Unit 5:

Combining Atoms

Molecule - ___________________________________________________________________ Molecules come in three sizes: 1. Small- _________________________________________ Ex.: __________________________________________

2. Medium- ______________________________________ Ex.: ___________________________________________

3. Large (macromolecules)- ____________________________________ Ex.: __________________________________________

Formation of Molecules Atoms connect to form molecules by gaining, sharing, or losing electrons. Atoms with 1-3 valence electrons Atoms with 4 valence electrons Atoms with 5-7 valence electrons Atoms with 8 valence electrons ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

Octet Rule- ____________________________________________________________________ This means they will look like the Noble Gases.

Dot diagrams G. N. Lewis studied the location of electrons inside of atoms. He found that all atoms can have a maximum of 8 valence electrons, called an octet. The electrons can be represented as dots placed around the symbol of the element. Because each member of a group of elements on the periodic table has the same number of valence electrons, each group can be assigned a specific number of dots to place around the symbol. Group 1 Group 2 _____ dot _____ dots The transition metals (Groups 3-12) place their last electrons in a lower energy level, so they only have two valence electrons.

Group 13 - _____ dots Group 14 - _____ dots Group 15 - _____ dots Group 16 _____ dots

Group 17 - _____ dots Group 18 - _____ dots The dots are arranged two on a side for a total of 8 maximum.

Ex. :

Hydrogen

Calcium

Nitrogen

When atoms lose or gain electrons, they form ions. Ion _________________________________________________________________________

There are two types of ions: 1. Cation ___________________________________ Cations are formed by the ________________________________. Have more protons than electrons 2. Anion ____________________________________ Anions are formed by the ________________________________. Have more electrons than protons.

Chemical Bonds Chemical bond _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ There are two types of chemical bonds: 1. Ionic bond ________________________________________________________ Involves a metal with a nonmetal Drawing of ionic bond formation:

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Covalent bond ____________________________________________________ Involves nonmetals or metalloids Drawing of covalent bond formation:

Forces that hold covalent bonds together are not usually as strong as ionic, so covalent compounds tend to be liquids or gases while ionic compounds tend to be solids, mostly crystalline. Polarity __________________________________________________________________ 1. Polar bond- _______________________________________________ This occurs when one element has a stronger pull for electrons than the other element. Polar bonds always have dipoles. Dipoles can be represented in three ways: a. Bubble

b. Partial charge

c. Arrow

2. Nonpolar bond- ____________________________________________ This occurs when both atoms in the bond have the same pulling strength. no net dipole in these bonds. There is

Polarity can also be determined in a compound by looking at all of the bonds in the compound. If there is an even number of the same element around a central atom, the compound is nonpolar. If there are an odd number of elements around the central atom, then the compound is polar.

Examples: CH4 CH3Cl CH2Cl2

CCl4

N2

Chemical Formulas Chemical formula ____________________________________________________________ 1. Molecular formula __________________________________________________ Shows the exact number and types of atoms present.
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2. Empirical formula ___________________________________________________ Shows the lowest ratio of atoms present in the formula.

Naming Ionic Compounds 1. Write the name of the first element. 2. Write the name of the second element but add ide to the end of the name.

NEVER capitalize the second word. Numbers do not matter when writing the name of an ionic compound.

Common ide elements Br P S Cl NOFI-

Ex.

KF _______________________________________ ZnCl2 _____________________________________ MgS ______________________________________

Writing Ionic Formulas 1. Write the symbol for each element in the compound. 2. Find the charge number for each element and write them as superscripts behind the element. 3. Cross over the numbers and write them as subscripts behind the opposite element.

NEVER write ones in a formula. Do not write the numbers if they are the same.

Examples: 1. Barium phosphide 2. Calcium oxide 3. Aluminum fluoride _________________________ _________________________ _________________________

Naming Covalent Compounds 1. Write the name of the first element. 2. Write the name of the second element but add ide to the end of the name. 3. Find the prefix that matches the number in the formula. 4. Write the prefix in front of the appropriate element in the compound.

Ex.

NO3 ______________________________________
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As2S3 ____________________________________

Never write mono- in front of the first word.

Its dropped like a 1 in a formula.

Writing Covalent Formulas 1. Write the symbol for each element. 2. Find the number that matches the prefix in the compounds name and write them as subscripts behind their element.

NEVER cross over the numbers in a covalent compound.

Ex.

Carbon monosulfide - ______________________________________ Dinitrogen pentachloride __________________________________

Molecular Geometry

When covalent molecules form, they share electrons. All electrons are negatively charged, and two electrons do not like to be close together since they share the same charge. Electrons involved in the bonds that hold molecules together try to spread themselves as far apart as possible. This results in molecules taking on different shapes.

Bonds contain pairs of electrons. There are two types of electron pairs that may be found in the valence shell- bonded pairs and lone pairs.
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Bonded pairs __________________________________________________________ Lone pair _____________________________________________________________

Lone pairs are stronger than bonded pairs and tend to push other electrons farther away than a bonded pair would.

To find the shape of the molecule, you need to count the bonded pairs of electrons around the central atom in the molecule. Double and triple bonds count as one bond. Then, you count the lone pairs of electrons. Match up your numbers on the chart below to tell what the shape of the molecule is.

Bonded Pairs 2 2 3 3 4 5 6

Lone pairs 0 2 0 1 0 0 0

Shape Linear Bent Trigonal planar Trigonal pyramidal Tetrahedral Trigonal bipyramidal Octahedral

Examples:

CO2

H2O

PCl3

SF6

CCl4

AlCl3

Mole Since atoms are so small, it would be impossible count out a certain number of atoms. A quantity was invented that allows chemists to group a large number of atoms together and not have to count them.

Mole _______________________________________________________________________

Amadeo Avogadro determined that in 12 g of C-12 there are 6.02 x 1023 atoms of C. Likewise, it turns out that there are 6.02 x 1023 atoms in 1 mole of any substance on the PT. 1 mole is equal to the number of grams for a particular element on the PT. From this information, we can write a conversion factor: ________________________________________________________
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6.02 x 1023 atoms is called Avogadros Number in honor of Amadeo Avogadro.

Molar mass Since the number of grams on the PT is equal to 1 mole of the substance, it is easy to find how many grams are in a substance by adding all of the grams together. Ex. Molar mass of Sulfur _________________________ g

Molar mass of Sulfur trioxide 1 S

_____________________ g +3O = _____________________ g ________________________

Practice. 1. NaF _________________ g

2. BaCl2

_________________ g

3. Al(NO3)3

_________________ g

Formula mass is used as a conversion in many types of chemistry problems. You can even determine the formula for an unknown compound by using the formula mass. For example, there is a type of compound called a hydrate that contains water within its structure, loosely attached to the solid. Sometimes the number of water molecules attached to the solid is
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unknown. You can use the formula mass in the process to determine the missing number of water molecules.

Example: BaCl2 is a hydrate with several water molecules attached within its structure. We will start with 15 g barium chloride hydrate. Heating the hydrate will cause the water inside to vaporize, leaving just the solid. When we weigh the solid, its new mass is 12.48 g.

g (mass of hydrate with water) ____ _____g (mass of hydrate without water) g (mass of water lost)

______________ g water __________ g/mol (molar mass of water) water

= _________ moles

____________g BaCl2 BaCl2

____________ g/mol (molar mass of BaCl2)

= __________ moles

___________ moles water ____________ moles BaCl2 = _______________

The number of water molecules attached to the solid in the hydrate is _____. the hydrate is: ______________________

The formula for

12

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