National Academy

Class Xll Physics Project Topic- Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

Submitted to: Submitted By: Mr. S. . S!arma "avi#! $adav Roll.No.%&-A

Ac no'ledg ement
From the depth of my heart I express my deep sincere gratitude to the Almighty for the Blessings that had bestowed upon me to do this work. Having a successful project is really a great pleasure to us. et all these will not have been possible if not for hard work! persistence and cooperation among the researchers. I would like to extend our sincerest appreciation to the following people who helped accomplish the project. "hey are the people who contributed much for the success of this endeavor. First of all! I would like to thank our parents and benefactors who have shown their unending support and provided us with necessary materials I needed. #econd! I would like to thank our (!y#ic# teac!er) Mr. S.*.S!arma for teaching us the fundamental research and investigatory writing and for showing a great deal of patience through the time.

Above all! I would like to thank $od for giving us the gift of wisdom and understanding and for answering our prayers.

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A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current 3A(4! which periodically reverses direction! to direct current 3*(4! which flows in only one direction. "he process is known as rectification. 'ectifiers have many uses! but are often found serving as components of *( power supplies and high5voltage direct current power transmission systems. 'ectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power. As noted! detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of flame. "he simple process of rectification produces a type of *( characteri6ed by pulsating voltages and currents 3although still unidirectional4. *epending upon the type of end5use! this type of *( current may then be further modified into the type of relatively constant voltage *( characteristically produced by such sources as batteries and solar cells. A diode bridge is an arrangement of four 3or more4 diodes in a bridge circuit configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. .hen used in its most common application! for conversion of an alternating current 3A(4 input into a direct current 3*(4 output! it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full5wave rectification from a two5wire A( input! resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier with a 75wire input from a transformer with a center5tapped secondary winding.

+ircuit /iagram:-

+on#truction:"he diodes labelled *8 to *9 are arranged in :series pairs: with only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle. *uring the positive half cycle of the supply! diodes *8 and *; conduct in series while diodes *9 and *7 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load as shown below.

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier:.alf-'ave rectification:In half wave rectification of a single5phase supply! either the positive or negative half of the A( wave is passed! while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output! mean voltage is lower. Half5wave rectification re<uires a single diode in a single5phase supply! or three in a three5phase supply. 'ectifiers yield a unidirectional but pulsating direct current= half5wave rectifiers produce far more ripple than full5wave rectifiers! and much more filtering is needed to eliminate harmonics of the A( fre<uency from the output.

Full-'ave rectification:A full5wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity 3positive or negative4 at its output. Full5wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to *( 3direct current4! and yields a higher mean output voltage. "wo diodes and a center tapped transformer! or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any A( source 3including a transformer without center tap4! are needed. #ingle semiconductor diodes! double diodes with common cathode or common anode! and four5diode bridges! are manufactured as single components.

Bridge rectifier: A full-'ave rectifier u#ing 0 diode#.

For single5phase A(! if the transformer is center5tapped! then two diodes back5to5back 3cathode5to5cathode or anode5to5anode! depending upon output polarity re<uired4 can form a full5wave rectifier. "wice as many turns are re<uired on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage than for a bridge rectifier! but the power rating is unchanged.

Rectifier output #moot!ing:.hile half5wave and full5wave rectification can deliver unidirectional current! neither produces a constant voltage. In order to produce steady *( from a rectified A( supply! a smoothing circuit or filter is re<uired. In its simplest form this can be just a reservoir capacitor or smoothing capacitor! placed at the *( output of the rectifier. "here will still be an A( ripple voltage component at the power supply fre<uency for a half5wave rectifier! twice that for full5wave! where the voltage is not completely smoothed.

#i6ing of the capacitor represents a tradeoff. For a given load! a larger capacitor will reduce ripple but will cost more and will create higher peak currents in the transformer secondary and in the supply feeding it. "he peak current is set in principle by the rate of rise of the supply voltage on the rising edge of the incoming sine5 wave! but in practice it is reduced by the resistance of the transformer windings. In extreme cases where many rectifiers are loaded onto a power distribution circuit! peak currents may cause difficulty in maintaining a correctly shaped sinusoidal voltage on the ac supply. "o limit ripple to a specified value the re<uired capacitor si6e is proportional to the load current and inversely proportional to the supply fre<uency and the number of output peaks of the rectifier per input cycle. "he load current and the supply fre<uency are generally outside the control of the designer of the rectifier system but the number of peaks per input cycle can be affected by the choice of rectifier design. A half5wave rectifier will only give one peak per cycle and for this and other reasons is only used in very small power supplies. A full wave rectifier achieves two peaks per cycle! the best possible with a single5phase input. For three5phase inputs a three5phase bridge will give six peaks per cycle= higher numbers of peaks can be achieved by using transformer networks placed before the rectifier to convert to a higher phase order. "o further reduce ripple! a capacitor5input filter can be used. "his complements the reservoir capacitor with a choke 3inductor4 and a second filter capacitor! so that a steadier *( output can be obtained across the terminals of the filter capacitor. "he choke presents a high

impedance to the ripple current. For use at power5line fre<uencies inductors re<uire cores of iron or other magnetic materials! and add weight and si6e. "heir use in power supplies for electronic e<uipment has therefore dwindled in favour of semiconductor circuits such as voltage regulators. A more usual alternative to a filter! and essential if the *( load re<uires very low ripple voltage! is to follow the reservoir capacitor with an active voltage regulator circuit. "he reservoir capacitor needs to be large enough to prevent the troughs of the ripple dropping below

the minimum voltage re<uired by the regulator to produce the re<uired output voltage. "he regulator serves both to significantly reduce the ripple and to deal with variations in supply and load characteristics. It would be possible to use a smaller reservoir capacitor 3these can be large on
high5current power supplies4 and then apply some filtering as well as the regulator! but this is not a common strategy. "he extreme of this approach is to dispense with the reservoir capacitor altogether and put the rectified waveform straight into a choke5input filter. "he advantage of this circuit is that the current waveform is smoother and conse<uently the rectifier no longer has to deal with the current as a large current pulse! but instead the current delivery is spread over the entire cycle. "he disadvantage! apart from extra si6e and weight! is that the voltage output is much lower > approximately the average of an A( half5cycle rather than the peak.

Wor ing of Bridge Rectifier:-

*uring the positive input half cycle terminal + of the secondary is positive and , is negative. *iode *8 and *7 becomes forward bias where as *9 and *; are reversed bias. Hence the current flows along point +! %! A! B! (! F and , producing a drop across '-.

*uring the negative input half cycle secondary terminal , becomes positive and + is negative. ,ow *9 and *; are forward bias and *8 and *7 are reversed bias. ,ow the current flows along points ,! %! A! B! (! F and +. Hence we find that current keeps flowing through load resistance '- in the same direction 3A! B4. during both half cycles of the A( input the point A of the bridge rectifier always acts as an anode and point ( as cathod. It fre<uency is twice that of supply fre<uency.

1rap!:-

Bridge Rectifier) R+ Filter:A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full5wave rectification. "his is a widely used configuration! both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

.o' Rectifier +ircuit Wor # in -lectronic#:&ne of the most common uses for rectifier diodes in electronics is to convert household alternating current into direct current that can be used as an alternative to batteries. "he rectifier circuit! which is typically made from a set of cleverly interlocked diodes! converts alternating current to direct current. In household current! the voltage swings from positive to negative in cycles that repeat ?@ times per second. If you place a diode in series with an alternating current voltage! you eliminate the negative side of the voltage cycle! so you end up with just positive voltage.

If you look at the waveform of the voltage coming out of this rectifier diode! youAll see that it consists of intervals that alternate between a short increase of voltage and periods of no voltage at all. "his is a form of direct current because it consists entirely

of positive voltage. However! it pulsatesB first itAs on! then itAs off! then itAs on again! and so on. &verall! voltage rectified by a single diode is off half of the time. #o although the positive voltage reaches the same peak level as the input voltage! the average level of the rectified voltage is only half the level of the input voltage. "his type of rectifier circuit is sometimes called a half5wave rectifier because it passes along only half of the incoming alternating current waveform. A better type of rectifier circuit uses four rectifier diodes! in a special circuit called a bridge rectifier.

-ook at how this rectifier works on both sides of the alternating current input signalB5

In the first half of the A( cycle! *9 and *; conduct because theyAre forward biased. 0ositive voltage is on the anode of *9 and negative voltage is on the cathode of *;. "hus! these two diodes work together to pass the first half of the signal through. In the second half of the A( cycle! *8 and *7 conduct because theyAre forward biasedB

0ositive voltage is on the anode of *8! and negative voltage is on the cathode of *7. "he net effect of the bridge rectifier is that both halves of the A( sine wave are allowed to pass through! but the negative half of the wave is inverted so that it becomes positive. In the bridge circuit four diodes are connected in the form of a .heatstone bridge! two diametrically opposite junctions of the bridge are connected to the secondary of a transformer and the other two are connected to the load.

Full-'ave-bridge-rectifier:As shown in the given diagram of full wave bridge rectifier it consists of four diodes under the condition in which four diodes are connected the called bridge circuit. #o due to this type of circuit is named bridge rectifier. A resistor is connected in the circuit where rectified output voltage appears called load resistor '-. .hen the upper end of the transformer secondary winding is positive! say during first half5cycles of the input supply! diodes *8 and *7 are forward biased and current flows through arm AB! enters the load at positive terminal! leaves the load at negative terminal! and returns back flowing through arm *(. *uring this half of each input cycle! the diodes *9 and *; are reverse biased and so the current is not allowed to flow in arms A* and B(. "he flow of current is

indicated by solid arrows in the figure. In the second half of the input cycle the lower end of ac supply becomes positive! diodes *9 and *; become forward biased and current flows through arm (B! enters the load at the positive terminal! leaves the load at negative terminal and returns back flowing through arm *A. Flow of current has been shown by dotted arrows in the figure. "hus the direction of flow of current through the load resistance 'remains the same during both half cycles of the input supply voltage.

Merit# and /emerit# of Full'ave Rectifier over .alf-Wave Rectifier: Merit#:-

. .

"he rectification efficiency of full5wave rectifier is

double of that of a half5wave rectifier. "he ripple voltage is low and of higher fre<uency

in case of a full5wave rectifier so simple filtering circuit is re<uired.

. .

Higher output voltage higher output power and

higher ")F in case of a full5wave rectifier.

In a full5wave rectifier! there is no problem due

to dc saturation of the core because the dc currents in the two halves of the transformer secondary flow in opposite directions.

/emerit#:Full5wave rectifier needs more circuit elements and is costlier.

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+-RT2F2+AT-:"his is hereby to certify that the original and genuine investigation work has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the related data collection and investigation has been completely solely! sincerely and satisfactorily by "A32S. $A/A3 of class5DII3A4! NAT2,NA" A+A/-M$! regarding his project titled EFULL-WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIERF.