Pharmacokinetics what the drug do to the body Standard dose- from average dose usually used 1. Vol.

. of distribution Amt. of drug in the body Plasma drug conc. ICF A A ECF AAA A BBBB BBBB ICF ECF B B Drug B 10/8=1.2 something

AAA Drug AA 10/2=5 2. Clearance

-Synonymous to renal system -Rate of elimination (30mL urine-normal per hour or 720mL per day) -Creatinine clearance- normal -normal urine elimination The conc. Of drug elapses after 4 half-lives T 8:00- after 2 hrs.-collect blood plasma sample to determine drug conc.

Extraction Ratio A drug has higher ER if it passes the liver

The course of drug effect 1. Immediate 2. Delayed 3. Cummulative naiipon continuous infusion kung for 8 hrs, 8 hrs. mong ibibigay yung drug -Intermittent dosing with interval

Aminoglycoside Ex. Gentamicin- given IV -Has high nephrotoxicity -adjust amt. of the drug according to the ability of the kidney to eliminate the drug -conc. Dependent 1st dose -peak through Half life dose = no. of organism to kill = tocixity

-still exerts antibiotic effect kahit wala na sa plasma= post-antibiotic effect NPO- NON PER OREM= not allowed to take water or food Therapeutic drug monitoring -anticonvulsants Pharmacodynamic variations 1. Mas efficacy 2. Sensitivity Biotransformation Phase 1- substituent to it Drug attaches to OH, NH, and SH

Phase 2- endogenous substances that conj, to the body By products o phase 1 and phase 2- make drug water soluble (polar) Ex. ISONIAZID For treatment of Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis MOR (multi-resistant drug) 1st drug sa 4 TB drugs Undergoes acetylation first Filipino- fast acetylator Caucasian- slow acetylator

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Factors affecting biotransformation Genetics Ex. Succinylcholine-skeletal muscle relaxant-metabolized by cholinesterase Age Sex -male metabolizes faster than woman Diet ex. Grapes has furanocumerin-enzyme inhibitor Environment Ex. Hyperthyroidism high thyroid formone-metabolism increase Efeect- insomnia Hypothyroidism- slow metabolism

Drug can be Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme inducer

Rifampicin- 2nd drug for TB-enzyme inducer- can hasten metabolism of amoxicillin (effect goes down) Ritonavir- antiviral-enzyme inhibitor-slower metabolism of amoxicillin (longer effect)

Drug interaction Ex. Decolgen (sedative effect) + Alcohol 1 1 = 2 ADDITIVE INTERACTION

Ex. Penicillin (cell-wall synthesis inhibitor)+ gentamicin (protein synthesis inhibitor) = 3 synergistic effec 1 1

Ex. Heparin + cimitidine (enhances effect of heparin; H2 blocker;action on HCl) = 2 Potentiation 0 1

Ex. Salbutamol + propanolol = 0 antagonism 1 1