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Textul nr. 2 For example, in the work of geographys modern founders, Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter, one can find both appeals to environmentalist explanation and counterevidence. Ritter, however, relied on it heavily, whereas Humboldt resorted to it only occasionally. Toward the end of the 19th century, Friedrich Ratzel attempted to put environmentalist theory at the center of a new and scientific human geography. The first volume of his Anthropogeographie made the case for this approach. His training in zoology and his evolutionary perspective more neo-Lamarkian than strictly Darwinian underwrote the concepts he formulated. Chief among these were the ideas of Lebensraum (or living space) and the state-as-organism. Ratzels followers, particularly Ellen Churchill Semple, popularized Ratzels concepts and introduced an explicitly geographic environmentalism to a broad Anglophone audience. Other American geographers, such as Nathaniel Shaler, William Morris Davis, Albert Brigham, and especially Ellsworth Huntington, helped to make environmentalism the main mode of explanation in American geography during the period circa 1890 to 1920. In its strong forms, turn-of-thecentury environmental determinism helped ideologically to legitimate social Darwinism, racism, eugenics, colonialism, and other manifestations of the European and North American drive for global supremacy. Despite Ratzels initial influence, by the 1920s many European geographers found simplistic environmentalism wanting of both substance and relevance. French historians and geographers counterposed possibilism as a more nuanced understanding of human environment relations. Carl Sauer was among the first American geographers to subject environmentalism to sharp critique and to reject it as either a theoretical or a methodological program for geography. By the 1930s, chorology or the regional approach had largely replaced environmentalism as the main focus of academic geography. By the 1950s, environmental determinism in geography had been largely discredited. (Environmental Determinism, Encyclopedia of Human Geography, p.133)

Textul nr. 7 During the early 1980s, behavioral geography came under attack for retaining methodologies that appeared to be aligned and predicated on positivist philosophies that shaped the quantitative revolution. Further criticisms were made about the intrusive nature of its methodology, interrupting the flow of natural human action. Furthermore, by using semiformal methods of evaluation, the social context from which spatial behavior and actions originate was normalized or removed. With other theories gaining ground in human geography, further questions were leveled against behavioral geography. How could realities that are not directly observable be explored? How does the behavior of

individuals relate to the contextual forces of ideology and social structure? In its search for the cognitive component in spatial behaviorhow individuals acquire, code, store, recall, and ultimately implement the information they have acquiredbehavioral geography has attracted criticisms from researchers concerned with social issues. Later, behavioral geography was attacked for understanding the world rather than trying to change it. It was criticized for being passive to social problems of the geographic world. This dissatisfaction caused a split within behavioral geography into two branches: the analytical branch, which was concerned with incorporating behavioral information in spatial models, and the phenomenological branch, which rejected spatial models being concerned with a sense of place, values, and morals. (Behavioral Geography, Encyclopedia of Human Geography, p.18) Textul nr. 7 La nceputul anilor 1980, geografia comportamental a venit s atace pentru reinerea metodologiilor care preau s fie aliniate i bazate pe filosofii pozitiviste care au profilat revoluia cantitativ. Mai multe critici au fost fcute cu privire la natura intruziv a metodologiei sale, ntrerupnd fluxul aciunii uma ne naturale. Mult mai mult, prin utilizarea metodelor de evaluare semiformal,