CV6107 7( (Part II) ) Lecture 4 Composite Column

Chiew Sing-Ping S h l of School f Ci Civil il and d Environmental E i t l Engineering E i i Nanyang Technological University

Scope of Lecture 4
General Local buckling of steel element Simplified calculation method Axial compression Resistance to compression and bending moment Worked example

Composite column
Composite columns often offer significant economic advantages over either structural steel or reinforced concrete alternatives. High load carrying capacities and high flexural rigidities with smaller sizes at reduced costs. Excellent inherent fire resistances. Can be very strong - range of capacities for the same external dimensions resulting in same column size externally in all floors of a building.

Application of composite column

Cross-section of composite column

Composite columns may be classified into two main types: Concrete encased composite section Partially encased steel section Fully encased steel section

Concrete in in-filled filled composite section Circular steel hollow section Rectangular steel hollow section

Concrete encased section

a) Full encased

b) partially encased

Concrete-filled hollow section

a) concrete-filled rectangular hollow section

b) concrete-filled circular hollow section

c) concrete-filled circular hollow ti with ith section encased H-section

Local buckling
Fully encased steel sections
The effects of local buckling b ckling ma may be neglected if:
The concrete cover thickness is not less than the lager of the two following 40mm b/6
cy bc b cy cz tw h tf cz hc

Local buckling- partially encased/concrete fill d section filled ti

Cross-section
t y z t d

Max (d/t), max (h/t) and max (b/t)

Circular hollow Steel section

max (d / t ) = 90

235 fy

Rectangular hollow Steel section

zzz y z
z b

max (h / t ) = 52

235 fy

Partially encased I-section I section

y z

tf

max (b / tf ) = 44

235 fy

10

Calculation method
Two methods for calculating the resistance of composite columns:

General Method
Second Second-order order effects and imperfections taken into account in calculation Can be used for asymmetric sections Needs suitable numerical software

Simplified Method
Full interaction between the steel and concrete sections until failure Geometric imperfections p and residual stresses taken into account in calculation, usually using European buckling curves Plane sections remain plane

11

Simplified design method Li it ti Limitations

The simplified Th i lifi d method th d is i subject bj t to the following limitations: 0.2 0.9
Depth p to width ratio: 0.2 < hc/bc <5.0 The relative slenderness Steel reinforcement area: 0.3% As/Ac < 0.6% Concrete cover : y-direction: 40 mm < cy < 0.4 b z-direction: z direction: 40 mm < cz <0.3 <0 3 h
< 2 .0
tw cy bc b cy cz h tf cz hc

12

Cross-sections resistance to axial compression i

Cross-section Cross section resistance to axial compression is the sum of the plastic compression resistances of each of its elements:

N pl,Rd = Aa f yd + Ac c f cd + As f sd
c takes as 1 1.0 0 for concrete filled cross cross-sections sections 0.85 0 85 for fully or partially concrete encased steel cross-sections
0.85 f cd f yd f sd

N pl,Rd

13

Cross-sections resistance to axial compression i

Concrete filled circular circ lar steel hollow hollo section

N pl , Rd

t fy = a Aa f yd + Ac f cd 1 + c d f + As f sd ck
t d

Use in design if: Relative slenderness 0.5 e/d < 0.1, where e =MEd/NEd

14

Concrete filled circular steel hollow section

For 0 < e/d < 0.1:

a = ao + (1 + ao )(10e/d ) c = co (1 - 10e/d )
For e = 0:

t d

a = ao = 0.25 3 + 2

1 .0
2

c = co = 4.9 - 18.5 + 17
For e/d > 0.1:

a = 1

c = 0

15

Relative slenderness
The relative slenderness is needed to check that the composite column is within the limits of applicability of the simplified method.

=
Npl,Rk

N pl, l Rk k N cr
N pl, pl Rk = Aa f y + 0.85 Ac f ck + As f sk
N pl,Rk = Aa f y + Ac f ck + As f sk

is the Npl,Rd calculated using c = a = s = 1.0

for fully or partially concrete encased steel section for concrete filled section

Ncr

is the elastic critical force

N cr =

2 (EI )eff
L2
16

Effective flexural stiffness

The effective flexural stiffness for short-time short time loading:
Steel section

(EI )eff ff

= Ea I a + Es I s + K e Ecm I c
Ke = 0.6 Reinforcement Concrete Ecm, secant t modulus d l of concrete EC2

17

Effective flexural stiffness

The effective flexural stiffness for long long-time time loading:

(EI )eff

= Ea I a + Es I s + K e Ec,eff I c
Ke = 0.6

Ec, eff = Ecm

1 + (N G, Ed / N Ed ) t
EC2

t creep coefficient

NEd the total design load NG,Ed permanent part of axial design load

18

Plastic Resistance in axial compression

A composite column has sufficient resistance to axial compression if:

N Ed 1.0 N pl,Rd

the reduction factor (EC3)

+ 2 -

1.0

= 0 .5 1 + - 0 .2 +
=
N pl,Rk N cr

19

Buckling curves for composite columns

the imperfection factor which allows for different levels of imperfection in the
columns (EC3) =0.21 = 0.34 =0.49 0 49 for buckling curve a for buckling curve b f for b buckling kli curve c Plastic resistance 10 1.0

a b

Perfect critical load

0.0

1.0

2.0
20

Buckling curves for composite column

Cross-section Concrete encased section y z Partially P ti ll concrete t encased d Section y z Circular and rectangular hollow section y z Circular hollow section with additional I-section y Partially encased H section with crossed H section y z Limits Axis of buckling y-y y y z-z y-y z-z Buckling curve b c b c a b b b b

s 3% 3% < s 6%

y-y z-z z z y-y z-z any

21

Interaction curve for compression and bending

Concrete filled rectangular hollow section

22

Interaction curve for compression and bending

Concrete filled rectangular hollow section point A and B
Point A

fcd

fyd

fsd Npl,Rd No moment

Point B
hn

fcd +

fyd -

fsd Mpl,Rd

No axial force

23

Interaction curve for compression and bending

Concrete filled rectangular hollow section point C and D
Point C
hn hn
+

fcd +

fyd + fyd -

fsd Mc = Mpl,Rd pl Rd

Nc= Npm,Rd fsd d MD = Mmax,Rd ND= Npm,Rd / 2

Point D
hn

fcd d -

Npm,Rd = fcdAc
24

Resistance of composite section to bending

Moment resistance of steel, concrete and reinforcements

M max,i,Rd = Wp,i f id
Point D
fcd d fyd fsd d Mmax,Rd ND

Hence, Wpa,Wps, Wpc

M max,Rd = M max,i,Rd
i =1

1 = f ydWpa + f cdWpc + f sdWps 2

are the plastic section moduli for the steel section, the reinforcement i f t and d the th concrete t of f the th composite it crosssection respectively (for the calculation of Wpc, the concrete is assumed to be uncracked). uncracked)
25

Point B
hn

fcd d +

fyd -

fsd Mpl,Rd

+ fcd

No axial force

fcd

fcd

hn

M pl.c,Rd

M max.c,Rd

M pl,n.c,Rd
hn

M pl.a,Rd

M max.a,Rd

M pl,n.a,Rd
26

Similarly, for reinforcement M pl,s, Rd = M max,s,Rd - M pl,n,s, Rd

Resistance of composite section to bending

M pl,Rd = M max, Rd - M pl,n, Rd

M pl,Rd = (Wpa - Wpa, n ) f yd + (Wps - Wps, n ) f sd + 0.5(Wpc - Wpc, n ) c f cd
where: c = 1.0 for all concrete filled hollow sections = 0.85 for fully or partially encased sections are the plastic section moduli for the steel section, the reinforcement and the concrete of the composite crosssection respectively (for the calculation of Wpc, the concrete is assumed to be uncracked). are the plastic section moduli of the corresponding components within the region of 2hn from the middle line of the composite cross-section. is the i th depth d th of f th the neutral t l axis i f from th the middle iddl li line of f the cross-section.

Wpa,Wps, Wpc

Wpan, Wpsn, Wpcn

hn

27

Concrete filled rectangular hollow section

The plastic section modulus of structural steel, reinforcement, concrete are: Wpa = From Steel Section Tables

W ps = Asi [ei ]
W pc
2 ( b - 2t )(h - 2t ) 2 3 2 h = - r - r (4 - ) - t - r - W

i =1

Ac f cd - Asn (2 f sd - f cd ) hn = 2bf cd + 4t (2 f yd - f cd )
W ps ,n = Asn ,i [ez ,i ]
n i =1

ps

For z-axis, the dimensions h and b are g to calculate the to be exchanged related perimeters

2 W pcn = (b - 2t )hn - W psn 2 W pan = bhn - W psn - W pcn

28

Concrete filled circular hollow section

The plastic section modulus of structural steel, reinforcement concrete are: reinforcement,

d3 W pa = - W pc - W ps 6 n W ps = Asi [ei ]
i =1

Ac f cd - Asn (2 f sd - f cd ) hn = 2df cd + 4t (2 f yd - f cd )
W ps ,n = Asn ,i [ez ,i ]
n i =1

W pc

3 ( d - 2t ) = -W

ps

2 W pcn = (d - 2t )hn - W psn

2 W pan = dhn - W psn - W pcn

29

Interaction curve compression and b di bending moment t

Interaction curve for compression and bending -Fully encased H section

30

Interaction curve for compression and b di bending moment t

Points A :
0.85fcd fyd fsd Fully encased H-section --- Points A NA= Npl,Rd MA=0 Npl,Rd

31

Interaction curve for compression and b di bending moment t

Points B :
0.85fcd + fyd hn 2hn

fsd Mpl,Rd

hn

No axial force

Fully encased H-section --- Points B NB = 0 MB= Mpl,Rd

32

Interaction curve for compression and b di bending moment t

Points C :
0.85fcd +

fyd
hn 2hn hn +

fsd -

Mpl,Rd

Npm,Rd

Fully encased H-section --- Points C NC= Npm,Rd = 0.85fcdAc MC= Mpl,Rd l Rd

33

Interaction curve for compression and b di bending moment t

Points D :
0.85fcd + + Fully encased H-section --- Points D ND = NC fyd Npm,Rd/2
fsd

Mmax,Rd

1 M D = M max,Rd = f W + 0.85 f cd Rd yd d pa dWpc + f sd dWps 2

34

Concrete encased I-section

Major -axis The p plastic section modulus of structural steel, , reinforcement, , concrete are:
Wpa = From Steel Section Tables

W ps = Asi [ei ]
bh W pc = - W ps - W pa 4
For neutral axis in the web, hn<h/2-tf
i =1 2 c c

W ps ,n = Asn ,i [ez ,i ]
n i =1

2 W pcn = bc hn - W psn - W pan

Ac c f cd - Asn (2 f sd - c f cd ) hn = 2bc c f cd + 2t w (2 f yd - c f cd )

bc

c = 0.85
ez y

W pan = t h

2 w n

h hc

z 35

Concrete encased I-section

Major -axis For neutral axis in the flange, h/2-t h/2 tf<h hn<h/2 h/2

hn =

Ac c f cd - Asn (2 f sd - c f cd ) + (b - t w )(h - 2t f )(2 f yd - c f cd ) 2bc c f cd + 2b(2 f yd - c f cd )

2 W pan = bhn

(b - t w )(h - 2t 2f )
4
bc b

For neutal axis outside the steel h/2<hn<hc/2

hn =

Ac c f cd - Asn (2 f sd - c f cd ) - Aa (2 f yd - c f cd ) 2bc c f cd
ez y

W p an = W p a

h hc

z 36

Concrete encased I-section

Minor -axis The plastic section modulus of structural steel, reinforcement, concrete are: Wpa = From Steel Section Tables
n
n

W ps = Asi [ei ]
i =1

W ps ,n = Asn ,i e y ,i
i =1

[ ]
bc b

bh W pc = - W ps - W pa 4
For hn tw/2

2 c c

2 W pcn = hc hn - W psn - W pan

Ac c f cd - Asn (2 f sd - c f cd ) hn = 2hc c f cd + 2h(2 f yd - c f cd )

2 W pan = hhn

y z

h hc

ey

37

Concrete encased I-section

Minor -axis For tw/2 < hn < b/2

hn =

Ac c f cd - Asn (2 f sd - c f cd ) + t w (2t f - h )(2 f yd - c f cd )

2 (h - 2t f ) tw

2hc c f cd + 4t f (2 f yd - c f cd )

2 W pan = 2t f hn

4
bc b

For b/2<hn<bc/2

hn =

Ac c f cd - Asn (2 f sd - c f cd ) - Aa (2 f yd - c f cd ) 2hc c f cd d
y

W p an = W p a

h hc

ey

z 38

Second-order amplification of b di bending moments t

The influence of the second order effects on bending moments for composite columns may be neglected if

cr =

N cr,eff N Ed

10

N cr,,eff is the critical normal force

N cr,eff =

2 (EI )eff,II
L2

(EI )eff,II = K o (Ea I a + Es I s + K e,II Ecm I c )

Ke,II Ko take as 0.5; take as 0.9
39

Second-order amplification of b di bending moment t

If the influence of the second order effects on bending moments for composite columns is included.

The amplification factor k:

k=

1 - N Ed N cr,eff

1.0

is an equivalent moment factor, shown in the following table

40

Second-order amplification of b di bending moment t

Factor for the determination of moment
Moment distribution MEd Moment factors First order bending moment from member imperfection or lateral load: =1.0

MEd MEd End moments:

rMEd
-1 r 1

=0.66+0.44r but 0.44 0 44

41

Member Imperfection of bending moment

NEd
For the initial imperfection e0 caused by the design axial load NEd on a composite column, there will be a bending moment of NEd de0. The design bending moment for the composite column length considered both second-order effects ff of f end moment and imperfection is given by:

e0

M Ed.max = k1M Ed + k 2 N Ed e0
NEd
k1, k2 are the factors of second order effects

42

Member imperfections for composite column

Cross-section Concrete encased section y z Partially concrete encased Section y z Circular and rectangular hollow section y z Circular hollow section with additional I-section y Partially encased H section with crossed H section y Axis A i of f buckling y-y y y z-z y-y z-z y-y z-z z z y-y z z-z any z Buckling B kli curve b c b c a b b b b

Member M b imperfection L/200 L/150 L/200 L/150 L/300 L/200 L/200 L/200 L/200

43

Second-order amplification of b di bending moment t

0 M1,Ed M1,Ed

k1M1,Ed M2,Ed NEde0 (b) First order bending moment double curve M1,Ed

k2NEde0

(a) First order bending moment single curve

(d) Imperfection (c) end moment moment increased increased by second order effect by second order effect

44

Resistance of columns to compression and uniaxial i i l bending b di moment t

N/Npl,Rd 10 1.0 d=NEd/Npl,Rd Resistance locus of the cross-section

0
d=M Mpl,N,Rd/Mpl,Rd

1.0

M/Mpl,Rd

45

Resistance of columns to compression and uniaxial i i l bending b di moment t

M Ed M Ed = M M pl,N,Rd d M pl,Rd
MEd the greatest of the end moments and the maximum bending moment

Mpl,N,Rd the plastic bending resistance =dMpl,Rd M a reduction factor =0.9 for S235 and S335 =0.8 08 f for S420 and d S460 if >1.0 should not be used in practice

46

Influence of transverse shear force

It can be assumed that the transverse shear Va, a,Ed d is carried by the steel section only. The effect of shear only needs to be taken into account if the shear force is more than 50% of the shear resistance Vpl.a.Rd pl a Rd of the steel section. the shear area is reduced over the sheared zone (usually the web of the steel section) section). A reduced design steel strength in shear area is:

(1 - ) f yd

with

2Va,Ed = - 1 V pl, a, Rd

47

Influence of transverse shear force

The shear force VEd may be distributed into Va,Ed acting on the structural steel t l section ti and d Vc,Ed acting ti on the th reinforced i f d concrete t section: ti

Va,Ed = VEd

M pl,a,Rd M pl,Rd

Vc,Ed = VEd - Va,Ed

Where: Mpl,a,Rd is the plastic resistance moment of the steel section Mpl,Rd i the is th plastic l ti resistance i t moment t of f the th composite it section. ti

48

Resistance of columns to compression and bi i l bending biaxial b di moments t

N/Npl,Rd 1.0 NEd/Npl,Rd Mdy 0 N/Npl,Rd 1.0 NEd/Npl,Rd

Mdy

dy 1.0

My/Mpl,y,Rd

0 b) Axis(z-z)

dz 1.0

Mz/Mpl,z,Rd

a) Axis of anticipated failure (y-y)

49

Resistance of columns to compression and bi i l bending biaxial b di moments t

0 Mdy

dy

My,Ed Ed/Mpl,y,Rd l Rd

Mdz

dz
Mz,Ed/Mpl,z,Rd c) Biaxial bending resistance

50

Resistance of columns to compression and bi i l bending biaxial b di moments t

For combined compression and biaxial bending the following conditions should be satisfied for the stability check with the column length and for the check at the end.

M y,Ed

dy M pl, pl y, y Rd
M z,Ed

M, y
M, Mz
dy = d
where

dz M pl,z,Rd M y,Ed

dz = d
M = M, z M = M, y

dy M pl, y,Rd

M z, Ed

dz M pl,z,Rd

1 .0

51

Design procedure
Find NEd and M Ed at both ends of the column Calculate Npl,Rd pl Rd and Ncr Calculate , and then Is NEd Npl,Rd ? Yes Is the column in axial compression only? N No See next page
52

No

C l Column not t strong t enough h Y Yes

Column verified

Find Vpl, a, Rd. Is VEd > 0.5Vpl, a, Rd?

Yes
Determine Mpl, a, Rd and Mpl, Rd, and hence Va, Ed and Vc, Ed. Is Va, Ed > 0.5Vpl, a, Rd?

No

No
Determine the interaction curve for the cross-section. Find member imperfection, e0.

Yes
Calculate and hence reduced fyd.

Yes
Determine MEd , the maximum firstorder bending moment within the column length. If MEd, 1 = MEd, 2 it is i MEd, max = MEd, 1 + NEde0

Can first-order member analysis be used?

N No
Calculate Ncr, eff = 2(EI)eff, II/L2 find for end moments MEd, Ed top t and MEd, bot and hence k (= k1); find k2 for = 1; fi d the find th design d i moment t for f the th column, l MEd, max = k1MEd + k2NEde0

No
Find MEd, max by secondorder analysis of the pin-ended pin ended column length with force NEd and end moments MEd, 1 and MEd, 2.

From NEd and the interaction diagrams, find dy and dz. Check that the cross-section can resist My, Ed, Ed max and Mz, Ed, Ed max.
53

Worked Example
d = 406.4mm t = 12.5mm 160.0mm 138.5mm

80.0mm

Design Data C30/37 concrete S355 steel grade Effective length =3.0 m Es=210 kN/m2 fsk= 460 N/mm2 NEd=4000 kN MEd=50 kNm

12 12 bar

54

Design strength:
f yd = 355 / 1.0 = 355 N/mm 2 f sd = 460 / 1.15 = 400 N/mm 2 f cd = 30.0 / 1.15 = 20 N/mm 2

Cross sectional areas:

406.42 381.42 Aa = = 15468.4mm 2 4 12x(12 )2 As = = 1357.2mm 2 4 (381.4) Ac = 1357.2 = 112891.5mm 2 4
2

Ratio of reinforcement:
= As / Ac = 1357 .2 / 112891 .5x100% = 1.2% < 6.0%

Note: if > 6% , has to be limited to 6%for calculation calculation.

55

Check for local buckling:

d / t = 406 .4 / 125 = 32 .5 < 90

(235 / 355 )2

= 59 .6

Plastic resistance to compression:

N pl, Rd = Aa f yd + Ac f cd + As f sd = (15468.4 x 355 + 112891.5x20.0 + 1357.2x400.0 ) / 1000 = 8292.0 kN ( ith t confinement (without fi t effect) ff t)

Steel contribution ratio:

= Aa f yd / N pl, Rd = 15468.4 x 355 / 1000 / 8292.0 = 0.66

(0.2 0.9)

56

M Moment t of f inertia: i ti
40.644 38.144 Ia = = 30030.7cm 4 64 I s = 2 x1.131x16.02 + 4 x1.131x13.852 + 4 x1.131x8.02 = 1736.4cm 4 (38.14 )4 Ic = 1736.4 = 102134.2cm 4 64

Effective stiffness:

(EI )eff

= Ea I a + Es I s + K e Ecm I c = (210 x 30030.7 + 210 x1736.4 + 0.6 x 32 x102134.2 ) / 100 = 86078.6 kNm 2

Slenderness: assume short-time loading

N pl, Rk = Aa f y + Ac f ck + As f sk = (15468 .4 x 355 + 112891 .5x 30 + 1357 .2 x 460 ) / 1000 = 9502 .3 kN

N cr = 2 (EI )eff / l 2 = 2 x 86078 .6 / 32 = 94395 .7 kN

57

 = N pl, Rk N cr = 9502 .3 94395 .7 = 0.317

Reduction factor for column buckling:

= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2 ) + 2 = 0.5 1 + 0.21(0.317 0.2 ) + 0.317 2 = 0.563

= 1 + 2 2 = 1 0.563 + 0.5632 0.317 2 = 0.973

] [

Confinement effect of concrete:

Confinement effect is considered since < 0.5 and e/d<0.1 (taking e=0 cm)

a = ao = 0.25(3 + 2 ) = 0.909 < 1.0

c = co = 4.9 18.5 + 17 2 = 0.744

+ As f sd = 8403 .7 kN

t fy + N pl, Rd = a Aa f yd + A c f cd 1 c d f ck

58

Check axial compression

N pl , Rd = 0.973 0 973 8403.7 8403 7 = 8176 8176.8 8 kN > N Ed

Note: the increase in axial compression due to confinement effect

= 8403.7 / 8292.0 = 1.014

Therefore a 1.4% 1 4% increase increase.

Interaction Curve
Plastic section moduli: Wpa = 1940cm3

W ps = Asi [ ei ] = 135cm 3
1

12

59

W pc =

( b 2t )( h 2t )
4

2 3 2 (d 2t )3 h r r ( 4 ) t r W ps = W ps 3 2 6

(406.4 25)3 = -135 135 = 9112 cm3 6

Neutral axis position Assume 2 reinforcements lies within the region 2hn
hn = Ac f cd Asn ( 2 f sd f cd ) f cd + 4t ( (2 f yd f cd ) 2df = 2 406.4 20 + 4 12.5 ( 2 355 20 ) 112891.5 20 113 ( 2 460 20 ) = 42.5mm

Hence, assumption for Asn is verified

Plastic section moduli in the region2hn: Wpsn = 0

2 Wp = 38.14 4.25 2 0 = 689 cm 3 pcn = ( d 2t ) hn W psn p

W pan = dhn2 W pcn W psn = 40.64 4.252 689 0 = 45 cm 3

M max, Rd = f yd W pa + 0.5 f cd W pc + f sd W ps = 833.8kNm

60

M pl , Rd = M max, Rd f yd W pan 0.5 f cd W pcn f sd W psn = 811kNm

The resistance force

N pm, Rd = Ac f cd = 2258 kN
Point Bending Moment A M=0 MA= 0 NA= 8403.7 MB= 811 NB= 0 MC= 811 NC= 2258 22 8 MD= 833.8 ND= 1129 kNm kN kNm kN kNm k kN kNm kN Compression force N=Npl,Rd Bending Moment M=Mpl,Rd M=Mpl,Rd

Compression force N=0 Bending Moment C Bending Moment D

C Compression i force f N=Npm,Rd M=Mpm,Rd

Compression force N=0.5Npm,Rd

61

Interaction curve
9000 8000 7000 N 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 200 400 M 600 800 C D B 1000 A

62

To check whether second order effects can be neglected, a reduced value of Ncr is required. The effective flexural stiffness is
6 2 ( EI )eff,II = K E I + K E I + E I = 63493 10 kNmm ( ) eff II o a a e,II e II c,eff c eff c s s

Hence, the elastic critical force is:

N cr,eff = 2 ( EI )eff, II L
2

2 63493 106
3 10
2 6

= 69628 kN

The result is less than 10NEd for both major axis and minor axis, so the second seco do order de e effects ects must ust be a allowed o ed for. o The bending moment, MEd,top = 150 kNm, MEd,bot = 0 kNm, so r = 0, then, = 0.66.

k=

1 N Ed N cr,eff 1-

0.66 = 0.7 = 1 - 4000 69628

63

The bending moment MEd should be modified with the effect of member imperfection. The member imperfection is:

e0 = L /300 = 10 mm
The mid-length bending moments due to NEd are

N Ed e0 = 4000 0.01 = 40 kNm

For the bending moment from the member imperfection, = 1.0. Then,

kimp =

1- N Ed N cr,eff

1.0 = 1.06 1 - 4000 69628

Hence, the bending moment after modification is

M y,Ed = k y M y,Ed,top +kimp,y N Ed e0,z = 0.7 50+1.06 40 = 77 kN

64

Bending resistance

d = N Ed / N pl , Rd = 4000 / 8403.7 = 0.48

pm = N pm, Rd / N pl , Rd = 2258 / 8403.7 = 0.27
d =
1 d 1 0.48 = = 0.71 1 pm 1 0.27 0 27

M Ed 77 = = 0.14 < 0.9 d M pl , Rd 0 0.71 71 811

Hence, the composite column is adequate

65

Conclusions

Design of composite column is rational and comprehensive for both concrete encased sections and concrete in-filled hollow sections. Both the strength and the deformation assessments should be carried out carefully. The flexural rigidities are essential in determining the column buckling behavior of composite column. The plastic stress block method is applicable to both steel and composite columns. However, although the design principles are the same, the calculation procedure for composite column is much more involved and complicated.

66

Conclusions

The design methodology for composite columns are as follows: Compression resistance Moment resistance Interaction I t ti b between t compression i and d bending b di moment Euler buckling formulation, column buckling curves, and reduction factors Second order effects and imperfection

4/11/2013

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