3. Water and the Fitness of the Environment Three-quarters of Earths surface is submerged in water.

r. Four emergent properties of water make Earth fit for life: o cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent Adhesion the clinging of one substance to another, also contributes, as water adheres to the walls of the vessels. Surface tension a measure of the force necessary to stretch or break the surface of a liquid, is related to cohesion. o Water has a greater surface tension than most other liquids because hydrogen bonds among surface water molecules resist stretching or breaking the surface. Water moderates temperatures on Earth o Water moderates air temperatures by absorbing heat from warmer air and releasing heat to cooler air. o Kinetic energy energy of motion o Heat measure of total quantity of kinetic energy o Temperature average kinetic energy o Calorie (cal) measure of heat energy 1 cal = 1g/1C o Joule 1 J = 0.239 cal Water has a high specific heat. o Water stabilizes temperatures because it has a high specific heat o Specific heat heat that must be absorbed/lost for 1g of a substance to change by 1C o Heat must be absorbed to break HH bond, and heat is lost when they form Waters high heat of vaporization has many effects. o As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools, a phenomenon called evaporative cooling. The most energetic molecules are the most likely to evaporate, leaving the lowerkinetic energy molecules behind. Ice is 10% less dense than water Solution liquid that is a complete homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances Water is an effective solvent because it readily forms hydrogen bonds with polar molecules o Dissolve NaCl in water and a hydration shell forms around the dissolved ions Buffers resist changes in the pH of a solution when H+ or OH is added to the solution. o Buffers accept hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and donate hydrogen ions when they have been depleted.

4. Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Hydrocarbons are organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms o Hydrophobic o Van der Waals/London dispersion = weak intermolecular forces o Easy to break apart with heat (low boiling and melting point) o Longer C chains = stronger Van der Waals forces, or more attraction Replace H with N to make new organic compounds Alcohols o Methane CH4 o Ethane CH3CH3 o Ethene C2H4 Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms. Geometric isomers have the same covalent partnerships but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms around a carbon-carbon double bond. o Rodoxin switches from cis- configuration to trans- configuration when light is shown over Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror images of each other. o Glycine, etc. exists in L-/r- hand versions o Dopamine L-hand good for medicine (Parkinsons), R-hand doesnt do anything Polarity increases solubility Hydroxyl groups (OH) increases solubility and even changes alkanes to alcohols Carbonyl (>C=O) creates aldehyde of ketone o Aldehyde carbonyl on the end of carbon skeleton o Ketone carbonyl in the middle of carbon skeleton Carboxyl (COOH) groups added to organic compounds create carboxylic acids Amino group (NH2) added to compounds create amines Sulfhydryl groups SH creates thiols Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the primary energy transfer molecule in living cells. ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups.