CS1-LA8CkA1Ck DISCUSSICN

for LkAMINA1ICN 2
Mar||en M. arungao
8|o|ogy 22
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DISCUSSICN CU1LINL
lnLegumenLary SysLem
LxLernal AnaLomy of Lhe lrog
SkeleLal SysLem
Muscular SysLem
nervous SysLem
1o be 8eporLed
Muscle hyslology
nervous 8esponses
1nL IN1LGUMLN1Ak SS1LM
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IN1LGUMLN1Ak SS1LMS CI
INVLk1L8kA1LS
1nL IN1LGUMLN1Ak SS1LM:
VLk1L8kA1LS
CuLer epldermls + lnner dermls (corlum) dlvlded
lnLo sLraLa or layers
l8CC:
Lpldermls (sLraLum corneum) followed by sLraLum
germlnauvum
uermls (upper sLraLum laxum or sponglasum and
sLraLum compacLum= conunuous wlLh loosely
arranged subcuLaneous connecuve ussue)
Pumans: epldermls = more layers versus frog
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AMCL8A & AkAMLCIUM
1. k|g|d|ty of Membrane? Amoeba |ess r|g|d
2. e|||c|e: prov|des and ma|nta|ns shape,
prevents excess|ve ows |n of water
3. C|||a: surface of ep|the||um
4. Iuncnon:: for |ocomonon, feed|ng, defense,
prey capture
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A. kad|a| cana| opens to |ns|de
8. Incurrent cana| opens to outs|de
C. Csnum |s the open|ng of an |ncurrent
cana|
1ake Note: s|mp|e squamous
w|th choanocytes
1LkMS.
E$((&%($: Lhln layer supporung Lhe cell
membrane ln varlous proLozoa, proLecung
Lhem and allowlng Lhem Lo reLaln Lhelr shape
E&,'%.2$86: a slngle cell layer found on Lhe
body surface and llnlng Lhe canals
(plnacocyLes form Lhe plnacoderm, Lhey are
auened cells conLalnlng many granules,
capable of conLracung)
KLMF@
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1ake note:
s|mp|e cubo|da| ce||s w|th
nematocysts!!!
1LkMS.
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venomous cell, provldes a means for Lhem Lo
caLch prey and defend Lhemselves from predaLors
(e.g. [ellysh sung)
F+'?2&*$": rodllke sLrucLures ln Lhe cells of Lhe
epldermls or underlylng parenchyma ln cerLaln
Lurbellarlans dlscharged ln mucous secreuons acL
as a defenslve mechanlsm, Lhey'll dlssolve ln
waLer, and Lhey are dlsLasLeful Lo mosL anlmal
who would prey on rhabdlua
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MH3B15@ (|anar|an)
1. Buccal cavity ; 2. Gastrodermis;
3. Gastrovascular cavity;
4. Epidermis; 5. Pharynx;
6. Parenchyma
Cn Lhe ouLslde of
Lhe aLworm ls a
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LhaL conLalns many
gland cells as well
as dark-sLal nl ng
rod-shaped bodles
called 8+'?2&*$"
LhaL can dlscharge
Lhelr conLenLs Lo
form a proLecuve
m u c o u s l a y e r
around Lhe body.
:@1G5AP@ (I|ukes)
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1LkMS.
1N,%N<;6: a large cell-llke sLrucLure lled wlLh
cyLoplasm conLalnlng many nuclel, are
speclallzed forms used by varlous organlsms ln
normal ussue, occurs mosL slmply when a cell
dlvldes wlLhouL undergolng cyLoklnesls
1ake note: co||agen hbers
and ||p|d = non-ce||u|ar
cunc|e or non-ch|nn|zed LAk1nWCkM
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CCCkkCACn CU1ICLL: CnI1INI2LD
DLVLLCING IN1C A CAkAACL
1ake Note: Ch|nn =
po|ysacchar|de and
ca|c|um ch|or|de
S1AkIISn AkM (ech|noderms) =
LIDLkMIS + DLkMIS WI1n CSSICLLS
1. Coelom;
2. Dermal ossicle;
3. Dermal branchiae;
4. Pyloric ceca;
5. Spine;
6. Radial canal;
7. Pedicellariae;
8. Radial nerve;
9. Tube foot;
10. Sucker
1ake Note: oss|c|es, sp|cu|es and granu|es = ca|c|um
carbonate = hard!
IkCG SkIN
Mucus g|and =
cubo|da|
ep|the||a| ce||s
o|son g|ands
= s|mp|e
squamous to
co|umnar
GLANDS CI 1nL IkCG SkIN
CkI1LkIA MUCUS GLAND CISCN GLAND
LplLhellal llnlng Slmple Cuboldal Squamous
Slze Small 8lg
ulsLrlbuuon ln lrog Many CenLrallzed (lew)
Layer Crlgln SLraLum
germlnauvum
(Lpldermls)
SLraLum sponglusom
(uermls)
Layer Lo whlch lL
exLends
Mld-sponglosum Lnure sponglosum
luncuon 8educe waLer loss
and proLecuon from
desslcauon
uefense
nUMAN SCAL
noLe Lhe proxlmlLy of sebaceous glands Lo halr
folllcles
SweaL glands and Lhelr ducLs are scauered ln Lhe
connecuve ussue sLroma
MLDULLA
CCk1Lk
nUMAN 8kCWN SkIN
IkCG IN1LGUMLN1
Lp|derm|s: about a ce|| or
two th|ck
Derm|s: three or four ce||s
th|ck
1he dark purp|e structures
are nuc|e|
1he structure to the r|ght
|n the photo |s a mucus
g|and
nUMAN IN1LGUMLN1
Note the severa| |ayers pee||ng from the surface
1he outer pornon of human sk|n |s composed of
auened ce||s that make a rather water
|mperv|ous barr|er
CuLer layer - dead cells
epldermls
dermls
Lk1LkNAL ANA1CM CI 1nL
IkCG
Wn CnCCSL
1nLM AS ANIMAL
MCDLLS?
1hey show boLh
prlmluve and advanced
verLebraLe sLrucLures
(e.g. sh-llke and
mammal-llke feaLures)
osluon of lnLernal
organs slmllar Lo
humans
8eadlly avallable, small
and easy Lo sLudy
IkCG VLkSUS 1CAD
3 LSSLN1IAL SLNSL CkGANS CI
IkCGS
Lx1L8nAL nA8LS/
nCS18lLS
L?LS
roLecLed by nlcuLaung
membrane/lower eyelld
LA8S
1ympanun/Lympanlc
membrane = eardrum
8epresenLs ouLer ear of
Lhe frog
1nL IkCG'S ALNDICULAk kLGICN
MALL VLkSUS ILMALL IkCG
1AkL NC1L:
1. Cvera|| s|ze of
organ|sm
2. 1ympanun
s|ze
3. |gmentanon
1nL SkLLL1AL SS1LM
IUNC1ICN: SUCk1IVL SS1LMS]
kC1LC1ICN
nDkCS1A1IC SkLLL1CNS
Pave no rm base
auachmenLs
uevelop muscular force by
conLracung agalnsL Lhe
coelomlc uld
Lxample: annellds,
cnldarlans
kIGID]MINLkAL SkLLL1CNS
ConslsL of mlneral elemenLs made
of solld crysLals of slaLs
lncorporaLed wlLh some organlc
compounds
1ypes
LxoskeleLon: arLhropods and
mollusks
LndoskeleLon: verLebraLes
Somauc and vlsceral
uermal and replacemenL
1L AND CnLMICAL CCMCSI1ICN
CI LkCSkLLL1CNS
CkAGNISMS 1L CCMCSI1ICN
8adlolarlans Shell wlLh LesLa SLronuum sulfaLe, slllca and
calclum carbonaLe
ArLhropods Chlunlzed cuucle/
carapace
Mlnerallzed chlun
Mollusks shell Canchlolln wlLh calclum
carbonaLe
Lchlnoderms osslcles calclum carbonaLe
1urLles Carapace and
plasLron/scuLes
calclum carbonaLe/ keraun
1L AND CCMCSI1ICN CI
LNDCSkLLL1CNS
CkGANISMS 1L CCMCSI1ICN
Sponges Splcules spongla Slllca/spongln ber/Calclum
carbonaLe
Corals Splcules Calclum carbonaLe
verLebraLes 8one Calclum/ Magneslum
phosphaLe, collagen and
glycosamlnoglycans
1AkL NC1L: 1nL SkULL
Convex dorsally, concave venLrally
Lncloses Lhe braln & lodges Lhe sense organs
arasphenold - unpalred bone
uermal bones - bones formed from lnLramembranous
osslcauon
lrom dlrecL mlnerallzauon of Lhe embryonlc connecuve
ussue maLrlx
Carulage bones - bones formed from endochondral
osslcauon
8equlres a carulage LemplaLe or model
VISCLkAL SkLLL1CN
uerlved from glll arches
upper and lower [aws
Pyold apparaLus
Carulages LhaL supporL Lhe larynx or volce box
VLk1L8kAL CCLUMN
Maln axlal endoskeleLal supporL of Lhe body
Lnclose and proLecL Lhe splnal cord
10 separaLe serles of bones connecLed by
llgamenLs and aruculaLed by zygapophyses
1yplcal verLebra (2
nd
Lo 8
Lh
)
ALyplcal verLebra (1, 9 and 10)
LC1CkAL GIkDLL
Clavlcle - only membrane bone
Clenold fossa - holds Lhe head of Lhe humerus ln a ball-and-sockeL
[olnL
AceLabulum - holds Lhe head of Lhe femur ln a ball-and-sockeL [olnL
uelLold cresL - muscle auachmenL Lo faclllLaLe easler movemenL
Carulage (aL Lhe end of llmbs)
8educe frlcuon of bone Lo bone conLacL
Makes connecuon smooLh
SkuLL, LC1C8AL Cl8uLL, S1L8nuM CLn18uM (verLebral column)
roLecLs Lhe very sensluve and essenual organs of Lhe body
WnA1 AkL
ICIN1S
[uncuon of Lwo bones LhaL permlLs movemenL
1?LS:
8lbs and verLebrae = sem|-mob||e [o|nts: rlbs: bones of Lhe Lhoraclc
cage. verLebra: each of Lhe bones of Lhe splnal column. Seml-moblle
[olnLs: very resLrlcLed exlblllLy.
verLebrae = carn|ag|nous [o|nts: verLebra: each of Lhe bones of Lhe
splnal column. Carulaglnous [olnLs: exlblllLy due Lo carulage, an
elasuc ussue.
Skull = |mmovab|e [o|nts: skull: bony case of Lhe braln. llxed [olnLs:
[olnLs LhaL do noL allow exlblllLy.
Llbow = h|nged [o|nt: elbow: [olnL connecung Lhe forearm Lo Lhe
upper arm. Plnged [olnL: exlble ln only one dlrecuon.
Plp = ba|| and socket [o|nt: hlp: parL on Lhe slde of Lhe body, beLween
Lhe walsL and Lhe Lop of Lhe Lhlgh. 8all and sockeL [olnL: exlblllLy due
Lo a domed bone LhaL Lurns ln a cavlLy of Lhe same shape.
1nL MUSCLL SS1LM
1AkL NC1L: MUSCLL SS1LM
C8lCln
More xed or more proxlmal auachmenL
lnSL81lCn
More movable or more dlsLal auachmenL
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VLN1kAL MUSCLLS CI 1nL IkCG
1nIGn

1. Sartor|us

2. Adductor |ongus

3. Adductor magnus

4. Grac|||s ma[or

S. Grac|||s m|nor

6. Sem|tend|nosus
DCkSAL MUSCLLS CI 1nL 1nIGn
1. G|uteus

2. |r|form|s

3. 1r|ceps femor|s

4. Sem|membranosus

S. 8|ceps femor|s
MUSCLLS CI 1nL SnANk
1. Gastrocnem|us

2. 1|b|a||s posncus

3. Lxtensor crur|s

4. 1|b|a||s anncus
|ongus

S. 1|b|ohbu|a bone
L8CnLuS
MUSCLLS CI nLAD
4. masseter
S. depressor
mand|bu|ar|s
6. dorsa||s
scapu|ae
10. |anss|mus
dors|
MUSCLLS CI 1nL nLAD
2. pterygo|deus
4. masseter
S. depressor
mand|bu|ar|s
6. dorsa||s scapu|ae
7. de|to|d
10. |anss|mus dors|
7. de|to|d
9. pectora||s
13. ||nea a|ba
20. tr|ceps femor|s
21. adductor magnus
22. sartor|us
24. grac|||s ma[or
2S. grac|||s m|nor
26. gastrocnem|us
27. tendon Ach|||es
30. my|ohyo|d

2. pterygo|deus
3. tempora|
4. masseter
S. depressor
mand|bu|ar|s
6. dorsa||s scapu|ae
10. |anss|mus dors|
11. |ong|ss|mus dors|
17. g|uteus
18. p|r|form|s
20. tr|ceps femor|s
2S. grac|||s m|nor
26. gastrocnem|us
28. Sem|membranosus
29. b|ceps femor|s
1nL NLkVCUS SS1LM
IkCG 8kAIN (VLN1kAL)
1. C|factory nerves
2. Cpnc nerves
3. C|factory |obes
4. Cpnc tracks
S. Cerebra| hem|spheres
6. |tu|tary g|and
7. Medu||a ob|ongata
IkCG 8kAIN (DCkSAL)
1. C|factory |obes
2. Cerebra| hem|sphere
3. Cpnc |obes
4. Cerebe||um
S. Medu||a ob|ongata
6. Choro|d p|exus
IkCG'S CkANIAL NLkVLS
NUM8Lk NAML NA1UkL IUNC1ICN
l olfacLory sensory smell
ll opuc sensory vlslon
lll osculomoLor moLor MovemenL of eye muscles
lv Lrochlear moLor MovemenL of eye muscles
v Lrlgemlnal MoLor/sensory Muscles of masucauon, conveys
sensauon
vl abduceus moLor MovemenL of eye muscles
vll faclal MoLor/sensory MovemenL of faclal muscles,
chewlng, movemenL of neck
vlll audlLory sensory Pearlng and sense of equlllbrlum
lx glossopharyngeal MoLor/sensory 1asLe and Louch, movemenL ln Lhe
phranyx
x vagus MoLor/sensory Sensory: vocal chords, lungs, moLor
pharnyx
IkCG'S SINAL NLkVLS
IkCG'S SINAL NLkVLS
NUM8Lk IUNC1ICN
l
lorms branchlal plexus LhaL conLrols moLor reex of
upper body
ll
lll
lv
Supply Lhe musculaLure and Lhe skln of abdomen
v
vl
vll
unlLe Lo form Lhe sclauc plexus whlch resulLs ln Lhe
sclauc nerve Lo Lhe hlnd leg
vlll
lx
x Supplles Lhe cloaca, urlnary bladder and ovlducLs
SINAL CCkD
S1kUC1UkAL DIIILkLNCL: WnI1L
AND GkA MA11Lk
1he whlLe mauer geLs lLs name from Lhe
whlush myelln LhaL covers Lhe axons
1he gray mauer conslsL of cell bodles and
dendrlLes and ls concerned malnly wlLh reex
connecuons aL varlous levels of Lhe splnal cord
LLkUS: Nerve I|bers
88ACPlAL
an arrangemenL of nerve bers runnlng from Lhe splne
Lhrough Lhe neck, Lhe axllla (armplL reglon), and lnLo Lhe
arm
all nerves of Lhe arm sLem from Lhe brachlal plexus
leslons of Lhe plexus can lead Lo severe funcuonal
lmpalrmenL
SClA1lC/SAC8AL
a nerve plexus LhaL lles agalnsL Lhe posLerlor and laLeral
walls of Lhe pelvls, ls formed by Lhe unlon of Lhe lumbo-
sacral Lrunk and Lhe rsL, second, and Lhlrd sacral nerves,
and conunues lnLo Lhe Lhlgh as Lhe sclauc nerve
Aln or sclauc
1nL CSI IUNC1ICNS: A CUSnICN
8L1WLLN IA AND DUkA MA1Lk
8uoyancy = allows Lhe braln Lo malnLaln lLs denslLy wlLhouL belng
lmpalred by lLs own welghL, whlch would cuL o blood supply and
klll neurons ln Lhe lower secuons wlLhouL CSl.
roLecuon = proLecLs Lhe braln ussue from ln[ury when [olLed or hlL
causlng hemorrhaglng, braln damage, and someumes deaLh.
Chemlcal SLablllLy = rlnslng Lhe meLabollc wasLe from Lhe cenLral
nervous sysLem allows for homeosLauc regulauon of Lhe
dlsLrlbuuon of neuroendocrlne facLors, Lo whlch sllghL changes can
cause problems or damage Lo Lhe nervous sysLem
revenuon of braln lschemla = by decreaslng Lhe amounL of CSl ln
Lhe llmlLed space lnslde Lhe skull faclllLaLes blood perfuslon.
Ck.ready for the LkAM???