise-shell
awls and cloths

and

from flint-glass kinds other and

to

India;
clever from

carved Arabian

images, javelins, adzes, knives,

workmen;

of various

from

the

militarycloaks,
and the frankincense The

fine

muslins,
looms

silks,linens, and
of

fabrics China. the also

home, from
the cities and

Mesopotamia
gums,

ful wonderand finest The

Persia, India
was

Beside

precious
as a

spices, there
was

sugar

taken

Mediterranean grew the

cane,

rare an

medicine. inferior
a

made and

in

India, but Arabia

Romans Arabs have
at
a

made

quality.
to

Greeks The
or

thought the crystals were

esteemed
man so

formed

naturally, in
Once the

species of reed.
be
was a

ancient
or

it

one

of

the

greatest things in the world

tribe. from
a

poet
held
men

orator,

to

gifted in
the

their

year

great fair
the

for of

thirtydays
the different the

Ocadh, tribes had

when
a

merchants

and great cities, the finest with

roving
the

large general meeting.

were

Then and
as

goods,

noblest interest.

horses, and
No
must

greatest

poets
ever

brought forward
such horses

judged
of

intense

land have

on

the been
as

globe has
comrades

raised

those

Arabia; and

here

there
tiful, beau-

fleet and magnificent displaysof finelyshaped steeds, intelligent,

loved

by their
took
more

owners,

and

cared

for with

devotion and the

and
more

often

with

self-sacrifice. mettle raised

ness an

The steed

men

great

pride in their
he
to
was

horsemanship,
The
a

fierythe
breeds
were

of in

the

the Next

highly being
to

prized.

most

valuable Arab The

Nedjed.
use

to
next

able

command

horse,

the

desired Ocadh
a

expertfair
was a

in the

of arms;

that, he loved
the talents another

poetry and
of the the writers
vast

oratory.
and

important occasion
The

for
one

showing
after

speakers of
and incidents

cityor
his
own

tribe. weird

poets

rose

before
events

assemblies

chanted of

their

beautiful

songs,

national relating

of past

history,and

184
time, tribe
this way; up in
or

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World. kept in
treasured

native

place.

About stock

the of

the

people's whole
and poems. in the
are

history were only records of Arabian and useful entertainingknowledge was

not

stories
were

Writing
memory

was

in and

common

use,
no us.

so

for the that merits of

most

part these country

these and songs
as

treasures

stored

alone,

it is
to

wonder The

the of

people of ancient
were

Arabia

pretty
same

nearly unknown
sometimes bitter led
to

not

always judged the

should have who the
was

by all,and

differences
and
even

opinions arose
to

to who

prizes, which

quarrels
a

fighting. composition
public in
the finest

The
was

poet

or

reciter in

acknowledged victor, was Egyptian

poetry
paper, and been Their Their
on

great hero.

His

inscribed

golden

letters upon have

hung
the

up Arabs and

before say

the
are

some

temple.
that the
ever

Seven
were

only
written. Arabs. and

preserved,and
was

these of

things
of in

full

beauty

that spirit, especially scenery,

wandering
unselfish

hunting, fighting
the

wild, free life, grand mountain spent amidst of the horseback; the noble, generous qualities
many other fine traits
verses

leading
the the

men;

and hospitality the

common
were

to

all

ranks, gave

poets
posers com-

inspiration; and
to

delight with which

But
to

good
true

received
was one

encouraged

do

their

best. and

every

Arab

there

above
or

poetry, horses
out to

everything else,it was

of war, asked any him

hospitality. No
in vain of for
return.

thing that he regarded friend whether pilgrim,

He every would hill the about
a even
"

enemy,

of the
care

ranks

shelter. On

seek fires of
or a

wayfarers

for

them, without
at

thought
of

were hospitality"

kindled with

sunset, beacons

and

the whole

country
care

for miles for

town

camp,

would
was

blaze

red
most

safety
for the
so

and
was

benighted
no

travelers.

A
too

stranger great
chief
to

entertained undertaken who

royally;no
Arab for host

provision

too

good, and
his and

danger

was

be

by any
in the had used

guest

under

protection.

The

great
leave

Hatim,
at

is celebrated

having been
or

generous

hospitable, would

his bed for any

any

time,
chief
near

darkest him send

dreariest among the

out

of

nights,to
bark

procure

light and
rest

comfort

stranger who
The be

found
to

lonely mountains
to
as a

dog.
could The

good
found

the

dog
the
was

by the signal that

barking of his
and shelter

by.
Arabia the Petrsea north-east. of

division

of
on

lay at
It

head named
two
arm

of the from

Red the

Sea, adjoining Syria on

the

north, and
It
was

Egypt
miles
"

situated

in the

desert

Edom,

about
on an

city of Petra, in Idumsea. days' journey from the Dead Sea, and
of the
most

seventy-two
of this noted ruins who

north-east rock-built

of Akabah

Red

Sea. and

The

remains solitary of all the of

city," are
is said
to

among have

the been

sublime

mysterious

of the settled

old

world. the

It

founded

by the descendants

Esau,

among

mountains
"

of Seir.
as

Rough
Of

the hands

of Esau

is the site

Edom's

capital, yet

fair her towers."

It

lay

on

the

route

traversed and the

by

the

caravans

which
on

passed
Red

and

repassed

tinually con-

between

Syria

trading

cities

the

Sea;

its narrow,

rocky

Petra.

185
is Mount

overhung valley,
and
was a

by mountains, the
The in six

highest of which
sides feet
to

Hor, where
two

Aaron in

died

buried. half mile

to

valley is width, with

an

irregular rocky basin, about

walled in the up

miles

length,
into the
was

by
four

the

by
Small

perpendicular
side whole

rocks, from

hundred

or

seven

hundred

height.

valleysopen
circumference

principal one, giving an

much forth
narrow over a

irregular outline
A of river flowed water; the
room

whose city,

not

four

miles.

through the valley,and

springing fountains
a

gave
so

plentifulsupply
that often there merchants

city was
for two way

entered horsemen

through
to

defile

of

rocks,

was

barely
wound in the
were

ride

abreast. this

Long cramped

vans cara-

of Eastern amidst
men

their

in ancient

times

through

sage pas-

the tombs. Testament tombs dead. the the the

a

Cut times
more

rocks, at various made, for Petra

more

of Old

heights, the sepulchres of many great chosen was a spot for burial; toward
at

the

city the
of the

grow

and

frequent, until

length they
the

form

continued

street

Opposite where
of Petra, called

mouth
"

of

this gorge House/' rock-bound traveler:

on our

opened
It
was

upon
a

stood city,
to

the
come

ple great Temupon

was

Treasure solemn

gloriousthing
of the the

after

journeying through
this

roadway
"

mountains, and

worthy
the filled

description from
facade of each
was an

celebrated burst like

an

Winding along
A
statue

gloomy
with colossal

passage,

beautiful the
center
on

of

temple
of

view.

of

Victory
of

wings

aperture
side
a

attic

window, while

groups

figures were
two

placed
The of time of

colonnaded

portico of loftyproportions, comprising

from the solid

stories. ravages
a

temple
and

excavated entirely

rock,

and

preserved from

the

the weather

by the massive
of
out

projections of

the

natural

cliffs above, in
were

state

exquisiteand
placed
the most

inconceivable

perfection; but the interior chambers

so

comparatively
of
to

small, and
was

appeared unworthy
a

magnificent a portico.
the its solid

On

the

summit Arabs

the be

front filled

vase,

hewn

also

of but

rock,

conceived it

by
of

the

with

valuable

treasure,

position made lofty

quite out
out

of reach. solid

Almost

all the colored

important buildingsof the

and have covered with delicate in
a

beautiful

citywere
The

hewn the front

the

rock, richly
sheltered mountain

ornamentations, which
manner.

dry
of

climate entire

and

position
which

preserved
rich
out

wonderful
was

the

the

valley is surrounded,
with capitals, of the bare chiseled

occupied
rock. There ravines

by magnificently cut-out roofs, chambers,

were

by temples, with
and many

loftypillarsand
beauties tombs from without

richlyornamented
into the and

shrines

public buildings, dwellings,and

gorges which
to

number
area.

extending They
the

radiate the

on

all sides

this enclosed suburbs

reached
rose

along
one

the above

roads

leading
in the these for the

place, making
of the first and cliff,

extensive

to

city. They
rock,
used lead

another
to

face

of steps cut flights the by livingand tombs the

most
are

into the
at

in all directions

dwellings,
dead.

occupied
of these
cases

length
to

entirely as
cliffs

dwellings
the

Some In
most
some

from secluded

three and

four

hundred

feet above
were

level and

of the

valley.
the

inaccessible

chosen,

in others

conspicu-

86

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

ous

situations in the from

were

sought.
edge
now

Some

of the

of steps flights the No

are

very
a

high, and

occasionally,
seem

far up
to

mountain the very

side,quite cut
of
a a

off from

below, city
doubt the

long series of steps

ascent
was

rise

precipice.
channel much in

easilymade

in

ancient
"

times, where

only
of
a

for the

mountain

streams

appears.

These"

rocky
Many

tombs

differ

as

form, dimensions
ten, fifteen
wall
or

and

ornamentation,
feet receive the square, the

as

in
ten

situation.
or

consist

single chamber,
in the the
no

twenty
to

by

twelve

in

height,containing recesses
deep graves
part
of the with of
races are

large enough
or

deposits.
the

Sometimes The inner

are

sunk

in

recesses,

in the

floor of
a

principal room.
of the
vations exca-

tombs

have

ornamentation, but
These
taste

vast
are

number
now

enriched

elaborate

architecture. show The

us

tombs skill
were

great
one

and of of

peculiar
the
most

attraction ancient

Petra, and
of
men.

what of and

and

possessed by
into celebrated

front

the

mountain

is the

wrought
most

facades
ments monu-

splendid temples, rivaling in their aspect

of Grecian and the native
art.

symmetry

Columns

of various

orders, graceful pediments, broad

out

rich entablatures,

sometimes

statuary, all hewn

the base of

of the

solid into in

rock, and
a

mass, the eye

transform

the

mountain above

vast
as

forming part of tecture, splendid, pileof archiand wild

as

still

while
on

overhanging cliffs, towering

ever

shapes

rugged
the

any

which The

the
most

rested, form
effects of

the these

most

strikingand
are are

curious

of contrasts." rich the and

stone

beautiful sandstone

monuments

produced by
In the and many
most

varied is of

colors
a

of

the

rock,

in which

they

carved.

cases

dull

brick-red, but
There
are

in others

it is almost

scarlet,with
combination.

brilliant and

beautiful

effects. sandstone

reds, purples, yellows, blues, blacks

blended
or

whites, risingin successive

The red
as

layers, or
rose

in

charming
the The blue.

shades

gradually
is
now as

becoming lovely
and
as

pale pink, and

red blue
or

white, often yellow

of

as

pure rocks

spotless snow,
of Petra the
same

then that of

just

flecked

with the

the

is

brilliant

saffron,and

is like the and of the

room

blue

of the

heavens

above the

towering cliffs, sandstone, in

Petra

hewn

into

tall,graceful columns
One It had

graceful structures,
large especially
for up with elaborate and

all of

soft and
was

brilliant colors.

magnificent buildings of
people, and
architecture.
was

the Theater.
out

seating

nearly four thousand

stone

partially

cut

of

the the

rock, and
Idumean
vast

time

when

partlybuilt kingdom was

Here, in the

opulent and
to

twenty thousand,
citizens all the
were an were

crowds

gathered
Petra the three

powerful, with a population of over the Edomite public entertainments, and among
an

many

for foreigners, from

was

attractive their
some

capital and
Most the

the of

point to
the had
a

which

Arabians

tended

sides

of

peninsula.
of
as

buildings
also
sive mas-

designed after the styleof the Greeks, but

stately structures Palace; it was

handsome
ran

Egyptian
fine front the

appearance.

One

of these

is

now

known

Pharaoh's

house, thirty-four paces

a

square,
a row

with

walls

surmounted
An

by

cornice, and
whole

ornamented

by
and

of

columns. noble

open

piazza

the

length
one

behind

colonnade;

beyond that, a

arch, about

forty feet

high,

led into

88

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

among the Roman of

other

objects
rule,
in and and the

of

interest

within

its

stout

walls

was

beautiful

theater.

Under

year it became

105,

Trajan
very

made

the

city Many

the

capital
the

of

the

Roman ancient

ince provtimes

Arabia,

beautiful.

of

glories
a

of for

were

restored,
Roman

fine

new

buildings
that

were

erected;
the

there fountains

was

temple
the
streets

the carried

worship
water

of

deities; public
baths. Arabians

an

aqueduct
The made Romans

supplied
lived here

in their

to

the

according
as

to

own

customs,
western

and tion. civiliza-

the

conquered

themselves

as

happy

they public

could

under and

Triumphal
smaller several

arches

stood

in

several

prominent By
the had time

places,
Constantine

in

various

ters quarhad been

gateways
in it

spanned Bozrah;
was a

the native

road.

of

there after

changes
and
now

prince
of the

ascended
but followers hands

the

throne

Alexander

Severus,
rose

in

the

hands

Christians;
to

when of

Mohammedan and

power ing dur-

this

was

one

of all

the

first

places
to

subjected
take it from

the

the

Prophet,

the

Crusades,

attempts

their

were

unsuccessful.

PERSIA.

THE
a

six small

hundred

thousand of
vast

square

miles

of in

Western ancient and

Asia

now

known
was

as

Persia under
to

is but this Indies

on

part
The
on

the
tract

territory
extended and
to

which,
from

days,
the

included

name.

Arabia the

Mediterranean and the Black of that of the

the Sea

and north.
was

the

Himalayas
It
even

the

east, Asia

Scythia, Syria,
called
or

Caspian
and
a

the

included

Minor,
was

Egypt
the

small

part

Europe.
the about

Arabia Persian hundred the whole

the

only
did miles of

country
not

of

what

then proper,
coast

Western
was a

World,
district

great
a

Empire
square

embrace.
on

Persia the
eastern

Persis,
Persian
was

lying
was

of

the which

Gulf. the But hottest

Along

shore,
of
western

length
it
was

Persis very

tract

of

sandy
poor

plain
and
a

district
was

Asia;
an

often of
the

salty,
and

always
was

ill-watered.

this between

only
the This

about

eighth
and the
sists con-

part

province, lands,
which

merely
the chief and

strip
part
narrow

of of

lowland ancient

seashore

mountain of

formed

Persia.

high

country
In and many in the small land
at

alternate it is where that

but

mountain,
and almost

plain,
with

valley,
dells,
The
water

curiously
green

combined.

some

places plains,
streams

rich

fertile,
any in the

lovely
will

wooded

mountain-sides is

broad of the salt from foot

crops mountains

grow. lose

supply
in
water

small;
or

rise there
are

themselves of
a

the

sand which and mountain rocks many in

end

lakes;

underground
some

channels there the

are

spring
large
are

keep lakes,

being
of last the
are

too

dry.
gorges the
on

In

places pierce

few there

rivers clear

and
streams.

the

great
in

that

lofty
of which these

hills the

These dicularly perpenand falls.

most

remarkable side the

part streams,
of

country.
descend

Scarped

rise

almost

either

rapidly
roads
are

with
cut

cascades often

Along
the

the
streams

slight
from where

irregularities
side the
are

rocks,
of
roar a

zigzags,
are

crossing
over

to

side
waters

by

bridges
and but feet
a

single
many been the
that

arch,
hundred
cut

which feet the

thrown below. of the

found proroads

chasms for which This the

most

chafe

The

part

not two

natural,
thousand
was

have
above

in

sides

precipices,

sometimes mountainous with and its east,

tower

streams.

district fertile and

an

great

plateau climate,
and

formed

the defenses

heart of
on

of
vast

the

Persian
on

country,
the north

soil

and

pleasant
strong

its

grand
mountain

deserts south.

unusually

rugged

barrier

the

It

190
has been
at

Cities
all times

of

the

Ancient

World.
cities. It
was

the

chosen

site for the

principal Persian
was

On the the

one

of its broad home

hill-encircled of the called

eastern

plains the first capital, Pasargadse, monarchs,

a an

built.
near

favorite modern

Persian

and

is said

to
a

have famous

stood land

the
was

site of
once

place
of the

Murgab; worldy
The the the

famous

capital of
of noble

that

the

mistress

empire Cyrus
on

cities, nourishing towns,

its stout in various
to

fields.

ancient river

with capital,
or

walls, great
directions the here

and broad, highly cultivated temples and extensive palaces, there

were

lay on
watered

Kores;

small Here the

were

streams

that

plain

their way

westward

great
the

Pulwar. Persian ceremonies

great

royal
in

palace stood, and by the Magi, and

the first centuries

the

treasury of the empire;

other

kings
were

consecrated held. Even

all the of the

great

royal

or

national
were

monarchy
adorn nations entire
at

the

Persians

very chief

skillful of these almost

architects,and
were

raised

magnificentbuildingsto
palaces, for among
the

their of

capital. The
the East
were

the

king

was

probably royal worshiped, and the

him.

grandeur
One and and
A

and

riches chief

of the

country

mainly gathered
in the form of of stone

about

of the

buildings
surrounded each
to
were

Pasargadse was
a

feet long, fifty

on

by

loftywall, built
words,
the far
"

a great oblong a hundred blocks; it had huge portals

the

jamb

of

the skirted

am

Cyrus,
of
.

the

King, the Achsemenian."

colonnade

is said

have that
a

inner above

face the

the

wall, and
of This the the
was

beyond
enclosure. built in
a

it stood Near

noble there

building pillared
was

towered

height King,
with massive
a

by

another had the

and
same

somewhat

smaller
"

pillared hall.

different It
was

but style, upon

a

curt

legend,

I
was

am

Cyrus,
was

the

Achaemenian."

square
In

column another

in

front, that

sculptured
a

curious

figure from

Persian

mythology.
a

part of the

city there
what this of used

platform probably built for

its great work the square ancient blocks of Persians

temple

or

for

open-air ceremonies.
or

It is still

standing, and
durable
was

stone, often
did

eight

ten

feet years

long, show
ago. In
tower

beautiful

hundred twenty-five
a

there vicinity blocks of hewn

another

building,probably
over

great temple, whose

It is

square
to

stone

still stands

forty
sia Per-

feet

high.
consisted

thought

have of two

been

for fire-altars.

The

religionof ancient
and the

in the

worship
the
at

great

beings, the
the pure, the

principle of Good

principle
from the all
at

of

Evil.
saw

The

legend is that Ormuzd,

himself
was

gracious,the perfectlygood,
Startled that of of the He and the from time

afar

Ahriman,
set

dark, the unclean, the spirit capable of all evil.

once

sight,he
that the
was

to

put

this enemy

out

way;
was

good

brought
with

into existence

by
The

Ormuzd.

god
sun,

good,
moon,

whom the

Persians

credited

creatingall
all fire.

their

the benefits, especially

the

stars, the elements, and

had
a

above the

people worshiped these, and

in their honor

priesthood called
were

Magi.
reverend sacred had of the

They
were

the

"most of the

Persians,an

important

body

of

men,

who

the

"keepers
of

things," the

and

servants

God."

They

learned of the people, the philosophers the charge of educating the young princes,and were

IO, PERSIAN

KING.

1 1 -I

2, PERSIANS.

I3-16,MEDES.

7, BODY-GUARD.

Pasargadcz.
constant

193

and

without sulting concompanions of the King. Nothing of importance was undertaken them, or againsttheir advice. They were supposed to be able to read the future, and explain visions,while it also lay by consulting the stars to interpretdreams
to

in their power

call up

the

dead.

The and

Zend

Avesta, their
a

sacred

book, claims
in many

to

be

the

revelation very

of universal

knowledge,
between

teaches

lofty morality,and
the

ways

makes the

clear the

distinction

good
from

and

evil,between
the
to

of light and spirit

once

spiritof darkness.
to raise

Gradually their influence

even

waned, although it was

strong

enough

them pure

to

the heart

throne;
and from

being

highest caste, the

the rank
came

priestsof

God, and
in

the

"

of and

mind,

hand," they fell

them the word

of

glers, wandering jugto

fortune

tellers

quacks, and

magic

tricks signify

and sleight-of-hand The

most

conjuring.
at

important object
who here "a had
to

Pasargadse was,
founded

and

Great.
was

He

built the

cityand
a

the

of Cyrus the now is,the tomb the capital, empire of which it was old Greek historian it looks roof with
on a son a

carried
tomb
"

rest, after his last great battle.

house upon

An

called like.

the The

famous
"

pedestal,"
white

and

that is just what

house either

is

small, of beautiful
an

marble, crowned
a

by
marble

stone

pediments
base that
stone

at

end, above
a

elegant cornice, like

seven

Greek

temple.
I

It stands blocks.
am

is built like of the

ses,

pyramid, with
an

steps, made

of huge
"

On

great
of

base, there is

inscriptionthat reads:

mortals,

Cyrus,
me

Camby-

founder

of the Persian

monarchy,
in the
"

and

sovereign of Asia:
end

grudge
low and

not, therefore,

this monument." There

are no

windows and
a

house," but

at

one

narrow

door-way,
of the great

doubly
king.
seven

recessed This is

mouldings, opens into the chamber eleven feet long, seven small, perfectlyplain cell about
ornamented with in the year and of
B.C.

broad,
in

and

high, where
made
on

529

Cyrus
of
a

the Great

was

laid in "house"
were

golden coffin, hung

stood
an

with

coverings of purple
by
rows

carpets

Babylon.
colonnade. fourteen ancient

The

oblong Cyrus is

enclosure

or pillars,

There

twenty-four columns
This tomb of

altogether, six
the
hewn

each

side,placed
certain in the mountain

about

feet apart. Persia.

was a

finest and
out

the oldest

relic of

Other

royal sepulchres were

little edifice, quite grove
a

of the rocks else this took

sides; but this

are

beautiful built. A
was

unlike
trees

anything
surrounded who

that
"

the

Persians

known in the

to

have

of

beautiful house for

Royal Paradise,"

and

there vicinity

small of

the

Magi

fifteen feet
an or some

of the tomb. Near care by there is a great high, with relief sculpture of a curious figure of a colossal winged man ing wearthe himself, Egyptian head-dress. This was intended king to represent probably

block

marble

about

good genius.
He

Cyrus
He

the Great

was

king worthy of this noble

a

monument
to
a

and
archy mon-

tomb. long-lasting
over

raised

his country ended

from

princedom
feuds
was a

under

Media,

many

nations.
a

the barbarous

between

petty kingdoms,
men

that of

made

western

Asia 13

perpetual battle-ground. He

half-barbarian,like all

194
that
to

Cities

of

the
and

Ancient

World.
settled and homes

age,

but

he

was

great
made

general
a

powerful monarch,
to

who

gave culture

immense

tribes,and
could become

mighty empire
were

nourish

in

wealth,
and

luxury.
of later

Unfortunately his half-savage people

times; they
courage and self-control and while

not

like the had

to

Greeks lose

others of

nations

but truly civilized,

something
arts;
so

military skill,
Persia became and
too

they developed
the luxurious
men

peaceful

while the

exceedingly large
much

vastly rich,
natures

life weakened

armies,

pleasure
and
man

made

the

of the
name

coarse,

heavy

and
now

selfish, unworthy
as

of their

empire
the
best

its founder. that

ever

The
sat
on

of Persian
was

Cyrus

is famous

the

greatest king and

the

throne. about

The of

second

capital of
Its ruins have of like

Persia
are now

Persepolis,
Chehel the this
near

forty miles
the

by

road

south-west

Pasargadae.
-two

called since

Minar,
of of their

and Forty Pillars, still stand further with

a

although
as

twenty
most

centuries

passed that,
a

time

glory,they
It
was

"the than

remarkable first
to
was

group

buildings in
it
was

part
the

Asia." of the

south

the

capital, but
the much and

edge
to

plateau,

mountain which

barrier it stood

south-west, and

desert

not

far away that its

the north-east.

The

plain on

largerand
the Bendamir

more

fertile than the and fame Pulwar of

lying about
and fertility, unite

Pasargadae.
the
a

It is called of

Merdasht,
water

all Persia

knows

unfailing supply
miles below

it has

from

rivers,which
monarchs in who

few

Chehel

Minar. Darius and the Xerxes and

were

probably
finest the
towers.
was
a

the

made
An

the

new

capital "the
historian says:

glory of
"A

East,"

the

city then
The The

existence.
was

ancient and

triplewall
and

surrounded flanked with wall

place.

first wall wall

cut

long
in form

high, defended
but first,

by
twice in

parapets,
the

second and the

was

like the

height.
The of

The

third

square,

in the for

mountain, being sixtycubits strength, and

an

height.
defense

first wall

is to The

inspire awe,
greatest
down upon of above from the the the

second

the and faced

last very
about

for the

the

palace." platform
the

buildings stood
the natural

on

immense then
as

larly irreguwith tain," Moun-

shaped
masonry. and lowest On

platform

hewn

rock,

and

The

abuts tombs

containing
about three various used
a

high rocky kings. The

plain;
and the

hill known

the

"Royal

platform
topmost
and
a was

had

several

levels,the
of

being

twenty

feet

forty-fivefeet high.
number

it there

were

distinct

lines of walls

towers,

great

buildings
edifice of

occupying
all. The

the
stone

levels,the highest terrace

for the

being

crowned

by
worked
was

the

noblest
cases

building was
to
a on

of

bluish-graymarble,
was

in most
up
to

highly fury by
him

polished.

Once
own

dog belonging
reflected

party of travelers

such
to

seeing
and The made
were

his

image
away.

the

walls, that plain

these
were

his

master

obliged
double

chain

send

him

platform
of blocks in
a

is reached marble.

from Some the

the of

below
so

by
and

vast

flightof steps,
or

of

are

large

that

twelve

fourteen

steps iron
or

cut

single stone;

blocks

massive

irregular,clamped

with

1^6

Cities

of
second
half

the

Ancient

World.
have
as

twenty-five feet high; it had

Greek
reason

no cover

story, and
as

must

looked

much

like

simple
the

temple.
for this

It did is said

not to

much
were

space other

the

Assyrian palace, but

by for the
the

be
was

that

there

buildings close
the

king's
throne-

household, and
room,

this

palace
rooms,

composed
and

of

only

public apartments,
of

the

banqueting
Xerxes,
on

guard
were

rooms.

When
new

and

after

him

Artaxerxes, became
These how after the

monarchs

Persia,they
but
on a

each

built

palaces

the
so

platform.
can one

plan

of

Darius,
elaborate

larger and
stone race ter-

grander scale;
must

you

imagine

stately and
another
on

magnificent the
vast

great gray

have

looked;

stage above

filled with summit

buildings,leading
making palace
was a

up

to

the

temple-like palace of Darius;

the

sculptured staircases
from the

deep
of

recesses
was

leading to
the

them

on

all sides. used

About

twenty-fiveyards
as a summer

Xerxes

king'sdwelling house,
north, and
on

mainly
the of the

residence; it
half of the

long building facing the platform.

the feet the It
was more

occupying
scale

entire

southern

central
some

the
courts

extensive and and the

Assyrian palaces
space The
most

than

of dred hunof all the

others, having many long by three

Persian is

wings, altogether covering a

wide. seventy-five
two

about

five

hundred

magnificent
are

Persepolitan buildings were

of architecture." in

Great of

Pillared

Halls, which
as

ranked of
a

as

"glory
Columns,

One the the

these, known
between its the

the northern

Hall and

Hundred

nearly midway
not

platform
rock

its southern The It is fice. edi-

edges, and
Milan also said

very is the this

far

from

precipice of

adjacent
effect than

mountain. it in any size. other

Cathedral that

only building now

it
more

standing style and

that

approaches

resembles

in

general

First there was entered and a portico over a hundred eighty feet long and fifty deep, its roof supported by sixteen pillarsnearly forty feet high, and its portals guarded

by colossal
in ten

carved

bulls.

Behind with

this

was

the

great hall, a square

of two hundred
ten

hundred beautiful and

a

and umns, colfeet

twenty-five feet,ornamented
rows

sculptures and
The

supported by

one

of

ten at

pillars each.
each crowned back of the three around

walls

enclosing it were
one

half

thick,with
hall On raised niches the
upon

two

doorways
the doors
at

end, exactlyopposite
and
on sitting

another.

The
or as

sculptures in the
sters. mon-

represented
the
a

monarch the

his
was

throne,
the

fighting great
a were

building there
stages
the

representation of
few

throne

lofty platform, with

in the in walls

supported by figures. There hall, but

very

deep
most

and

doorways
came

windows,
audiences

and
or

of

lightprobably
that But the Hall

through the
presence of

roof, and
the

fell upon

the vast

blies assem-

gathered in the
of
a

king
was

Hundred is all

Columns known
as

scarcely
Great
or

to

be

compared
in

with This

the
was

other the

pillared hall, which

most

the

Hall

of

Audience.

remarkable had
was

of main

palaces, gateways
its four

public chambers

ancient

sia. Per-

It

four

apartments;
on

feet, and

surrounded

thousand the largest covered square twenty equal sides by enormous pillars. They were

Persepolis.
over

197

sixty

feet

high,
stood

and

beautifully made
vases,

in

fluting with
at

sculptured lotus griffinsor

of with bulls. about

leaves

hanging
feet,with
is

from

them;

bell-shaped
on

and of The

capitals of carved
the

nificent Magseventy

porches
an

three

sides

hall,

distance

unroofed
to

space had
no

between. walls
at

entire
to

structure,
have winds been of

its many up

sections, by
lines where
of

believed
"

have

all, but
to

divided

pillars,
was

summer

throne-room,

open

all

the

heaven,

except

it

protected Many
between

by
of

tains." cur-

the

spaces

the outermost filled

pillars were
with of beautiful

hangings
and

white, green
were

blue, by purple

which cords
to
to

fastened and

of white

silver the It

rings attached
believed from
on

columns. is

the

inscriptionsfound ruins, that

the and the

these

form, platthe

nade, pillared colonone

of built that
to

palaces, Darius,
others
are are

were

by
the

but due

Xerxes Oelius. the

Artaxerxes

The doors the

inscriptions on
of what of the
are

is called

Palace

Darius, are
most
cient an-

probably
that

found

at
are

Persepolis.
thus the

They
"

ROCK

GRAVE

OF

DARIUS

translated Great the

on a

rius, Dathe

King,
slab

King
he
stone

of

Kings,
executed
one

the this
the

King

of

nations, the
Another
"

son

of

Hyswho the sian Peris

seven
a

taspes
found

Achaemenian,
huge
of of the

has in

sculpture."
The

inscription
him

of

walls, says: King.

great Ormuzd
on

is

the

chief

gods,
of

he

established Darius

Darius

He

bestowed

empire.
court

By the grace
is

Ormuzd,
in the

vividlydescribed

The splendor of the King." of Esther, which in the book Bible, especially The

ancient

beautiful

story of Eastern

life at court.

proud

monarch

permitted only

his

198
"chamberlains" their
to
serve

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.
Other how the the

in his august
to

presence.

no officers,

matter

high
Queen

rank,
was

could
not

be

admitted
to to

the

royal presence
any
nearer

only occasionally. Even

the It
outer
was
a

herself

expected
the

approach
her his

than

court, unless
most

mighty
the

king
court
one

graciously extended
was

golden scepter.
his gorgeous

royal picture when

minister
on

assembled;
beautiful and

monarch
on
"

upon the

throne, long
lines of his him. and

his of

prime

side, his

Queen
whom

other,
the

and

magnificently arrayed
and the gave time the On This which
was

princes
honor

nobles,

to

he

showed

riches before
a

gloriouskingdom,
At
one

of his excellent
men a

majesty," stretching out

feast which lasted
"

king

his great occasion

seven

magnificent
a

hundred
unto

four

days.

another
was

he

made in the

feast

unto

the

people,
of the

both

great and

small."

held tuously sumpment pavein

days
of red

court

of the furnished white

garden
with and

celebrated and silver

palace
couches

of

Susa,
upon of
a

decorated and

and

"gold

tesselated

blue,
called all

black served." there

art to

marble; golden
Nor
rose was

vessels

exquisite shapes
to

which

the

wine

Royal
with

was

the

splendor
furnish.

confined of
men

aces. royal pallower

Throughout
adorned and

Persepolis

glitteringpalaces luxury
some man was

in

rank,

beautified the
to

all that
streets

and

could

Splendid
monarch. in

pageants
When and of

passed through
the

beautiful
honor
one

celebrate

decree

of the

king

wished

of his the

subjectsthe
ran

clothed

royal apparel,

privileged to
the noblest

ride

forth

upon

king's richlycaparisoned steed, conducted

Heralds ahead

by

one

princes

of the

land.

proclaiming
the the
streets

the

lowed king's desire, folluxurious Two in

by

the

splendid retinue, which

was one on

passed through
burial

of the

city.
complete

Persepolis sepulchers
The

of the

the

chief

places
four
are

of

Persian have been

kings.
found the Hall

remain
most
a

hill in the

city,and
tombs broad

more

the

borhood. neigh-

remarkable

of these feet

the two
a

nearest

of Columns. and
are

They
divided there

are

in

niche, seventy-two
each

by

hundred with

and

thirty high,
Beyond
the

into compartments, is
a

highly ornamented
and

sculpture.

doorway
cells

chamber

forty-sixfeet long

twenty

broad, containing three

small

for bodies.

After

Persia, Media
of

was

the

most

important part
true
name

of the Fifth

Monarchy,
that of the nation.

as

the

great
and the
west

kingdom Persians,
most

Cyrus

is called. the of

The

of the
were

empire
a

was

Medes For and

for

before

conquest

the

Medes the

very

powerful
that extends

part, the land

mountains grew which

Media

occupied
proper
to
corn on

great table-land
Sea. Its among the

north

of the

of Persia

the and

Caspian

loftyhills
the
most

enclose of

fertile valleys the

which

large

crops

of
it

fruit; and
some was

pastures

Zagros
in and the

Mountains, empire
years and
were

bounded The

the

east,

of

splendid
six
was

horses

raised.

Median lasted
new

monarchy
quarters

founded
a

almost It

hundred

fifty
inde-

before became

Christ, and
part of
the

three

of

century.
In

conquered
the Medes

by Cyrus
were

kingdom

of Persia.

early times

Lower

Ecbatana,

or

Agabatana.
They
was were

199
wonderful

pendent
too;
most

and
some

warlike, and
of Persia's
were

as distinguished

skillful archers. cities

one

builders,
The

and

most

celebrated
two

lay within the Median

of which the the

boundary.

important of all
part of the
real
on a

the

Ecbatanas,
the other
was

metropolis of the
it of the
ran

northern The stood

country, while
the ancient

great city of the south.

Ecbatana,
a or

capital of
modern
on

kingdom

was

Lower

Agabatana;
the
east

rich and The

fertile
town

plain at the foot of Mount

of Hamadan of the with
a

Orontes,
now.

little to

Zagros.
down land many the
was,

stands

there

Full-flowing
ornamented the

streams

mountains and of

all sides covered

trees.

plain, but
fair

in the especially

north-west, where
with

the

is now,

blooming
of Mount

carpet,

rills and
"

groves of

large forest

While

these

beauties

lay around
Orontes
now

stately
above
or

ure-city treas-

in

Media," spotless splendor all the year throughout by many

power
most at
to

the snow-crowned round. for its

summit This

towered called

it, shining
Erwend,
It said is
to

mountain,
and

Elwend

is noted believed have the The for those appearance. wooden crossed The gave Median and says

the

East the

mines, waters,

vegetable productions.
some

to

contain

philosopher's stone, and

into of

of its grasses

are

transmute

metals

gold

and
was

to

cure

diseases.

celebrated

building
other of

Ecbatana

the
was

Palace; it had
much
courts

been

the in

model and with

Persepolis and
Instead

Persian
stone

and cities,

like and

them halls

size
set

having
and the while covered

columns,
cypress.

these

were

made pillars,
at

of cedar

of

They
had

supported wooden
in the the with

beams,
spaces

which

right angles, building was

the
was same

decorations
a

wood-work

between.

entire it much

by
as

sloping roof, which,

the Greek and Roman

colonnades but the the

outside,
roof of the

appearance

houses;

palace

made
were

of silver coated years

plates in the
with thin before the

while shape of tiles, of

pillars, beams,
Old Diodorus visited
to

other that

wood-work

sheets

precious metals.

nearlytwo
and
was

thousand
so

Christ, the Assyrian queen beauty

to
we

Semiramis resolved Mount

Ecbatana, here, and

The date

charmed
a

with

of

the

place
it

that

she from

live

built this of and its

palace and
it became

great canal
but

supply it with
know that residence
was

water
was

Orontes.

building is uncertain,
a was

occupied by the Median

the and much Persian

monarchy,
times columns A castle decrees wealth Darius Acra.
was

that It

favorite

summer

for altered

kings after
many marble

the conquest.

magnificent from
rulers. Darius ornamentation from
as

the

and first,

refurnished

by the
to

later rich

probably
of the
was

beautified

it very

by adding strongly
Here of bulk

the

south. the

short which and

was

distance
was

the the

palace
state

Acra,
and
a

or

citadel, a
office.

defended the

used

treasury
were

record the

royal

other

public documents
The
seven

put, and
talents of

greatest

the

king's
that the it of

kept.
built walled

thousand fled from care,

silver, that probably

its

history tells
taken
out

carried It the
was

off when

he with

Alexander,
and
was

were

extra

made

solid particularly
at

because and

only

part

of

the

city.

Around

it,or

base, houses

public

200

Cities clustered,and
on.

of

the

Ancient
of in

World.
of the
cities of that time metal The short of such the way
as a

buildings were
was

the
were

business workmen

one

greatest

carried

The
were

people
worn a

and gold, silver,

bronze, making
of
war.

ornaments,
soil
was

which

great deal, and

rudest could way, be

polished weapons beautifully

small boats The
were

but tilled,
on was

only
and

in

the

and

built

in which

voyages Persians
as

lakes

rivers

undertaken.

very solemn; it was

customs.

performed with the

were

marriage joiningof hands,

honor, and
of

ceremony in
some

the and

modern

Women

treated
as a

with

children
"

regarded
of

joy

blessing. A boy was and a girl as "she

the brother
was or was was

spoken of
that is
"

"giver

joy," an
"the

increaser
"

ness," happi-

causes

rejoicing."
supports," and
a

The

sister is

the

friendly,"while
Each head. The tribe He
custom

he who like

nourisher like the

of the

good," "the family."

the and courage. ancient it was

clan

something
and upon

large family; the chief

office
on

father, at

chosen
to
came

installed
a

in

account

of

his wisdom

place him
of
to

stone, and

perhaps it is from
the

this that the

stone.

Scottish the

custom

placing

their

kings upon

coronation

In

war

king'sbusiness
entire

lead, and
and arrows, under

great armies

bows pikes, javelins, The

with swords and that followed they were equipped with quiver, helmet, shield and breast-plate. the monarch. These
were

country
and
was

was

the will of in

His

word

was

the time

highest
to

law and

of the after
out
seven

land,

given
the
to

"decrees."

issued with of the the

one

from

time,

being copied by provinces,after

also

were royal secretaries,

sealed
one
"

king's ring,and
hundred and The

sent

by special messengers
which

the governors

of each

twentylearned

they

became

part of the

Magi
which

the
or or

out,
lost

of records, or a historyof all the of the empire, a book he had serious plans to carry king used to consult for guidance, when any in perplexity If these records had about warfare become not was or government. in of should the have much some a country's troubles, we destroyed greater

kept

body of the law." important events

knowledge
or

of

Persia; but,

as

it

is,nearly all the historywe

connected "whom with

have

of them

is from

Jewish

Greek One

writers. of the and

important events
friend of said to have
out

Ecbatana, is the
as

death

the

favorite
are

Alexander,
been buried A

he loved the of and

his

own

Hephaestion, and spirit." Esther

is
now tially reveren-

of

Mordecai

here, and
translation beloved
a

place of their tomb

the Hebrew honored Ahasuerus" The

pointed
found
on

by the natives.
reads:
were
"

inscription still by
a

to

be

the

tomb

Mordecai,
those of

king, was
him Susa

great and
with this

good.
rich
at

His

garments
also and

as
a

sovereign.
around the

covered

dress, and
honors

placed
his found

golden
fortune
at

chain became

his neck.

cityof
Some is

rejoiced
on a

his

high

glory of

the
one

Jews."
of which

remarkable

have inscriptions block of

state

been

the

foot of Mount thousand

on

Elwend,
the found

engraved
an
"

red

granite weighing many of preservation is found

that this

tons.

Arrow-headed natives

writingin
say him is the who

lent excel-

the

block, which
will be

History

of the

Treasure," and

royal

treasure

only by

is able to

decipher the inscription.

Northern

Ecbatana.

201

Northern

Ecbatana, the
son

now

known Here he

as

Takht-i-Suleiman, is said
to

to

have

been

founded

by
when his the
to

Solomon the wife

of David.
came

is believed

have
to

held

his

magnificent court
after she became

Queen
he

of Sheba
a summer

from

her

distant for her

palace
on

visit

him, and
mountain called
one

built

residence the

city.

Herodotus
no more

says time
on

citywas
the

founded

highest by Dejoces, who

had built of It consisted

the

peak adjoining
upon the

people

spend
should

their

petty towns,

till they

great

royal city which

Later There there
were a

be

the

of treasure-city

kingdom.

great

citadel,enclosing the
was seven

royal palace
common

and

great dwellings, and

out
a

public buildings
the Medes

outside and
were rose

the walls. Persians.

plan for laying

about

citywith
that each

walls within

the

citadel
so

of

Northern

Ecbatana;
of the the

they

large and

strong,

built

circle ment battleuries. treas-

circle,and
above The the
one

planned

circles

just the
the

beyond
wall
was

it.

Within
seven

last circle stood in

height royal palace and

have with been

of the

outside of the different

about

miles different of the

circuit,nearly the size of the wall of

are was

Athens. colored other fourth

the

Five with with

battlements

of the while
was one

circles
two

said

to

brilliantly
the

pigments,
fifth orange.
was

last second

coated

and silver,

gold.
woodwork

The the

first circle

white, the
seventh

black, the
with the the

third

blue, and

The with

corresponded
Old writers say Darius

scarlet,the palace, in which

metals
were

entire

covered and

plates.
When

precious
before

very
seven

plentifulthen
thousand

in Media talents
a

Persia. away

retreated

Alexander,
were

the
to

he

carried of

from

Southern
was

Ecbatana said the

to

equal
been he took

about

eight and

half millions of

dollars, and

yet there

have when

nearly
the

five millions'

worth

gold by

and

silver

left for Antiochus

Great

wealthy city.
On
one a

height
the
most

near

it is believed in

that

an

ancient

Fire
was a

Temple
square have

stood, which

was

of

holy places
bricks laid

Persia.

The

temple
outer

building of fiftybeen

five

feet,built of
a

in

plaster. The
within upon square, central sacred of
a

wall the four

must

fifteen and

feet
municated com-

thick, and

high, narrow
it

passage
a

this surrounded each with of the

central faces.

chamber,
The

with where roofed with

to

by

broad

arch
was

inner feet

chamber, thick, and

is black allowed

the

sacred
a

fire

burned,
The

massive is upon

walls

fifteen

by
the

circular

dome.

chamber flame

quite well preserved

these fire-altars
was was

and
never

smoke

of centuries. upon the

The death
was

go

out, except
The

king, and
to
was

then,

probably, it
its touch

not

guished. entirelyextinfed with blown it. wood with

greatest
no

care

taken air

preserve
to

purity; it was
it; it
before
was

stripped of its bark; bellows, and

The mountain said
even

blast

of

suffered
over

never

the

priests put cloths

the fire-towers, Armenia
to

their

mouths

going
are

to

Pyroithra, or

only Medo-Persian
other

temples,
The

found
near

along the capital is

ancient

heights of
Eastern of the

and have of

several been

places.
of
the

temple
in
are

the

by

authors
events

founded

by Cyrus, and
great king,

Greek

historythe

stories

strange

the

childhood

laid in the

202

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

city.

Others

tell

us

that

he

came

here

after

his

Lydian campaign,
Herodotus unknown
to

and

deposited the
that time the of when rious luxu-

captured spoilsof Croesus

habits and proves
was

in the

seven-walled
the of

citadel.
were

says in the

afterward it

practiced by
advice ill-fated
to

Persians
a

Cyrus,
that

by quoting the

wise

Lydian

his

king, Croasus,
art

monarch

planning
the other

his
"

expedition against Cyrus: "Thou

war

about, O

King,"
have what but thou all ? the
"

said

Lydian,

make of

against men
feed

who
not

wear

leathern what do

trousers, and
upon

all their

garments
a

leather; who
is sterile and

upon who

they like, but

not

they
drink

can

get from
who

soil that
no

unkindly;
else

indulge in wine,
to eat:

water;

possess what

figs,nor
thou this
was

anything
quite true,
or
"

that

is

good

If, then,
at

conquerest
Herodotus

them,

canst

get from

them, seeing that they have

for before the

nothing
of

declares
none

that

conquest

Lydia,

Persians Next
was

possessed
the
two
or

of the

luxuries the the Gates.

most

delights of life.'
of of the Medo-Persian
near pire em-

to

Ecbatanas,
Rhages,
the
near

important city boundary

was

Raga,
pass

eastern

Media,

the

brated celefor
a a

called
a

Caspian

It

very

long time
of fertile

was

very

important place, being

Mount with of Elburz wonderful the and

the the

early established, and largest city of Rhagiana,

It
was

strip
sive mas-

between territory embellished and surface

Desert. of

guarded by
tell side the of

walls, and
some

pieces
sixteen smooth

sculpture, that
here. On in

about
one

of the
a

manners

customs

people who
about from
a a

lived

rock,

smooth
a

had

been stands

made
out

feet surface

height

and

twelve feet

in

breadth,
and

colossal broad.
worn

bas-relief The

about

sixteen

high

twelve

picture represents

dress horseman, wearing the balloon-shaped head-

always
spear.

Long
a

by the early sovereigns of this country, in full charge, couching hishim, and opposite him is the head of another horse, drapery flows behind
some

probably
ancient
to

charger, bearing
parts of the dress
in full and

enemy
etc.

of the

royal hero.

Other

sculptures show
are

the

stylesof dress, armor,

hair

Waving kings,who
curls.

sash-like
wear

strips of cloth
the beard

found
on

attached the

different their

of the

their beards

usuallylong
is
a

chin,
as.

and tied

flowing

Sometimes

long

represented
The of is Her middle
crown

together
rises

at the

is surrounded
crown on one a

like point of the chin, and hanging down by fluted ornaments rising upward, while
mass.

great
from
a

tassel. the

dem diathe
seen

balloon-like

The

figure of

woman

wearing
over

mural

of the
so as

sculptures.
to

Her form
too.

long hair falls in braids

of her This is
a

her

shoulders.

dress

is fitted
arms,

show

the

person,

but

part of the hands

whom that
so

and long tight sleeves the not only cover of the figure is said to represent the wife of one romantic admire.
as an

early kings, about

and fond
some

there the

very
most

story which
The

will show

the the

styleof
was

lads balvery

narratives

Persians

story is that

king

of the of his
saw an

chase, and

proud of his skill

she
went
on

archer, that he wanted

with He him drew
one

his wife Before

to

see

exploits. So

to

the

hunt

day.
and

long, the
the

king

antelope lying asleep

the

plain.

his bow,

just grazed

SYRIA.

^I

^HE

greatest
years
"

city

of

ancient and of all the

Syria

was

Damascus.

For bears the

nearly
name,

three Damascus situated

a

thousand is of and above the any

a

it has Eternal
or

nourished,

although
world.

another It is it the

true

City"
in

most

beautifully
in
a

city
half the and sides
"

in

Syria,
the The

perhaps
of is

Western and miles of

Asia;
at
a

stands of

lovely

plain
hundred

mile feet

from
sea.

base

Anti-Lebanon,
about
to

height

twenty-two
covered and
on

plain
it is open

fifty
desert

in Arabia The

circumference,
on

with

rich
on

vegetation
the known which other
as

foliage;

the

the blue

south

east,
the ancient flows At

while

it is bounded Hills called of

"

by Bashan,"
The the

the

mountains. and the Stream." it built

are

pale
is in
two

ridge
the

right

was

The

river

below It rises into the

Barada,

Abana,
eastward different of sides the of

the

Greeks the
there

Golden

Anti-Lebanon, unequal
which the rock
out

through

plain
are a

and

city,
of of

which dams these

divides
across

parts.
turn
a

heights
waters

number

river,

part
the

into ravine
a

large through
generous side

canals. which

Some the of

tunneled

through

along
in many of and

the

mighty
clear

river fresh

flows;
water to

they
the with
Above

branch many rich

directions, Damascus,
orchards of of
sun

carrying
on

supply
the

fountains groves the

and

every

watering

plain,
and

that

is

covered
trees.

fig, walnut,
Hermon the
"

pomegranate,
rose,

citron,
as

apricot

all,
the and

snowy

peaks

Mount

then in the
was

now;

and

gleaming

white

under fair fields

brilliant

Oriental

lay

oldest oval the

city
circuit main there masonry where

world,"
surrounded
were

surrounded

by
a

magnificent
wall,
entered the

mountains.

Its

by
on

stout

tower-guarded
side of the river.

by

several

gates;
Gate
now

quarters
used and
to

the

south

Where noble extensive vessels

were

Eastern and and

is,
of

be
stone.

fine

Roman Outside of

portal,
it

with
was

high,
an

arches,
tile

massive

sides

there tiles finished

pottery
These far
was

factory,
were so

finely

glazed

and and from

so

richly

colored

and that

made. celebrated

cleverly
About
a

fashioned

beautifully
the and double
on

they angle
in with

were

and

wide. with

eighty
with

paces
a

gate,
two

the lions wall

south-eastern

of
over

the

wall the

marked

tower,

fleur-de-lis
were
a

sculptured
one

relief
an

entrance

doorway.
the
was

The

fortifications

at

time,

arched of the It

gate

on

western

side,
to

corresponding
across

to
ran

that

the famous

east.

The "Street

greatest
called

length Straight."

city
a

from in

east

west,

which

the

was

mile

length,

Damascus.
broad and
or

205
columns The into three noble
were

and finished

beautiful, divided
at

by stately Corinthian triple Roman

other mechanical
most

avenues,

each

end like
a

with

gateways.
The ancient
arts.

pavements

tesselated in this sort

laid in squares,

checker-board.

Damascenes

excelled

of

work,

as

they

did

in many Damascus

In many

respects

is the
an

remarkable of four

city of

the

earth.

It

has

lived out-

generations of others, in
formed
an

existence
most

thousand

years,

during
The

which monarchs

it has of

important part of the

powerful empires of the world.

and Rome

Nineveh,

Babylon, Persia, Greece,

conquered

it; but under

every

dynasty it

founded It is believed been to have prospered, and after all have fallen,it still lives. Aram, by Uz, the great grandson of Noah; and this is probably how it happened: when

HOUSES

ON

THE

WALLS

OF

DAMASCUS.

Uz's his
a

father,took capital,and
Uz's
soon

possession of Northern
discovered
that in

Syria
all the

he

looked this
was

about the
most

for

land

a place to set splendid site for

its wide plain, luxuriant do not We know waters. vegetation, and abundant plans in establishingDamascus, but it certainly a was soon flourishing city, and probably kept growing steadilyfor many Long after that time Abraham years. reigned there, and pilgrimages are now made to places near with associated by that are about the

with city,

great

patriarch. In

David's

time

"

eight

centuries

later

"

it

was

the

capital

of

2o6

Cities

of

the

Ancient
make

World.
the victorious the monarch of Israel.

powerful country,
Besides its
own

whose

king

ventured about

to

war

on

round territory other of extensive

the

which city,

included

eastern

slopes of Antiin

Lebanon,
and of the those

it had lands
east

possessions and
took
a

tributary kingdoms
share in the The
at
one

Mesopotamia enterprises
around the

Syria.
by the
Damascene

The

times, bringing home

which
was

people good plunder of goods and prisoners. Hebrews,

and for
a was

warlike land time

Jordan,
the

held

often

invaded, and
with
so

Naaman,
war a

commander maiden.
to

of the Her

armies, brought back agreeable ways

hand-maiden.
was common

his

prisoners of
the

little that

Jewish
he the bad
as

bright
to

looks

pleased
in

great
was

general
not

resolved dreadful
a

give
he

her

his wife

Now,
he

Naaman the East.

afflicted with
was

disease that about

called could
not

leprosy, which
attend of
to

It

in

so

form
went

his

duties, but
waited

was

often

in dreadful
or

suffering
led his of It attacks

he

the

streets

Damascus,
he
was

upon

his

king Benhadad,
severe

armies

into battle.
no one

Sometimes could but

kept in the house

believed the the bad that with

by unusually
to

pain,which
began
in
a

relieve; for leprosywas

be

an

incurable have
to
as

disease. leave

mild

way,

finally grew
came.

so

sufferer
same

would

home,

friends, and
tender
a

all well

people, and

join others
The little
so

trouble, and
all
man

patientlyas
her
was

possible wait till death

heart
to
see

Jewish girl knew

told him of
was a

this, and
named do

it touched

her

master
own

suffer;
land gave could. of

she

Elisha,
miracles. Damascus

who

Hebrew the

prophet in her king, and

to

Samaria, and

able
to

to

Naaman and his

told duties

Benhadad if he

his

general permission
He
even

leave
a

there

find cure, of

gave

Naaman soldier

letter to his old

to

enemy well camels of river have

Joram, King
of

Samaria, saying that he

Naaman
set out

sent
a

his valued

him

to

be

made

leprosv.
with

Then very

with

splendid train of chariots,horses, and stuffs, according

hills and crossed
not to

laden those

rich

gifts of silver, gold and

over

the the

Oriental

custom

days. good

This

procession wound
Samaria. of and trouble

the The had

plains and

the

Jordan,
made Then the
a

till it

finallyreached
deal

king
not

did

understand, and
it

would

if Elisha

heard and

of before

the

general
times

his retainers The

moved

on,

all,and sent for Naaman. long filled the street before

Naaman
was

prophet's house.
seven

Scriptures tell the story, how Jordan,

would and He
not

that done

told

to

dip
and

himself free from

in the

that
was

after

he

had

this, he

rose,

clean

all

signs of the disease.

which
two
name

full of

gratitude, and
it is he built

offered
man

the

prophet
returned of the

costly presents,
to

Elisha

take. with

Then,
which

said, the well

an

Damascus

with

mule-loads

of earth

altar to

the

God

Israelites, in whose
The God of

Syrians did
all Christian A

not

Elisha prophesied and wrought miracles. which worship the Jehovah of the Israelites,

is the

same

as

the

and
to

Jewish worship
him it
was

in the
to

world

now;

but where

heathen Great the

deity, called
Mosque
The of

Rimmon. Damascus which he

temple
and
so

is believed

have that

stood

the
saw

is now, admired

probably there
that he had
a

King Ahaz
one

beautiful

altar,
cere-

much

similar

made

at

Jerusalem.

HEBREWS.

MODE

OF

TRAVELING.

Damascus.
monies the of these heathen
were religions

209
and his
court

very

imposing, the king

return at

attending

sacrifices

in great with and and land

pomp.
the

After

Naaman's his
arm

he

duties, and
filled the offices of

walked

king

upon

the
or

head watched

probably kept up his usual of a gorgeous procession that

the
"

temple,

taking part in the

but sacrifice; of Israel."
to

worship,
Naaman about

priestsperforming their
was no

worship
in the

himself the close

there

God

in all the first

earth, save

At

of

Benhadad's

reign,the
and

closed. epoch in the historyof Damascus marched against it,laying the country waste

Some and

of the rulers in Assyria Judah capturing the city. It had held a high This
to
now

years. position as capital of an independent dynasty for three hundred still kept its importance down became a tributary kingdom; but Damascus of the conquests it the
was

the

time

of Alexander

the Great; in

fortunate singularly fate of

escaping
fell to
was no

-^--^7" ,?fl35S^fe

destruction,

which It

almost

all its sister cities.

longer capital after the

great
flourished thousand of

division

of

the

conqueror's empire, but

as

it still about
a

old, and
it

in
to

years

again

rose

its old

position as the Syrian metropolis. This

was

after the Romans half the

a

gained

sway

in the the
a

East, less than

century before
Era. the

beginning
few of the named and it

of

Christian

For Arabian

following years
held the his

Aretas
was

grand reign
to

old that be

city,
the
BRIDGE OF

during

JACOB

DAUGHTERS.

Christian

religion began
in the

claimed proand that the

there

to

city and province of Damascus, preach the Gospel of Christ.

are no

great

apostle Paul

went

There

full accounts

of

the

appearance
course

of

the

cityin early times, and

of years it

very the the

have

little is known rule hands held of

history. Assyrians,Persians,Macedonians,
In the
the

of its

of and taken
a

thousands

passed under
it fell into and
to

Romans;
in 15 16 when

in later

years

of

Saracens, from since,with

the all the

whom

it

was

by the Turks;
it and

they

it

ever

exception of
and the

few

years

belonged

the

Pasha

of

Egypt;
It
was

but
one

during
of the
to

changes it has been

commercial from among

prosperous

it is now.* as flourishing, ancient it

an

great
or

manufacturing East,
most

places in the

world.

Caravans

going

coming
were

especiallyPersia, made
wealthy and

and station,

the merchants

the

important enterprisingof their time.

See

of description

Damascus

in

"

Great

Cities of the

Modern

World."

14

210

Cities
of the

of

the

Ancient

World.
Linen
so

Some

of

the

manufactures fine

city have
woven as

an

reputation. everlasting
with and great skill, the
same name

cloths celebrated
to

of

beautiful
that

patterns and

qualitywere
far and wide famous

became is

the

goods
now.

were

known
even

damask, and
this
was

given

similar

material

But other

more

than

the

work in

of

the

smiths, goldsmiths, silvermanufactured weapons

are

and the

metalists. and made

They

were

marvelous
ever were

workers
been
so

steel,and
The

finest sword-blades
to

daggers that have

the

known. welded

lieved be-

have
were

been very that

of steel and
at

iron, which
same

together and
form The
on a

tempered
hoop, with
were or

that
were

they
so

and elastic, the sword

time bent

rather

hard, durable, and

hands least. lines
was

sharp; they
a

flexible

could

be

in any

one's in of the

to

the

point touching the hilt,without

with beautiful
a

hurting the blade

a

surfaces

covered

designs, like ground;

ornamentation

fine net- work the

was

dark

light ground, acids, and

run

light lines upon

patterns
in

dark This

sometimes

steel-blue

ground
work

inlaid with

delicate in the

gold.

done

by careful
not

with

genuine
the entire the
ever

Damascus

swords
are

(some
not
worn

are

so-called,but by friction
or even

the real),

designs
The of it have

through spread
made been

blade, and
of the This

off

grinding.
imitations

Crusaders

fame

Damascene is done

steel

through Europe, and acids, and ground

of the blue

since.
ornaments

by etching with
upon

produces landscapes, inscriptions,

and

commonly
of every of the

ordinary

steel.

Gold
were

and among

silver the

ornaments

description, armor,

weapons,

pipes, perfumes, etc.,

lived Israel. almost when

manufactures The healed

a

early days
where the
was

of Damascus. the

city of Samaria,
of

prophet Elisha
the with

Naaman

went

to

be of

leprosy,
borders

capital of

Kingdom high
If

of

It stood
on

in the

center

wide

basin-shaped valley,encircled
upon have the gone

hills and Naaman crossed

the have of

edge

of
a

great
direct he

plain which
route to

Mediterranean. due Even

could the Sea

taken

it,he would

south-east, and
this would and have far away

Galilee,when

had
was was

gone
a

just about

half way. below

on

great distance

Damascus,
a

made a long journey, for beyond Jordan, toward the

a

Samaria
sea.

It

situated beautifully
was

hill which

commanded
name

view of the

of

the

surrounding country.
"

It

probably from
came.

this fine Samaria

was

position that the

made the

city,which
and

means

watchB.C.,

mountain,"
and
of

capitalof Israel by King Omri, about

the
storms

925

for about

two

centuries territories. cities of

it

resisted successfully it
was overcome

sieges of other monarch,

about who
was

kings
also

neighboring
all

Then

by the Assyrian
as
"

took

the With

other this

Israel,
the

or

Samaria,
or

the

country
Tribes of

round

also
the

called.

conquest
carried

people,
Their

the

Ten
were

Israel," of which
from the
"

Scriptures speak,
who
were

were

off.

places
the

filled

by colonies
whom

Babylon,
no

the

people known

in

historyas

Samaritans, with
There

Jews had
the

dealings."
The and fair the

cityhad

checkered

history.

was

deep hatred again

between
was

ites Israel-

Assyrians,which

sometimes

grew

and very bitter,

partiallyhealed

212

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World. they found

set to

Samson.

They
his

were

cunning
than had from he
was a

or

crafty,too;
match for
a

for when

the
to

great Israelitish
the
secret

general's strength more

of it from

them, they
She

work

discover

wife, who
to
come

been his

Philistine.

treacherously revealed
not

that took he
to

his

strength seemed
of them
to

long thick they

to

hair, and
cut

only
locks. and

did

this but when down The task.

"

some

him

when
on

asleep, and
out

off his

Then took the him

woke,
Gaza.

they laid hands

There the he lowest
was

him, put

his eyes,
a

be

doubly
to
were

sure,

imprisoned slaves, and

and, after

while, put
in
war

grinding at
set at

mill.

women,

prisoners taken
on

this

menial

Upon
mill
"

piece of sack-cloth placed. by

means

spread
stone

the the

ground
mill
was

before turned

the

door

of the upon

house, the
"

was

The of in

upper
a

of
Two

round other

the

nether somewhat that been

mill-stone,"
after in the the mill

handle. the

women saw

facing
is

each
one

ground,
in

fashion
was

which

cross-cut

worked,

throwing
hand-mill

grain as
the

used.

Morning
far into
women,

and the

evening the hum

It
was

of the

might have
held.

heard, and
it
was

sometimes upon
custom

night.
the

hard, tiresome
of the modern

work, and

fact that This

posed im-

shows

little estimation
streets

in which

they
town
"

were

old-time
"

still of the

prevails, and
be

in the

known

as

Shuzzeh

the

hum

mill may
were

heard

just as

in the where

ancient

days.
the

The

temple of Dagon,
to

where feats of

the

Philistines

assembled, and
amusement,

they
stood
on

called

Samson

perform
to

some

strength for their

custom; whole and the

probably
the

hill-side, according
were once

the

Eastern the
to

resentful

giant knew

that

if the
once.

central columns
He
torn
a

loosened

building would
like that them called
come. were on

pitch down
his

hill at he

felt his away the

strength returning
of the

something
and carried his enemies had
women

of former

times, when
to

had

doors

citygates,
and when for vengeance
men

shoulders their

the
to

top of

hill that

is before

Hebron;
a

forth The

prisoner
must

give
been

them very

sport, he

felt that

time

temple
upon

have flat

large, for three

on

thousand Samson

and his then

assembled At last he middle

the
to

roof, and
a

looked

while

amused

enemies. he drew the

begged

be

led to

pillarthat he might lean against it,and

the
vast

two

columns

together, pulling down

the Christian Era there each

temple, and
cities

perishing
the

himself In the Of

with the

three

thousand

of his enemies. before

were

last centuries and the east stood

three in

on

north,
andria Alexthe

south,
these in

of the but first,

Great it
was

Sea, that rivaled

not

other

splendor and
of the others
"

culture.

Rome

in any of

respect

far ahead

Egypt, and
it

Antioch,
miles

by the
from

waters

Orontes, in Syria. This

midst in
to

lay

on

left

bank

of the

river, twenty
was

the

sea,

in the

of

long plain, so
ranges. Seleucus. have
a

rich and

fertile that division

to

like

cultivated

garden hemmed
and

by mountain
share of
to

Upon
He

the

of Alexander's his influence

empire, part of Syria fell

both After
east

the

wished
the

extend

west,

so

he
a

resolved

capital in
this wealth

northern and here

part of
founded

Syria.
"

looking about
the

for

favorable fame for

spot, he

selected

site,
very

Antioch

beautiful," whose

splendor and

Antioch.
overshadowed entirely the old

21

soon

capital. Part of the citystood

was

upon

an

island,which
stretched

is gone southward

entirely now,
over were

and

part of it

built

on

the

plain,while
Casius.

the

remainder Its

the

rugged rising ground

by the branches
skirted
on

toward
a

Mount

handsome stately
were

quarters
with

threaded

of

shining

stream,

whose

banks

planted
with yards. vineof the

brilliant It
was

fruit trees, and

one

all sides

by mountain

slopes covered
Nicator
"

of

sixteen

cities founded

by Prince

Seleucus

one

ANTIOCH.

kings
but it

under
soon

the

Emperor
more

Alexander

the
more

Great

"

and

named much

after his
more

father,Antiochus;
celebrated
than made and all
a

became The

wealthy,

beautiful, and is,that

in

its namesakes. sacrifice to the he

was

story of its foundation

on

May,

B.C.

301,

Seleucus

gods watching the

hill

the hill Silpius; afterward he repeated the ceremony, auguries he saw an eagle carrying the flesh of the sacrifice understood
that

while
to
to

the

foot of

the

Silpius. By this Seleucus

the

gods pointed

out

him

214
the site for

Cities
great city,which
built the the he

of

the

Ancient

World.
build. He

began
the

at

once

to

placed the

citadel

upon hill

Mount and the

Silpius,and
river.
the

city on
had
to

sloping ground that stretched

so

between
to

the

It became

capital of Syria, and

be

many
new

people flocked
quarters,
became
was as

it that

before

long
four

original town
afterward

enlarged.

Then that Roman

each
a

surrounded
or tetrapolis, as

by
is

wall, were

added
at

by other

kings, so
of the

Antioch

city of
now.

parts, which

the

beginning
connected

empire
others

large

Paris

The about

quarter
150

on

the

island

was

with

the

by five bridges, and

in

frontier
was was

for this encircled the whole It was B.C. citywas by fortifications. necessary The walls were also very skillfully built,and no point capital to be very stout. the crossing of a wild ravine. The level of the adjoining parts unprotected, even

kept by the parapets

beneath. The

on

the the of
to

top, while
wall
seems rose

the
to

solid have

blockade been
or

went

down

to

the form
on

great
of
a

depths

top
towers

of

constructed

in the

flightof steps.
hills these
to
were were

Large
from There

defense

seventy

eighty paces
in the and of
upon

apart, and

the

seventy
are

eighty feet
to

in

height,those
three each hundred side

plain from wall, which

parapet,
passage

twenty-five
They
was

thirtyfeet.
about

said

have

been

sixty towers.
which

thirtyfeet
fortification

square, Low doors

a

and

projected on
from castles the of

the the of

about made all

eight feet in width.

the entire the around

opened

the

towers
a

like the

chain

with

means was

extending
called

city.
still

Where

wall

crosses

Aleppo

Road

the entrance ancient used

water

Paul's the

Gate, which
*'

stands; but
was

the

most

important hills, and

the this of

portal of the
was

city was
for stored

iron

gate."
but could Church
or

This also

between
a

steep
sluice far

not

only
of the

defensive

purposes,

contained

by which
from

height
was was

in the
the

valley
ancient
square,

be

regulated.
of St.

Not The

gate

the

rock-cavern, forming
out

John.

center

Antioch From

laid

in

great public
lined with ings; fine buildthat

covered

colonnade, with
directions
streets
avenues.

four

gates.

these

stately streets
stood

"columns

led in four in all parts

to

the outskirts

of the

city. Everywhere
such
was

were

and

porticoes filled with

The

magnificent
about four

columns miles
a

they

were

called the

golden

principal
a were

street

long,
in four

crossing
covered

city from
or

east
on

to

west,

with

broad

road

in the

middle, and
that

narrower

way

portico
for the down
over

each

side, which
From the
an

flanked it others
at

by columns
branched
corner

stood
to

parallel rows
parts of the
street
were

entire

distance.

off,up
the with

the

higher
Apollo
the

cityor
carried

toward
to

river,and
arch. where the bank A

every

porticoes of the main

a

form

loftymonument
it
was

statue

of

stood and
a

about similar

midway
street
on

along the avenue,

that reached from the

crossed

at
on

right angles by another,

one

hill-side of the

gardens
river.

side

of the

cityto

Hympaeum
with

the There

other
were

side, on
the

All

the

public buildings
and

were

magnificent.

palace, the Senate

House, the temple of Jupiter, burnished

for

gold, the

theater

for

plays, amphitheaters

gladiatorshows,

great

number

Antioch.
of which

215

of
as

public baths, all

those
In

were

almost, if
were

not

quite,as stately, gorgeous,

and

luxurious

of Rome, the year

after which
B.C.,

they

copied.
reduced
New
to a Roman province, Pompey gave to temples, theaters, baths, and aqueducts

64

when

Syria was

Antioch
were

the

power

of
more

self-government. important than

In the suburbs the

then

built, and

or all,a basilica,

Court

of the of

Justice,which
ancients

was

called

the Csesarium. the "Crown of

of this brilliant

which city, the Grove

sometimes
which
was

called

East," Seleucus

founded

Daphne,

SYRIAN

SEAPORT.

celebrated
ten

far in

and

wide.

It

was

intended

both in cool
a

for

worship and
grove of

pleasure; it
laurels the and

was

fully

miles formed

circumference, deeply bosomed

in the
most

thick

cypresses,
never

and

sultry summers
of purest
water

shade
from

through
out
were

which

sun-heat
were

pierced. people.

Many They

streams

flowed

the
a

hills,which
and

crowned

by temples, baths, and

were

gymnasia.

The

Antiochians

restless

pleasure-loving
were

partly Greeks, and when

the ancient

rites of Greece

established,

216

Cities

of
them

the

Ancient
stadium

World.

the
games

whole
were

population easilytook
celebrated the

up.

was

built, and

when

the

Olympic

"quoits, wrestling and temple

Grecian
was

athletes,throwing the youths of the Syrian capital became A magnificent racing,and exercisingdaily in the gymnasium. built,embowered
with in and
a

to

Apollo

was

grove gems,

of laurels and

and

cypresses.

The

tuous sumpof

sanctuary,
was artists, as

enriched

gold
the

adorned

by the
of venerable

most

skillful The
to

nearly filled by
but

colossal

figure of the God

Besides

Light.
mother

deity
give
to

represented
the

bending forward, apparently entreatingthe unwilling Daphne.

Isis,and
which other
to

his embrace contained

beauteous

temples
as

Diana, Venus,
the revels
at

the temple of Apollo, Daphne deities,all fitted up with great magnificence, where public buildings,
not

were

also the
was

baths, theaters, and

of

other
were

from

time

to

time

were

held It

Daphne,
that
some

abolished
were

until

was Christianity

established. and It In
were was

Antioch for

the

followers then

of
set

Jesus
out
on

first called

Christians,
world.

there

that Paul for many of

labored years

time, and
and of the

his first
to

missionary journey.
the heathen

also time

the center one-half

headquarters of missions
two

the

Chrysostom
of
new

hundred

thousand

people dwelling here

Christians. After the

founding
with
a

Constantinople Antioch

was

no

longer chief
old
to

city of

the

East,
of
even a

but
new

it flourished and handsome

dignity as
rose

the among

seat

of the

Christian

religion.
adorn the the

Churches

architecture his

the his
new

beautiful

public buildings,and grand

old

Constantine and

divided its

attentions which
was

from called

capital

city
were,

strengthen
of their

harbor,

in early times, a great especially trade but

many

Among Jews; the people were

cultivated

Seleilceia.

population

there the

rich,carrying on people from

all

chief

vicinity,and
Greece here. and But

attractingwealthy and
Rome.

countries,
and their
too

from chiefly

Many
were

men,
a

distinguished for learning

class of
or

skill in art, lived fond above in of

they

not

noble

people altogether, being

refined.

pleasures and
folks of any

luxuries,and
other but

not

very

pure-minded

They

were

famous,

the

place, for biting and

this kind
"

sarcastic
was

wit, and
as

for their

ingenuity
as

making up nick-names;
and when the in about took
no

of smartness fun
to
"

just

dangerous
invaded

then

it is

now,

Antiochians 500 a.d.,

made

of the
own

Persians,

who

Syria under
troops

Chosroes
not

they did it

their

destruction, for the angered

it.

only
had

the

citybut thoroughly
ten
or

demolished
more

Justinian rebuilt

it,but the place

has
severe

real

importance for

centuries; it has always been

Tadmor in the Wilderness"
I t
was

subject to

very

earthquakes.
Palmyra,
the

city of palms,
of
a

the

"

of founded

Scripture, was by Solomon,

to

one

of the

proudest and
the base

mightiest capitals of
white the limestone

Western

Asia.
runs

and

lay along
about in.
a

ridge
and
the

which

from

south-west

east, north-

midway
beautiful and

between oasis

Euphrates
midst his of

stood

in the where

It Syria,at the end of his dominions. great Syrian Desert, half-way between reached the

Damascus

Thapsacus,

kingdom

Euphrates, and

where

there

Palmyra.
was

2 l y

the

great

passage

across

the the
a

stream,

afterward

called
commerce

the
to

"

fatal ford." and he of

This

city
come. over-

linked his dominions

and
was

with

great

highways of
station

the north

north-east
had

at

the the

same

time

fine frontier

for the

vast

empire which
lost in that

But

of history it
was

Solomon's
when

cityof

Tadmor it
was

is almost

Palmyra

by which

name

called

in later times

capital of the empire of

Zenobia'

THE

GREAT

COLONNADE,

PALMYRA.

The

fertile barren
east

oasis,well watered
naked mountains

and
on

abounding
the west,
rose

in tall and towered

graceful palm trees,

was

overlooked of sand
on

by
the

and and

skirted walls

by
and

desert

wastes

south; and

in its midst

the

handsome
center

palaces of the
traffic between
a

city, a bulwark
the East and

hordes, and a against the wandering Bedouin and It reached West. importance finally, great

of

became

most

wealthy,

218

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.
But
a

and flourishing,

important city under

about He
was a

the

Roman

Empire time, when

that

of

Trajan.

the

greatest

glory of the
an

citywas

century

after that before

Odenathus,
both
an more

Syrian, founded
monarch,
countries trade and of with the

empire there.
so

murdered power For

were a

long, but his wife, Zenobia, became

domain it included
on

and

strengthened
and

the

of

the

Syria
Asia
or

Mesopotamia.
Europe,
and

short few

and

there up

time Palmyra carried places in all the world halls of and

immense rich

important
edifices Sun. of A

more

beautifullybuilt
different court,

with

marble

palaces and
was on

imposing
of

many square wall

kinds, the
about
seven

most

celebrated and
a

which

the

Temple

the

hundred

fifty feet
double

each

side, was parallel to

surrounded the

by

seventy

feet
to

in

height.
of columns
an

Within,
Herod's

colonnade

walls, formed
the

cloisters

similar

those

restored

Temple

at

Jerusalem.

Near

center,
proper. of
ran

enclosed
These fruit

by Corinthian
columns

supported
up the Tnis

the shrine, or sixty-fourfeet high, was unbroken entablature, richlyornamented intervals

rows

Temple
with Colonnade side and
a

festoons

and

flowers, held

at

by winged figures.
columns,
above each fifteen

The
on

Great its inner

nearly across
or a

city,in

four

of

having
hundred

bracket in
a

statue.

colonnade

contained

columns,

ended

magnificent triumphal arch, profusely decorated.

There desert cool
was were a

great many
in the from

large and
of

beautiful all the

fountains, which
the
most

kept the
fantastic
enormous

air of of

the

and
one

delightfulthroughout
court
a

city. Among
was

these

fountains of

palace.

It
a

in the of

form

of

an

elephant
which
was

stone,

throwing

his

uplifted trunk
which
In

shower

cold, clear
to

water,

sometimes

perfumed. exquisitely
the
to

Rocks, rudely piled together

were

resemble

some

natural

cascade, received
channels
were murmur

falling showers,
of the

then

conducted

by
the

underground
court

lower

parts

grounds.
idle

apartments
the house

opening upon
reclined with within drinks

there of the
snow

luxurious of

couches,
the East mountains
seems

where fanned of able

people of
slaves
or

sound cooled

fallingwaters,

brought from
the
art

by India, and

waited
rare

upon

by

the

and

delicious

confections

which

only
The

of the

to

supply.
the

Religious inscriptions show

first person who called

that

Palmyrenes worshiped

kind

of

Trinity.

Baal-Samim, they Malak-bal, god of the heavens; the second represented the sun; the third, Agli-bal, the moon. husband Zenobia's of partner, with Gallicnus in the Roman a colleague, or was a sort
but when Aurelian became

"the

Empire;
army, escape, the of and the and

ruler, he

marched

against Zenobia

with She

large

after

defeating her

in several

battles, besieged her in Palmyra.

tried to

most
so

the emperor's triumph. to grace She was was captured and taken to Rome she was the queen important sight in that great procession, not only because celebrated she was a city and so great an empire, but also because very beautiful, but

most

gorgeously decked
Flaminia she almost

with

splendid jewels. It is said

from the

that

as

she

was

led upon

along
her.

Via

fainted

weight

of

the

gold

chains

220

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

is

over
one

thirty feet
hundred

square and

at

the

base, and

twenty-fivefeet

square

above

the

basement.

It is

eleven is
an

feet in immense linen.

height, and

stairs. and the hall

Underground
of is
a

comprises six stories,reached of wild animals vault, filled with bones

down the
stone center

by
and

stone
men

fragments
entrance,
are

mummy

Running
beautiful

of

the

building,opposite
either side of the
were

long hall
about

with the

paneled
and

ceiling. On
a

four in these

recesses,
recesses,
were

length

breadth bodies

of
to

large coffin.
run so as

Shelves them.

placed
upper

leaving room
the in the
as

for dead that

be
not

in between

The and
tower

stories
more

like

first, except sides, some

hundred four

they

were as

highly ornamented eight.

In of this the
one

contained
were recesses name

recesses as

of them and

many

places for
contain and
to

many busts of the

eighty bodies.
a

In

some

tombs

the

in

each relief, person

having
it in
one

short

Palmyrene
It
or loculi,

the inscription,telling
seems

parentage
embalm

the

whose

portrait is given.
of the

to

have

been
recess,

the and

custom

body, place

panels in the
end of

seal up The of bleak

the

opening.
and

ancient

mysterious city of
one

Baal

bee

lay at
of and

the

northern and

low

range

hills about of

mile It skirted of

from
was

the

base

Anti-Lebanon,
surrounded and

about

forty miles
two

north-west

Damascus. and

in form, irregular
a

by walls
It
was

miles
once a

in circumference,
most

by

well-watered

delightfulplain.
beautiful
was

magnificent city,full
building of these
Asia Belus all

palaces, fountains, and

wealth and ancient of the of the
meant
sun

monuments.

Toward
seat

the

Syria gave
same

labor, for it
nations. He
or

the

chief
to

of

the

deity Baal, the great sun-god of many

of Western the Bel
or

represented
master

the

people
as

about of

the

idea

being lord

of the

universe,
of many when

Assyria, Moloch
name

Phoenicians, and
the the

the
or

supreme the

deities
so was

other Greeks

countries.
came

The into

of Baalbec of

cityof Baal,
conquests
Greek of

Sun, and
it

the

possession
had the of East.
same

it, after

Alexander,
made of the
as

called

Heliopolis, which
The Roman oldest
power

meaning city are

the Neither

in the upon Bible

language.
that
were

records in the

this

coins
nor

in the very

days

of

the

any those

other

early histories
of

speak
ruins and
all

of
now

this

city,and
Being

existed yet it certainly

a

in

times,

miles

show. of the

capital,the religious priests of Baal.

must

chief But in and

buildings were
were

magnificent probably temples,

dwellings for
pomp and believed the much

most

classes

of

people were devotees, who worship

and There

there

palaces and
with which Great

have the three

gone

great

numbers,

magnificence,
the

to

make
were

great
chief

costlysacrifices
as

they
of

god demanded.
of the

temples, known
The Great

the

Temple,
a

Temple height, making

Sun, and the Circular

on an

Temple.
artificial The
one

Temple
This
was

consists

peristyle,
in proached apit
was

courts, and
and

portico, standing
had measured

platform.
Great and rich four in

nearly thirtyfeet
and

long

vaults

underneath. feet
was

Court

through which

four

hundred that

way

hundred

the other, fifty

vast

enclosure

wonderfully

decorations, with

chambers,

Baa

Ibee.

221

recesses,

columns

and
over

friezes. the end

The

interior beautiful court, with dice

on a

of

each

recess

was

ornamented flowers

with
were

shell-

topped niches, and

At

recesses

garlands of fruit and

still

tured. sculpa

the western the

of

the

higher platform reached

columns and
fill the

by

flight
lovely
the sides

of

steps,

stood

Great

Temple, Egg
roof. and The

its

statelyCorinthian
is

wonderful

sculptures and

statuary.
below the and

ornaments

deep mouldings, and

rich and
on

garlands hung
profusion
of the of

effect The

wonderfully
walls

beautiful, from
north and
west

sculpture platform which supports

are

fret-work. the Great

ders won-

colossal

the

Temple
of
enormous

perhaps

the

greatest
are

Baalbec. stones,

In this wall that

are

three have
cause beover

you very
"

may famous

heard

of, for they they

are so

large
thirteen

one

being
and above there

sixty feet long,

of about the
are

feet
"

high, and
cause bethe
must

same

thickness

they

twenty
shows

feet that

ground.
have
been

This
some

marvelous From
was

lifting power
stones

in those Great

days.
Temple

these

the

long

called

"the

Three-stoned." The Temple of the Sun is the most perfect and most imposing monument of ancient
art

in

Syria.
lower It

It stands than is

on

platform
the Great

somewhat

that

of

Temple.
The of built

larger than
decorations the
same

the Parthenon. and show time and of the that

as

styleis Corinthian,
the about
FALLEN
PILLAR.

character it the
was

Great

Temple. hands, and

Elaborate

delicate grapes of in

with bunches flowers, vine-leaves, little figures sculptures, representing fruit, their

cupids

wound

about

with the of

acanthus

leaves, decorate
their said in

the

interior

this

wonderfully beautiful
and
statues
a

house, in which
to

their treasures, Great

dedicated

all the of

gods
The

the

Syrians placed city. It is

was

shrines,
that the

Temple
the alone

contained of the
two

golden

statue

Jupiter,which
Circular of south-east

carried
was

procession

through
stood

streets

cityon
the

festival

days.
the
was

Temple
the others.

smaller, and
It
was

about

hundred
as

yards

to

not

as

grand and
to

pretentious
of

first two,
to

but

the

custom

temples

dedicated

the

small, complete, and beautiful, according it was probably worship of Venus, for whom

222

Cities

of
the

the

Ancient

World.

built Roman of the

by

the

Greeks.
once

Beneath

temples
from
seen

there

are

underground
of
a

corridors, where
The in this
a

soldiers

sought refuge companies

stand
a are

the
on

fierce heat the walls.

Syrian
a

sun.

numbers ancient
over a

legions or
used
to

still

On

hill-side

citythere
burial-cave.
were some

tall Doric
were

column,
found above

probably
in the this

surmounted and and

on

by
the
near

statue,
one

Several

sarcophagi
On the

cave,

lid of
are it,

there rock-

sculptures.

hill-side

column,
lies

many

tombs. At the quarry, fourteen is

more
a

short in

distance and times

from thirteen the

the in

city,there
of

stone,

seventy-one
fifteen It has used. Antioch and
Be
roe a.

feet in hundred lain here

length by
tons, which
for hundreds On olis
name on

depth,
six

width, weighing probably Cleopatra's

but Needle.
never

than

weight
for
some

of years,
route

already shaped Syria and

lies Aleppo,
to

building,
known

the the
was

between

Eastern which Seleucus

was

Asia, mid-way

between

HierapThis it
was

Euphrates,
the says time that of the

in ancient who

times

as

probably given
the

it

by

Micator,
on a

founded

Antioch,
called used when that
to

and

kept
milk cried
on

until

Saracens.

It stood after
the

little stream his

cows

Nalv-el-Haleb. distribute he
was

Tradition
to

patriarch Abraham,
who
"

milking
of The castle The

the

the
"

poor

people,

gathered
"he
some

at

foot

and the. hill, Arabs and hill, say

a

ready
when

out,

Haleb, Haleb,"
to

has time
to

milked."
on

Abraham, trough

his way

Canaan,

spent

the

stone

is shown

into which
was

it is said built upon The in the it

was

his cattle used several situation midst of small is

an

be

milked.

city,part
borders
"

of which

is still standing,

hills and

intervening valleys, and

on

surrounded

by
miles middle

towered-wall. from of the

sea,

strange
unfruitful

one,

the

of

desert, seventy
"

country.

Castle
a

Hill

rises in the
was

the

town;
of
seven

surrounded Double the

by
of

massive
were

wall, and
set

moat

that of

crossed

by
and

bridge
steep
bazaars

arches.
to

gates
the

for the dotted

a

defense houses

the

bridge, and
garrison
with the
a

the

ascent
or

leading shops.
four

top
the

hill

was was

with

for the

Under

hill there

subterranean
one

chamber,
gates
modern There
near

roof

upborne
is
a

by

columns of

built
an

into the wall's.

At

of

the the

there hill,
pass

stone

bearing part
their father of of

ancient

inscription.
then buried about

When them. where

a

Aleppines
is
a

it

they

rub

fingers over John

it is ancient

the the

letters and

kiss

tradition is.

that The in its

Zachariah, population
most

Baptist, lies
was a

the

Great and

Mosque
But the

Aleppo
now

probably

hundred

thousand, fifty

prosperous
one

days;
of

little less than

half that

number.
an

cityis even
for the for their

yet

of

the

handsomest

and

finest in the
are

country.
in

It is

important
of the

center

inland

trade
manners.

Asia,
called

its citizens

celebrated

all parts

East

elegant

Jerusalem,

by

the

Arabs of
a

El-Kuds mountain and

("The. Holy"),
ridge extending
in breadth from in the

has

stood from

for

at

least

thirtycenturies
of Esdraelon
to

on

the

summit of

length

the Sharon

plain
and

the

desert

Beersheba,

plains of

Jerusalem.
Philistia this
to

22

the

valley of
is the

the

Jordan.
In

Bleak the

limestone of these the

crowns

lie

along

the

summit

of
two

ridge, separated by
one

ravines.

midst the which

one on

rather

desolate

environs,
The

valleys open,

valleyof Kidron,

other

valleyof Hinnom.
into
two

ancient

city stood

the ridge between them, on valley. The Tyroposan,or cheese-makers' of

is itself divided
on

parts

by the

the
east

west,

considerably the largerand

Still loftier
crowns

is the Zion loftier,

Scripture, while

that

the

is Moriah.

BETHLEHEM

FROM

THE

SHEPHERDS

FIELDS.

rise all around distant

the

site,with openings here

The ancient
on

and the
"

there

through which
also well

are

glimpses

of the
"

country.

called city,

City of David,"
by walls
"

by Josephus,
as

the

Upper
it

City," was
a

built

Zion, and, surrounded

with Mount
rose

as

by deep valleys,
then of connected

occupied
a

position of great security. Moriah, the

the

sacred the

was hill,"

by

bridge
of rock

over

Tyropcean

Zion;
three

on

northern
"

crest

thirty cubits

high, there

great

towers

which, on a Hippicus, Phasaelus, and

brow

224
Mariamme. At

Cities
little distance and which

of
was
was

the

Ancient
for

World.
called with the the

place
also

games,

Xystus, which
while

the both

royal palace overlooked, Xystus

The Peace. and
most

connected the

great towers,

palace

were name

connected
of

by

bridge with
was

Temple.

ancient it

Jerusalem
the
two

Salem, the
it combined.

Foundation,
to

or

the

Vision

of the four

Afterward
name on

was

called
to

Jebus, because
names

belonged
Bezetha.

the

Jebusites,and
of which An

present

is

thought

be

The

cityconsisted
Zion, upon

parts, built
the
"

four

hills,Zion, Akra, Moriah, and

the
was

stood ancient ruled

Upper
stood him.

City," was
here; it
Akra this

first spot also the the

"

citadel after

Jerusalem occupied by buildings. and fourteen burial-place of David kings who City," to distinguishit
Moriah, from
Abraham other
a

in

is called

Lower

from

Zion,

"

the
a

Upper
broad

City," and
valley.
we are

lay opposite to Mount

was

which

it

was

separated by
sacrifice his also the sides.
son

That told

the

hill upon

which

built the

altar to
was

Isaac,
the cumference cir-

by Josephus and
or

many

old

historians; it
and

site of The

Temple.

Bezetha,
of the

New

City, is city was

broad

irregularridge with
four miles
a

steep
the

ancient

about but

half, and

regular population
were

was

nearly seventy
every
one

thousand;
and city, the

during

the
on

yearly feasts
the

there

multitudes

thronging
says that
two

part of the
time

encamping
of the

surrounding heights. Josephus

were

at

during

feast

Passover, there
The fame young valiant the

in and

around

lem Jerusain the

million, seven
he resolved His

hundred
seven

thousand years the

people.

of the

city first rose

became the toward

time Israel the the in

of

David; for about

to
remove

after the

shepherd
fair and of who the
sure

king
center

of of

capital from
It

far away which

was

Hebron
a

country.
seat

choice Hebrew

fell upon

Jerusalem,
was

likely place

for

of

the

great
if
a

empire.
a

held made

by
war

the
on

nation those

the

Jebusites, but

those

days,
fortress

king wanted
So the
are

place, he

possessed it,and
lower that

took but be

it if he the

could. of

David

attacked the

Jerusalem,
citadel. the
"

and

gained
felt
so

city at
this could blind

once; not
men.

Jebusiteswas
said
to

They
That

taken, that they

was an

have felt

manned

battlements

with he

lame

and

This the of the of

insult,which

David

bitterly.
kills
a

man,"

cried, "who
chief

first scales host

rocky
Israel

side of !
"

yonder
others

fortress,and

Jebusite,shall be

captain of the

Many
The

warriors

prize.
the Great
were

rushed them forward, but Joab distanced all,and gained pressed after him, and so the citadel of Zion fell into the hands

King, and

Jerusalem

became

the the in

capital of

Israel

in and

1048

B.C.

Great For
at

works

begun

here, then, in laying out

the the celebrated
two

city in fortifications
this

buildings.
the

thirty-three years
work
to

king

ruled of his
to

loftycity,and
were

kept continually
of that

carry

out

great tasks

which life, extend the

to

establish

worship of
from

Jehovah
the Red He
was

in the Sea
a

stronghold of Israel,and
the

domains

kingdom
to

to

Euphrates.
conqueror, and

mighty
he

compelled

one

tribe and

after the
new

another

yield
of

to

his

armies, and

also spread great

prosperityin Judah

kingdom

Israel,by

Jerusalem.

22

and by and trade,by carefully arranging the form of government, encouraging navigation of the author is well known of justice. David as founding a higher and a lower court and show all beautiful Oriental are the Psalms, which are verses, religious They poems. faith and joy in God's from shade of spiritual goodness to overwhelming feeling, every
sorrow

for the writer's

to the
same

own

sin.

David

was

born

in the little villageof Bethlehem,

and

belonged

later.

The

ries family into later generationsof which Christ came, about ten centumiles of five south in the about is in still existence, Jerusalem, village

MOUNTAINS

OF

MOAB,

OPPOSITE

THE

KINGDOM
THE DEAD

OF

JUDAH,

ON

THE

EASTERN

SHORE

OF

SEA.

midst
east
on

of
are

country

of great interest of

to

all who

are

familiar of Moab the

with

the

Bible. the

Away
Dead the

to

the

the

plains
are

Jordan, with
and

the

mountains

beyond
Zion of
"

Sea, and

all sides of

mountains, plains,and
often

valleys,where
troublous
to

people

of God
was

passed

early
site
taken

centuries of

their eventful
or

existence. hill the Ark

chosen

for the
was

the Tabernacle, Gibeah. 15 This

tent-temple, and
was

that

the Covenant

from

the

citadel of

or Kirjath-jearim,

cityof forests," 0:1

the

road

226

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.
Mediterranean of the
was

between
the

Jerusalem
of David

and
were

the

city of Lydda,
in reference The

nearer

the the

coast.

Many
to

of

psalms

made

to

removal of

ark

and

its

being Hill, by

safely established
and his

in the

city.
he the The

king's palace
to

cedar-wood

upon
was

Zion's finished

opposite,
son

upon

Moriah,
This
was

began
most

build

the the

great
most

temple,

which

Solomon. in the

important,
and aid from

splendid, and

the most the

famous materials

building
were

great

city.
he

plans
secured

nearly all
many
to

the

preparations for
friend's All about the the

made
of

by David;
who

had

sources, his old work.

especiallyfrom
son

Hiram,
when
were

King
he
so

Tyre,
to

willingly gave
out
no

great

assistance in the

Solomon,

began

carry that years

his father's sound of

axe

design
or

great
was

arrangements

complete
seven

hammer

heard

temple

during

the

whole

of its
"

building,
Like
some

tall

palm,

the

noiseless

fabric

grew."
after of the

The all

general plan
twice of the
center

of

this most Outer the

celebrated walls formed

sanctuary
a

was

Tabernacle,
six hundred

but

in

points

size.
was

vast

square
structure

about of the and

feet,

in the with
a a

which of

comparatively
It
was

small of

temple, gleaming
had three

profusion
and
or

gold

ornamentation. the with

was

oblong shape,
two

parts;

deep porch extending Boaz,

across

front,and
twice

supported by large
the and
a

great

brass led

called pillars,
to

Jachin Place,
Altar of

adorned

lily-work and
as

pomegranates.
as

This Here it
were

the
was

Holy
the

outer

hall,which
m?de
ten

about

Porch. beside

there
seven

Incense,

of

cedar tables
In

overlaid of the the in the

with

gold,
and the

golden
vessels
taining hall, con-

candle-sticks,and
used in the the off
was

golden
services. and

shew-bread,
center

great

number
was a

of

golden

religious
sacred of

of of

place
The with

there

square

Ark,

called

Holy Holy
and

Holies.

The

walls

and

curtains of the

shut

it

from lined

the view with

any

persons

Place. overlaid

whole

interior We
ever are

temple
that the

wood-work

richlycarved
was

gold.
that

told

dedication the

of this great sanctuary

the

grandest
was

ceremony of

took the

place

among

Israelitish of the
went

people. Jews.
to
as
a

The After

time the

chosen labors of

the

Feast

Tabernacles,

festival the

the

and field, the the wide

the

gathering
robes

in of

most'joyous the vintage,

The and
a

people

Jerusalem
priest,was

from

all parts of

territories

of

Solomon. laid

king himself,
full
on

in his linen

ephod,
ark

royal

being
from
two

aside;

body
Zion of
to

of

the

holy
No

men

brought

the

in
the

grand
the of

procession
of this which

the

tabernacle in the it had in it

the

rest

prepared

for it beneath
were

spreading wings ark;

law the

cherubim
same as

Holy
at

Holies. and

alterations

made
two

in

was

the Moses

always been,
Sinai. clad mercy
were

contained
it was linen
set

only
down

the

tables

had

placed
of is of

When in white

the chorus forth in

of the

Levites, with
of

all instruments
"

music,
for and many

and

robes, burst

praise

Jehovah:

For

He

good;
oxen

His

endureth

forever." and the

Prayers
of

and

of burnt-offerings
were

thousands

sheep

made,

psalms

David

sung

to

an

accompaniment

of

228
The
outer

Cities
cloisters
court
ran

of

the
very
"

Ancient
remarkable." the Stoa

World. Along the southern

Public Porch. The and
one

of the the

Temple
of

were

side This

of

the
sisted conwere

cloister of

Herod

Basilica, or

of

four wide The

rows

Corinthian

thirtyfeet
feet
were

and

feet fifty
were

and aisles. columns, forming nave feet The wide, nave was forty-five high.

aisles

hundred

high.

columns

single shafts of white

nave was

marble,

and

the

roofs

of cedar-wood from Zion

carved. exquisitely
the

The

exactly opposite
to

the

bridge leading
eastern

to

Temple,
This It Mount

and

corresponded
stoa,

to

it in breadth.

Solomon's
court.

Porch, where

Jesus used
was a

walk,

ran

along the
of
a

side

of the three

Temple
rows

porch,
was

or

double

range

cloisters

between

of

columns. brow of

of

great height, and

There and
were

occupied
also

commanding
on

positionon
of the

the

eastern

Moriah.

cloisters

the

two

remaining sides.
Temple
of The
near

The the

general plan of this noble

Sun
at

strikingTemple
like those

resembled
at

that

Palmyra, with cloisters somewhat beautifullyplanned and

as

Baalbec. stood

sumptuous
the

palace of
The

King

Solomon,
power

richlydecorated,

Temple.

greatest

well

as

the His
was

reign
raised.

of

this monarch.

during the greatest splendor of Jerusalem was finished until four years after the not was palace, which
by far the
most

reached

completion of the temple,

It
was

magnificent residence Assyrian palaces,

the south but side in the
was,

that with of

had

ever

been
more

built
was

after in

the the

style
and

of

the

much

splendor.
for.it the

It
rarest

built of

Acra, looking toward

most

the

temple, and
were

all materials

skillful of workmen within called the The These

East,
as

brought
of non, Leba-

together.

The

principal building situated

hall

palace
House
were

in

all Eastern

palaces, the great probably from

cedars from
was a

of state
rows

and

audience,

of made

the

Forest
out

the

of

pillars supporting it.

of the famous

of the the
narrow

distant

mountains, which, far to the north of the Holy City, separated Syria shore. There strip of Phoenician country along the Mediterranean
of the Forest
were

long hall joined to the House

of the David. Outside in all his called court, of

of

Lebanon
a

by

cedar

porch, called
another

the

Tower
sat

this there

hung

thousand

golden shields, and

was

within

king
the
vast

imperial splendor.
the Porch
was

Opposite, there
A

large
in

column-supported
the
center

hall

of

Judgment.
on

great
other
one

square sides end

altar stood

of

which

enclosed

all the

by the household
was

apartments
Pharaoh's
a

of the

king, adjoining the spacious

opposite that, beyond
of where Pillars, all usual Porch

halls. the the

Across altar of

the

Palace

of
was was

Daughter, and
beautiful the of

the

Great

Court, there
of
were

stately and

ordinary business
Behind
courts.

the

palace
of of

transacted, where private apartments

left-hand

king received
the
Inner

visitors. open

this

most center

the
the
rounded surwere

palace, surrounding three Court, adorned

In the and

portion lay the by cloisters

courts
were

with
to

gardens
on

fountains,and

for shade;

corresponding
and around

that

the
women

there right division, of his

two

smaller

for the

attendants in suites

guards and
these

the

household, whose
open-

apartments

grouped

paved

and

handsomely adorned

Jerusalem.
ings.
was

229

Solomon
to

built

an

inclined

road

in

an

underground
the whole of

passage, the

leading
of

from his

his

palace up
his

the

platform of the temple.

and other works The in

About

first half

reign
and year

occupied
own

in these

toward entire

royal state

Jerusalem.

the religion of Jehovah establishing in of peace; and was a state empire

ONE

OF

THE

CEDARS

OF

LEBANON.

by year the king developed

every way

the

resources

of

the country

and

pushed
his

its

commerce

in
was

possible to
man

add of

to

the treasure

far the wisdom

so

greatest
and

his

time,

not

already gathered by and only in imperial power

so can

father.

He
but

by
in

wealth,
of

also

learning.

His

judgment

was

true, and

his

knowledge
to

rightand
a

wrong is
as

clear

that greater

praise of judgment

scarcely be given than

say

person

230
wise his the Solomon. His He works and

Cities

of
the

the

Ancient

World.

as

was on

also science

most

learned been

man,

and the
to

the

most
or

talented

poet
of

of

time.

have

lost; but
are

Canticles,
have been

Song his;
and

Songs,
there Beside is

Ecclesiastes

Proverbs
or more

in the

Bible

believed all the many

scarcely anything
the

finer

beautiful

in
are

ancient Eastern and

Oriental

writings.
relate the whose

descriptions
stories

of him

in the

Bible, there
name

legends, which
him
men,
as

ing glowand

of him.

These under

spell his
the
as

Suleiman,
most

describe

lord

master

of power wealth

everything
were were as

sun,

the

wealthy
But in the did

of all created

wisdom power
own

and and

limitless

his riches. over-shadowed others. he and became

trust

his wonderful latter the

genius,
part
of of

his

wisdom,
by
had

shamefully
he
to

his life what

his

neglect

of the

wisdom him

taught
love the

He
a

now

opposite

seemed the

right and
revolt

good
his broke

before;
from

selfish, arrogant
hatred and which

tyrant, which

turned

feelings of
a

people
out

into

discontent. caused the

Upon
downfall

his death of the

among

conquered

kingdoms,
the

Jewish
The

nation

forever.

mountain studded the

summits,
with
on

the

and hill-slopes,
the

fair

peaceful valleys about David, prophets

to
a

the

Holy
were

City
laid tombs

are

tombs;
which
a

remains lived.

of

Solomon,
too, the downward This may

and
were

other

kings

near
are

spot

they
and

There,

buried.

Their about hole in

reached

through
it

long galleryleading
ten

circular be

chamber, by
a

twenty-four
the roof.
cross

feet in diameter
run

feet

high.
of

also of

entered
are

From

three

high
are

and the
men

narrow

two galleries,

which

parallel,with James, Jehoswith the

long

where galleries, and many of the

there and

tombs who

Zacharias, Absalom,
the
streets

St.

haphat,
multitudes The

kings

great
ancient

walked

and

mingled

celebrated

city
court
"

beauty
the

and

magnificence
of

of Solomon's Nebuchadnezzar conqueror it from each took

were

never

again equaled
it with fire."

in From

lem Jerusathat

after time The a.d., it

saw

king

Babylon
One wrested

"

"burned

many

changes. Jews
did
so

it from the

or another, pillaging rebuilding.

Eastern when
but

monarchs the he

other;

Romans Titus

captured it; and

obtained it

in 66 for

revolted

against the
of
to

foreign
terrible

conquerors,

again

Rome;
of
was

by
are

one

the have from

most

sieges

known

in

history.
when of the

Hundreds all

thousands

of

Jews

said

perished,
the

many

themselves, killing
into the flames walls his and

hope

lost,by throwing
beautiful

themselves
was

walls, or
all the and named it the
to

burning city.
thrown
name

The Under But became the who

Temple

destroyed, and
it was rebuilt Constantine

houses

were

down. ^Elias.

the emperor the

a

Hadrian

^Elia,after
old
name

family
to

religiousemperor
great

gave

again, and
now

the the

Holy City
people
of faiths

place

for Christian

pilgrims
there do
not
are see

visit

It is of the

sacred and
women

Mohammedan go
to

religionalso, and
year. But

hundreds any of

men

of both

it every is
a

they

old-time the ruins

grandeur,
of centuries

for modern scattered

Jerusalem

cityof

narrow,

crooked, dirty streets,

with

Joppa.
among its

231
The

Jewish and
or

Mohammedan
that of

buildings. Albany,
of David of New time

population is
York. which It

less than

twenty-five
the ranean MediterYafa

thousand,
The

about

one-fourth

port of

coast, about
or

Jerusalem in the thirtymiles

means

was

Joppa,

stood
was

on

north-west
was

the

Holy City.
on

also the
a

called

Jaffa, which by
the the

Beauty,
its

and

probably given
hills and of the the
sea.

account

of
on

lovely picture
rounded of

made between

cityand

surroundings of
and the away before

It stood Luxuriant

low

hill,
orange,

Mediterranean

plain
on

Sharon. land side

orchards
"

lemon, date, and

that where mother of blue.

stretched fig-trees says it existed

like Strabo
to

sea

of green it
as

adjoining
the

Pliny
she
was

flood, and exposed

or

describes
sea-monster

place
her

Andromeda,
said

the
more

Ethiopian princess, was

beautiful than
the

the

because
sea.

Nereids,

nymphs

of the

In

Pliny's

Solomon's

pools, in the and

outside

southern

wall

of

Jerusalem.
to

days
by

chains

were

shown the
monster

rocks

to

which
her.

she

was

said says

have the

been

bound

until

Perseus the

killed

rescued

Josephus
of Dan. the

that

citywas
of
was

founded the land the From of

the

Phoenicians,
as

and

in the Bible
the used border in the of

it is first mentioned
the

in the To

distribution

by Joshua
timber this Lord. from

marking Lebanon,
set
was

tribe

this

port

carried

building
when

of both he the
was

first and

second

Temple.
presence with in it
on

port

Jonah
and The

sail for

Tarshish, by
his

fleeing from
he

Jhe

Pottery days.

manufactured

here, and

potter and
be in
seen now

his wheel,
as was

his the

heap of
ancient of the

prepared clay
Bible

jar

of

water

side, may
of

potter,

taking a lump

clay

his

hand, placed

top

232

Cities
and smoothed

of

the

Ancient

World.
end
a

revolving
fashioned

wheel

it into

cone

something

like the

upper

of

an

oldthe

center, which
Now taken
anew.

his thumb sugar-loaf. Then, thrusting constantly enlarged as he pressed then little the

into its top, he upon

opened

hole

down

it,giving it any perhaps,

or

shape he pleased.
the work

and
too

growing jar,from

some

defect

because and the

potter
is

has

These

vessels upon

into a shapeless clay,is suddenly crushed were extremely delicate,and were the floor.
came

mass,

begun

broken

frequentlyby merely
the idea

putting them
It also
was saw

to

Joppa that St. Peter

the vision he
as ever

when
a

he

raised better of

Tabitha and

from

dead, and
of the

there aim of
met

he

which

gave

him
or

much

broader

than Christianity with such disasters

understood

thought

before.

Scarcely any

town

has

Joppa, but it is of late years

faithful and friends Hiram.

and risingin prosperity,

the

present

population is about
One Hebrew
a

fifteen thousand. generous of David His

court

of

the

most

and
was

Solomon,
at

and

of

the

monarchy,
way of north of

was

the

Phoenician

king
the of

the

city of
the the
a

Tyre,
of

long

Jerusalem, where
This The
name was a was was

Eastern what is the

Mediterranean
now

washed

shore

the

land of

Phoenicia.

part

Syria,that
this country; years held

lay along
it
was

coast

north

Palestine.
or 1200 a

given by
the chief
two

Greeks, and

meant

either

palm
as

country

red
b.c.

country.

Tyre
the

city of
hundred and Indian

powerful
the Elath
a

early
commerce

as

During
place
on

Solomon's

reign,
into
"

later,it had
port
was

largest
on

of

any

Mediterranean,
sailed
the

also

the

of

the

Red One

Sea,
On

from

which

its

ships
"

Ocean. continental

Tyre

double
on

city.
land. mainwith

part, called
two

Palsetyrus rocky
islands

Old

Tyre
sea.

or

sometimes

Tyre, lay

the

in front

of
A

this

lay the

sea-port,

probably connected
blocks of
a

it

by

mighty
the

causeway

in the

great

wall, built

of massive

of

stone,

kept
of

out

sea, and

formed

wharves

for the

loading and

unloading

great number

vessels

from known. island The almost tirely ennearly every port that was portion was occupied by such buildings as store-houses, manufactories, and arsenals; these

were were

fine and celebrated

substantial,being well built for their

far and wide for their the handsome
or

use;

but

on

the

mainland

the quarters

appearance. covered
squares

Numerous

castles, towers,
In the and
most

palaces, and
courts

temples flanked
Some works of in those

sea-wall

the

risingground beyond.
were are a

of the

houses, the streets, and

old

public
and about There

there

beautiful
now

gardens
the the

fountains. remarkable
are

fountains stand

their
a

reservoirs of

among

Syria. They
of up from the

quarter
four

mile

from

shore, and another,

all to
be

called

the

fountains

Rasel-Ain.

are

standing close They

to

to

one

fed

by

water

gushing
with

bottom

of

artificial cisterns. the

water

used

connected and The sea,

the. great
courts

canal,
of

which

carried

the

public places of the city

merchant and

into the
commerce

paved
of

the
was on

beautiful carried the

dwellingsof
on

the

famous

princes.
on

ancient and

Tyre
Arabia

both from

by

caravans

by ships
on

the

from

Abyssinia

south,

Armenia

and

Georgia

the

north,

Tyre.
from of India and the
utmost

233
flowed

islands
fair known

of

Greece,
"

trade

constantlyinto
midst of the This rich trade

this

"

Tyrus
the

perfect beauty." products prophet

art

The

citywas
country

made
came

gloriousin the
to

sea,"
was

and

richest

of every Ezekiel
at

her ports.

described

by

the
Thou

in

quaint Oriental
sea,
a

language:
of the

situate
seas, ;

the entry of the builders taken have

merchant

people for
They
work have
masts

many made

isles. all

Thy
oaks

borders

are

in fir

the
trees

midst of

of Senir

thy

perfected thy beauty.

from linen Lebanon with
to

thy ship-boards
have

of

they

have of

cedars Fine

make

for thee; of

they

made
to

thine

oars;

thy

benches

ivory.
which

broidered

from

Egypt

thou

spreadest forth

be

thy sail; blue

and

purple,that

covers

thee.

THE

VALLEY

OF

SHECHEM,

ONE

OF THE

THE KINGDOM

CITIES
OF

OF

REFUGE ISRAEL.

AND

THE

FIRST

CAPITAL

OF

Riches, fairs,merchandise,
all the cities and
to

mariners,
the world
"

and
are

men

of

war

"

all that the

was as

desirable

from found in

countries

of

described artisans upon had the

by
were

prophet
the and

having

their way the and world. their

the

city.
sent

The many

manufacturers of them

and
to work

among

most

skillful

Hiram

temple
it was
as

palace at Jerusalem,
in

spread celebrity
of the It
"

to all countries.
so

They

particular skill
that
as

making dyes.
the

The

rich crimson
worn

Tyrian purple," was

admired in the

beautiful
west

called the

royal color,and
sung of

by kings.

was

distant

well

east, for Homer

"Belts,
That rich with

Tyrian dye, refulgentglowed."

known
as

It

was

obtained

from

kind

of

shell-fish

the

Mure.xy

which

is still found

all

234

Cities
this coast.

of

the

Ancient

World.

along
and In had
success

Tyre

was

as

important in ancient

historyas
conquerors five years

in

commerce.

It
to

was

fair
own.

beautiful about
to

possession,which
B.C., up;
a

nearly all
of centuries years; and

the old

wished in

make

their

720

Sargon, King
almost
two

Assyria, spent
afterward
it
was a

besieging it,and
met

finally
half after
seven

give

and

Nebuchadnezzar
not

with

only

after it

siege of thirteen
the the year

until

more

than attack many with

a

two

centuries lasted

that

yielded to

powerful Alexander, after

332
B.C.

determined of her
own

that

months, in about
down with
out

She her

had

troubles

times, and
new

suffered

when losses, especially

men

Dido

and but

colony suddenly departed

was

fleet, weighted
the been had
new were

and

treasure;
of the

Alexander

the

first

wrest foreignerto entirely

city
of

of

the

hands away the

Phoenicians.
was now

The

great

trade, part of which by the

the seas"
"

gradually drawn longer the wonder

After awhile of

by Carthage,
harbors and

almost of

absorbed entirely the mistress of

port
no

Alexandria, and
it

roadsteads

of the world.
was

restored

and

rebuilt
were

in Roman the
was

times, and
of built

it

once

more

became
can never

great
be
was

seat

trade; for the Phoenicians

kind

people whose

energy from of

put

down.

also

Some people think that Tyre situated Phoenician, and a sister-city the It blue
was

by

colony

Sidon,

which
on

about modern

twenty
town

miles known

north
as

Tyre,
"

the

shores the

of

Mediterranean,
one

near

the

Sarda,
to

sittingin
been built

sea."

of
son

the of

first cities in the Canaan. and

world, and
called the

is believed

have the

by Zidon, the oldest

Homer ancient celebrates Sidon
the

Joshua
skill and

city
the

"

Sidon

Great," and
The walls of crowded

wealth
a

prosperityof
brought strength,
her. the with molest

Zidonians. harbors her

"

embraced

large area;
land.

her commodious
caravans

double
to

were

with and
t.;e

ships from
treasures
manner

every of every

coast, and
eastern

long lines of
Secure
none a

doors dwelt

the

luxuries

in her
to

she It
sea on

careless,after
stout

of the

Zidonians," and temples

a on

dared

was

built with the north it

was

walls,

towers,
a

palaces, and
bed

risingmound,
on

and

west, and

river

forming
In the

natural

moat

the

south, while
"

on

the

east

protected by
years ago
was

high hills.
"

time

of Sidon's

greatest
it
was

prosperity nearly three

also the entire
name

thousand that

it

was

the upon

leading city of Phoenicia;

as or

oldest

city of

nation, and

looked
"

the the

headquarters
"

of

the The

country,
of

Metropolis,"
Phoenicia

Great

City."
There is

being familiarlycalled the Sidonia,or Zidonia, was often given

the
power

to

itself;for the
land. the

people, the

works, and
a

of

this

great

city

were more

typical of the whole

than interesting The both
came

scarcely Hebrews,

nation

of

the

very

early

times and

Phoenicians; it was
were same

for industry, distinguished commerce, with

were a

tion. navigathe the

people
from

much
race

like the
at

similar
a

language.
century
almost

Perhaps they
B.C., when

the

first ; but

they
before
were

separate

nation, living on
all other

south-eastern Israelites went

coasts

of

the

Mediterranean
The

the

fifteenth from
not

into Canaan.
as an

Phoenicians
says,

different

ancient

people, because,

English writer

they were

colonizers

conquerors;

peaceful

236
fruits,where
groves of

Cities

of

the

Ancient
and

World.
cedars in

pines, firs,cypresses,
cities
was as

sycamores,

grew

great forests, and

figs,olives,dates, pomegranates, they did Sidon.

united into
one

citrons, and

almonds

filled the

valleysand
made the of

engirdled other
The

country

not

great
had
a

independent
its allies
or

state, but
enemies
or

was

up

separate

cities and sometimes them

colonies, each
all would Each
was
a

of which unite

among any

others,
that under
men

although
threatened

against judges
"

foreign
a

invasion
or

danger

alike.

city body
had
a

was

governed by
either
the

king

petty chief, while

of the But
or aristocracy

him,

or

with

him, there people

commerce were
"

of

members

elected the land

to

by the
was

who and of
to
on

share

in

government.
the
matters

the

main
"

interest
so

of

in

manufacture,
the the sixth
coasts

and

of Their

government

tant imporat

the

Greeks the many

"

comparatively small
century
and

account.

prosperitywas
that
era

its

height from
established

eleventh colonies

B.C., and

it

was

during

that

they

islands

of the

Mediterranean.
sea;

Being great
while

lacked to try unknown parts of the navigators,they never courage and that wherever so they went they planted a enterprising thrifty

they

were

Rhodes,
were

the

yEgean

Sea

the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily, the

most

settlement. Cyprus, and Spain Islands,Cilicia3

peopled
"

by them, while
great
rocks the

adventurous
at

even

went

beyond
the

the

Pillars
"

of of in

Hercules the

two

which

stood

the

entrance

of

the

Strait of Gibraltar

out

Mediterranean
or

upon

Atlantic Gades

Ocean.
on

One
same

party founded

city of
the

Cadiz

Spain,
waters
or

the the the

ancient modern

cityof
the

the the and Red

site; and
and
of
to

others
coast

crossed

stormy

of
to

Bay of Biscay
or

to

Isles Scilly
one

of Cornwall

in

Britain,

went

Canaries,
around

Azores;
the
the

the

parties hired
Nile. In the Gulfs. and

by Necho,
Eastern These

King

of

Egypt,
were

went

Africa

from

Sea

the

Seas

there
munication com-

Phoenician from Thus it

was

on trading-places

Arabian
to

and

Persian

opened

the that

eastern

coast

of Africa of Sidon

Western and

India,

Ceylon.
of her
more

the and

wide

trade

grew,
more

afterward

powerful

daughter-cityTyre,
These ancient and celebrated world from
common

still later of her

centers
one

yet

commanding
another

grand-daughter Carthage.
the
commerce over

Phoenician the

after

controlled
art

of the

the

earliest

of

seafaring times, till their

spread

earth

became
a

property.

Beside

carrying their they

did
not

wares

and

manufactures

abroad,
from it
to

they did

large import trade; what

for their
own

produce
out

themselves
to

they got
Sidon and
corn

others, partly
was rare

use,

but

chiefly to
Thus

send

again

other
us,

places where
to

and

would
were

bring good

prices.

show history-writers land:

and

Tyre

there
"

of wool

brought the wealth of every Arabia; ivory,ebony, and cotton

and wine from and

spices
"

especially myrrh
linen yarn and and from

incense frankfrom

goods

of

India;

Egypt;
Euxine with
the

Damascus;
chariots and tin

embroideries from from

Babylon
from the for

Nineveh;
of the

pottery from

Attica; horses
from made

Armenia;
Cornwall.

copper
In
sent

shores
or

Sea; lead
cargoes

Spain;
up

return out

for

exportation, Phoenicia

these, along quantities of her own

Sidon. products,
ancient
near

237
rich first

woods, principally
was

fruits,glassware, and

dyes, especiallythe
glass in
sand
the

Tyrian
made in

purple, which

used

to

border

royal

robes. from

The

world in
a

was

Sidon; it was
the demand headland in all

partly manufactured
called Mount and elegant cities,

fine white It
was a

found

plentifulquantities luxury, and

was

Carmel.

novelty and
prices.

in great

brought extravagant

Gathering wealth,

ANCIENT

CITY

GATE

IN

SYRIA.

or

money-making
themselves for their and

as

we

would

say,

was

the

great object of

the

Phoenicians.
the world

They
for

fected pernew
a

in

manufacturing
and for trade of
more

and
new

arts, for
wares

that; they explored

their

markets

wares,

for

markets;
means

and

they

even

did ness eager-

kidnapping
for became

slave
was

besides

using all the lawful

to

they knew.
themselves,
out

Their

riches

benefit

the

world of

than

to

for, while

they

selfish and

arrogant,

they

were

the

means

finding

and

Other telling

nations

238
many

Cities important and

their Sidon's of
most

of

the

Ancient
of

World.
and

useful and

things, and
in brass grown miners All of

supplying
"

less

ingenious

enterprising
of silver and in

people with
of

articles works
cotton

also their arts.

were

Phoenician her

drinking-cups
weavers were

gold, and
of and

famous, and
spun of their in

skilled
were

making
builders ship-

cloth

flax and the

and

Egypt;
arts to

and

they

the

best

famous

times, beside
and then that

metalists, and
were

glass-makers.
develop
to
as

science and

being great dyers, weavers, could give,they any nation

far and wide. who made the Their
a

able

to

and the
an

improve
world
was

upon, the

spead
it
was

most

important
stand for
a

legacy
sound,

alphabet,

for

they
Romans,

sign

to

improvement
the world

upon

the difficult and deal in

writing-language of
the
we

Egyptian
our

hieroglyphs, and
The the from

from

which, through the Greeks

gave
a

have

bet. alphathem

Phoenicians
no

great
or

material

things; but, excepting

came

alphabet,
Greece and

such

intellectual, moral,
in these bad for ways. the Their money

improvements political
a

from

as

and had

Rome;
many

things they had

low

standing. industry
we

The

people rolled

in

wealth,

enterprise and

admire, but because

they pushed these fair, gorgeous

The Sidonian themselves and

only
and ladies with

they

would wealth

bring, their great

could

citywas
its

vanity
were

beautiful

with

all that

provide; but
and

people
and

worldly, unhappy,

sometimes
were

degraded.
of

extravagantly fond
around their the

gold

silver ornaments,

decked be-

chains, bracelets,necklaces, anklets, and

forehead, suspended
garments
were

rings without
the

number.

Strings of coins
down and
even

were

worn

from
most

neck, and

falling

to

the

waist; and
of the

large loose

elaborate

in material

style.
Sidon
was one

cities which often enemies. in

Joshua
arms

named

for the

but Israelites,

instead
or

of

ever

belonging
some

to

them, it was
deadliest Sidonians

against them,
a

either

by itself
from that the
was once

in
own

league

with of

of but
to

their the

After
a

while
to

it

was

conquered
and With

by its
last

city
owned it

Tyre,

preferred
to

foreign yoke
then in great
to

that;
Persia.

time

allegiance kept
a a

Assyria, then independence,

350 Sidon the
b.c.
was

Chaldsea, and
flourished of years

empire
up der, Alexanthen

sort

of

and
score

which prosperity,

broken
to

by
the

revolt

in about

later the
the

people yielded at
back it.

after which

in the

possession of
never

Syrians,then
went to

the Greeks

and

Romans,
The
was

but

old-time

importance
the
a

again
of which

great

city of Palestine, at
on

beginning
town

the

Christian writers

Era,
call
"

was

Csesarea;
Tower."

it

built

by Herod

the

site of

some

Strato's

The Its

citywas
of

built with
was

great magnificence, and

B.C.

named

in honor

of the it

emperor

Augustus..
rose

completion

celebrated,

13,
a a

position
and
to

great

importance,
to

with

and by splendid games, hundred population of two

speedily
A

to

thousand.

noble

temple, dedicated aqueducts

the Piraeus
were

Caesar, crowned built,and

a

height within
Great

the

citywalls.
have sunk in

theater, a circus, equal in

harbor
extent to

magnificent harbor,
stones

said to
were

been the

of

Athens,

was

formed.

the

C"zsarea.

239
made vaulted well
at
as

depth ships
the

of from

twenty

fathoms, Lofty
broad

and
towers

an were

immense built
was a

breakwater upon

was

so

as

to

defend within

the

gales.
and
a

it, having
as

chambers
a

for for

sailors

quay

which

promenade
its

landing-place
to

merchandise. the
some

This from

beautiful
was

harbor,
the work boast

with of

strong

tower

the the with

was

entrance

protect
did

city

invasion,
first

Caesarea. whom

Many
were

of

early

Christians

of their

missionary
the

here,

among
convert

Philip

his four here

daughters,
Paul,
a

and

Peter,

who

baptized

first Gentile

in this

city.

It

that

VALLEY

OF

JEHOSAPHAT,

WITH

THE

TOMBS

OF

ABSALOM,

ST.

JAMES

AND

ZACHARIAS.

prisoner, preached
the

of

"righteousness, temperance,
Here and

and

judgment
of the
Peter

to

come,"
of

and

made

proud

Felix the
as

tremble.

also, Herod,
would

the have

grandson
murdered There
.

founder also.

Caesarea,

murdered
in

Apostle James,
the

gladly
in middle it is of
a

It is recorded broke after

a

history

capital

of

Roman in about

tyranny
the
now

Judea.
of the of

the

great
a.d.

revolt In and

out

that it
was

spread

all

over

Syria,
the

first century half-buried stood

"

years men fisher-

occupied by
live where the shore.

Crusaders;

heap
once

ruins, superb

few

magnificent

work

Herod

Grecian

city upon

the

Syrian

MESOPOTAMIA.

7^
This

HE

first cities about

two

of the

world years the

were

in Asia. the

The

earliest

empire
a

was

probably

founded of Noah. the dotted hidden

some

hundred

after

flood, by Nimrod,
of what of the hills
to

great-grandson

was

in

Mesopotamia,
and

lower For

portion
thousands

is

now

Turkey-in-Asia,
been
a

between

Euphrates by
in
a a

Tigris
cities which
were

rivers. and Arab looked

years

it has of

sandy

waste,

few few

small mounds

villages, while
like
were

glories
on

powerful
banks.

people
When of

lay

natural found

the

river

of

these

mounds and

opened,

they

contain work

long-lost
of
some

chapters
French

Chaldean,

Assyrian,

Babylonian
have been

history,
made
to

and

by

the world

patient
almost

and

English
ancient

archaeologists,
nations.
The after called became the

tell the

the

full

story

of

mighty,

Assyrian
Confusion
He

empire
of built

was

founded and upon

by

Ashur, eastward,
of

who made

left

the

banks
so

of

the

Euphrates
that he
was

Babel,
cities

going
the

conquests

great
of which

king.
his

banks

the

Tigris

river, and

Nineveh

capital.
wars

By

successful between
one

this
two

empire
thousand

grew

to

be

one

of

the

most

powerful
It stood it for

of

all that

ished flour-

and the

years of

before

Christ.
after
some

many

centuries,
and
quest con-

but
was

at

last, through by
Ninevites
the

careless

neglect
and
set

king

king,
time in

gradually
B.C.

declined,
After this rebuilt

overcome

Babylonians
rallied
;

Persians up the

800

the old

they

second

Assyrian

Empire,

and

the

capital.
But

they

were

again
was

overpowered
so

in
two

606

B.C.,

and

this

time

when of

the the

"

exceeding
did

great
not
even

city

"

fell, it

forever,
it had

that

centuries

later,

the

people

country

know'

where stood
on

been.

Nineveh

the

Tigris, opposite
in
"

where
or

Mosul the

is now,

which

is about in the

on

line

with
States.
stream

the

island The for

more

of
waters

Cyprus
of the

the

Mediterranean,
River miles. three
"

city

of

Washington
wall,
which

United the
seven

Royal
a

washed The

its western northern

;

followed and

than

two

and
was

half in and

wall first others.

a

was

straight
rose

thousand
eastern

feet

long.
which

It

made level of

sections
than It

the the

two

gradually
eastern
was

to

the the it

portion,
and
most

was

higher

The

longest
to
curve

irregular
gradually
southern and

all the after the

ramparts.

skirted of feet
a

rocky
mile

ridge,

which

forced

westward

first three-fourths three thousand

; the

whole the

length being
ends of the

three
two

miles.
side

The walls

wall

was

long, connecting
area

crossing

deep

ravine.

The

of

eighteen

miles

inclosed

Nineveh.
"

241
its apex

by
the

these

walls
was

was

shaped
waters,
moat.

like

with triangle surrounded the

circuit

about

eight miles, coming

The could of
or

by the
a

abruptly cut and Tigris, by

hundred the

off to the

the
waters

south of

"

the into
so

Khosr-Su,
the broad
was

whose

to

cityfrom
were more

northerly direction,were
than
across a

turned

broad,
that

deep
three

walls be

feet

high
the

and

chariots blocks

driven

abreast masoned the At

top.

One-half

height

built of neat

hewn

stone,

together, smoothed
stone
was a

off,polished and
of sun-dried hundreds of the led

finished with

battlements the

gradines ;
the wall and of

above

continuation

bricks,completing
of

height of
wall

the ramparts.

short the

distances

apart many
In the
a

high

towers

surmounted northern

guarded
the chief

city gates.

center

slope of the
out

stood*one

portals,through

which

roadway

of the

capital.
ornamented
; but

The

great gate had

;

three
center

paved
was

entrances

that

in

the

with arches that had other

plain slabs
on

of alabaster side human

the

either

by

colossal

bulls

wings and
the

heads, and
in
were

tured figures sculpways gate-

stone. two lo

Between arched
a

chambers, large

enough
soldiers.

hold The made

good-sized body of
gates
Moats walls
were were

massive of wood. the

probably
outworks
extra

and
an

beyond
of the the is

defense What

city.
was

plan
and fine

within

the

ramparts
were

unknown,
streets

except
squares,

that there

many

gardens,
with and
one NINEVEH PORTAL

sculptures and
pasture
for the

buildings,
about of

FIGURE.

trees cattle, fields,

were

vineyards. living
was

There in the

hundred The

and
most

seventy-five thousand

people

here

days

its greatness.
two vast

in the western
upon

portion,where
the
"

magnificent part of Nineveh with fine buildings, stood plateaux,covered equal parts.
The southern
acres,

close the the be

the Yanus

walls,dividing it
"

into

three
"
"

mound,
once

called stood
to

Nebi

Prophet Jonah
and where the
a

covers

about The
"

forty
Tomb

where is

palaces of Sennacherib here, upon

In the the
same

of Eseanhaddon. the

of

Jonah
north. and

supposed
of
was

place
wall

prophet
called
acres,

of God

cried

against the
further

wickedness
Here

the
a

city."

mound

platform, covering about

hundred and
ever

Koyunjik stands occupied by the

which
were

palaces
the

temples of the
most

Assyrian kings richlyornamented

Sennacherib
structures

Assurbampal,
known.

among

largest and

242
The second
was on a

Cities

of
was

the

Ancient

World.
known the below ruins the
at

cityof
the thousand towered

the

empire
"

Calah,

now

as

Nimried.
It

This, too,
covered

the Tigris,

arrow

stream," thirty miles

area

capital.
with

about The

acres, half the

of

Nineveh,
of the

and

was

surrounded

fications. forti-

walls, a
The of
a

hundred

feet

high, were
part
western

nearly seven city

the
or was

miles around, and

the
were

were

feet deep. twenty-five extended for

a a

handsomest
mile

which of the with

third

along

the

part.

Here

royal quarter, the buildings

is still ancient
two

king

upon

huge platform

raised

above

the

level of the the

tower vast

covering sixtyacres city, pyramid, which

In stories with
to

statelypalaces,magnificent temples, and dismantled and alone on silent, standing famous,

its
a large square probably rose from arched hundred feet in height. Within were the tower for what knows was nor built, one

Assyrian plain.
stages
or

days

it

base

by

several
or

about

chambers what
not

lined galleries
it has tomb. served. It
was

bricks.
are a

No
no

purpose for
a

There

traces

of its

having

been

put
and

to

any

use

"

surely
in

part of

which and

contained
the

courts

galleries, apartments
used other with sacred with rude

for the

and priests At

closets for the the

temple shrines,

garments

and

instruments animals
were

making

sacrifices.

great

entrance-

gates stood

colossal chambers the

covered figures, slabs

with

inscriptions. The religious subjects,

were

hallways
and the wall

and

ornamented
not

sculptured with
bricks

wherever gaps. The

slabs

did
was

hide

the

bricks, enameled
with

interior

usually decorated
of the

plastering. The
of third

roofing

Nimried

placed to or paintingsof figures patterns on of tower was cedar, brought from

been

fill the the

mountains
The

Syria.
great

Assyrian cityis
below

said

to
on

have the

Asshur,

now

called

the It

ruins
was

at

Kileh-Sherghat, forty miles

most

Calah,
of the

opposite banks
was,

of the the

Tigris.
and the

the

southerly
the

of the

large towns
of the

empire, and

like

others, surrounded

by strong
was

walls, inclosing streets,

oldest of Nineveh.
are a

squares,

houses, palaces, pyramids

is said to have been

among

and Assyrian cities,

temples. It capitalbefore
the rule.
came

the

days
These

few, and

the most the

important,of during
many
traces

all the time

towns

which cities, of
; but

studded

country
On the under But
not
or a

between
western

the side

Tigris and
of the river

mountains
were

the

the
as

Assyrian
the

there

great
of former the

country

the

sway

of other and

conquerors, within
or our

the

wealth

and

glory perished.
of cities and

entirely ; historyhas
We

almost

own

century

remains slight fitted

towns,

singlepalace, temple
become
a

tower

have

gradually been

together,bit by
near

bit,till

the

nearly complete.
to

owe

great deal
The ancient
corner

the
stream

discoveries of

among

the

ruins flowed

the

of Khorsabad. connected from about the

a

small

Khoer-su,

which

into the of

little Arab village Tigrisat Nineveh, about nine miles

the

north-east

capital with the imperial residence of the city wall. It occupied a

near

Sargon,

square

platform, measuring
the

mile each

way

the

center

of the

north-west

side stood

great T

shaped

244

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

plunder
the

was

given in
built

sacrifices and

offerings ;
to to

and

every also

king

beautified
ones.

and In

enlarged
every way,
;

predecessor,and by temples Rawlinson Professor seems says, religion

his

them have aimed

added

new

held
to

an

important place with

their belief
as

the

people
as

they fought for the honor

dominions.
These
"

of their

gods, and

extend

much

their

fierce limbs

people
were

"

of the

were Scriptures

in and

countenance

something
shoulders

like

the and

Jews.

Their

strong

and

brawny,

their

broad

large. They hardy, so

that

lived that

mainly
were

for the

sake

of conquest

; continual

wars

made the

them

brave many who

and other made

a

they
which which

ready
"a
as a

for hand-to-hand in the country.

with struggles This

was

lion and
men

fierce animals
up

abounded
was

the

sport of the
as a

nation

mighty
flood of

and

strong
waters

one,

which,

tempest
down

of hail and
to

destroying storm
with But the with all his made the

passed

mighty

overflowing,cast
not

the

earth

hand," of which

the

capitalwas
in all his
women

called

the

"bloody city,"or "city of

was

blood." and human in-

mercilessness

battle,the Assyrian

altogethercruel spared
were a

; he

conquests

with the

might, but
with in rank and

often

forgave and

his

captives,
ple, peoand

and

treated

helplessand
above armies with the

thoughtful care.
the favor

They
of the

proud
wisdom

feelingthemselves
in valor. Their

all others of and

gods, in
used

consisted
spear

chariot-warriors, cavalry, and

bow,

who foot-soldiers,

fought mainly
maces,

although
other in with
were

they
the
a

also

swords, heavy
The

daggers, battle-axes,battering-rams,and
nobles and the chief officers of state made of front. them. War-chariots the square open, but
or was

instruments

of destruction.

king,the
from

rode

chariots, and
great, broad

usually fought
tired the
across.

were

wood,

wheel

on

either side of
was ran were

curved

They by by
two

entered
a

from shield horses.

rear, which A

built from

quite
the

closed
car was

sometimes drawn

by hanging
two
or

pole
and

center, and

the

three

The

trappings
short

magnificent, consisting of
ornamented. Beside from the The

bridle, collar
drove
two

and

breastplate,rather
reins
to

bulkily
a

heavily whip.
The of his In

charioteer
or

each

horse, using
"

driver, one

warriors

rode
to

in the

chariot, sometimes
thick This of the
was

using
battle."
a

their bows dress

here, and
was

occasionally dismounting
a

get into the

coat

of the warrior with

as

belted metal

tunic,or
scales.
out
on

short

of
wore

mail.
a

kind often

covered shirt, head

as

small his
arm,

He the

sometimes

helmet, but

well

and,

of

chariot, his legs,were

or

quite unprotected.
next

Assyrian
in the the bare horses
upon

warfare

the

soldiers
wore

horseback,

cavalry,

were

important
and
a

to to

those which
were

chariots.
was

They
attached the
must

pointed helmets,
were

embroidered

tunics,

belt

sword from and their

; others

completely clothed, except

of the

the

arms,

which

above riders

elbow. have
no

Part been

cavalry

were

archers, part spearmen.

The

The bridle

wonderfully
heads,
as

trained. in earlier

horses, with
would

the

necks,

and

groom

at their

days,

advance

1-2,

ASSYRIANS.

3-4,

COURT

OFFICERS.

5,
PRIEST.

KING.

6.
ATTENDANT.

FAN

BEARER.

7,

ARMS

BEARER.

8,

HIGH

9,

Khorsabad.

245
than
a

or

stand, while
upon Next
to
or

the

warrior,without

or stirrup,

more

pad
the

for

saddle, used
wild

both

hands

his weapons.
war,

the favorite ass,

were

pastime

was

hunting. Chasing

lion,the

bull, and

the

onager,

wild

animals.
the

The

stag, wild
table with
some

royal
as

beneath the king to kill gentle royal sports ; but it was taken mostly to supgoat or ibex,the gazelleand the hare, were ply The of the have to been seems fishing Assyrians as game. modern
to
a

scientific

that of

young

folks,who
The

sit aim

contentedly on
of
are

the

dock

with

piece they
yet

of fell

thread

fastened

bent

pin.
in

chief
of

the

behind
was an

their

neighbors
several know

many

what and

people being conquest, called the peaceful arts

in the old

Nineveh

important
it
ran

center

for trade

manufacture

world,

withstanding. not-

From The

lines of very much

commerce, about

overland especially boats

war

routes.

Assyrians did
rafts to carry skins the inflated forded

not

and

navigation. They
across

made

barges
fastened and aid
on

and

their
to

and chariots, provisions,

to
or

machinery
men

and rivers,

them

keep

them

afloat.
water
are

The with
now

horses of the the

streams,
used
"

crossed

deeper
as

the used

skins.

They
and

kufas, too, such

wickerwork

Euphrates
and

Tigris round,
with
to
a

boats, covered
These
rowers,
were

with

skins

smeared

coating of
a

bitumen. and
two

sometimes used
was a a oars

large enough
like

hold

chariot

who there
rowers

long-handled
bottomed
were

mallets.

Beside

the had

knfa
six and with the

flattish larger, helmsman.

rowboat, which
for
on a

and

These
were men

warfare.

Stones

wood,
ropes crafts

brought by water,
attached, by
which the

loaded upon further

raft-like
banks

barge,
drew

the

along.
after
a

For while

sake

of the
not

transportation,the
and their

Assyrians
the Phcesoldier.

copied
they did
the
to

rowboats

galleys by

of

nicians,but
to

introduce
commerce

sailboats,but
way

kept
sea more

river

navigation, leaving
and than cities send
a

of

the been
not

to

their

neighbors.
to

Nineveh articles and knew

near

by,
of their

seem

to

have did In and

ready they They

the the

receive

out

their

wares.

They

manufacture

very

largely,
;

only
how of
at

exported
to

few the and

products.
threads

weaving
tissues of

excelled and
were

they
had very

work

into

woof silk
or

colored

gold,

they
not

plenty
clever

indigo

cotton

highly prized
for

in other

countries.
so

pushing

business
at

commerce

themselves, and
came

valuable way
on

articles of the
some

always in demand
other countries.
or

the

magnificentcapital usually
Arabia
"
"

chiefly by
through
the

Gold

from

and
now

Western

Africa, tin from

"

Cornwall

coast

of Britain

the

"Tin
and

Islands gems

ScillyIsles
parts of

came

Phoenicians and

; precious

metals,

stones

from

many obtained

the

world the

were

understood

well
mer-

appreciated by

the

Assyrians,but

through

enterprisingBabylonian

246
chants. found and

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

Syria suppliedthe country

market here for the best wanted them that rich in

with

wood, and
could

many The

other

countries
were

round of
use.

about

they

raise.

people
well knew made

fond how with

to

beauty
Few

splendor. They
if any excelled

which materials, Wonderful

they

nations and made

this.

things they
of

metals, ivory
and

beautiful glassware, embroidered jewels ; manufactured which consisted and upholstered splendid furniture,
and footstools
; but

rich

garments

hangings,

thrones, stands, tables,

chairs, couches
which
"

above the

all

were

their vast who

was

and

magnificent buildings,
here their in their

have

only been

equaled by
Great

Egyptians,
of stone

found
not

models,
own

and

bettered

the instruction." many

masses over

which

found

country

"

weighing
a

tons,
feet

were

brought
and
as

long distances
were

and

placed on
before

artificialplatforms

nearly

hundred mechanics
was

high ;
must

these
sure

finely carved being by

small

they
The men,

were

set

in

place,the
on

have
means

been of

of their

safelymoved.
armies of

tion transportaover

land

done

by

drawn sledges,

wooden

ASSYRIAN

RELIEFS.

rollers. from chief work. The crops there dams

Immense
or

ropes

and

cables
stones

were were

used

to

pull the great burden

and

to

keep

it the of

swerving

falling. The
fell upon

raised

by the aid of strong pulleys

; but

part of the work

men,

thousands

being employed citywalls

on

singlepiece
of

plain of Assyria without

watered.

and

within

the

was

capable

growing large

if well
was a

the whole Scarcely any rain fell in the country, so over territory of and network of canals. a kandks, underground aqueducts, Large system

in the

Tigris,formed
the ditches cisterns
stream

by great pieces of
so

square

stones

fastened bank The

were

together by iron
filled ; and from conduits wanted.

clamps, leveled
them smaller
or

that the

the
water

canals
over was

oh the

either

carried from

plains.
and

underground
When it
was

filled wells The fields

which of

the

water

drawn
sesame

by hand

yielded

crops

wheat, barley,

millet,while

vineyards and

Khorsabad.

247

orchards
other
more

also dotted The

the

country

and

fruits.

principalfood
fruit than and game

of the and

supplied the people with pomegranates, raised the earth from Assyrians was
fish. The crops,
trees

figs and
;

they
from

ate

grains and
common

and

vines

were

tended

by
the

the

people

laborers,who

dressed

in short-sleeved

tunics,reaching

ANTECHAMBER

OF

THE

PALACE

OF

AN

ASSYRIAN

KING.

neck those

to

the knee could

rows

and
wear

belted the

in at the waist.

Head had

and

feet

were

uncovered, except
The thick hair
was

by
was

who

fringed tunics
at

; these

sandals
; the

also.

arranged in
and many other

of stiff curls

the back
men

of
every

the

head rank. the

long beard, too,

men

fully care-

elaborately arranged by
ornaments
were worn

of

Armlets, bracelets, earringsand laboring class, botli

and
women.

by those above

248

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

Some from The

of the

the left

"better

class" often less

had

long richly

fringed
embroidered

robes

with

showy

girdle,
held the

and

cross

belt,
sheath. and

shoulder,
robes
were

with
men's like
;
a

jewels,
were

sword

women's

scant

than

the

they

striped, long
not

or

patterned

fringed,
The

sometimes
common

having
houses
were

an

outer

garment
lost

mantle,
are

or

circular.
to

are

entirely
much

they

thought
or

have household

been

very vessels

substantial
were

and

probably
and

like

pavilions shaped
fond

tents.

The

of

pottery,
or

glass

metals,
The

gracefully people
and and nine musicians the
were

and of

often

decorated

with which

figures,
the

patterns

inscriptions.
made
as

entertainments,
with rich

wealthy
fruits
and

citizens
and
a

elegant
of

sumptuous
many kinds

as

possible,
of

food,

delicious

great

deal had much.

wine,
or

amusement,
and in

especially
in times of

dancing
peace,

music.

They
very

eight
Their

different

instruments, separately
several called
or

enjoyed lyres
others,
not

music

played
or

bands of

upon and music

harps,
a

and

cymbals, particularly
but these been filled fine for

double-pipes,
trumpets,
which

guitar
may
not

cithern,
be

kinds musical.

drum,
Their

few
was

fairly

martial,
some

peaceful people
found,
with
were

enjoyment

and At called

religious
least,
the from in

ceremonies.
the

Besides mound
"

being
"chambers

cal, musiof small and

of
"

literary.
which
are

Koyunjik
library.
to

records

have

King's
one

These in
to

were

rooms

partly
with

clay
upon and

tablets,
a

varying
many of the and the

inch From has

nine these been and of and

inches

length,"
the

crowded

writing
science
the

great

subjects.

key

language,

history, helped
the
cotta

customs,
to

literature

Assyrians
walls of the

formed.

They
and
"

have

explain

inscriptions
These

lining

palaces prisms

temples
fine

upon
terra

hollow

cylinders.
covered in the the the
corners

six-sided of the

eight-sided
acts

very

and

thin

were

with of The

records the

worthy probably

of much

the

king
to

religious
them the ruler No
as

invocations,
to

and them lord

too

set

temples,
was

as

preserve
was

dedicate
"

to

gods.

king
master

to

be souls

famous and

forever bodies
too

he

of

all,

"

the
was

of

kingdom,
for his

of

the

of

his for

people."
his

lavishness
nor

great
too

royal
for

residence
out

no

demands

great
of

pleasure,

any

fices sacri-

heavy

carrying

his

ambitious

plans

conquest.

250
Immense
on came

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

armies
all

were

garrisoned
the visit of The known the

here world.

and Old about

brisk

trade

by
He

water

and father that the

land of

carried

with from
"

parts

of
to

Herodotus,
450
a

"the
found

history,"
tained con-

Greece
vast

country,

B.C.

empire

number all.
our own

and great cities,"

wrote

full him This

surpassed
researches in the
course

them of

magnificence described
tell the of the
same

by

description of Babylon, which might be doubted, but that the city, capitalof
for its of
a

century
one

story.
of the

many

empires

of

time, was
its vast

wonders Its

world,
form the

its size, square,

;

buildings and
had
over a

gardens,
hundred

and
towers

for

wealth.

walls, in the
above way. of broad brick On the

rising at
the than
;

sixty miles
feet

around
"

regular distances fifteen miles each city,

the the of loftiest
tower
so

battlements
were

they

measured and
"

They
London
a

three Parliament

hundred

fifty
and
turn

high
it ;

higher they

Houses could of the

eighty-sevenfeet
upon

thick

top

was

that made

four-horse

chariot
out

were

built
surrounded

cemented the

of

clay, taken
were

broad

"deep

ditch

which

city.

each

side

twenty-five gates of
ran

solid

brass, with brazen

lintels and
center
same

door-post.
the from city,
as

Through
oetween

the

of

north walls. river

to

south,
These the and

the had

river each

Euphrates,
twenty-five
of the
met

quays

of the

thickness

the the

also

brass

gates, and
was

steps leading down

up formed of

to

from broad

cross-streets

city.
at

Babylon
miles

made and
a

regularlyplanned streets, nearly

seven

which straight, each of which

rightangles
two

hundred

great squares,
of the
two

measured miles of

and

quarter round.
of

But

the entire surface

was

hundred Beside

square the

inclosed
three and

by the walls
four

story houses

Babylon probably of the time, a

while
even

not

built

up.
was

blocks

large part
and made in the and

occupied
lay within

by
the

country
cations fortifiand
ble mova-

houses, gardens and

;

parks,
The
was

fields

orchards the heart

artificial where.
; it

streams

watered

them

"great city"
of the and
were

green
a

fertile

every

river
roofed

was

crossed

town
an

by

drawbridge
mile

over,

though thirty feet

which the the it was

broad

eighth
gates, also

of

long.
iron the

The

hewn

stones

of the

piersupon
below the

built,

fastened the

together
nected con-

with

clamps.
two

Ferry boats, plying between

between
was

landing places of bridge was

a

while parts of the city, for

a

tunnel
at

under each the

the end

river,
of of the the

which

was

used On
one

passageway bank
vast

palaces which
of

stood

bridge.
two,
outer
a,

the of made

eastern

the

palace

Nebuchadnezzar,
the world
was ever

larger

and wall

the
a

most

and

magnificent structures miles,inside

decorated with of which

saw.

Its great this inclosed

circuit of
walls of the

seven were

another, and

third.
were

These of

inner

hunting they

scenes,

painted only
be

on

brick

; the

gates

brass,

two

them

being

so

built that

could

by machinery.
that the

Within

ramparts

king

built for his queen,

no cause

of the palace were Amrytis, that she who

to

the had of

famous
come

opened or shut Hanging Gardens,

the fair green midst in the

from

hills of

Media, might find

pine for the

home

her

childhood

Babylon.
of this vast

251
set stone

Babylonian plain.
acres

The At
stone
a

clever

workmen

up

and pillars the base reeds of

arches the

over

nearly four
was

of

ground.
floor of

height of seventy-fivefeet
slabs. These
were

gardens

made which the

by laying a
bricks
were

spread with
with

and of

bitumen,
After feet

upon

cemented laid,

together,and
out to

covered

sheets

lead, which

kept
this

moisture

from upon
vast

flowing
arch mound shrubs
avenues,
was was

down

of form

the
a

plan, arch
; when

raised

terraced
was

deep layer of earth pyramid, three

above. hundred

high

the
trees

completed,
beds
set
were

it

planted with
out, bordered

and

; flower

laid

by shady
summit

and

with fountains,

summer-houses,

and
a

handsome

banquet-halls.
which
was

Upon

the

was

large

reservoir

kept filled from

purpose many various extended of fountains

Euphrates by a screw, for watering the gardens and supplying

upon the of where the different there
terraces.
were

the

the the

From fine and and the lakes of

was

places in
views

gardens

the

magnificent city
of the

plains beyond,
lay
to

built canals carefully

and

receive
to

the carry

overflow

river in
The upon

times

freshet,or
very

it into the

Tigris.
done

king
his

proud of all this work

home
; he to

he had the

perial im-

had

made

palace
with its certain under

itself massive

and Three

beautiful
of the

correspond
for
one

surroundings.
festivals, were another,
Most and of it

halls, used
of

constructed

brass,
sets

opened
was

by

curious

of

machinery.
rich and house
"

built in

brick,with
which gems,
the

all the the

comfortable of

apartments

appropriateto
of

royalty in

Babylon,"
of

king

himself and

boasted

"silver,
I

gold, metals,
rare

nameless

priceless, objects
have

value, immense
to ornament

treasures,
that

heaped
of my
NIMROD.

together majesty."
warlike but the

tower,

the

abode

Even there

libraries
was

were

collected,and

in those

days

little of knew

reading and
about did

writing ;
the three their R's.

Babylonians

something
not, and

They

had

an

alphabet ; figuresof
upon

some

early nations, you

and

know, had

animals,called hieroglyphics.
or

The

writingby a language Babylonians kept their records

how of of
to

in

birds

tiles and

cylindersof clay
the
us

cement,
;
so

not

knowing
two

make

materials very much

they had
like
some

the

libraries up

Nebuchadnezzar's tile and

books, paper, or parchment with look to" palace would

bricks
out

scratched

pieces

of

pottery

shop.

252
The of

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

key to the Babylonian language is not found, although there inscriptions preserved,and scholars are patientlyat work who
discovered. The

have feel

been
sure

many that
one

pieces day

it will be

oppositepalace was
to

also very

handsome, though
many

smaller

than In

Nebuchadnezzar's.
center

It

belonged

and Neriglissar, of
at

contained

bronze

statues.

the

of the It
was

city
a

"stood the

temple
square

Bel,
the grew

the most

remarkable each toward

ascent.
"

of all those six hundred

wonderful feet

buildings.
; it
was

pyramid,

base, with
smaller
a

side the

long

made

up

of

which eight stories,

top, and
the

crowned
were

by

an

astronomical
ings ceil;

observatory, reached
of which altars and the wide
were

by

winding

Within

temple
sacred

large halls,the

supported by pillars chapels for containing statues,

was a

the

worship

shrines

censers,

cups

and

of Bel and other gods vessels, all of gold. On about

near

topmost
; upon
statues

story
this

table

of

beaten
vases

gold, forty feet long

of the the richest Greeks in

and

one-third it
were

as

were

goblets and
names we

kind, while
after their
own

three may

golden
have

whose

have the

from

which deities, The

corresponded to those Jupiter or Bel, probably

" "

of and
a

Babylonians
were

all but feet

their titles.

figuresof grasping
The
a

Rhea

each in

forty
the

high, the Juno

was

latter

serpent

in
a

one

hand

and throne

jeweled scepter
lions the
at

other.
two

represented
of

as

sitting on
treasures
were

golden
this about

with

each

knee, and

serpents

silver.

of

temple, gained by
six hundred built in The
corners

Babylonian kings in plundering their neighbors,

of dollars.
or

worth

millions
seven

similar

temple,

at

Borsippa, the
one

suburb
seven

of the

was city,

stages stage

each stories,
a

ornamented

with

of the hundred

planetary colors.
way, its four
was

lowest

was

square,
to

feet each square

corresponding
little toward the Birs

the

measuring nearly three four cardinal points ;

edge of the
devoted Seven
"

and

each

stage above

placed a
as

the south-western and

was

one

beneath

it.
as

This

temple

is known been

Nimried,
with of sun,
to

probably
to

to

astronomy,
The
were

cylindershave
to

found
was

in its ruins

dedications
moon

the

Planets."

of the religion

empire
men

the
women,

worship
united the

and

stars, and
bodies who
was

the gods, which their death called

thought
earth. Baal both
"

be

and

Above

all other
"

gods
The

heavenly people worshiped Bel,

the
were

after also

upon
or

Belus
were

meaning
monstrous

Lord." and

gods
:

supposed
several
seem

to

have and

many the very

forms,

which
men

horrible

often

with

heads
us

limbs

of both

and

brutes. wicked

The and

ceremonies religious
cruel.

would

to

not

only
the
"

absurd, but repulsive,

know of work

There that done

were,

is

no

record have

of the number been

many

of

people livingin
"

but great capital, from the

amount

we

there
not

must

thousands of

even

millions in these of the

were

only in the regular trade

some

but dailylife, time. West

great brick
river
was

structures, which
the oldest

in

cases,

built in

very

short

part of
trace

the

and city,

where is gone

the foundations now, and the

of the first settlement

laid. great

of that time

Babylon of

historywas

the

Nearly city on

every both

sides

Babylon.
of the

253

river, with
of fine

its

busy

trade, regular streets, extensive

the the

buildings
woolen
or

and

luxurious

living.
Robes with Double Surdones robes
a

to linen, falling

feet,were
head

worn

under

tunics,and
miters
were

covered

handsome and

white

cloak.

On

finely plaitedturbans
such that and the Oriental

placed.
to

triple carpets
upon the Nowhere

covered

their

with floors,

colors, corresponding

the for of

hanging
and

walls,so
such
were

beautiful fine veils combined of

kings imported
made and
as

them looms

of state.

were

hangings

in

the

Babylon
country
It

Borsippa.
and

Here

delicacy of
to

fabric and

splendor of coloring
All that the

in articles of dress

of

made furniture, used

cotton, linen
their

woolen.

supplied the
was

not

alone

according people,they knowledge. in weaving that they were but in the arts skillful, they
found furnace-fuel in the did
a

of

machinery
for

and and

working metals, for which petroleum

the
near

plentiful suppliesof naphtha

great deal
to

by.

Their

in using metals ability and wood.

make

up

what also

country

lacked

in

stone

Mathematics, astronomy
could
not

and

painting they

understood. For the world wanted and the necessities and

was

luxuries

they

supply for themselves,

rich and dye-stuffs northern
now

every

country

in

called in

upon.

Gold,

precious stones,
from
caravans

perfumes,
India known and
as

which
;

they
har

came large quantities, were as

the

East, from
the
our own

Persia Canda-

fine wool and

shawls

brought in
are

from

countries times.
the

Cashmere,
Cobi. The

they
with

to the

great cities of

Emeralds, jaspers
called Asia colonies,

other the and

glittering gems
desert the
"

came

from

Bactrian
to

Desert,
the the had
a

now

"ship of
Minor with

also

sailed

westward, carrying
rare newer

ranean Mediter-

European
the Sea from
on.

the frontier, that the These the

thingsof
nations

Orient,and
to

returning laden
while immense
were

valuable
on

furs the
was

and Red

best

send

with

the wealth

settlements
to

mines
were

of but

Ethiopia,also
the land for
more

trade

of

Babylon

carried Boats

routes

; there

unlimited

water-ways
many

beside.

navigated the Euphrates

into fertile districts

than where of

three the

hundred

miles,past

important learning lay

rarest

cities and
were

of country

people had large in manufacturing

in which than
was

flocks,rich
or

harvests, and
trades

always occupied in taking care

arts.

these,
broad

in

and

Below
were

the

great capital,the
with

yellow river flows into the Persian

the of Bahrein Islands the those

Gulf, whose
with

shores

lined
"

pearl oysters, and

finer material the the Indian
even

their cotton

plants
found

producing
the
to

India, and
and her
own

pearlsin
Here here
not
were

the world

; from
trees

Gulf take

Ocean

reached, India

Ceylon.
country,
could of

Babylon
more
"

place of the
and
must

timber the had

lacking in
that

pearls, sugar-cane,
tons

cinnamon

all be for

spices

the

people
festival

get,

twenty-five
say

of the

frankincense

for every

annual

to Jupiter,

nothing
unknown

of

quantitieswanted
in this way
to

privateuse city,where

by the luxurious

people.
most

Indian

dogs, too,
some

were

taken reason,

the

they

were

valued

highly for

being ugly creatures,

254

Cities

of

the

Ancient

World.

half-dog and
centered the world." in

in half-tiger in the
some

looks

and

disposition.
at

In

this way, which for

; but

all the called

world the
:
"

for

time
of

its trade To

rarest
was

articles
the
center

Babylon,
land
to

they
water

mistress
for

it be

of

traffic

export
it
was

or

goods king.
ever

brought Him,
saw.

ships to

here

transferred

caravans

mostly
and

for

Babylon

for itself, the The

was

her

temples

and

palaces,her splendor loving people,

gave
a

her especially the world

Babylonian government
monarch's head
as

chance

to

be

the

greatest despot
or even

will

was

law,
as as or

unlimited
as

by
his

any

code,

by
while

honored

customs.

He
as

the

of the he

church and

well many in

the of

state,

worshiped
he do
to

obeyed.
were

He

had

many work

wives
upon the
or

wished

subjects as
way,

wanted his

compelled
His
were

to

palaces for
of the

them,

any many

other

royal will.
When

will

made friends

laws

people, who
them
sure

had
to

singular
squares

customs.

they
some

sick,
sers-by pasto

servants

carried

the
to

public

of the
"

city,that

of them

the how

"

many

of whom

were

be

educated often

foreigners might
market

advise

cure

their and

troubles.

These

squares it
not
was

were

places,thronged they
own were were

with

men

ing buyThe

selling ; sometimes
of

young
to

girls that
marry Some when times fined

bargaining for.
or

daughters
choice,
no was

Babylon
be husbands

were

allowed

of their

will

by

their

parents'
had others

but

must

sold

to
were

the

highest bidder.
found for

that the
were

not

good looking
and

buyers, but
divided If
;

them,
of the
was

fund

from

the sale of the

among
a a son

them.

Other his

laws

about for

children

parents,
he also slaves

slaves, etc.
was

denied
who

father, he
a

; but

denying by
;

his

mother,

banished
a

master

used

slave he

badly
wished

was

fined
or

the

state, which
lands
or

allowed could
were

slave taken

to
as

buy

his freedom debt.

when The and

to

to

could

houses,
and

be

securityfor
well for

laws

of the

Babylonian
; he
: was

Assyrian empires
to

widely studied,
It is not well
even

understood
a

enforced. strictly unlimited power

king

have

is almost
not

sure

use

it

wrongly.
World
Not
not

Belshazzar

felt that and

nothing could
if

injureBabylon
any other
at

the

Mistress
overcome

of the her ?

rich beautiful, the warlike the

powerful beyond
even

city?
the

who

could of

Medes,
Mede and

they

were

provoked
the the
a

recklessness all their the

moats

the

king, no, encamped

let
us

Darius the

his brother

Cyrus
"

Persian, with
gates
;

armies

outside

walls

of the

great City.

Lock

keep

full,and
"

rejoicein
and

our

he security,"

said, and

opened
court
were

festival

and

feast

of gayest

revelry.
it
were

The sible," pos-

warrior-kingwithout
while the

reconnoitered, considered, reconnoitered

drunken of the hosts

again.
were

Yes,
lake and

king, his Euphrates

enemy open,

and turned

his

guards
the

in the

midst
and

of their canals. the of

carousing, the
Then brazen the the river

waters

into

overflow its

mustered

of the

marched

over stealthily

bed,
the had

finding
halls
"

gates
where and

left carelessly

they

entered

the

city,even kings, who

banquet
been

Palace,

they
found

slew

the

last of the

Babylonian

weighed

in the

balance

wanting."

LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

PAGE

Italy The

Greece:
"

"

Roman Forum

Eagle
....

7
9 13

Acropolis
Interior Market Themistocles Pericles Athens Demosthenes Parthenon Greek Greek Street Male of of

of the

Athens
....

77

Roman

Parthenon
. .

83 Agora
.

Augustus
The

Athens,

or

'ig
91 93

Appian
of Caesar Villa

Way
the Pantheon
...

15
21

Interior

Julius
Roman Nero Macenaes Baths Coliseum Interior Roman Roman Roman Arch

23 27

from

the

East
....

95
99

29
31

at

the Heads

time

of

Pericles

101

103

of

Caracalla

^^

Female of

Heads
....

105
.

36
of
a

Tombs,
Monument

Athens
.
.

107 109
in

Roman Scene

House
.

39 42 43 44

Lysicrates'
Socrates

Garden and Matron of

...

Toga

Piraeus, Mycenae Sparta

Market Miltiades Egypt:
"

the

Port

of

Athens
.

113 119 123

Constantine
....

45
...

Constantine

the

Great

47

place, Sparta

127 129

Virgil
Cicero Roman Consul

52
rg

57

Ancient

Vase in of Rock the Isis

131

Cleopatra's
The Homer Roman Greece
:

Journey
....

61

Gallery Temple
The

Cheops

Pyramid

133 135 137

Laocoon

63
67

Temple
and

Types
"

and

Costumes
.

69

Mummy
Statue of
at

Coffin
....

139
141

Amenophis
Karri
ac

Types

and

Costumes
....

73

Sphinx

143

:*.

256
Egypt:

Illustrations,
PAGE
"

Syria.

"

Interior of the Burial Karnac Bust of Rameses Coins and Costumes II

Temple

at

147 149 151

. . . .

Types and Costumes Syrian Bridgeof Jacob's Daughters

Ancient Antioch

207 209
211

Aqueduct

Ancient

213

Types
Water

151 153

SyrianSeaport
Great

215
. .

Carriers Alexandria
.

LightHouse,
Old Alexandria

155 157

Colonnade,Palmyra Temple at Baalbec

. .

217 219
221

Fallen Pillar

Needle Cleopatra's The Great and

and

....

159
. . .

Bethlehem Mountains The of Moab Stone

....

223

Pyramid
Costumes
Islands

161 161

225
227
. . .

Types
Colonies

....

Moabite

....

of :
"

the

terranean Medi-

Cedars

of Lebanon

229 231 233

Sea Alexander Medal the Great

Solomon's

Pools, near
Shechem
....

Jerusalem

....

of Alexander

the Great

165 167
171 175

Valley of
Sidon Ancient

235

Hannibal Patmos Arabia

:
"

CityGate
.

237
. .
.

Valley of Jehosaphat
Mesopotamia:
"

239

Types
Persia
:
"

and

Costumes

179

Nineveh

Portal

Figure

241 244

Assyrian Types
and Costumes in
. . . .

and Costumes

Types
Rock Syria
:
"

191

Soldier Reliefs Assyrian Antechamber of the Palace of

an

245

Hall of Xerxes Grave

Persepolis
.

195 197

246
247

of Darius

Assyrian King
205 Nimrod

Damascus

251