Anthropology 101 Final

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121.

Acheulian (ashoo-lay-en)

A Lower Paleolithic stone tool industry that includes bifacially worked hand axes and cleavers and many kinds of flake tools. It began as early as 1.4 mya in Africa, spread across many parts of the temperate to tropical parts of Europe and Asia, and ended roughly 200,000 ya. Also spelled Acheulean. Cultural activities associated with planting, herding, and processing domesticated species; farming. Deposited by streams, usually during flood stages. (anthro, meaning "man," and morph, meaning "shape") Having or being given humanlike characteristics. Referring to the analysis and interpretation of the remains of ancient plants recovered from the archaeological record. North American archaeological period that follows the end of the Ice Age and traditionally ends with the beginning of the use of ceramics; equivalent to the Mesolithic in the Old World. An early Upper Paleolithic stone tool industry found across southern Europe and the Near East.

85.

Aztecs

45.

agriculture

46.

alluvial anthropomorphic

84.

Militaristic people who dominated the Valley of Mexico and surrounding area at the time of the European conquest.
48.

47.

archaeobotanical

Bandkeramik

Literally, "lined pottery"; refers to a Neolithic ceramic ware widely encountered in central Europe and to the culture that produced it. The dry-land connection between Asia and America that existed periodically during the Pleistocene epoch. Chipped stone toolmaking approach in which blades struck from prepared cores are the main raw material from which tools are made. A blade is a chipped stone flake that is at least twice as long as it is wide.

20.

Archaic

22.

Beringia (barein-jya) blade technology

1.

7.

Aurignacian

21.

aurochs

2.

burin

European wild oxen, ancestral to domesticated cattle.

A small flake tool with a chisel-like end, used to cut bone, antler, and ivory.
23.

carrying capacity atalhyk (chaetal-haeyook) charnel houses Chatelperronian cities

In an environment, the maximum population of a specific organism that can be maintained at a steady state. A large early Neolithic site in southern Turkey. The name is Turkish for "forked mound." Buildings that hold the bones or bodies of the dead. Pertaining to an Upper Paleolithic industry found in France and Spain. Urban centers that both support and are supported by a hinterland of lesser communities.

83.

49.

8.

86.

87.

city-states civilization

Urban centers that form autonomous sociopolitical units. The larger social order that includes states related by language, traditions, history, economic ties, and other shared cultural aspects. Episode of higher average annual temperatures that affected much of the globe for several millennia after the end of the last ice age; also known as the altithermal.

90.

cuneiform

88.

24.

climatic maximum

(cuneus, meaning "wedge") Wedge-shaped writing of ancient Mesopotamia.

53.

89.

codices

demographic dental caries desertification diffusion

Pertaining to the size or rate of increase of human populations. Erosions in teeth caused by decay; cavities. Any process resulting in the formation or growth of deserts. The idea that widely distributed cultural traits originated in a single center and were spread from one group to another through contact or exchange. A prepared-core technique in which flakes are struck toward the center of the stone core; greater efficiency of raw material use than Levallois; also called "radial core" technique. Foretelling the future. A state of interdependence between humans and selected plant or animal species. Intense selection activity induces permanent genetic change, enhancing a species' value to humans. Periodic climatic instability, related to temporary warming of Pacific Ocean waters, which may influence storm patterns and precipitation for several years. (epi, meaning "after") Late Pleistocene and early Holocene period of foragers and collectors in the Near East and adjacent parts of Asia. The position of the body in a bent orientation, with arms and legs drawn up to the chest. A biface or projectile point having had long, thin flakes removed from each face to prepare the base for hafting, or attachment to a shaft. Hunter-gatherers who live in small groups that move camp frequently to take advantage of fresh resources as they come into season, with few resources stored in anticipation of future use.

27. 54.

55.

(sing., codex) Illustrated books.

25.

collectors

Hunter-gatherers who tend to stay in one place for a long time. A task group may range far afield to hunt and collect food and other resources that are brought back to camp and shared among its inhabitants. Valued food resources are commonly stored in anticipation of future use. Minimally, a tool made of several pieces. For example, a prehistoric knife typically included a handle or shaft, a chipped stone blade, and binding materials such as glue or sinew to hold the blade firmly in place. Preserved fecal material, which can be studied for what the contents reveal about diet and health. An economic system in which some individuals do not engage in food getting, but devote their labor to the production of other goods and services. Examples include potters, carpenters, smiths, shamen, oracles, and teachers. A plant that is wholly dependent on humans; a domesticate. Wild plants fostered by human efforts to make them more productive.

10.

discoid technique

91. 56.

divination domestication

9.

composite tool

57.

El Nio

26.

coprolites

50.

craft specialization

28.

Epipaleolithic

11.

flexed

51.

cultigen cultivars

29.

fluted point

52.

30.

foragers

92.

Gilgamesh

Semilegendary king and culture hero of early Uruk; reputed to have had many marvelous adventures. Climatic intervals when continental ice sheets cover much of the northern continents. Glaciations are associated with colder temperatures in northern latitudes and more arid conditions closer to the equator, most notably in Africa.

32.

huntergatherers indirect percussion Inka

People who make their living by hunting, fishing, and gathering their food and not by producing it. The method of driving off blades and flakes from a prepared core using a bone or antler punch to press off a thin flake. People whose sophisticated culture dominated Peru at the time of the European arrival; also, the term for that people's highest ruler; also spelled Inca. Climatic intervals when continental ice sheets are retreating, eventually becoming much reduced in size. Interglacials in northern latitudes are associated with warmer temperatures, while in southern latitudes the climate becomes wetter. Major prehistoric Maya site located at Guatemala City. Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers of the eastern Mediterranean region and Levant. Underground chambers or rooms used for gatherings and ceremonies by pueblo dwellers. The Pleistocene stage beginning 125,000 ya and ending approximately 10,000 ya. Pleistocene ice sheet centered in the Hudson Bay region and extending across much of eastern Canada and the northern United States.

12.

glaciations

3.

98.

93.

glyphs
13.

interglacials

99.

Carved or incised symbolic figures.

122.

grade

A grouping of organisms sharing a similar adaptive pattern. Grade isn't necessarily based on closeness of evolutionary relationship, but it does contrast organisms in a useful way (e.g., Homo erectus with Homo sapiens). Early Babylonian king, ca. 1800-1750 B.C.

Kaminaljuy (cam-en-awlhoo-yoo) Kebaran kivas

33.

59.

94.

Hammurabi (ham-oo-rah -bee) Harappa (ha-rap-pa) hieroglyphics

14.

Late Pleistocene Laurentide (lah-rentid) loess (luss)

34.

95.

A fortified city in the Indus Valley of northeastern Pakistan.

96.

60.

(hiero, meaning "sacred," and glyphein, meaning "carving") The picture-writing of ancient Egypt.
31.

Holocene

The geological epoch during which we now live. The Holocene follows the Pleistocene epoch and began roughly 11,000-10,000 ya. Farming method in which only hand tools are used; typical of most early Neolithic societies. Massive adobe pyramid built at Moche, in northern Peru.
4.

Fine-grained soil composed of glacially pulverized rock, deposited by the wind. Magdalenian manioc A late Upper Paleolithic stone tool industry in Europe that dates to 17,000-11,000 ya. Cassava, a starchy edible root crop of the tropics.

58.

horticulture

61.

97.

Huaca del Sol (wah-ka dell sole)

100.

Maya

Mesoamerican culture consisting of regional kingdoms and known for its art and architectural accomplishments; also, Native American ethnic group of southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. Literally,"large animals," those weighing over 100 pounds. (meso, meaning "middle") Geographical and cultural region from central Mexico to northwestern Costa Rica; formerly called "Middle America" in the archaeological literature. (meso, meaning "middle," and lith, meaning "stone") Middle Stone Age; period of huntergatherers, especially in northwestern Europe. (meso, meaning "middle," and potamos, meaning "river") Land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, mostly included in modern-day Iraq.

104.

Naj Tunich (nah toon-eesh) Natufian

Maya sacred cave in Guatemala. Referring to collector-type huntergatherers who established sedentary settlements in parts of the Near East after 12,000 ya. Late Babylonian king, ca. 605-562 B.C.

38.

35.

megafauna Mesoamerica

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101.

Nebuchadnezzar (neh-boo-kudneh-zer) Neolithic

63.

(neo, meaning "new," and lith, meaning "stone") New Stone Age; period of farmers. Childe's term for the far-reaching consequences of food production. (nuchal, meaning "pertaining to the neck") A projection of bone in the back of the cranium where neck muscles attach; used to hold up the head.

36.

Mesolithic

64.

Neolithic revolution nuchal torus (nuke-ul)

123.

102.

Mesopotamia

65.

oases

37.

middens

(sing., oasis) Permanent springs or water holes in an arid region.

66.

Oaxaca (wah-ha -kah) Olmec

A southern Mexican state bordering the Pacific Ocean. Prehistoric chiefdom in the Gulf Coast lowlands of Veracruz and Tabasco, Mexico, between 3,200 and 2,400 ya. A site populated by African huntergatherers who made early use of wild cereal grasses on the southern edge of the Sahara between 12,000 and 9,000 ya. (paleo, meaning "ancient") Referring to early hunter-gatherers who occupied the Americas from about 13,500 to 10,000 ya. (phyto, meaning "plant," and lith, meaning "stone") Microscopic silica structures formed in the cells of many plants. Plant parts such as seeds, nutshells, and stems, preserved in the archaeological record and large enough to be clearly visible to the naked eye.

Archaeological sites or features within sites formed largely by the accumulation of domestic waste.
15.

106.

Middle Paleolithic

Cultural period that began about 200,000 ya and ended around 30,000-40,000 years ago. Roughly the same period in subSaharan Africa is called the Middle Stone Age. The Pleistocene stage beginning 780,000 ya and ending 125,000 ya. Small-grained cereal grasses native to Asia and Africa. An early Indus Valley city in south-central Pakistan.

67.

Ounjougou

39.

Paleo-Indian

16.

Middle Pleistocene millet MohenjoDaro (mohenjo-daro) Mousterian

62.

68.

phytoliths

103.

69.

17.

A Middle Paleolithic stone tool industry associated with Neandertals and some modern H. sapiens groups.

plant macrofossils

70.

plant microfossils

Small to microscopic plant remains, most falling in a range of 10 to 100 micrometers (m), or roughly the size of individual grains of wheat flour in the bag from your grocer's shelf. The epoch of the Cenozoic from 1.8 mya until 10,000 ya. Frequently referred to as the Ice Age, this epoch is associated with continental glaciations in northern latitudes. Pertaining to the Pliocene and first half of the Pleistocene, a time range of 5-1 mya. For this time period, numerous fossil hominins have been found in Africa. The political organizations of societies or groups.

72.

pueblos

124.

Pleistocene

126.

PlioPleistocene

107.

polities pollen

71.

Spanish for "town"; multiroom residence structures built by village farmers in the American Southwest; when spelled with an uppercase P, the several cultures that built and lived in such villages.
73.

quinoa (keen-wah) rachis

Seed-bearing member of the genus Chenopodium, cultivated by early Peruvians. The short stem by which an individual seed attaches to the main stalk of a plant as it develops. The practice of residing in a single location for most or all of the year. Traditional practices that mediate between the world of humans and the world of spirits. Class structure or hierarchy, usually based on political, economic, or social standing. A direct percussion method of making stone tools that uses a resilient hammer or billet to gain greater control over the length, width, and thickness of flakes driven from a core. An Upper Paleolithic stone tool industry in southwestern France and Spain that dates to 21,000-18,000 ya. A cereal grass. Some subspecies are grown for food grains, others for their sweet, juicy stalk. Subcellular structures that form in all plant parts and are classifiable by family or genus; particularly abundant in seeds and tubers. A governmental entity that persists by politically controlling a territory; examples include most modern nations. Earliest civilization of Mesopotamia. (syn, meaning "together," and bios, meaning "life") Mutually advantageous association of two different organisms; also known as mutualism.

74.

40.

sedentism shamanism social stratification Soft hammer percussion

109.

Microscopic grains containing the male gametes of seed-producing plants.

108. 18.

110.

polychrome preparedcore method

Many-colored. Pertaining to stone cores that a toolmaker shapes into a pre-planned form before striking flakes from it; enables predictable flake shape and thickness; can be efficient in the use of raw materials.

125.

5.

Solutrean

75.

sorghum

76.

starch grains

111.

state

112. 77.

Sumerians symbiosis

78.

Tamaulipas (tah-mahleep-ahs) taros Tehuacn Valley (taywah-kahn) Tenochtitln (tay-noshteet-lahn) teosinte (taeo-sintae) Teotihuacn (tay-oh-teewah-cahn) territorial state

A Mexican state located on the Gulf Coast south of Texas. Species of a tropical plant with an edible starchy root. A dry highland region on the boundary of the states of Puebla and Oaxaca in southern Mexico. Aztec capital, built on the future site of Mexico City. A native grass of southern Mexico, believed to be ancestral to maize. Earliest city-state to dominate the Valley of Mexico. It became one of the largest urban centers in the New World up to the nineteenth century. A form of state political organization with multiple administrative centers and one or more capitals. The cities tended to house the elite and administrative classes, and food producers usually lived and worked in the surrounding hinterland.

42.

totem

79.

80.

113.

81.

114.

An animal or being associated with a kingroup and used for social identification; also, a carved pole representing these beings.
43.

transhumance

115.

Seasonal migration from one resource zone to another, especially between highlands and lowlands. Toltec capital in the Valley of Mexico; sometimes known as Tollan.

118.

Tula (too-la) tundra

6.

41.

till plains

Accumulations of stones, boulders, mud, sand, and silt deposited by glaciers as they melt; ground moraines.
116.

Treeless plains characterized by permafrost conditions that support the growth of shallow-rooted vegetation such as grasses and mosses.
119.

Ubaid (oobide) Upper Paleolithic

Tiwanaku (tee-wahnah-koo) Toltecs

Regional state, city, and valley of the same name near Lake Titicaca, in Bolivia. Central Mexican highlands people who created a pre-Aztec empire with its capital at Tula in the Valley of Mexico.

Early formative culture of Mesopotamia, 7,500-6,200 ya; predecessor to Sumerian civilization. Cultural period beginning roughly 30,00040,000 ya and ending about 10,000 ya and distinguished by major technological innovations, the creation of the earliest human art widely recognized as such, and many other accomplishments. Best known from western Europe, similar industries are also known from central and eastern Europe and Africa. A stadial between roughly 13,000 and 11,500 ya. The climate became colder and drier but did not return to full glacial conditions in higher latitudes.

19.

117.

44.

Younger Dryas

120.

ziggurat

Late Sumerian mud-brick temple-pyramid

82.

zoonoses

Diseases that can be transmitted to humans from other vertebrates.