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3. Bridge Engineering: A. Intro of bridges

Why are bridges important to us?

Bridge Type by Construction Materials

Stone Bridge Iron Bridge Wood/timber Bridge Concrete Bridge Steel Bridge Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Bridge

Bridge Types by Structure Forms

Slab bridges Slab-on-Beam Bridges Truss Bridges Arch Bridges Suspension Bridges Cable-Stayed Bridges
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Bridge Type by Geometry Layouts

BY Span Length 5

Short Bridge (< 50 ft) Medium Bridge (50 ft - 500 ft) Long Bridge (>500 ft) Straight Bridge Curved Bridge Skewed Bridge

By Layout

There are three major forces that act on a bridge at all times

Compression - the force that shortens the bridge

Moment - The force that bend the bridge

Tension - The force that expands or lengthens the bridge

Slab Bridges

Slab bridges are the simplest and mainly rely on bending to take loads. They are mainly used for short span bridges

Beam Bridges
Beam bridges (similar to slab bridges) are simply made of a horizontal beams that are resting on piers and 2 end abutments.

Super structure

Abutment

Substructure

Beam Bridge
They may have more than two piers The Lake Ponchartrain Causeway in Louisiana has over 2200 piers! 23.8 miles! The longest bridge in the world! Piers

Beam Bridges
The farther apart the piers are spaced, the weaker the bridge becomes. Beam bridges are therefore mainly used for medium length bridges.

Beam bridges are usually made of pre-stressed concrete which is very cheap, and the steel rods imbedded in it makes it very strong.

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Chesapeake Bridge

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Railway Truss Bridge

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Arch Bridges

The arch bridge is one of the oldest types of bridges.

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Arch Bridges

Instead of pushing straight down, the weight of the arch bridge is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end.
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Arch Bridges
They are often made of steel and pre-stressed concrete, which increases the span of the bridge.

spandrels

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Arch Bridge
What makes this arch bridge different?

It is revolutionary because it is one of the first bridges to be built that has not spandrels - the vertical members that send the load to the arch.
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Cantilever Arch

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New River Gorge 1700 ft Longest Single Span (Designed by Michael Baker Jr., Inc.)

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FAI 24 Bridge Over the Ohio River Paducah, Kentucky (Tied Arch Bridge)

tie

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Deck arch bridge near Taipei

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Suspension Bridge

This is the most expensive bridge to build, yet it covers the largest span.

Up to
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7,000 ft!

Suspension Bridges
In order to construct a suspension bridge, the cables are strung across the river.

Then the deck, or road, is suspended from the cables.

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Suspension Bridges

The cables are made of thousands of strands of steel bound and twisted together to make it stronger.
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Golden Gate Bridge

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Storebaelt Suspension Bridge (1,624 m, Denmark)

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Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge -1990 m (Worlds longest bridge)

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Tacoma Narrows Bridge

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2nd Tacoma Narrows Bridge

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Cable-Stayed Bridges

The cable-stayed bridge is much like the suspension bridge Both of the have cables and towers.
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Both have roadways suspended from cables.

Cable-Stayed Bridges
These bridges require much less cable than a suspension bridge.

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They also create a more unobstructed view of the land the bridge is traveling over.

Sunshine Skyway, Tampa

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Tatara Bridge in Japan, 890 m longest span cable stayed Bridge (Sutong Bridge in China will be 1088 m)

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Maysville Bridge in Kentucky (Designed by Michael Baker Jr. Inc.)

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Normandie Bridge (856m,1994,).

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Ganter Bridge (Switzerland 174 m span, 150 m high)

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Curved Box Girder Bridge

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Ruck-A-Chucky Bridge most famous bridge never built

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Curved Bridge

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Cable-Stayed Bridge (Boston)

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Arroyo Cangrejillo Pedestrian Bridge (Argentina)

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Berkeley I-80 Pedestrian Overcrossing, (Berkeley, California)

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Deteriorated Bridge

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Damage Bridge

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Repaired Bridge

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Failed Bridge

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Failed I-10 Bridge (by Hurricane Ivan)

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Further References
Skyway bridge pictures http://www.jumperpool.com/pix01.htm Beam bridge pictures http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bridge/meetbeam.html http://www.brantacan.co.uk/beam.htm Arch bridge pictures http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bridge/meetarch.html http://www.brantacan.co.uk/BohinjArchD.jpg http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bridge/meetarch.html Suspension bridge pictures http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bridge/meetsusp.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bridge/concrete.html

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Bridge Snapshot http://www.bridgemeister.com/imgpage/mybytype.htm New River Gorge Bridge http://filebox.vt.edu/users/rkoors/Index.htm http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/new_river_gorge.html Maysville Bridge http://www.ace-plc.com/maysvillepg.htm Mon River Bridge http://www.portauthority.org/grow/capital/monriver/maps.asp Charles River Bridge http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/charles_river.html http://www.bigdig.com/thtml/hntbcrc1.htm Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge http://www.hsba.go.jp/bridge/e-akasi.htm Tatara Bridge http://www.hsba.go.jp/bridge/e-tatara.htm Luling Bridge Deer Isle Suspension Bridge http://shortwork.net/travels/maine/i03373.htm http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/winter96/p96w46.htm
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