Theorem 7-1: Area of a Rectangle

- The area of a rectangle is the product of its base and height.

Theorem 7-2: Area of a parallelogram

- The area of a parallelogram is the product of a base and the corresponding height

Theorem 7-3: Area of a triangle

- The area of a triangle is half the product of a base and the corresponding height.

Theorem 7-4: Pythagorean Theorem

- In a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs is equal to the square of the length of the hypotenuse.

Theorem 7-5: Converse of the Pythagorean theorem

- If the square of the length of the other two sides, then the triangle is a right triangle.

Theorem 7-6
- If the squares of the length of the longest side of a triangle is greater than the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides, the triangle is obtuse.

Theorem 7-7
- If the square of the length of the longest side of a triangle is less than the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides, triangle is acute.

Theorem 7-8: 45-45-90

- In a 45-45-90 degree triangle, both legs are congruent and the length of the hypotenuse is the square root of 2 times the leg.

Theorem 7-9: 30-60-90

- In a 30-60-90 degree triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is twice the length of the shorter leg. The length of the longer leg is the square root of 3 times the length of the shorter leg.

Theorem 7-10: Area of a Trapezoid

- The area of a trapezoid is half the product of the height and the sum of the bases.

Theorem 7-11: Ara of a rhombus or a kite

- The area of a rhombus or a kite is half the product of the lengths of its diagonals.

Theorem 7-12: Area of a Regular Polygon

- The area of a regular polygon is half the product of the apothem and the perimeter.

Postulate 7-1: Arc Addition Postulate

- The measure of the arc formed by two adjacent arcs is the sum of the measures of the two arcs.

Theorem 7-13: Circumference of a circle

- The circumference of a circle is Pi times the diameter.

Theorem 7-14: Arc Length

- The length of an arc of a circle is the product of the ratio measure of the arc over 360 and the circumference of the circle.

Theorem 7-15: Area of a Circle

-The area of a circle is the product of Pi and the square of the radius.

Theorem 7-16: Area of a sector of a circle

- The area of a sector of a circle is the product of the ratio measure of the arc over 360 and the area of the circle.

Theorems
Theorems are statements that can be deduced and proved from definitions, postulates, and previously proved theorums.

Euclid's First Theorem: The triangle in the picture is an equilateral

triangle. Note: D. Joyce's Elements page (the link above) is where you'll find anything else you need to know about Euclid's ideas, postulates, and theorems.

Line Intersection Theorem: Two different lines intersect in at most one

point.

Theorem: If C is between A and B and on , then AC + CB = AB. Related Theorems: Theorem: If A, B, and C are distinct points and AC + CB = AB, then C lies
on .
2 2 2

. Pythagorean Theorem: a + b = c , if c is the hypotenuse. Right Angle Congruence Theorem: All right angles are congruent. See proof.

Theorem: For any points A, B, and C, AC + CB

Note: While you can usually get away with not knowing the names of theorems, your Geometry teacher will generally require you to know them.

Point-Line-Plane Postulate
A) Unique Line Assumption
- Through any two points, there is exactly one line. Note: This doesn't apply to nodes or dots.

B) Dimension Assumption

- Given a line in a plane, there exists a point in the plane not on that line. Given a plane in space, there exists a line or a point in space not on that plane.

C) Number Line Assumption

- Every line is a set of points that can be put into a one-to-one correspondence with real numbers, with any point on it corresponding to zero and any other point corresponding to one. Note: This doesn't apply to nodes or dots. This was once called the Ruler Postulate.

D) Distance Assumption
- On a number line, there is a unique distance between two points.

E) If two points lie on a plane, the line containing them also lies on the plane. F) Through three noncolinear points, there is exactly one plane. G) If two different planes have a point in common, then their intersection is a
line.

Euclid's Postulates
A) Two points determine a line segment. B) A line segment can be extended indefinitely along a line. C) A circle can be drawn with a center and any radius. D) All right angles are congruent.

Note: This part has been proven as a theorem. See below, proof.

E) If two lines are cut by a transversal, and the interior angles on the same

side of the transversal have a total measure of less than 180 degrees, then the lines will intersect on that side of the transversal.

Polygon Inequality Postulates

Triangle Inequality Postulate: The sum of the lengths of two sides of any
triangle is greater than the length of the third side.

Quadrilateral Inequality Postulate: The sum of the lengths of 3 sides of any

quadrilateral is greater than the length of the fourth side.

General:
Reflexive Property Symmetric Property Transitive Property Addition Postulate Subtraction Postulate Multiplication Postulate Division Postulate Substitution Postulate Partition Postulate A quantity is congruent (equal) to itself. a = a If a = b, then b = a. If a = b and b = c, then a = c.
If equal quantities are added to equal quantities, the sums are equal. If equal quantities are subtracted from equal quantities, the differences are equal. If equal quantities are multiplied by equal quantities, the products are equal. (also Doubles of equal quantities are equal.) If equal quantities are divided by equal nonzero quantities, the quotients are equal. (also Halves of equal quantities are equal.) A quantity may be substituted for its equal in any expression. The whole is equal to the sum of its parts. Also: Betweeness of Points: AB + BC = AC Angle Addition Postulate: m<ABC + m<CBD = m<ABD

Construction Construction

Two points determine a straight line. From a given point on (or not on) a line, one and only one perpendicular can be drawn to the line.

Angles:
Right Angles Straight Angles Congruent Supplements Congruent Complements Linear Pair Vertical Angles Triangle Sum
All right angles are congruent. All straight angles are congruent. Supplements of the same angle, or congruent angles, are congruent. Complements of the same angle, or congruent angles, are congruent. If two angles form a linear pair, they are supplementary. Vertical angles are congruent. The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two nonadjacent interior angles. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either non-adjacent interior angle. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, the angles opposite these sides are congruent. If two angles of a triangle are congruent, the sides opposite these angles are congruent.

Exterior Angle Base Angle Theorem

(Isosceles Triangle)

Base Angle Converse

(Isosceles Triangle)

Triangles:

If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent. If two sides and the included angle of one triangle Side-Angle-Side (SAS) are congruent to the corresponding parts of another Congruence triangle, the triangles are congruent. If two angles and the included side of one triangle Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) are congruent to the corresponding parts of another Congruence triangle, the triangles are congruent. If two angles and the non-included side of one Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of Congruence another triangle, the triangles are congruent. Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) If the hypotenuse and leg of one right triangle are Congruence (right congruent to the corresponding parts of another triangle) right triangle, the two right triangles are congruent. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are CPCTC congruent. Angle-Angle (AA) If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two Similarity angles of another triangle, the triangles are similar. If the three sets of corresponding sides of two SSS for Similarity triangles are in proportion, the triangles are similar. If an angle of one triangle is congruent to the corresponding angle of another triangle and the SAS for Similarity lengths of the sides including these angles are in proportion, the triangles are similar. If two triangles are similar, the corresponding sides Side Proportionality are in proportion. The segment connecting the midpoints of two sides of Mid-segment Theorem a triangle isparallel to the third side and is half as (also called mid-line) long. The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle Sum of Two Sides must be greater than the third side In a triangle, the longest side is across from the largest angle. Longest Side In a triangle, the largest angle is across from the longest side. The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is Altitude Rule the mean proportional between the segments into Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence

Leg Rule

which it divides the hypotenuse. Each leg of a right triangle is the mean proportional between the hypotenuse and the projection of the leg on the hypotenuse.

Parallels:
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of corresponding angles are congruent. If two lines are cut by a transversal and the Corresponding Angles corresponding angles are congruent, the lines Converse are parallel. Alternate Interior Angles If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles are congruent. Alternate Exterior If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then Angles the alternate exterior angles are congruent. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the Interiors on Same Side interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary. Alternate Interior If two lines are cut by a transversal and the Angles alternate interior angles are congruent, the lines Converse are parallel. Alternate Exterior If two lines are cut by a transversal and the Angles alternate exterior angles are congruent, the lines Converse are parallel. If two lines are cut by a transversal and the interior Interiors on Same Side angles on the same side of the transversal are Converse supplementary, the lines areparallel. Corresponding Angles

Quadrilaterals:
Parallelograms About Sides * If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the opposite sides are parallel. * If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the

Parallelogram Converses

opposite sides are congruent. * If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the opposite About angles are congruent. Angles * If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the consecutive angles are supplementary. * If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the diagonals About bisect each other. Diagonals * If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the diagonals form two congruent triangles. * If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. About * If both pairs of opposite sides of a Sides quadrilateral are congruent, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. * If both pairs of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent, the quadrilateral is a About parallelogram. Angles * If the consecutive angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. * If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, the quadrilateral is a About parallelogram. Diagonals * If the diagonals of a quadrilateral form two congruent triangles, the quadrilateral is a

Parallelogram

Rectangle

Rhombus

Square

Trapezoid

Isosceles Trapezoid

parallelogram. If one pair of sides of a quadrilateral is BOTH parallel and congruent, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. If a parallelogram has one right angle it is a rectangle A parallelogram is a rectangle if and only if its diagonals are congruent. A rectangle is a parallelogram with four right angles. A rhombus is a parallelogram with four congruent sides. If a parallelogram has two consecutive sides congruent, it is a rhombus. A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only if each diagonal bisects a pair of opposite angles. A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only if the diagonals are perpendicular. A square is a parallelogram with four congruent sides and four right angles. A quadrilateral is a square if and only if it is a rhombus and a rectangle. A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides. An isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid with congruent legs. A trapezoid is isosceles if and only if the base angles are congruent A trapezoid is isosceles if and only if the diagonals are congruent If a trapezoid is isosceles, the opposite angles are supplementary.

Circles:
Radius In a circle, a radius perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and the arc. In a circle, a radius that bisects a chord is perpendicular to the chord.

Chords

Tangents Arcs

Angles

In a circle, the perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center of the circle. If a line is tangent to a circle, it is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of tangency. In a circle, or congruent circles, congruent chords are equidistant from the center. (and converse) In a circle, or congruent circles, congruent chords have congruent arcs. (and converse0 In a circle, parallel chords intercept congruent arcs In the same circle, or congruent circles, congruent central angles have congruent chords (and converse) Tangent segments to a circle from the same external point are congruent In the same circle, or congruent circles, congruent central angles have congruent arcs. (and converse) An angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right angle. In a circle, inscribed angles that intercept the same arc are congruent. The opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary In a circle, or congruent circles, congruent central angles have congruent arcs.