EXPERIMENT 5

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS - I: SOLUTION OF LOAD FLOW AND RELATED PROBLEMS

USING GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

AIM:
(i) To understand, the basic aspects of steady state analysis of power systems that are
required for effective planning and operation of power systems.

(ii) To understand, in particular, the mathematical formulation of load flow model in
complex form and a simple method of solving load flow problems of small sized
system using Gauss-Seidel iterative algorithm

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
The software required is Matlab 7.5

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Need For Load Flow Analysis

Load Flow analysis, is the most frequently performed system study by electric utilities. This
analysis is performed on a symmetrical steady-state operating condition of a power system under
normal mode of operation and aims at obtaining bus voltages and line / transformer flows for a given
load condition. This information is essential both for long term planning and next day operational
planning. In long term planning, load flow analysis, helps in investigating the effectiveness of
alternative plans and choosing the best plan for system expansion to meet the projected operating
state. In operational planning, it helps in choosing the best unit commitment plan and generation
schedules to run the system efficiently for the next days load condition without violating the bus
voltage and line flow operating limits.

Load flow analysis is the most frequently performed system study by electric utilities. This
analysis is performed on a symmetrical steady-state operating condition of a power system under
normal mode of operation and aims at obtaining bus voltages and line/transformer flows for a given
load condition. This information is essential both for long term planning and next day operational
planning. In long term planning, load flow analysis helps in investigating the effectiveness of alternative
plans and choosing the best plan for system expansion to meet the projected operating state. In
operational planning, it helps in choosing the best unit commitment plan and generation schedules to
run the system efficiently for them next days load condition without violating the bus voltage and line
flow operating limits.

The Gauss seidal method is an iterative algorithm for solving a set of non- linear algebraic
equations. The relationship between network bus voltages and currents may be represented by either
loop equations or node equations. Node equations are normally preferred because the number of
independent node equation is smaller than the number of independent loop equations.

The network equations in terms of the bus admittance matrix can be written as,

| |
bus bus bus
V Y I = (1)

For a n bus system, the above performance equation can be expanded as,


(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

n
p
nn np n n
pn pp p p
n p
n p
n
p
V
V
V
V
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
I
I
I
I

2
1
2 1
2 1
2 2 22 12
1 1 12 11
2
1
(2)

where n is the total number of nodes.
V
p
is the phasor voltage to ground at node p.
I
p
is the phasor current flowing into the network at node p.


At thep
th
bus, current injection:


=
= =
+ = =
+ + + + =
n
p q
q
q pq p pp
n
q
q pq
n pn p pp p p p
V Y V Y V Y
V Y V Y V Y V Y I
1 1
2 2 1 1
... .......... .. ..........
(3)
n p V Y I
Y
V
n
p q
q
q pq p
pp
p
,.... 2 ;
1
1
=
(
(
(
(

=

=
=
(4)
At bus p , we can write P
p
jQ
p
=
p p
I V
-

Hence, the current at any node p is related to P, Q and V as follows:


-

=
p
p p
p
V
jQ P
I
) (
( for any bus p except slack bus s) (5)
Substituting for I
p
in Equation (4),

n p V Y
V
jQ P
Y
V
n
p q
q
q pq
p
p p
pp
p
..... , 2 ;
1
1
*
=
(
(
(
(

=

=
=
(6)

I
p
has been substituted by the real and reactive powers because normally in a power system these
quantities are specified.


In case of PV bus,

1 ) ( 1
. | |
+ +
Z =
k
i
specified
i
k
i
V V

) sin .(cos | |
1 1 ) ( 1 + + +
+ =
k
i
k
i
specified
i
k
i
V V

Acceleration factor: (

To speed up the convergence, the node voltage (Vi(k+1)) of the succeeding iteration can
be modified(accelerated) by multiplication factor called as Acceleration factor.
k
i
k
i i
V V V = A
+1


i
k
i
k
i
V V V A + =
+
.
1


Algorithm:

Step 1: Read the input data.
Step 2: Find out the admittance matrix.
Step 3: Choose the flat voltage profile 1+j0 to all buses except slack bus.
Step 4: Set the iteration count p =0 and bus count i =1.
Step 5: Check the slack bus, if it is the generator bus then go to the next step otherwise
go to next step 7.
Step 6: Before the check for the slack bus if it is slack bus then go to step 11 otherwise
go to next step.
Step 7: Check the reactive power of the generator bus within the given limit.
Step 8: If the reactive power violates a limit then treat the bus as load bus.
Step 9: Calculate the phase of the bus voltage on load bus
Step 10: Calculate the change in bus voltage of the repeat step mentioned above until all
the bus voltages are calculated.
Step 11: Stop the program and print the results
Flowchart:

Yes
Read the input data values
Start
FormY Bus matrix
Set flat voltage profile 1+j0 except slack bus
Set iteration count, p=0
Set the bus count, i =1
Check for
slack bus

Check for
Gen bus

It is a load bus calculate
(

=

+

=
+
n
j
k ik
j
k
k ik
i
i i
ii
p
ical
V Y V Y
V
jQ P
Y
V
1
1
1
*
1
1



Calculate
(

+ =

=
+

=
+ p
k
n
i k
ik
p
k
i
k
ik
p
i
V Y V Y
ip
Q
V
1
1
1
*
1
Im
Check
min
1
Q Q
p
i
(
+

Set
Qi=Qi min
Check
max
1
Q Q
p
i
)
+

Set
Qi=Qi max

A
Y
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
D
E
C
B


RESULT:

The given set of load flow equations for a given power system were solved using Gauss-Seidal method
and verified using Matlab 7.5.



Treat this as gen bus & calculate V
pi
(

=

+ =

=
+ +
n
i k
p
k ik
i
k
p
k ik
i
i
ii
p
i
V Y V Y
V
jQ P
Y
V
1
1
1
1
*
1
1

Calculate the change in voltage
1 +
A
p
i
V


Increment the bus count
Check
n i)
Check
( A
+1 p
i
V
Print the result
Stop
Increment
iteration count
P =P+1
Yes
Yes
No
No
B
E
D
C
A

~
~
1
2
3
-j3
-j4
-j5
Problems:1
A three bus power system is shown. (Refer book Power System Analysis by K.B. Hemalatha,
S.T. Jayachrista Page no: 4.11)










The relevant p.u line admittances are indicated on the diagram and bus data are given in table.

Determine the voltages at buses 2 and 3 after1st iteration using Gauss Seidal method. Take the
acceleration factor = 1.6.

cl c
cl ear al l
busdat a=[ 1 1 1. 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 3 1 0 0. 25 0. 15 0. 5 0. 25 0 0
3 3 1 0 0 0 0. 6 0. 3 0 0] ;
l i nedat a=[ 1 2 0 - 3i
1 3 0 - 4i
2 3 0 - 5i ] ;
f b=l i nedat a( : , 1) ;
t b=l i nedat a( : , 2) ;
r =l i nedat a( : , 3) ;
x=l i nedat a( : , 4) ;
y=r +x;
nbus=max( max( f b) , max( t b) ) ;
nbr anch=l engt h( f b) ;
ybus=zer os( nbus, nbus) ;
f or i =1: nbr anch
m=f b( i ) ;
n=t b( i ) ;
ybus( m, m) =ybus( m, m) +y( i ) ;
ybus( n, n) =ybus( n, n) +y( i ) ;
ybus( m, n) =- y( i ) ;
ybus( n, m) =ybus( m, n) ;
end
ybus
bus=busdat a( : , 1) ;
t ype=busdat a( : , 2) ;
v=busdat a( : , 3) ;
t h=busdat a( : , 4) ;
Bus no Type Generation Load Bus voltage
P
G
Q
G
P
L
Q
L
V o
1 Slack - - - - 1.02 0o
2 PQ 0.25 0.15 0.5 0.25 - -
3 PQ 0 0 0.6 0.3 - -
genmw=busdat a( : , 5) ;
genmvar =busdat a( : , 6) ;
l oadmw=busdat a( : , 7) ;
l oadmvar =busdat a( : , 8) ;
qmi n=busdat a( : , 9) ;
qmax=busdat a( : , 10) ;
p=genmw- l oadmw;
q=genmvar - l oadmvar ;
vpr ev=v;
t ol er =1;
dv=0;
i t er at i on=1;
whi l e( t ol er >0. 1)
f or i =2: nbus
sumyv=0;
f or k=1: nbus
i f i ~=k
sumyv=sumyv+( ybus( i , k) *v( k) ) ;
end
end
i f ( t ype( i ) ==2)
q( i ) =- i mag( conj ( v( i ) ) ) *( sumyv+bus( i , i ) *v( i ) ) ;
i f ( q( i ) >qmax( i ) | | q( i ) <qmi n( i ) )
i f q( i ) <qmi n( i )
q( i ) =qmi n( i ) ;
el se q( i ) =qmax( i ) ;
end
t ype( i ) =3;
end
end
v( i ) =( 1/ ybus( i , i ) ) *( ( p( i ) - j *q( i ) ) / conj ( v( i ) ) - sumyv) ;
dv( i ) =v( i ) - vpr ev( i ) ;
v( i ) =vpr ev( i ) +( 1. 6*dv( i ) ) ;
i f t ype( i ) ==2
v( i ) =pol 2car t ( abs( vpr ev( i ) ) , angl e( v( i ) ) ) ;
end
end
i t er at i on=i t er at i on+1;
t ol er =max( abs( abs( v) - abs( vpr ev) ) ) ;
vpr ev=v;
end
i t er at i on;
v

OUTPUT:
ybus =
0 - 7.0000i 0 +3.0000i 0 +4.0000i
0 +3.0000i 0 - 8.0000i 0 +5.0000i
0 +4.0000i 0 +5.0000i 0 - 9.0000i
v =
1.0200
0.9920 - 0.0500i
0.9538 - 0.1511i