TELETRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Traffic engineering is the mathematical modeling of

demand on a telecommunications network, and the number of lines needed to meet those needs.

The techniques of traffic engineering can be applied

to networks of all kinds, including the PSTN (public switched telephone network), LANs (local area networks), WANs (wide area networks), cellular telephone networks, and the Internet.

 The measurement of traffic in a public switched

telephone network (PSTN) allows network operators to determine and maintain the quality of service (QoS) and in particular the grade of service (GoS) that they promise their subscribers.

A flow of telephone calls within a telephone exchange.

OR

From one Exchange to another Exchange

SO

The study of this behaviors is called Teletraffic

WHAT IS ERLANG?
Erlang defined as the traffic carried by a

group of trunks.

Erlang = 1 Callhour / hour 1 Erlang = 1 hour (60 minutes) of traffic

Calls Erlang (holding time) busy hour

(careful

with units, all times in hours)

Unit must be same

EXAMPLE 1
A call established at 2 am between a central computer and a data terminal. Assuming a continuous connection and data transferred at 34 kbit/s what is the traffic if the call is terminated at 2:45am?

WHAT IS CCS?
Centum call second Also known the hundred call second Is a unit of telecommunications traffic density that is

the equivalent of one call in a specific channel for 100 seconds in an hour. CCS = Hundred call seconds.

1 CCS 100 sec

1 min 1 hour 100 sec 60 sec 60 min 1 Erlang 36

 How does the Erlang unit correspond to ccs?

Percentage of time a terminal is busy is equivalent to

the traffic generated by that terminal in Erlangs, or Average number of circuits in a group busy at any time.

A subscriber makes three phone calls of 3 minutes, 4 minutes and 2 minutes duration in a one hour period. Calculate the subscriber traffic in Erlangs and CCS.

The average traffic density (occupancy) during any one hour period and writes in Erlang (E) units.

Ch A T
Where A= Traffic intensity h=The average holding time of a call C=The average number of call requested/hour T=1 hour / 60 minutes / 3,600 seconds

Consider a PSTN which receives 240 calls/hr. Each call lasts an average of 5 minutes. What is the outgoing traffic intensity to the public network.

 Is a mean number of calls offered per time unit

A Y s
where: A=Traffic intensity s= Average holding time for a call (unit in second)

Given traffic intensity of 90 E and holding time for a call is 3 minutes. Find call intensity.

Busy hour is that continuous 60 minutes time span of the day during which the highest usage occurs.

Busy hour

At stage of all the trunks in a group of trunks are busy cannot accept any further calls is called congestion or When the level of network traffic nears, reaches or exceeds the design maximum, the network is said to be congested.

Time congestion GoS 1 hour (sec ond )

Is a measure of the probability that a percentage of the offered traffic will be blocked or delayed.
Where; A = offered traffic A0 = carried traffic A-A0 = lost traffic

Traffic lost GoS Traffic offered A A0 A0 No. of call lost Gos No. of call offered

The total length of time that a call makes use of a trunk or channel. measured in seconds.

This is the traffic which would be carried if no calls were rejected due to lack of capacity.

Aoffered = Acarried

+ Areject

Offered traffic = Avg no.of calls X Avg call holding time

 the traffic intensity actually handled by the group

Acarried = Aoffered - Areject

Traffic carried = Traffic Offered Traffic Lost

 Rejected calls occur as a result of heavy traffic

loads (congestion) on the system and can result in the call either being delayed or lost.

Areject = Aoffered - Acarried

1200 calls are offered to a channel and 6 calls are lost. Duration of a call is 3 minutes. Find:
Offered traffic, A ii. Carried traffic iii. Lost traffic iv. GoS, B v. Congestion time
i.

On average, during the busy hour, a company makes 120 outgoing calls of average duration 2 minutes. It receives 200 incoming calls of average duration 3 minutes. Find:
Outgoing traffic ii. Incoming traffic iii. Total traffic
i.

Traffic to be offered at peak hours is 600 calls. The average call is 3 minutes and 20 calls were failing. Calculate :
i. ii.

Offered traffic in Erlang unit Carrying traffic in Erlang unit

. Calculate the G.O.S of a switching center which has busy hour offered traffic of 200E when the average call duration is 3 minutes and 40 calls are lost during this hour.

Telekom Malaysia Berhad is offering telecommunication service to its customers. The traffic being offered in its transmission media is 120E in a duration of 6 minutes 15 second. While the traffic being carried is 110E. Calculate:
i. ii. iii. iv. v.

the number of call being offered in the line. the number of call being carried in the line. the number of call being lost due to congest. the traffic loss due to congestion. grade of service