Seismic performance of high-strength steel eccentrically braced frames with low-strength removable links

D. Dubina1; A. Stratan; F. Dinu

Department of Steel Structures and Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, str. oan Curea nr. !, "##$$% Timisoara, &omania

Abstract Structural damage in buildings designed according to the dissipative philosophy can be significant, even under moderate earthquakes. epair of damaged members is an e!pensive operation and may affect building use, "hich in turn increases the overall economic loss. #f damage can be isolated to certain dissipative members realised to be easily replaced follo"ing an earthquake, the repair costs and time of interruption of building use can be reduced. $ccentrically braced frames "ith removable links connected to the beams using flush%end plate bolted connections are investigated. &igh strength steel is used for members outside links in order to enhance global seismic performance of the structure, by constraining plastic deformations to removable links and reducing permanent drifts of the structure.

Keywords high strength steel, eccentrically braced frames, removable bolted links, seismic performance

' (orresponding author. )el.* +,- ./0 ,-1 2.$%mail address* dan.dubina3ct.upt.ro 4Dan Dubina5

1.

Introduction

According to modern seismic design codes 4e.g. $6 1227 819, A#S( .--/ 8.95, design of buildings is carried out for t"o limit states* :ltimate ;imit State 4:;S5 and Serviceability ;imit State 4S;S5. )"o earthquake ha<ard levels are associated "ith the :;S and S;S and are e!pressed through the return period of the seismic event. )he seismic event associated to :;S is a rare one 4return period of ,=/ years in $6 12275, "hile the one associated to S;S is more frequent 4appro!imately accounted for in $6 1227 by a factor >-.,%-./ "ith respect to the :;S event5. For ordinary occupancy buildings, the fundamental requirement at the :;S is to assure life safety of people by avoiding local or global collapse of the structure 819. #n the design of dissipative structures the behaviour factor q is used to reduce the elastic response spectrum to the design one. )he components that contribute to the value of the behaviour factor q are related to structural ductility, redundancy and overstrength. ;arge values of ' factor are specified in codes for ductile structures like moment resisting frames or eccentrically braced frames. Structures designed using large values of behaviour factor ' are e!pected to e!perience considerable damage under the design seismic event, making repair of such structures unfeasible technically and economically. )he primary requirement at the S;S is prevention of damage that may result in limitation of use. Acceptance of S;S requirements is accomplished in codes by imposing limits on interstorey drifts, related to type of non%structural elements 4brittle or ductile5. (onsidering that drift limits are not related to the structural typology, S;S criteria do not prevent damage 4plastic deformations5 of structural elements. ?hen considerable structural damage is e!perienced under a moderate earthquake event,

repair of damaged elements is necessary, "hich may result in high economic losses due to interruption of use, costs of repair, etc. A bolted connection bet"een dissipative <one and the rest of the structure "ould allo" replacement of the dissipative elements damaged as a result of a moderate to strong earthquake, reducing the repair costs. Application of this principle to eccentrically braced frames, "here links act as dissipative <ones, is presented in Figure 1. )he connection of the link to the beam is reali<ed by a flush end%plate and high%strength friction grip bolts. #n order to isolate inelastic deformations to removable dissipative elements only, these elements may be realised using lo"er yield steel. ecent research by Dubina et al. 819, suggested that a similar effect can be obtained by using &igh Strength Steel 4&SS5 in non%dissipative elements. )he present paper investigates seismic performance of eccentrically braced frames "ith removable links, using nonlinear dynamic and pushover analyses. #n order to control structural response, different steel grades 4ordinary and high strength steel5 "ere used. )he ob@ective "as to avoid inelastic deformations in structural elements outside links at the serviceability limit state and to allo" easy repair of structural damage by replacing the links.

2. 2.1.

!perimental investigation on bolted links Experimental program

An e!perimental program "as carried out to determine cyclic performance of bolted links and to check the feasibility of the removable link solution 8,9. ;ink, beam, and brace cross%sections of the e!perimental model "ere determined by designing an

eccentrically braced frame "ith 1!1 spans and five storeys 4see Figure 15. Span dimensions "ere / m, "hile storey height "as 1./ m, e!cept the first one, equal to , m. )he eccentrically braced frame "as designed according to $6 1221 8/9 and $6 1227 4122,5 819. Dead load on the floors amounted to ,.=/ k6Am., e!terior cladding "as considered of 1.=- k6Am., "hile live load "as 1.- k6Am.. Seismic design parameters "ere* -.1/g peak ground acceleration, stiff soil conditions 4class A5, a behaviour factor ' > /./, and interstorey drift limitation of -.--0 of the storey height. A short link 4e > ,-- mm5 "hose behaviour is governed by shear only "as considered. (apacity design according to $6 1227 governed dimensioning of non%dissipative members. &$B.0- S1// columns, #C$11- S1// beams in the outer bays, #C$.,- S.1/ links and beams in the middle bay, and &S 1.-!1.-!4=.1%1../5 S.1/ "ere obtained. #n the e!perimental model, the removable link "as fabricated from #C$.,- profile of S.1/ grade steel, "hile the rest of elements D from S1// grade steel. Four link lengths "ere considered 4e > 1--, ,--, /-- and 0-- mm5, to study the influence of moment to shear force ratio. All links "ere classified as short ones according to A#S( .--/ 8.9. Another parameter considered "as the spacing of "eb stiffeners, provided to prevent "eb buckling and to improve rotation capacity of the link. )"o limit values of stiffener spacing "ere considered according A#S( .--/ 8.9* EcloseE spacing % 1-t(%hA/, specified for a rotation capacity -.-7 rad, and ErareE spacing % /.t(%hA/, specified for -.-. rad rotation capacity. For each combination of link length and stiffener spacing, three specimens "ere tested* one monotonically and t"o cyclically, follo"ing the complete $((S 127/ 809 procedure. Bolts "ere preloaded to 1--F of the full preload value for friction%grip bolts in the case of the monotonically loaded 4m5 and the first of the

cyclically loaded 4c15 specimens, and /-F for the second cyclically loaded specimen 4c.5. A total of ., specimens "ere thus obtained, see )able 1. )he yield force )y and displacement Dy, "ere determined from the force%displacement curve of the monotonic specimen "ith rare stiffeners, according to 809, as the intersection of the initial stiffness line and the tangent to the shear force % link displacement curve having 1-F of the initial stiffness. Gield displacement "as used to apply cyclic loading to the specimens of the same length. )he cyclic tests consisted of four cycles in the elastic range 4-../Dy, -./Dy, -.=/Dy and 1.-Dy5, follo"ed by groups of three cycles at amplitudes multiple of .Dy 41!.Dy, 1!,Dy, 1!0Dy, etc.5 )he loading "as applied quasi%statically, in displacement control. Crevious e!perimental research by Dubina et al. 8=9 on e!tended end%plate beam%column @oints in moment resisting frames sho"ed a series of problems that undermined their cyclic performance* 415 fillet "elds are inappropriate in the case of cyclic loading; 4.5 full%penetration 1A.H "eld "ith the root at the e!terior part of the beam cross%section promotes fragile ruptures, due to cracks initiated at "eld root; 415 "eld%access hole acts as a stress concentrator, causing brittle ruptures of the beam flange. ?elding details used for the link to end plate connection "ere chosen so as to prevent the causes of poor performance mentioned above. )hus, link flange "as "elded to the end plate "ith a full%penetration 1A.H "eld, realised from the e!terior part of the cross%section 4"eld root at the interior5; the "eld access hole "as eliminated completely, and reinforcing fillet "eld "as applied at the interior part of the flanges and on the "eb.

2.2.

Design of connections

Bolted connection bet"een the link element and the beam is located in a <one of high stresses. )here are t"o possible strategies for connection design. )he first one is to provide a sufficient overstrength of the connection over the link shear resistance. )he second one is to assure a ductile behaviour of the bolted connection itself. )he former strategy "as follo"ed in this case, as it facilitates replacement of damaged link elements. (apacity design of the connection involves assessment of yield strength of the dissipative element 4link plastic shear resistance5 and its overstrength, accounting for strain hardening and the possibility of the actual yield strength of link material larger than the nominal one. Crevious e!perimental research by Iasai and Copov 879, indicated link ultimate shear resistance about 1./ times the plastic shear resistance. (ommentaries to A#S( .--/ 8.9 mention overstrength factors bet"een 1.. and ..- based on past e!perimental investigations. A relatively conservative estimation of ma!imum shear force "as adopted in this study, by adopting an overall overstrength factor equal to 1.=/*
)ma! = 1.=/ )y = ( h . t f ) t( f y A 1

Ja!imum moment for connection design "as determined as*

M ma! = )ma! e .

Design of connections to the forces determined according to equations and "as based on $6 1221 8/9. J.- grade 1-.2 high%strength bolts "ere used. #n order to prevent e!cessive deformations of the end plate, a ./ mm thick plate "as chosen so as to

provide a mode 1 4bolts in tension5 failure mode of the equivalent )%stub. A linear distribution of bolt forces "as then assumed, and the bolts checked for tension, shear, combined tension and shear resistance. Demand to capacity ratio for combined tension and shear ranged from -.= for the ;&, and ;;, specimens to -.27 for the ;&= and ;;= specimens. Additionally, connection slip resistance "as checked. 2.3. Behaviour of specimens

)he instrumentation consisted of the actuator load cell, and a series of displacement transducers used to measure both absolute and relative displacements. esponse of

removable link elements "as characterised by shear force ) % shear distortion angle . For classical links, the distortion is determined as the difference of end displacements DT divided to the link length 829. ?ith the notations from Figure 1, is e!pressed as*
= DT A e

Assuming that the edges of the panel bounding the link remain straight after deformation, the same angle may be determined from the deformations of the diagonals 4DD! and DD$5 4see Figure ,5*
a . + e . ( DD . DD1) . a e

Halues of angle determined according to relationships and have close values in the case of classical links. &o"ever, in the case of removable bolted links, the behaviour of the link is more comple!, and angle determined from relationships and "ill be different. )otal link deformation is given by the sum of* 415 shear distortion of the link

panel % , 4.5 rotation in the t"o connections M>S+*, and 415 slip in the connections, characterised by an equivalent rotation +,>4D+,S+D+,-5Ae, and can be e!pressed as*
T = + M + +,

#t can be directly obtained from the total displacement DT*

T = DT e

#nstrumentation permitted both direct determination of characteristic deformations according to , and indirect one according , using the component deformations. A satisfactory correlation "as observed bet"een the t"o methods. Strength characteristics obtained from nominal and measured geometry and strength are presented in )able .. Account "as taken of the different flange and "eb yield strength in determining the link plastic moment* M y = . pl , ( f y ,( + .pl ' f y , f . Jeasured mechanical characteristics of steel sho"ed higher increase of plastic shear force in comparison "ith plastic moment, "hich caused a decrease of the 1.0My/)y limit. $ven so, the links are classified as short. At the same time, ma!imum shear force and moment used for connection design are considerably higher than the initial estimates based on nominal characteristics. (onnection strength "as checked using estimates of ma!imum forces determined from measured geometrical and mechanical characteristics, considering a partial safety factor M0>1.- for the connection. esults indicated that the connection should have responded in the elastic range, though "ith little reserve for the longer ;;= and ;&= specimens. &o"ever, at large displacements, both bolt failures and end%plate deformations "ere observed during the tests. )"o types of bolt failures "ere observed* 415 by thread stripping, "hich results in a ductile

response 4dominant in this e!perimental program5, and 4.5 by fracture in bolt shank, "hich results in a brittle response. Bolted connections had important contributions to the overall link response and in general did not sho"ed an elastic response. (onnection suffered important degradations at the ;;= and ;&= specimens, and caused a pronounced pinching effect "ith a reduced energy dissipation capacity 4see Figure /5. $lement degradation started by bending of the end plate and bolt thread stripping, follo"ed by local buckling of link flanges and "eb. (loser stiffener spacing had as main effect isolation of local flange and "eb buckling in outer "eb panels. Failure "as attained by complete degradation of bolt threads. Smaller length of ;;0 and ;&0 specimens reduced the damage to connections and the pinching behaviour. Failure "as attained by complete damage to bolts 4see Figure =a5, but also by "eb cracking after repeated plastic "eb buckling in the case of ;;0%c. specimen, "ith rare stiffeners. Starting "ith ;;/ and ;&/ specimens, connections "ere characterised by a more stable response, plastic "eb buckling being more important and preceding the one of the flanges. Failure of ;;/%c1 and ;;/%c. specimens, "ith rare stiffeners, "as attained by tearing of the "eb on three edges, at the cracks initiated in the base metal at the "eb% stiffener and "eb%end plate "elds. (loser stiffener spacing in the case of ;&/%c1 and ;&/%c. specimens reduced "eb tearing due to severe and repeated buckling 4but did not eliminate it completely5 and failure "as attained by damage of the connection.

esponse of specimens from the ;;, and ;&, series "as dominated by "eb shear. (onnection had a quasi%elastic response. Flange buckling "as observed only after important "eb buckling. &ysteretic response "as characteri<ed by EfullE cycles "ith high energy dissipation capacity 4see Figure 05. Due to higher "eb slenderness of the ;;,%c1 and ;;,%c. specimens, "eb buckling "as marked, and plastic "eb EbreathingE "as observed, as "eb buckling "ave "as changing direction at reversals of load direction 4Figure 05. epeated buckling lead to "eb tearing along the diagonals 4see Figure =b5. (lose spacing of stiffeners at the ;&,%c1 and ;&,%c. specimens prevented this phenomenon, failure initiating through "eb tearing along the stiffener "eld, "hich e!tended on three edges of the "eb. 2.4. Comparative analysis of results

$lastic response of links "as characterised by the total initial stiffness 1T, determined from )%T relationship, as "ell as shear stiffness of the "eb 1, stiffness of connections 1- and 1S, determined from M2-, and M2S relationships 4)able 15. #nitial shear stiffness of the link 415 "as in good correlation "ith the theoretical one 41th>3+s5, and not influenced much by the different considered test parameters. )here "as an important scatter in e!perimental values of connection rotational stiffness. Full preloading increased the stiffness of connection by appro!imately /-F. :pper connection resulted more fle!ible in comparison "ith the lo"er connection. :nsymmetrical distribution of moments and lack of fit at the upper connection may be attributed to this behaviour. eduction of total initial stiffness of the bolted link in comparison "ith the classical solution is important, as a result of both the semi%rigid end%plate, and slip in the connection. )herefore, either e!plicit modelling of the semi%

1-

rigid connection behaviour, or consideration of equivalent link stiffness is necessary for global analysis of frames "ith bolted links. (onnection slip "as defined "hen relative displacement bet"een the end plates of a connection e!ceeded -.1/ mm, according to (111A7. 81-9. According to this criterion, "ith the e!ception of the first tested ;;=%m, all other specimens e!perienced slip during the test. (onnection slip "as larger in the case of cyclic loading and partial preload of bolts. Gield force determined from )2DT relationship "as not influenced by the test parameters and "as controlled by shear response of the "eb. ;o"er e!perimental values 4see )able 15 are partially e!plained by the procedure used to determine yield force, according to 809, "hich underestimates it for high initial stiffness. Kn the other hand, e!perimental ma!imum force presents an increase from the longer to the shorter links 4effect of connection strength5 and is higher for closer stiffeners 4prevention of "eb plastic buckling5. )he ma!imum moment determined from equation "as lo"er than the theoretical one used to design the connections. Coor performance of connections could be e!plained by the fact that vertical displacement in the e!perimental set%up "as constrained, "hich generated supplementary tension in the connections at large displacements. Follo"ing the e!perimental observations in this study, in order to reduce damage in bolted connections, it is recommended to limit the length of bolted links to e -.7 J y Hy , "hich corresponds to links ;;, and ;&,.

11

:ltimate link displacement DTu, representing the stable hysteretic response is presented in )able ,. (yclic loading reduced by ,-F to =-F plastic deformation capacity, "ith the ma!imum reduction for short links. :ltimate displacements "ere slightly lo"er in the case of short links in comparison "ith longer ones. &o"ever, in terms of deformations 4Tu5, rotation capacity is larger in the case of shorter links, "ith the e!ception of ;;, and ;&, specimens. ?ith the e!ception of longer links "ith rare stiffeners 4;;=5, specimens sho"ed a stable deformation capacity of at least -.1 rad, "ith a number of 10 to .. cycles in the plastic range. Bolt preloading did not affect rotation capacity, "hile closer spacing of stiffeners improved link deformation capacity. Behaviour of long specimens "as much influenced by the response of the bolted connection, characteri<ed by a gradual reduction of strength due to bolt thread stripping, and a pinching cyclic response. )he latter effect reduced the energy dissipated in the group of cycles of constant amplitude. Full bolt preloading reduced partially this effect. esponse of short specimens "as controlled by the shear of the link "eb, characteri<ed by important hardening and energy dissipation capacity, but a more rapid degradation of strength after "eb tearing. Stiffener spacing had ma!imum importance for short links. )heir effect "as to limit plastic local buckling of the "eb, increasing the ma!imum force and deformation capacity, and providing a more stable cyclic response. &o"ever, after the attainment of ultimate deformation, failure of ;&, specimens "as more rapid in comparison "ith ;;, specimens. Distribution of ductility demands bet"een end pate and link "eb resulted in improved overall deformation capacity in comparison "ith EpureE failure modes, determined by concentration of plastic deformations in connection or "eb alone. )his effect is

1.

characteristic of intermediate length specimens ;;0%;;/ and ;&0%;&/. &o"ever, it may be difficult to control this response in practice, due to variability of mechanical steel characteristics. $!perimental tests demonstrated e!cellent plastic deformation capacities under cyclic loading and ductile failure modes 4ultimate shear deformation of -.11%-.11 rad5. #n order to limit damage to the connections, shorter links are recommended. )here are several sources of link deformation* shear deformation, bending deformation, end plate rotation and progressive slip in bolted connection. )he most convenient "ay to account for these effects is by considering equivalent link stiffness. )he average stiffness of bolted links "as of the order of ./F of the theoretical shear deformation of a conventional continuous link.

". 3.1.

valuation of performance of #$s with removable links Design and modelling

#n order to assess seismic performance of eccentrically braced frames "ith removable links, a medium rise structure "as investigated as a case study. )he building has 1!1 bays of 0 m each, and 7 storeys 4see Figure 75. All storeys are 1./ m, e!cept the first one, "hich equals ,./ m. )he design "as carried out according to $6 1221 8/9, $6 1227 4.--,5 819 and C1--%1A.--0 8119 4 omanian seismic design code, aligned to $6 12275. A , k6Am. dead load on the typical floor and 1./ k6Am. for the roof "ere considered, "hile the live load amounted ..- k6Am.. )he building location "as considered as Bucharest, characterised by -..,g design peak ground acceleration and soft soil conditions "ith control period TC>1.0 s. A behaviour factor '>0, and interstorey drift limitation of -.--7 of the storey height "ere considered in design.

11

#n assessing the potential benefits of using &igh Strength Steel 4&SS5, different steel grades "ere used for members. )he reference structure, denoted as B, used mild carbon steel 4grade S.1/5 for all members, e!cept the central columns of the first t"o storeys, "hich are &SS steel 4grade S,0-5, see Figure 7b. A conventional link 4i.e. part of the beam5 "as used in the B structure. #n order to assess the influence of reduced stiffness of bolted links, a ne" structure 4denoted by 5 "as considered. Based on e!perimental tests, an equivalent stiffness of -../ of the theoretical shear stiffness of continuous links "as considered for bolted links. #n order to reduce inelastic deformations in members outside links, higher steel grade "as used in these members. )his structure "as denoted by ,0, and used S,0- steel grade in beams and columns of the moment%resisting bays, see Figure 7c. )he period of the fundamental mode of vibration of the B structure amounted to 1.-/ seconds, "hile for the and ,0 structures it "as 1.11 seconds.

Beams, columns and braces "ere modelled "ith fibre hinge beam%column elements, "ith plastic hinges located at the element ends. 6ominal steel characteristics "ere used. $lastic%perfectly plastic behaviour "as assumed, "ithout strength and stiffness degradation. )he inelastic shear link element model "as based on the one proposed by icles and Copov 81.9. As the original model consisted in four linear branches, it "as adapted to the trilinear envelope curve available in Drain%1d!. 3.2. Ground motion records

A set of seven ground motions "ere used. Spectral characteristics of the ground motions "ere modified by scaling Fourier amplitudes to match the target elastic spectrum from C1--%1A.--0 8119, see Figure 2. )his results in a group of semiartificial records

1,

representative to the seismic source affecting the building site and soft soil conditions in Bucharest. )he procedure "as based on the S#JLI$%1 program 8119. 3.3. nalysis procedure and results

#n order to assess structural performance, nonlinear static and dynamic analyses "ere performed. )hree performance levels "ere considered* serviceability limit state 4S;S5, ultimate limit state 4:;S5, and collapse prevention 4(C;S5 limit state. #ntensity of earthquake action at the :;S "as equal to the design one 4intensity factor > 1.-5. Mround motion intensity at the S;S "as reduced to > -./ 4according to > -./ in $6 1227 8/95, "hile for the (C;S limit state "as increased to > 1./ 4according to F$JA 1/0 81,95. Based on e!perimental results and F$JA 1/0 provisions, ultimate link deformations at :;S and (C;S "ere u>-.11 rad and u>-.1, rad, respectively. Cushover curves for the B, and ,0 structures are sho"n in Figure 1-. #n comparison

"ith the conventional structure B, the ones using removable links 4 and ,05 are characterised by slightly reduced initial stiffness. &o"ever, base shear force at the first yield in links is similar for the three structures, implying similar design strength under seismic action. Mlobal capacity of the structure 4"ith removable links5 is reduced in

comparison "ith the B structure, but the ,0 structure, that uses removable links and &SS in moment%resisting bays, is characterised by a larger global strength. Another advantage of &SS 4 ,0 structure5 is that elements outside links yield under larger lateral deformations than the B and structure. :;S criteria are the deformation

capacity u of member. #n all cases, the critical elements "ere links.

1/

esults of the #ncremental Dynamic Analysis 4#DA5 are synthetically presented in Figure 11, in terms of ma!imum transient #nterstorey Drift atio 4#D 5 and ma!imum permanent #D . )he conventional structure 4B5 performs slightly better than the structures "ith removable links 4 and ,05. &o"ever, it can be observed that all three structures 4B, and ,05 have adequate performance at the S;S 4>-./5, :;S 4>1.-5

and (C;S 4>1./5 limit states. )here are no substantial differences bet"een the t"o structures "ith removable links 4 and ,05 in terms of ma!imum #D 4at S;S5 and ma!imum plastic deformation demands 4at :;S and (C;S5, see Figure 11a. )he benefit of &SS for the structure "ith removable links 4 ,05 is clearly identified in Figure 11b, giving the lo"est values of permanent drifts up to intensity factors of > 1.-%1... ;o" permanent drifts allo" easier replacement of damaged removable links. As it "as presented earlier, structures designed using the dissipative approach, may e!perience structural damage even under moderate 4S;S5 earthquake. )his can be seen in Figure 1., "here plastic deformation demands in members are represented. Clastic deformations in links 4ranging bet"een -.-.0 rad and -.-1, rad5 indicate a moderate damage to the structures at S;S. Clastic deformations in elements outside links 4beams, columns, and braces5 are negligible for the B and structures, and are completely

avoided for the &%4 structure. Ja!imum plastic deformation demands in members at S;S, :;S and (C;S are presented in )able /. )he behaviour of the structures "ith removable links is improved "hen &SS is used in the moment%resisting bays, this structure sho"ing lo"er plastic deformation demands in elements outside links. Smaller plastic deformations are directly related to smaller permanent drifts.

10

%.

&onclusions

Seismic performance of removable links "ith flush%end plate connections "ere investigated e!perimentally, proving the technological feasibility of the solution. Cerformance of short removable links and possibility to be easily replaced makes them attractive for dual eccentrically braced frames. Hery short links, "hich assure an elastic behaviour of the connection are preferred, due to their easier replacement. (oncentration of damage in the removable link 4performing like passive energy dissipation devices5 may be accomplished by the capacity design principles, including fabrication of the link from a steel "ith lo"er yield strength in comparison "ith rest of the structure. $!perimental investigation indicated a significant reduction of stiffness of bolted links in comparison "ith conventional links. Structures "ith removable links sho"ed larger interstorey drift and inelastic deformation demands than structures "ith conventional links. &o"ever, seismic performance "as adequate under serviceability, ultimate and collapse prevention limit states. Dual steel structures in "hich high strength steel is used in moment%resisting bays of eccentrically braced frames "ith removable links are characterised by reduced inelastic deformation demands in members outside links and lo"er permanent interstorey drifts. #n these conditions, the dissipative behaviour of structures can be better controlled by design. Joreover, interventions for repair of the structure affected by a moderate to strong earthquake are limited to replacing the bolted links.

1=

'.

Acknowledgements omanian Jinistry of esearch and $ducation through the ($$N%

Support of the

JA)6A6)$(& grant .2A.--/ EStructural Systems and Advanced )echnologies for Structures from &igh%Cerformance Steels for Buildings ;ocated in &igh Seismicity Areas % S)KC #S(E and ($$N%$) grant 1,1,A.--/ EDual steel structures "ith removable dissipative elements for buildings located in seismic areasE is gratefully ackno"ledged.

(. 819

)eferences $6 1227 4122,, .--15. E$urocode 7* Design of structures for earthquake resistance. Cart 1* Meneral rules, seismic actions and rules for buildingsE. ($6 % $uropean (ommittee for Standardi<ation.

8.9

A#S( .--/. ESeismic Crovisions for Structural Steel BuildingsE. American #nstitute of Steel (onstruction, #nc. (hicago, #llinois, :SA.

819

Dubina, D., Dinu, F., Oaharia,

., :ngureanu, H., Mrecea, D. 4.--05.

EKpportunity and effectiveness of using high strength steel in seismic resistant building framesE. Croc. of the #nt. (onf. in Jetal Struct., Coiana Brasov, omania, September .-%.., .--0, $ds. D. Dubina P H. :ngureanu, )aylor P Francis Mroup, p. /-1%/1-. 8,9 Stratan, A. and Dubina, D. 4.--,5. EBolted links for eccentrically braced steel framesE. Croc. of the Fifth A#S( A $((S #nternational ?orkshop E(onnections in Steel Structures H. Behaviour, Strength P DesignE, Qune 1%/, .--,. $d. F.S.I.

17

Bi@laard, A.J. Mresnigt, M.Q. van der Hegte. Delft :niversity of )echnology, )he 6etherlands, pp. ..1%.1. 8/9 $6 1221 4.--,5. E$urocode 1. Design of steel structures % Cart 1%1* Meneral rules and rules for buildingsE. ($6 % $uropean (ommittee for Standardi<ation. 809 $((S 4127/5. E ecommended )esting Crocedures for Assessing the Behaviour of Structural $lements under (yclic ;oadsE, $uropean (onvention for

(onstructional Steel"ork, )echnical (ommittee 1, )?M 1.1 D Seismic Design, 6o.,/ 8=9 Dubina, D., (iutina, A., Stratan, A., 4.---5. E(yclic )ests on Bolted Steel Double Sided Beam%to%(olumn QointsE. )he #nternational A#S( A $((S ?orkshop (onnections in Steel Structures #H* Steel (onnections in the 6e" Jillenium. Kctober ..%./, .---, oanoke, Hirginia, :SA. 879 Iasai, I., and Copov, $.C., 412705. EMeneral Behaviour of ?F Steel Shear ;ink BeamsE, AS($, Qournal of Structural $ngineering, Hol.11., 6o..* 10.%171. 829 $ngelhartd, J.D. and Copov, $.C. 4122.5. E$!perimental performance of long links in eccentrically braced framesE. Qournal of Structural $ngineering, Hol.177, 6o.11*1-0=%1-77. 81-9 (111A7. 4127.5. E)echnical guide for connections id steel structures "ith high strength friction grip bolts E. #(B, #6($ ( 4in omanian5. 8119 C1--%1A.--0 4.--05. ESeismic design code D Cart 1* omanian5. ules for buildingsE 4in

12

81.9

icles Q.J., Copov $.C. 4122,5. E#nelastic link element for $BF seismic analysisE. AS($, Qournal of Structural $ngineering, 122,, Hol. 1.-, 6o. .* ,,1%,01.

8119 Masparini, D.A., and Hanmarcke, $.&. 412=05. ESimulated $arthquake Jotions (ompatible "ith Crescribed esponse SpectraE, Department of (ivil $ngineering, esearch eport =0%,, Jassachusetts #nstitute of )echnology, (ambridge,

Jassachusetts. 81,9 F$JA 1/0 4.---5. ECrestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildingsE, ?ashington 4D(5* Federal $mergency Janagement Agency.

.-

*.

+otation

D link shear distortion angle

% multiplier factor for earthquake intensity

% reduction factor "hich takes into account the lo"er return period of the seismic
action associated "ith the damage limitation requirement

+, D equivalent link rotation angle due to connection slip M, S, * D average, bottom, and top connection rotation M0 D partial safety factor for bolt resistance T D total link distortion angle
+s % link shear area +s = t ( ( h .t f ) D+,-, D+,S D measurements of link slip displacement transducers DD!, DD$ D measurements of link diagonal displacement transducers DT D total link displacement DTu, Tu D ultimate displacement, ultimate deformation Dy, )y D yield displacement, yield shear force e Dbolted link length e, b D link panel dimensions fy, fu D yield stress, tensile strength fy,(, fy,f D "eb and flange yield stress 3 % shear modulus 1T, 1, 1- and 1S D total, "eb shear, and connection initial stiffness ' % behaviour factor

.1

tf, t(, h D flange thickness, "eb thickness, and cross%section height respectively )ma5, Mma5 D ma!imum shear force, ma!imum moment )y , My D plastic shear resistance, plastic moment .pl,(, .6pl D plastic modulus of the "eb and flanges, respectively 4.6pl > .pl 2 .pl,(, .pl5

..

Figure 1. Bolted link concept

support

actuator link

Figure .. $!perimental set%up for removable bolted links

2 DD d+

+ 2

d+D

D1

DT

-1

4a5

4b5

4c5

Figure 1. Deformation of a classical link 4a5, idealisation of the panel <one 4b5 and its deformation 4c5

.1


DALS

DT

4a5

4b5

Figure ,. Deformation of a bolted link 4a5 and its ideali<ation 4b5

Figure /. Force%total deformation relationship )2T for specimens ;;=%c1 and ;&=%c1

Figure 0. Force%total deformation relationship )2T for specimens ;;,%c1 and ;&,%c1

DALJ

.,

4a5

4b5

Figure =. Failure by connection degradation at the ;&0%c. specimen 4a5; plastic "eb buckling at the ;;,%c1 specimen 4b5

20 40 A2 A2 HE HE

20 40 A2 A2 HE HE

IPE400 HEB 00 HEB 00

IPE400

IPE400 HEB 00 HEB 00

IPE400 HEB 00

IPE400

IPE400 HEB 00

HEB 00

4a5

4b5

4c5 structures;

Figure 7. Structural layout* 4a5 plan vie"; 4b5 elevation of B and 4c5 elevation of ,0 structure

HEB 00

./

$igure ,. lastic response spectra of semiartificial records and -1..-1/2..( elastic spectrum.

Figure 1-. Cushover curves 4normalised base shear vs. normalised top displacement5 for the B, and ,0 structures

.0

4a5 4b5 Figure 11. #DA curves* ma!imum 4a5 and permanent 4b5 drift vs. acceleration multiplier, average of all records

Figure 1.. Clastic deformation demands in members at S;S 4 > -./5 for the B, and ,0 structures, average of all records

.=

)able 1. Kvervie" of e!perimental program on removable links link length stiffeners e > 0-- mm rare close e > /-- mm rare close e > ,-- mm rare close e > 1-- mm rare close

monotonic loading ;;=%m ;&=%m ;;0%m ;&0%m ;;/%m ;&/%m ;;,%m ;&,%m 41--F bolt preload5 cyclic loading 41--F ;;=%c1 ;&=%c1 ;;0%c1 ;&0%c1 ;;/%c1 ;&/%c1 ;;,%c1 ;&,%c1 bolt preload5 cyclic loading 4/-F ;;=%c. ;&=%c. ;;0%c. ;&0%c. ;;/%c. ;&/%c. ;;,%c. ;&,%c. bolt preload5

.7

)able .. Gield and ma!imum forces evaluated from nominal and measured characteristics
specimen nominal ;&=, ;;= ;&0, ;;0 ;&/, ;;/ ;&,, measure d ;;, ;&=, ;;= ;&0, ;;0 ;&/, ;;/ ;&,, .pl, cm1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .pl(, cm1 =/..2 =/..2 =/..2 =/..2 =/.,1 =/.,1 =/.,1 =/.,1 .pl6, cm1 .21.11 .21.11 .21.11 .21.11 .21.. .21.. .21.. .21.. )y, k6 17/., 17/., 17/., 17/., .00.= .00.= .00.= .00.= My, k6m 70.. 70.. 70.. 70.. 1-1./ 1-1./ 1-1./ 1-1./ 1.0My/)y, mm =,1 =,1 =,1 =,1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 )ma5, k6 .=7.1 .=7.1 .=7.1 .=7.1 ,--.1 ,--.1 ,--.1 ,--.1 Mma5, k6m 71., 02./ //.0 ,1.= 1.-.1--.7-.0-.-

;;, note* Mma5 determined according to equation

.2

)able 1. Gield )y and ma!imum )ma5 shear forces

parameter ) , k6 )y, k6 m c1 c. )
th ma5 th y

specimen

;;= ..7..1,.7 .10./ 1-,.2 .20.2

;;0 .-2..17.1 .10.2 111.1 1-7.,

;;/ 172./ .,/.1=/., 1,7.1 1,1.1

;;, 121.1=,., ..1.= 177.1 10-.2

;&= .-1.0 ..=., .11.1 .=-.1 1-/..

;&0 .1=.7 .1..2 ..... 1-=./ 117./

;&/ 127.. ..2.0 .11./ 1/../ 10,.1

;&, .-1./ .10.0 .,2.,.-.0 ,--.0 ,-..2

.00.='

, k6 m c1

,--.1''

)ma5, k6

c. .72.0 111.2 1//.= 10../ 1-1.0 1.,., 10,.note* average of positive and negative values presented for specimens c1 and c. ' plastic shear resistance based on measured geometry and yield strength '' )ma5th>1./)yth

1-

)able ,. :ltimate displacement DTu and corresponding deformationTu

DTu, mm specimen m c1 c. m c1 c. ;;= 21./7.1 //., -.1// -.-2= -.-2. ;;0 110.0 0,., 00.1 -..=1 -.1.2 -.111 ;;/ 1,,.. ,..1 0../ -.10-.1-0 -.1/0 ;;, 117., 1-., 11./ -.12/ -.1-1 -.11. ;&= 1,-.7 07., 0/./ -..1/ -.11, -.1-2 ;&0 117.7 =1.= 07.. -..=7 -.1,1 -.110 ;&/ 11=.2 /7.0 =..7 -.1,/ -.1,= -.17. ;&, 1./.2 1=.7 1=.0 -.,.-.1.0 -.1./

Tu

note* minimum of positive and negative values presented for c1 and c. specimens

11

)able /. Clastic deformation demands in members at S;S 4 > -./5, :;S 4 > 1.-5 and (C;S 4 > 1./5 for the B, and ,0 structures, average of all records
links B -.-.= -.-07 -.1-/ beams ,0 B -.-10 -.--. -.--1 -.-2. -.-1- -.-1, -.1,/ -.-1= -.-.. columns ,0 B % % -.--, -.--/ -.-1, -.-11 ,0 -.--1 % -.--= -.--. -.-1, -.--7

S;S :;S (C;S

-.-10 -.-2. -.112

1.