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Prediction of the pile capacity in purely coherent soils using the approach of the artificial neural networks
Amel Benali, Ammar Nechnech
benal_amel@yahoo.fr, nechnech_a@yahoo.fr University of sciences and technology, civil engineering Department, El Alia Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
Abstract It is widely-known that the human brain has the advantage of its efficiency in the parallel distribution of information (data) between neurons dispersed inside the human body. This famous network memorizes information by a process of training, to this effect the theory of artificial neural network is developed and is applied in several fields of sciences, the geotechnical domain is among them and in particular the resolution of problems of which parameters that govern them have an uncertain character, as the case of the prediction of the pile capacity. For it we collected 80 cases of the literature, sweeping a variety of sites through the world. The model conceived by an iterative process that is the retropropagation is verified while applying him in the case of the non heavy soils (=0) of which we possesses the exact solution. The results indicate the feasibility of the use of the artificial neural networks (ANNs) in this type of problem Keywords : Artificial neural network, pile behavior, back propagation algorithm, weightless soil ( = 0) 1. INTRODUCTION
The evaluation of the bearing capacity of pile is one of the most currents of soil mechanics, but also further from being resolved in a definitive even in the simple case of axially loaded single piles placed in a homogeneous solid. Despite this researchers are constantly working to lead to methods of prediction, based on mechanics properties of soil around. Among the traditional methods of calculating the bearing capacity based on the geometry of the pile and soil mechanics around, mention those based on the classical theory of rigid bodies and plastic. The general assumptions of this theory are summarized in the following points: the pile behaves as a rigid body sinking in a homogeneous field, incompressible, rigid plastic and fracture obeys the Mohr Coulomb criterion, the calculation-effort punching and shear stress was calculated separately, we ignores any coupling between them, therefore the carrying capacity is the sum of these two terms - the superposition of effects : it consists in adding the contributors terms witch are: the cohesion (C), depth (D) and density (),- the failure mechanism described by the network of slip lines developed along the pile varies from one author to another, - the characteristics of a soil dilatancy and compressibility properties are not taken into account. It cites as an example, the method of Terzaghi (1943), Meyerhof (1951), Herminier (1967), Berzantzev(1961)ext. These methods indicate that they are either oversimplifying or improperly considering the effects of certain factors. Therefore, there is a need for developing an alternative method that is capable of resolving the considerable uncertainties involved in predicting the pile load capacity. Recently, artificial neural networks(ANNs) have been successfully applied to many applications in geotechnical engineering(Goh, 1994, 1996. Chan et al, 1995ext). In particular, neural networks were used to predict the static pile capacity(Lee and Lee, 1996; Teh and al, 1997). The neural networks were trained by dynamic stress- wave data(The and al, 1997) or from results of small model pile test(Lee and Lee, 1996). An ANN is usually defined as a network composed of a large number of simple
INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A., University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria
processors(neurons) that are massively interconnected, operate in parallel, and learn from experience. The present paper describes the application of an ANN in predicting the capacity of piles in cohesionless soils. An overview of the basic architecture of ANNs as well as a brief description of the algorithm used in this study is included. The proposed model is aimed to be efficient at predicting the pile capacity with a minimal number of parameters wich can be determined experimentally. The results obtained from the ANN are compared with the experimental data. We have applied this model in weighless soils case, this soil poced an analytical solution.
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INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A., University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria
corresponding outputs. However, one fundamental difference is that the development of ANNs rely on experimental data rather than on any assumed or predefined mathematical formulae. Consequently, the effects of all abovementioned factors on the behavior of pile are represented in the neural network, through the connection weights, by the knowledge acquired from the experimental data used for model training.
INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A., University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria
To determine the criterion that should be used to terminate the training process, the scaled mean squared error between the actual and predicted values of all outputs over all patterns is monitored until no significant improvement in the error occurs. This was achieved at approximately 50000 training epochs.
INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A., University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria
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Figure 4. Effect of number of hidden nodes on ANN (ANN1 and ANN2) performance (momentum = 0.01, learning rate = 0.3)
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Figure 5. Effect of momentum term on ANN (ANN1 and ANN2) performance (number of hidden layer nodes = 6, learning rate = 0.3)
Figure 6. Effect of learning rate on ANN performance (momentum = 0.01, number of hidden layer nodes = 6
Case 0 : NDT = 30
Best Linear Fit: A = (0.808) T + (-0.101) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -1 R = 0.946 Data Points Best Linear Fit A=T
Case 1: NDT = 50
Best Linear Fit: A = (0.682) T + (-0.255) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 R = 0.834 Data Points Best Linear Fit A=T
Case 2 : NDT = 60
Best Linear Fit: A = (0.801) T + (-0.082) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -1 A R = 0.886 Data Points Best Linear Fit A=T
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INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A., University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria
Best Linear Fit: A = (0.817) T + (-0.17) 1 0.8 0.6 predict normalized capacity 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -1 Data Points Best Linear Fit A = T -0.5 0 0.5 experemental normalized capacity 1 R = 0.917
Figure 8. Generalized model to predict the bearing capacity of pile in purely coherent soil (ANN1 model)
A further assumption is that the Haar-von Karman (1909), which states that the main constraint is the intermediate principal stress 2 is equal to one of two main constraints, that is to say: There is revolution equilibrium so,
( r ) zr r + + = 0 .r r z z + zr + zr = 0 .z r r
(2)
For the special case of a purely cohesion soil, we obtained after manay calculation: qp = 2C + (p + 2C), C = Cb [3] ..(3) In this study, we proceed to vary the cohesion in an interval between 5 and 100 KPa The results are in fig. 11. The coefficient of interrelationship R is about 92%, it indicates a good simulation and agreement between the predicted and exact values. This application validates the ANN2 model; it indicates the reliability of the designed model and its predictive ability in the validation.
INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A., University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria
Les rsistances en pointes prdites par le modle Best Linear Fit: A = (0.984) T + (-138) 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 R = 0.922 Data Points Best Linear Fit A=T
Figure 11. Comparison between the predicted and exact values of the total capacity for weightless soil
10. CONCLUSIONS
The principal objective of this paper was to demonstrate the feasibility of using ANN to predict the capacity of driven piles in cohesionless soils. Many factors affecting the capacity predictions are oversimplified or improperly introduced by the existing methods. In this paper two models neural network are developed. Data from 80 good quality pile load tests in purely cohesive soils were utilized to construct the network, 20 among them were used to generalize the model, or called simulation step. We have obtained good results, and then the second model was verified by using the exact solution developed for purely coherent weightless soil. Fig 11 shows that the model can predict with high accuracy. Pile capacity predictions were made and were compared with actual measurement. It may be concluded that the ANN1 model and ANN2 are applicable for all different conditions of pile interface roughness and slenderness.
APPENDIX
ANN: Artificial Neural Network NDT: Total number of data NDA: Number of learning (training) data EC: Calculate error ED: Desired error R: The coefficient of interrelationship P: The total pressure of soil on the pile shaft. Clatral: The lateral cohesion, it is the cohesion of soil around the pile Cb: cohesion at the pile tip D/B: Slenderness of pile D: Penetration length of pile B: Pile diameter v: the overburden pressure at the tip of the pile = tau: lateral friction resistance : density of soil :learning rate : momentum 1: major principal stress 3: minor principal stress : stress fictitious average :the main stress : angle between the facet studied and major direction
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