NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.

P)
TORSION OF CIRCULAR SHAFT When a circular shaft is subjected to torsion, shear stresses are set up in the material of the shaft. To determine the magnitude of shear stress at any point on the shaft, consider a shaft fixed at one end AA and free at the end BB as shown. Let CD is any line on the outer surface of the shaft. Now let the shaft is subjected to a torque T at the end BB as shown. As a result of this torque T, the shaft at the end BB will rotate clockwise and every cross-section of the shaft will be subjected to shear stresses. The point D will shift to D and hence line CD will be deflected to CD and the line OD will be shifted to OD. R = Radius of the shaft. L = Length of the shaft. T = torque applied at the end BB. = Shear stress induced at the surface of the shaft due to torque T. C = Modulus of rigidity of the material of the shaft. Also equal to shear strain. And is also called angle of twist.

If

is very small than

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P)

So

Now in the next figure we find the arc So now the Now the modulus of rigidity C of the material of the shaft is given as

So we will get

Now for a given shaft subjected to a given torque T, the value of C, and L are constant. Hence shear stress produced is proportional to the radius R.

If q is the shear stress induced at a radius r from the center of the shaft then

The above equation is called torsion equation.

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P)

From the above equation it is clear that shear stress at a point in the shaft is proportional to the distance of the point from the axis of the shaft. Hence the shear stress is Maximum at the outer surface and shear stress is zero at the axis of the shaft.

MAXIMUM TORQUE TRANSMITTED BY A CIRCULAR SOLID SHAFT The maximum torque transmitted by a circular solid shaft, is obtained from the maximum shear stress induced at the outer surface of the solid shaft. Consider a shaft subjected to a torque T as shown =Maximum shear stress induced at the outer surface R=Radius of the shaft q=Shear stress at a radius r from the center Consider an elementary circular ring of thickness dr at a distance r from the center as shown

Then the area of the ring

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P)

From the equation

Shear stress at the radius r

Turning force on the elementary circular ring= = Shear stress acting on the ring Area of the ring

Now turning moment due to turning force on the elementary ring

The total turning moment (or total torque) is obtained by integrating the above equation between 0 to R

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P)

Torque transmitted by a hollow circular shaft [ ]

POWER TRANSMITTED BY THE SHAFTS Once the expression for torque T for a solid or a hollow shaft is obtained, power transmitted by the shafts can be determined. Let

EXPRESSION FOR TORQUE IN TERM OF POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P)

POINT TO REMEMBER (i) When two shafts are connected in series each shaft transmits the same torque; the angle of twist is the sum of the angles of twist of the two shafts. The shafts are said to be in parallel when the driving torque is applied at the junction of the shafts and resisting torque is at the other ends of the shafts. Here the angle of twist is same for each shaft, but the applied torque is divided between the two.
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(ii)

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P)

STRAIN ENERGY STORED IN A BODY DUE TO TORSION Consider a solid shaft which is in torsion. Take an elementary ring of width dr at the radius r as shown.

Then shear stress due to torsion at a radius r from the center is given by

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P)

Total strain energy stored in the shaft is obtained by integrating the above equation between 0 to R.

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P)

Total strain energy in the hollow shaft due to torsion ( )

COMBINED BENDING & TORSION When a shaft is transmitting torque or power, it is subjected to shear stresses. At the same time the shaft is also subjected to bending moment due to gravity or inertia loads. Due to bending moment, bending stresses are also set up in the shaft. Hence each particle in a shaft is subjected to shear stress and bending stress. For design purpose it is necessary to find the principal stresses, maximum shear stresses and strain energy. The principal stresses and maximum shear stress when a shaft is subjected to bending and torsion, are obtained as Consider any point on the cross-section of a shaft Let

The torque T will produce shear stress at the point whereas the B.M. will produce bending stress. Let q = Shear stress at the point produced by the torque T and
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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P)

= Bending stress at the point produced by B.M. (M) The Shear stress at any point due to torque (T) is given by

Bending stress at any point due to bending moment (M) is given by

We know that the angle made by the plane of maximum shear with the normal cross-section is given by

The bending stress and shear stress is maximum at a point on the surface of the shaft, where Let Maximum bending stress i.e. on the surface of the shaft and .

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P)

Maximum shear stress i.e. on the surface of the shaft

( )

( )

( (

) )

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P)

( For a hollow shaft [ [ [

] ] ]

( ( (

) )

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