Uniaxial Tensile Test:

Uniaxial tensile test is known as a basic and universal engineering test. It is performed to achieve material parameters such as Ultimate strength, Yield strength, % elongation, % area of reduction Young's modulus. These important parameters obtained from the standard tensile testing are useful for the selection of engineering materials for any applications required. The tensile testing is carried out by applying longitudinal or axial load at a specific extension rate to a standard tensile specimen with known dimensions (gauge length and cross sectional area perpendicular to the load direction) till failure. The applied tensile load and extension are recorded during the test for the calculation of stress and strain.

Standards:
A range of universal standards provided by Professional societies such as American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), British standard, JIS standard and DIN standard provides testing are selected based on preferential uses. Each standard may contain a variety of test standards suitable for different materials, dimensions and fabrication history.

ASTM E8:
For instance, ASTM E8 is a standard test method for tension testing of metallic materials and ASTM B557 is standard test methods of tension testing wrought and cast aluminum and Magnesium alloy products. These test methods cover the tension testing of metallic materials in any form at room temperature, specifically, the methods of determination of yield strength, yield point elongation, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Following considerations are necessary for this standard: The gauge lengths for most round specimens are required to be 4D for E8 and 5D for E8M. The gauge length is the most significant difference between E8 and E8M test

specimens. Test specimens made from powder metallurgy (P/M) materials are exempt from this requirement by industry-wide agreement to keep the pressing of the material to a specific projected area and density. Exceptions to the provisions of these test methods may need to be made in individual specifications or test methods for a particular material. For examples, see Test Methods and Definitions A370 and Test Methods B557, and B557M. Room temperature shall be considered to be 10 to 38C [50 to 100F] unless otherwise specified. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as separate from inch/pound units. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

PROCEDURE
Pre-calculations
These are performed on test sample. By using the instruments e.g., Vernier caliper and scale Measure the metal in diameter and length. Place the metal into the machine and fit all the equipment around the metal to ensure that the experiment is going to be safe. Click Test Specimen on the computer screen and the experiment will begin. The Tensile Test involves testing two types of metals: Aluminum alloy, Low Carbon (0.1 % C, 0.4 % C, and 0.8 % C)

Calculations
Below is how the values of yield and ultimate tensile strength for the steel can be calculated. Yield stress: Yield stress = Force at the yield Original Cross Section How to work out the Cross Section: Diameter of Specimen 2 = r r = Cross Section 2.47 = 19.22 mm 2.525 = 20.03 mm 2.53 = 20.11 mm 2.525 = 20.03 mm

Test 1 = 4.94 2 = 2.47 Test 2 = 5.05 2 = 2.525 Test 3 = 5.06 2 = 2.53 Aluminum = 5.05 2 = 5.25

Test 1 = 6000 19.32 = 310.66N/mm Test 2 = 10500 20.03 = 524.21N/mm Test 3 = 13250 20.11 = 658.98N/mm Aluminum = 5500 20.03 = 274.69N/mm

Proof Stress: To work out the values of 0.2% Proof Stress of each steel specimen and the aluminum these steps must be followed (25.25mm length of the sample used) (250mm total length of the x axis between points 0-0.4) 0.2% 25.25mm = 0.05 250mm 0.05 = 12.5mm

Ultimate Tensile Stress

Ultimate Tensile Stress = Maximum Force Original Cross Section Test 1 = 7992 19.22 = 415.82Test 2 = 13770 20.03 = 687.57 Test 3 = 20100 20.11 = 999.50 Aluminum = 6038 20.03 = 301.45 Maximum Force (N) 7992N 13770N 20100N 6038N Force at Yield Stress (N) 5795N 10250N 13000N 5500N

0.1 % Carbon 0.4 % Carbon 0.8 % Carbon Aluminum

Carbon Value Diameter of specimen Cross Section Yield Stress UTS % of Elongation % Reduction of Area

Test 1 0.1 % C 4.94mm 19.32mm 310.66N/mm 415.82 28% 66%

Test 2 0.4 % C 5.05mm 20.03mm 524.21N/mm 687.57 26% 55%

Test 3 0.8 % C 5.06mm 20.11mm 687.57N/mm 999.50 16% 40%

Aluminum 5.05mm 20.03mm 274.69N/mm 301.45 16% 55%

Conclusion:
From the tensile test it is clear that there is a distinct relationship between the amount of Carbon content and the amount of force needed for the steel specimen to deform plastically. The Tensile test helps gain an understanding that a metal should not be stressed beyond its yield point or proof stress as this will cause the dwellings structure to weaken and possibly fracture.In each Specimen there is an increasing Carbon content, this is why the results are distorted over the course of the three experiments. It is clear from the results that the higher the Carbon contents the higher the elastic limit. The elastic limit is a measurement of how much a metal can be stretched without deforming plastically. Reflecting back on the tests and looking at the result graphs there is a clear resemblance between the amount of Carbon present in the specimen and the force at the yield point. The higher the Carbon content the higher the force exerted at the yield point. This distinguishes that when designing a dwelling it is best to use the maximum amount of Carbon possible for the safety of the builders and the clients and also for maximum life span.