NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.

P)

BENDING
INTRODUCTION: When some external load acts on a beam, the Shear force and bending moments are set up at all sections of the beam. Due to shear force and bending moment, the beam under-goes certain deformation; the material of the beam will offer resistance or stresses against these deformations. The stresses introduced by bending moment are known as bending stresses. PURE BENDING OR SIMPLE BENDING: If a length of a beam is subjected to a constant bending moment and no shear force (i.e., zero force), then the stresses will be set up in that length of the beam due to B.M. only and that length of the beam is said to be in pure bending or simple bending. The stresses set up in that length of the beam are known as bending stresses.

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THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING WITH ASSUMPTION MADE: The following are the assumption made in the theory of simple bending. The material of the beam is homogenous (the material is of the same kind throughout) and isotropic (the elastic properties in all direction are equal). The value of Youngs modulus of elasticity is the same in tension and compression. The transverse sections which were plane before bending remain plane after bending also. The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal filaments bend into circular area with a common center of curvature. The radius of curvature is large compared with the dimension of the crosssection. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contact, independently of the layer, above or below it.
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THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING

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MOMENT OF RESISTANCE: Due to pure bending, the layers above N.A. are subjected to compressive stresses whereas the layers below the N.A. are subjected to tensile stresses. Due to theses stresses, the forces will be acting on
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the layers. There forces will have the moment about the N.A. The total moment about the N.A. for a section is known as the moment of resistance of that section.

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SECTION MODULUS: Section modulus is defined as the ratio of moment of inertia of a section about the neutral axis to the distance of the outermost layer from the neutral axis. It is denoted by the symbol Z. hence mathematically section modulus is given by,

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In the above equation, M is the maximum bending moment (or moment of resistance offered by the section). Hence moment of resistance offered of the section is maximum when the section modulus Z is maximum. Hence the section modulus represents the strength of the section. SECTION MODULUS FOR VARIOUS SHAPES OR BEAMS: (1) Rectangular section

(2) Hollow Rectangular section

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(3) Circular section

(4) Hollow Circular section

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[ ]

STRENGTH OF THE SECTION: The strength of a section means the moment of resistance offered by the section and moment of resistance is given by

For a given value of allowable stress, the moment of resistance depends upon the section modulus. The section modulus, therefore represent the strength of the section. Greater the value of section modulus, stronger will be the section. The bending stress at any point in any beam section is proportional to its distance from the neutral axis. Hence maximum tensile and compressive stresses in a beam section are proportional to the distance of the most distant tensile and compressive fibers from the neutral axis. Hence for the purpose of economy and weight reduction the material should be concentrated as much as possible at the greatest distance from the neutral axis. This idea is put into practice, by providing beams of I-section, where flange alone with stand almost all the bending stress.

Where Z = section modulus

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For a given cross-section, the maximum stress to which the section is subjected due to a given bending moment depends upon the section modulus of the section. If the section modulus is small, then the stress will be more. There are some cases where an increase in the sectional area does not result in a decrease in stress. It may be so happen that in some cases a slight increase in the area may result in a decrease in section modulus which results in an increase of stress to resist the same bending moment. COMPOSITE BEAMS (FLITCHED BEAM): A beam made up of two or more different materials assumed to be rigidly connected together and behaving like a single piece is known as a composite beam or a wooden flitched beam or timber beam reinforced by steel plates. This arrangement is known as composite beam or a flitched beam. The strain at the common surfaces will be same for both materials. Also the total moment of resistance will be equal to the sum of the moments of individual sections. When the beam is subjected to bending, the bending stresses and hence strains due to bending stresses at a point are proportional to the distance of the point from the common neutral axis. Consider the composite beam as shown and let at a distance y from the N.A., the stresses in steel and wood are 1 and 2 respectively.

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Strain in steel at a distance y from N.A = Steel in wood at a distance y from N.A

Using the relation

Hence moment of resistance of steel and wood are given by

Total moment of resistance of the composite section

In the equation can be treated as equivalent moment of inertia of the cross-section, as if all made of material 2 (i.e. wood) which give the same amount of resistance as the composite beam. Let this be denoted by I.
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The equivalent section is produced by using . This can be done by multiplying the dimension of the material 1 in the direction parallel to the N.A. by m. The equivalent figure can be used for finding the position of N.A. and equivalent moment of inertia. Maximum Bending Moment: -

Point to remember: In case of cantilevers, upper layer is subjected to tensile stress, whereas the lower layer is subjected to compressive stress. In case of simply supported beam, upper layer is subjected to compressive stress, whereas the lower layer is subjected to tensile stress.
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