#1

G.R. No. L-24693

July 31, 1967 T&ere .as &e asser %on o* % s /e%n- /e4ond &e po.ers o* &e M)n%'%pa! #oard o* &e C% 4 o* Man%!a o ena' %nso*ar as % .o)!d re-)!a e +o e!s, on &e -ro)nd &a @ %n &e rev%sed '&ar er o* &e C% 4 o* Man%!a or %n an4 o &er !a., no re*eren'e %s +ade o +o e!sA &a Se' %on 9 o* &e '&a!!en-ed ord%nan'e %s )n'ons % ) %ona! and vo%d *or /e%n)nreasona/!e and v%o!a %ve o* d)e pro'ess %nso*ar as % .o)!d %+pose P2,333.33B4r *or *%rs '!ass +o e!s and P0,833.33 *or se'ond '!ass +o e!sA &a &e prov%s%on %n &e sa+e se' %on .&%'& .o)!d re()%re &e o.ner, +ana-er, 6eeper or d)!4 a) &or%>ed represen a %ve o* a &o e!, +o e!, or !od-%n- &o)se o re*ra%n *ro+ en er a%n%n- or a''ep %n- an4 -)es or ')s o+er or !e %n- an4 roo+ or o &er ()ar er o an4 person or persons .% &o) &%s *%!!%n- )p &e pres'r%/ed *or+ %n a !o//4 open o p)/!%' v%e. a a!! %+es and %n &%s presen'e, % a!so /e%n- prov%ded &a &e pre+%ses and *a'%!% %es o* s)'& &o e!s, +o e!s and !od-%n&o)ses .o)!d /e open *or %nspe' %on e% &er /4 &e C% 4 Ma4or, or &e C&%e* o* Po!%'e, or &e%r d)!4 a) &or%>ed represen a %ves %s )n'ons % ) %ona! and vo%d a-a%n on d)e pro'ess -ro)nds, and !%6e.%se *or &e a!!e-ed %nvas%on o* &e r%-& o pr%va'4 &a Se' %on ? o* &e '&a!!en-ed ord%nan'e '!ass%*4%n- +o e!s %n o .o '!asses and re()%r%n- &e +a%n enan'e o* 'er a%n +%n%+)+ *a'%!% %es %n *%rs '!ass +o e!s s)'& as a e!ep&one %n ea'& roo+, a d%n%n- roo+ or, res a)ran and !a)ndr4 s%+%!ar!4 o**ends a-a%ns &e d)e pro'ess '!a)se *or /e%nar/% rar4, )nreasona/!e and oppress%ve, &a &e prov%s%on o* Se' %on ? o* &e '&a!!en-ed ord%nan'e pro&%/% %n- a person !ess &an 9= 4ears o!d *ro+ /e%n- a''ep ed %n s)'& &o e!s, +o e!s, !od-%n- &o)ses, avern or 'o++on %nn )n!ess a''o+pan%ed /4 paren s or a !a.*)! -)ard%an +a6%n- % )n!a.*)! *or &e o.ner, +ana-er, 6eeper or d)!4 a) &or%>ed represen a %ve o* s)'& es a/!%s&+en s o !ease an4 roo+ or por %on &ereo* +ore &an .%'e ever4 ?0 &o)rs, r)ns 'o)n er o &e d)e pro'ess -)aran 4 *or !a'6 o* 'er a%n 4 and *or % s

ERMITA-MALATE HOTEL AND MOTEL OPERATORS ASSOCIATION, INC., HOTEL DEL MAR INC. and GO CHIU, vs. CITY MAYOR OF MANILA, responden appe!!an . "ICTOR ALA#AN$A, %n ervenorappe!!ee. FERNANDO, J.:

THE CASE: T&e pr%n'%pa! ()es %on %n &%s appea! *ro+ a ,)d-+en o* &e !o.er 'o)r %n an a' %on *or pro&%/% %on %s .&e &er Ord%nan'e No. 0123 o* &e C% 4 o* Man%!a %s v%o!a %ve o* &e d)e pro'ess '!a)se.

T&e !o.er 'o)r &e!d &a % %s and ad,)d-ed % 5)n'ons % ) %ona!, and, &ere*ore, n)!! and vo%d.5 For reasons o /e +ore spe'%*%'a!!4 se *or &, s)'& ,)d-+en +)s /e reversed, &ere /e%n- a *a%!)re o* &e re()%s% e s&o.%n- o s)s a%n an a a'6 a-a%ns % s va!%d% 4. FACTS: T&e pe % %on *or pro&%/% %on a-a%ns Ord%nan'e No. 0123 .as *%!ed on 7)!4 8, 9:2; /4 &e pe % %oners, a-a%ns &e responden Ma4or o* &e C% 4 o* Man%!a .&o .as s)ed %n &%s 'apa'% 4 as s)'& 5'&ar-ed .% & &e -enera! po.er and d) 4 o en*or'e ord%nan'es o* &e C% 4 o* Man%!a and o -%ve &e ne'essar4 orders *or &e *a% &*)! e<e') %on and en*or'e+en o* s)'& ord%nan'es.5

I .as a!!e-ed &a &e pe % %oner non-s o'6 'orpora %on %s ded%'a ed o &e pro+o %on and pro e' %on o* &e %n eres o* % s 9= +e+/ers 5opera %n- &o e!s and +o e!s, '&ara' er%>ed as !e-% %+a e /)s%nesses d)!4 !%'ensed /4 /o & na %ona! and '% 4 a) &or% %es, re-)!ar!4 pa4%na<es, e+p!o4%n- and -%v%n- !%ve!%&ood o no !ess &an ?,833 person and represen %n- an %nves +en o* +ore &an P; +%!!%on.5 I .as &en a!!e-ed &a on 7)ne 9;, 9:2;, &e M)n%'%pa! #oard o* &e C% 4 o* Man%!a ena' ed Ord%nan'e No. 0123, approved on 7)ne 90, 9:2; /4 &e &en Vi !-"#yo$ H!$%i&io A'(o$)#, .&o .as a &e %+e a' %n- as Ma4or o* &e C% 4 o* Man%!a.

)nreasona/!e, '&ara' erA

ar/% rar4

and

oppress%ve T&e !o'a! !e-%s!a %ve /od4, /4 ena' %n- &e ord%nan'e, &as %n e**e' -%ven no %'e &a &e re-)!a %ons are essen %a! o &e .e!! /e%n- o* &e peop!e. T&e 7)d%'%ar4 s&o)!d no !%-& !4 se as%de !e-%s!a %ve a' %on .&en &ere %s no a '!ear %nvas%on o* persona! or proper 4 r%-& s )nder &e -)%se o* po!%'e re-)!a %on. I ad+% s o* no do)/ &ere*ore &a &ere /e%n- a pres)+p %on o* va!%d% 4, &e ne'ess% 4 *or ev%den'e o re/) % %s )navo%da/!e, )n!ess &e s a ) e or ord%nan'e %s vo%d on % s *a'e .B' %s no &e 'ase &ere.

&a %nso*ar as &e pena! 4 prov%ded *or %n Se' %on 0 o* &e '&a!!en-ed ord%nan'e *or a s)/se()en 'onv%' %on .o)!d, 'a)se &e a) o+a %' 'an'e!!a %on o* &e !%'ense o* &e o**ended par 4, %n e**e' 'a)s%n&e des r)' %on o* &e /)s%ness and !oss o* % s %nves +en s, &ere %s on'e a-a%n a rans-ress%on o* &e d)e pro'ess '!a)se.

T&ere .as a p!ea *or &e %ss)an'e o* pre!%+%nar4 %n,)n' %on and *or a *%na! ,)d-+en de'!ar%n- &e a/ove ord%nan'e n)!! and vo%d and )nen*or'ea/!e.

T&e !o.er 'o)r on 7)!4 2, 9:2; %ss)ed a .r% o* pre!%+%nar4 %n,)n' %on order%n- responden Ma4or o re*ra%n *ro+ en*or'%n- sa%d Ord%nan'e No. 0123 *ro+ and a* er 7)!4 =, 9:2;.

In &e ans.er *%!ed on A)-)s ;, 9:2;, responden Ma4or den%ed % s a!!e-ed n)!!% 4, .&e &er on s a ) or4 or 'ons % ) %ona! -ro)nds.

*SS+E: CON Ord%nan'e No. 0123 o* &e C% 4 o* Man%!a %s v%o!a %ve o* &e d)e pro'ess '!a)se.

T&e pr%n'%p!e &as /een e<pressed %n &e !ead%n'ase o* O'Gorman & Young v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co., .&ere &e A+er%'an SC &ro)-& 7)s %'e #rande%s &)s@ T&e s a ) e &ere ()es %oned dea!s .% & a s)/,e' '!ear!4 .% &%n &e s'ope o* &e po!%'e po.er. Ce are as6ed o de'!are % vo%d on &e -ro)nd &a &e spe'%*%' +e &od o* re-)!a %on pres'r%/ed %s )nreasona/!e and &en'e depr%ves &e p!a%n %** o* d)e pro'ess o* !a.. As )nder!4%n- ()es %ons o* *a' +a4 'ond% %on &e 'ons % ) %ona!% 4 o* !e-%s!a %on o* &%s '&ara' er, &e Pres)+p %on o* 'ons % ) %ona!% 4 +)s preva%! %n &e a/sen'e o* so+e *a' )a! *o)nda %on o* re'ord *or over &ro.%n- &e s a ) e.5 No s)'& *a' )a! *o)nda %on /e%n- !a%d %n &e presen 'ase, &e !o.er 'o)r de'%d%n- &e +a er on &e p!ead%n-s and &e s %p)!a %on o* *a' s, &e pres)+p %on o* va!%d% 4 +)s preva%! and &e ,)d-+en a-a%ns &e ord%nan'e se as%de.

R+L*NG:

N, Nor +a4 pe % %oners asser .% & p!a)s%/%!% 4 &a on % s *a'e &e ord%nan'e %s *a a!!4 de*e' %ve as /e%nrep)-nan o &e d)e pro'ess '!a)se o* &e Cons % ) %on. T&e +an !e o* pro e' %on asso'%a ed .% & &e d)e pro'ess -)aran 4 does no 'over pe % %oners. T&%s par %')!ar +an%*es a %on o* a po!%'e po.er +eas)re /e%n- spe'%*%'a!!4 a%+ed o sa*e-)ard p)/!%' +ora!s %s %++)ne *ro+ s)'& %+p) a %on o* n)!!% 4 res %n- p)re!4 on 'on,e' )re and )ns)ppor ed /4 an4 &%n- o* s)/s an'e.

HEL-: As no ed a reversed. &e o) se , &e ,)d-+en +)s /e

Pr%+ar%!4 .&a 'a!!s *or a reversa! o* s)'& a de'%s%on %s &e a/sen'e o* an4 ev%den'e o o**se &e pres)+p %on o* va!%d% 4 &a a a'&es o a '&a!!en-ed s a ) e or ord%nan'e. As .as e<pressed 'a e-or%'a!!4 /4 7)s %'e Ma!'o!+@ 5T&e pres)+p %on %s a!! %n *avor o* va!%d% 4. T&e a' %on o* &e e!e' ed represen a %ves o* &e peop!e 'anno /e !%-& !4 se as%de. T&e 'o)n'%!ors +)s , %n &e ver4 na )re o* &%n-s, /e *a+%!%ar .% & &e ne'ess% %es o* &e%r par %')!ar +)n%'%pa!% 4 and .% & a!! &e *a' s and '%r')+s an'es .&%'& s)rro)nd &e s)/,e' and ne'ess% a e a' %on.

To &o!d o &er.%se .o)!d /e o )nd)!4 res r%' and narro. &e s'ope o* po!%'e po.er .&%'& &as /een proper!4 '&ara' er%>ed as &e +os essen %a!, %ns%s en and &e !eas !%+% a/!e o* po.ers,0 e< end%n- as % does 5 o a!! &e -rea p)/!%' needs.58 I .o)!d /e, o parap&rase ano &er !ead%n- de'%s%on, o des ro4 &e ver4 p)rpose o* &e s a e %* % 'o)!d /e depr%ved or a!!o.ed % se!* o /e depr%ved o* % s 'o+pe en'e o pro+o e

p)/!%' &ea! &, p)/!%' +ora!s, p)/!%' sa*e 4 and &e -enera! .e!*are.2 Ne-a %ve!4 p) , .oli ! .o/!$ %s 5 &a %n&eren and p!enar4 po.er %n &e S a e .&%'& ena/!es % o pro&%/% a!! &a %s &)r *)!! o &e 'o+*or , sa*e 4, and .e!*are o* so'%e 4.1

v%o!a %on o* an4 o &er app!%'a/!e 'ons % ) %ona! -)aran 4 +a4 'a!! *or 'orre' %on /4 &e 'o)r s.

T&ere %s no ()es %on /) &a &e '&a!!en-ed ord%nan'e .as pre'%se!4 ena' ed o +%n%+%>e 'er a%n pra' %'es &)r *)! o p)/!%' +ora!s. T&e e<p!ana or4 no e o* &e Co)n'%!or Her+%n%o As or-a spea6s o* &e a!ar+%n- %n'rease %n &e ra e o* pros % ) %on, ad)! er4 and *orn%'a %on %n Man%!a ra'ea/!e %n -rea par o &e e<%s en'e o* +o e!s, .&%'& 5prov%de a ne'essar4 a +osp&ere *or '!andes %ne en r4, presen'e and e<% 5 and &)s /e'o+e &e 5%dea! &aven *or pros % ) es and &r%!!see6ers.5 T&e '&a!!en-ed ord%nan'e &en proposes o '&e'6 &e '!andes %ne &ar/or%n- o* rans%en s and -)es s o* &ese es a/!%s&+en s /4 re()%r%n&ese rans%en s and -)es s o *%!! )p a re-%s ra %on *or+, prepared *or &e p)rpose, %n a !o//4 open o p)/!%' v%e. a a!! %+es, and /4 %n rod)'%nsevera! o &er a+enda or4 prov%s%ons 'a!')!a ed o s&a er &e pr%va'4 &a '&ara' er%>es &e re-%s ra %on o* rans%en s and -)es s.5

Ce are &)s !ed o 'ons%der%n- &e %ns%s en , a!+os s&r%!! one, %n .&%'& &e o/,e' %on %s ra%sed o &e ()es %on o* d)e pro'ess. 92 T&ere %s no 'on ro!!%n- and pre'%se de*%n% %on o* d)e pro'ess. I *)rn%s&es &o)-& a s andard o .&%'& &e -overn+en a! a' %on s&o)!d 'on*or+ %n order &a depr%va %on o* !%*e, !%/er 4 or proper 4, %n ea'& appropr%a e 'ase, /e va!%d.

S(#&0#$0: It is responsiveness to the supremacy of reason o!edience to the dictates of "ustice.

Moreover, &e %n'rease %n &e !%'ensed *ees .as %n ended o d%s'o)ra-e 5es a/!%s&+en s o* &e 6%nd *ro+ opera %n- *or p)rpose o &er &an !e-a!5 and a &e sa+e %+e, o %n'rease 5 &e %n'o+e o* &e '% 4 -overn+en .5 I .o)!d appear &ere*ore &a &e s %p)!a %on o* *a' s, *ar *ro+ s)s a%n%n- an4 a a'6 a-a%ns &e va!%d% 4 o* &e ord%nan'e, ar-)es e!o()en !4 *or % . I %s a *a' .or & no %n&a &%s Co)r &as %nvar%a/!4 s a+ped .% & &e sea! o* % s approva!, ord%nan'es p)n%s&%n- va-ran'4 and '!ass%*4%n- a p%+p or pro')rer as a va-ran A= prov%de a !%'ense a< *or and re-)!a %n&e +a%n enan'e or opera %on o* p)/!%' dan'e &a!!sA: a!! o* .&%'& are %n ended o pro e' p)/!%' +ora!s.

Ne-a %ve!4 p) , ar/% rar%ness %s r)!ed o) and )n*a%rness avo%ded. To sa %s*4 &e d)e pro'ess re()%re+en , o**%'%a! a' %on, o parap&rase Cardo>o, +)s no o) r)n &e /o)nds o* reason and res)! %n s&eer oppress%on. D)e pro'ess %s &)s &os %!e o an4 o**%'%a! a' %on +arred /4 !a'6 o* reasona/!eness. Corre' !4 % &as /een %den %*%ed as *reedo+ *ro+ ar/% rar%ness. I %s &e e+/od%+en o* &e spor %n- %dea o* *a%r p!a4. 91 I e<a' s *ea! 4 5 o &ose s r%v%n-s *or ,)s %'e5 and ,)d-es &e a' o* o**%'%a!do+ o* .&a ever /ran'& 5%n &e !%-& o* reason dra.n *ro+ 'ons%dera %ons o* *a%rness &a re*!e' Dde+o'ra %'E rad% %ons o* !e-a! and po!% %'a! &o)-& .59= I %s no a narro. or 5 e'&n%'a! 'on'ep %on .% & *%<ed 'on en )nre!a ed o %+e, p!a'e and '%r')+s an'es,59: de'%s%ons /ased on s)'& a '!a)se re()%r%n- a 5'!ose and per'ep %ve %n()%r4 %n o *)nda+en a! pr%n'%p!es o* o)r so'%e 4.5?3

On &e !e-%s!a %ve or-ans o* &e -overn+en , .&e &er na %ona! or !o'a!, pr%+ar%!4 res &e e<er'%se o* &e po!%'e po.er. In v%e. o* &e re()%re+en s o* d)e pro'ess, e()a! pro e' %on and o &er app!%'a/!e 'ons % ) %ona! -)aran %es &o.ever, &e e<er'%se o* s)'& po!%'e po.er %nso*ar as % +a4 a**e' &e !%*e, !%/er 4 or proper 4 o* an4 person %s s)/,e' o ,)d%'%a! %n()%r4. C&ere s)'& e<er'%se o* po!%'e po.er +a4 /e 'ons%dered as e% &er 'apr%'%o)s, .&%+s%'a!, )n,)s or )nreasona/!e, a den%a! o* d)e pro'ess or a

I .o)!d &)s /e an a**ron o reason o s %-+a %>e an ord%nan'e ena' ed pre'%se!4 o +ee .&a a +)n%'%pa! !a.+a6%n- /od4 'ons%ders an ev%! o* ra &er ser%o)s propor %on an ar/% rar4 and 'apr%'%o)s e<er'%se o* a) &or% 4. To /e +ore spe'%*%', &e M)n%'%pa! #oard o* &e C% 4 o* Man%!a *e! &e need *or a re+ed%a! +eas)re. I prov%ded % .% & &e ena' +en o* &e '&a!!en-ed ord%nan'e.

Ad+% ed!4 &ere .as a de'%ded %n'rease o* &e ann)a! !%'ense *ees prov%ded *or /4 &e '&a!!en-ed ord%nan'e *or &o e!s and +o e!s, 983F *or &e *or+er and over ?33F *or &e !a er. I &as /een &e se !ed !a. &o.ever, as *ar /a'6 as 9:?? &a +)n%'%pa! !%'ense *ees 'o)!d /e '!ass%*%ed %n o

&ose %+posed *or re-)!a %n- o'')pa %ons or re-)!ar en erpr%ses, *or &e re-)!a %on or res r%' %on o* non-)se*)! o'')pa %ons or en erpr%ses and *or reven)e p)rposes on!4.?? As .as e<p!a%ned +ore %n de a%! %n &e a/ove Cu #n"ieng case@ G?H L%'enses *or non-)se*)! o'')pa %ons are a!so %n'%den a! o &e po!%'e po.er and &e r%-& o e<a' a *ee +a4 /e %+p!%ed *ro+ &e po.er o !%'ense and re-)!a e, /) %n *%<%n- a+o)n o* &e !%'ense *ees &e +)n%'%pa! 'orpora %ons are a!!o.ed a +)'& .%der d%s're %on %n &%s '!ass o* 'ases &an %n &e *or+er, and as%de *ro+ app!4%n- &e .e!!-6no.n !e-a! pr%n'%p!e &a +)n%'%pa! ord%nan'es +)s no /e )nreasona/!e, oppress%ve, or 4rann%'a!, 'o)r s &ave, as a -enera! r)!e, de'!%ned o %n er*ere .% & s)'& d%s're %on. T&e des%ra/%!% 4 o* %+pos%n- res ra%n )pon &e n)+/er o* persons .&o +%-& o &er.%se en-a-e %n non-)se*)! en erpr%ses %s, o* 'o)rse, -enera!!4 an %+por an *a' or %n &e de er+%na %on o* &e a+o)n o* &%s 6%nd o* !%'ense *ee. Hen'e !%'ense *ees '!ear!4 %n &e na )re o* pr%v%!e-e a<es *or reven)e &ave *re()en !4 /een )p&e!d, espe'%a!!4 %n o* !%'enses *or &e sa!e o* !%()ors. In *a' , %n &e !a er 'ases &e *ees &ave rare!4 /een de'!ared )nreasona/!e.

%++ora! or %!!e-% %+a e )se o .&%'& s)'& pre+%ses 'o)!d /e, and, are /e%n- devo ed. Ho. 'o)!d % &en /e ar/% rar4 or oppress%ve .&en &ere appears a 'orresponden'e /e .een &e )nden%a/!e e<%s en'e o* an )ndes%ra/!e s% )a %on and &e !e-%s!a %ve a e+p a 'orre' %on.

Moreover, pe % %oners 'anno /e )na.are &a ever4 re-)!a %on o* 'ond)' a+o)n s o ')r a%!+en o* !%/er 4 .&%'& as po%n ed o) /4 7)s %'e Ma!'o!+ 'anno /e a/so!) e. T&)s@ 5One &o)-& .&%'& r)ns &ro)-& a!! &ese d%**eren 'on'ep %ons o* !%/er 4 %s p!a%n!4 apparen . I %s &%s@ IL%/er 4I as )nders ood %n de+o'ra'%es, %s no !%'enseA % %s I!%/er 4 re-)!a ed /4 !a..I I+p!%ed %n &e er+ %s res ra%n /4 !a. *or &e -ood o* &e %nd%v%d)a! and *or &e -rea er -ood o* &e pea'e and order o* so'%e 4 and &e -enera! .e!!-/e%n-. No +an 'an do e<a' !4 as &e p!eases. Ever4 +an +)s reno)n'e )n/r%d!ed !%'ense. T&e r%-& o* &e %nd%v%d)a! %s ne'essar%!4 s)/,e' o reasona/!e res ra%n /4 -enera! !a. *or &e 'o++on -ood .J

And s)re!4, &e +ere *a' , &a so+e %nd%v%d)a!s %n &e 'o++)n% 4 +a4 /e depr%ved o* &e%r presen /)s%ness or a par %')!ar +ode o* earn%n- a !%v%n'anno preven &e e<er'%se o* &e po!%'e po.er. As .as sa%d %n a 'ase, persons !%'ensed o p)rs)e o'')pa %ons .&%'& +a4 %n &e p)/!%' need and %n eres /e a**e' ed /4 &e e<er'%se o* &e po!%'e po.er e+/ar6 %n &ese o'')pa %ons s)/,e' o &e d%sadvan a-es .&%'& +a4 res)! *ro+ &e !e-a! e<er'%se o* &a po.er.5

Nor does &e res r%' %on on &e *reedo+ o 'on ra' , %nso*ar as &e '&a!!en-ed ord%nan'e +a6es % )n!a.*)! *or &e o.ner, +ana-er, 6eeper or d)!4 a) &or%>ed represen a %ve o* an4 &o e!, +o e!, !od-%n- &o)se, avern, 'o++on %nn or &e !%6e, o !ease or ren roo+ or por %on &ereo* +ore &an .%'e ever4 ?0 &o)rs, .% & a prov%so &a %n a!! 'ases *)!! pa4+en s&a!! /e '&ar-ed, 'a!! *or a d%**eren 'on'!)s%on.

A s%+%!ar o/serva %on .as +ade /4 7)s %'e La)re!@ 5P)/!%' .e!*are, &en, !%es a &e /o o+ o* &e ena' +en o* sa%d !a., and &e s a e %n order o pro+o e &e -enera! .e!*are +a4 %n er*ere .% & persona! !%/er 4, .% & proper 4, and .% & /)s%ness and o'')pa %ons. Persons and proper 4 +a4 /e s)/,e' ed o a!! 6%nds o* res ra%n s and /)rdens, %n order o se')re &e -enera! 'o+*or , &ea! &, and prosper% 4 o* &e s a e < < < To &%s *)nda+en a! a%+ o* o)r Govern+en &e r%-& s o* &e %nd%v%d)a! are s)/ord%na ed. L%/er 4 %s a /!ess%n- .% &o) .&%'& !%*e %s a +%ser4, /) !%/er 4 s&o)!d no /e +ade o preva%! over a) &or% 4 /e'a)se &en so'%e 4 .%!! *a!! %n o anar'&4. Ne% &er s&o)!d a) &or% 4 /e +ade o preva%! over !%/er 4 /e'a)se &en &e %nd%v%d)a! .%!! *a!! %n o s!aver4. T&e '% %>en s&o)!d a'&%eve &e re()%red /a!an'e o* !%/er 4 and a) &or% 4 %n &%s +%nd &ro)-& ed)'a %on and persona! d%s'%p!%ne, so &a &ere +a4 /e es a/!%s&ed &e res)! an e()%!%/r%)+, .&%'& +eans pea'e and order and &app%ness *or a!!.

A-a%n, s)'& a !%+% a %on 'anno /e v%e.ed as a rans-ress%on a-a%ns &e 'o++and o* d)e pro'ess. I %s ne% &er )nreasona/!e nor ar/% rar4. Pre'%se!4 % .as %n ended o ')r/ &e oppor )n% 4 *or &e

I %s no e.or &4 &a &e on!4 de'%s%on o* &%s Co)r n)!!%*4%n- !e-%s!a %on /e'a)se o* )nd)e depr%va %on o* *reedo+ o 'on ra' , People v. Pomar,;3 no !on-er 5re a%ns % s v%r )a!% 4 as a !%v%npr%n'%p!e. T&e po!%'4 o* $aisse% faire &as o so+e e< en -%ven .a4 o &e ass)+p %on /4 &e -overn+en o* &e r%-& o* %n erven %on even %n 'on ra' )a! re!a %ons a**e' ed .% & p)/!%' %n eres .

C&a +a4 /e s ressed s)**%'%en !4 %s &a %* &e !%/er 4 %nvo!ved .ere *reedo+ o* &e +%nd or &e person, &e s andard *or &e va!%d% 4 o* -overn+en a! a' s %s +)'& +ore r%-oro)s and e<a' %n-, /) .&ere &e !%/er 4 ')r a%!ed a**e' s a &e +os r%-& s o* proper 4, &e per+%ss%/!e s'ope o* re-)!a or4 +eas)re %s .%der. &'()#: gi api$ $ang ni na*o *ay !asin mangutana +a if tanan cases ga affirm !a gyud sa $egis$ation e+ercising po$ice po,er chuchu-

a a'6 a-a%ns &e va!%d% 4 o* &e '&a!!en-ed ord%nan'e 'anno /e 'ons%dered a s)''ess.

C&ere*ore, &e ,)d-+en o* &e !o.er 'o)r %s reversed and &e %n,)n' %on %ss)ed !%* ed *or &.% &. C% & 'os s.

Las !4, &ere %s &e a e+p o %+p)-n &e ord%nan'e on ano &er d)e pro'ess -ro)nd /4 %nvo6%n&e pr%n'%p!es o* va-)eness or )n'er a%n 4. I .o)!d appear *ro+ a re'% a! %n &e pe % %on % se!* &a .&a see+s o /e &e -rava+en o* &e a!!e-ed -r%evan'e %s &a &e prov%s%ons are oo de a%!ed and spe'%*%' ra &er &an va-)e or )n'er a%n.

Pe % %oners, &o.ever, po%n o &e re()%re+en &a a -)es s&o)!d -%ve &e na+e, re!a %ons&%p, a-e and se< o* &e 'o+pan%on or 'o+pan%ons as %nde*%n% e and )n'er a%n %n v%e. o* &e ne'ess% 4 *or de er+%n%n- .&e &er &e 'o+pan%on or 'o+pan%ons re*erred o are &ose arr%v%n- .% & &e ')s o+er or -)es a &e %+e o* &e re-%s r4 or en er%n- &e roo+ C% & &%+ a a/o) &e sa+e %+e or 'o+%n- a an4 %nde*%n% e %+e !a er o ,o%n &%+A a prov%so %n one o* % s se' %ons .&%'& 'as do)/ as o .&e &er &e +a%n enan'e o* a res a)ran %n a +o e! %s dependen )pon &e d%s're %on o* % s o.ners or opera orsA ano &er prov%so .&%'& *ro+ &e%r s andpo%n .o)!d re()%re a -)ess as o .&e &er &e 5*)!! ra e o* pa4+en 5 o /e '&ar-ed *or ever4 s)'& !ease &ereo* +eans a *)!! da4Is or +ere!4 a &a!*-da4Is ra e. G gr!e *a *$aro na gapangita n$ng "ud c$a ug sayop !san ,a$a hahaH

Fro+ Conna$$y v. Genera$ Construction Co .;; o (dder$ey v. F$orida,;0 &e pr%n'%p!e &as /een 'ons%s en !4 )p&e!d &a .&a +a6es a s a ) e s)s'ep %/!e o s)'& a '&ar-e %s an ena' +en e% &er *or/%dd%n- or re()%r%n- &e do%n- o* an a' &a +en o* 'o++on %n e!!%-en'e +)s ne'essar%!4 -)ess a % s +ean%n- and d%**er as o % s app!%'a %on. Is &%s &e s% )a %on /e*ore )sK

T&a %s a!! &en &a &%s 'ase presen s. As % s ands, .% & a!! d)e a!!o.an'e *or &e ar-)+en s pressed .% & s)'& v%-or and de er+%na %on, &e