MECHANICS OF FLUIDS

CE2202

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UNIT-I DEFINITION AND FLUID PROPERTIES

Definitions Fluid and fluid mechanics Dimensions and units Fluid properties Continuum Concept of system and control volume.

1. Define the following fluid properties. State their dimensions and units: specific weight and specific gravity. (Nov/Dec 2008) Specific weight: (w) Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is the ration between the weight of a fluid to its volume. The value of specific weight for water is 9.81X 1000 N/m3 Specific gravity :(S) It is defined as the ratio of the weight density of a fluid to the weight density of a standard fluid. It is dimensionless quantity and is denoted by the symbol S. 2. State and explain Newtons law of viscosity. (Nov/Dec 2008, Nov/Dec 2008 ) The shear force acting between two layers of the fluid is propotional to the difference in their velocities and area of the plate and inversely proportional to the distance between them. 3. What is dynamic viscosity? What are its units? (May/June 2009, May/June 2007) It is defined as the shear stress required to produce unit rate of shear deformation.

=
4. Define viscosity. (Nov/Dec 2010, Nov/Dec 2011) Viscosity is the property of a liquid which determines the amount of resistance to a shearing stress. It can also be defined as the property of a fluid due to which it offers resistance to the movement of one layer of the fluid over another adjacent layer. 5. Define cohesion and adhesion. (Nov/Dec 2010) Cohesion means intermolecular attraction between the molecules of the some liquid. It enables a liquid to resist small amount of tensile stresses. Adhesion means attraction between the molecules of a liquid and the molecules of a solid boundary surface in contact with the liquid. This property enables a liquid to stick to another body. 6. What is meant by control volume of liquid? (Nov/Dec 2010) A specified large number of fluid and thermal devices have mass flow in and out of a system is called as control volume. 7. What is compressibility of fluid. (Nov/Dec 2010) Compressibility is the measure of relative change of volume when the fluid is subjected to a pressure change. It is the reciprocal of bulk modulus of elasticity.

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8. Calculate the capillary rise in a glass tube of 1.8mm diameter when immersed vertically in water. Take surface tension of water as 0.073 N/m. (May/June 2007) h=

= = 0.028 m = 2.8 cm 9. Differentiate between specific volume and specific weight. (Nov/Dec 2007) Specific volume Specific weight (i) Specific volume is defined as (i) specific weight is defined as the volume per unit mass of fluid weight per unit volume. (ii) V= (ii) w= (iii) expressed in kg/m3 (iii) Expressed in m3/kg

10. Distinguish between real and ideal fluid. (Nov/Dec 2007) A fluid, which is compressible and is having no viscosity and surface tension is known as an ideal fluid. Ideal fluids is only an imaginary fluid. But real fluid possesses viscosity, surface tension and compressibility. All the fluids, in actual practice are real fluids. 11. Define fluid mechanics and fluid. Fluid mechanics is that branch of science which deals with the behavior of the fluids and liquids. 12. What are the types of fluids? Ideal fluid Real fluid Newtonian fluid Non Newtonian fluid Ideal plastic fluid 13. Define fluid statics. The study of fluid at rest is called fluid statics. 14. Define fluid dynamics. The study of fluids in motion, where pressure, force are consider for the fluid in motion.
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15. Define fluid kinematics. The study of fluid in motion, where pressure, force are not consider is called fluid kinematics. 16. Define kinematic viscosity. It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. It is denoted by . = dynamic viscosity / density 17. Define bulk modulus. It is defined as the ratio between the compressive stress to volumetric strain. 18. Define continuum. A continuum is the homogeneous medium , in which the overall properties and behavior of fluid can be studied without its atomic and molecular structure. 19. Define control volume. Control volume is defined as the volume of fixed space. The boundaries around the control volume are referred to as control surface. 20. Define cavitation. If the low pressure are equal or less than the vapour pressure. Vapour bubbles are formed in the flow and this condition is known as cavitation.

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MECHANICS OF FLUIDS

CE2202

UNIT-II FLUID STATICS & KINEMATICS

Pascals Law and Hydrostatic equation Forces on plane and curved surfaces Buoyancy Meta centre Pressure measurement Fluid mass under relative equilibrium Fluid Kinematics Stream, streak and path lines Classification of flows Continuity equation (one, two and three dimensional forms) Stream and potential functions flow nets Velocity measurement (Pilot tube, current meter, Hot wire and hot film anemometer, float technique, Laser Doppler velocimetry)

1. State Bernoullis theorem. (Nov/Dec 2008) It states that in an ideal compressible fluid when the flow is steady and continuous, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy is constant along a stream line. 2. Define velocity of potential. (Nov/Dec 2007) It is defined as the scalar function of space and time such that its negative derivative with respect to any direction gives the fluid velocity in that direction. 3. State pascals law and hydrostatic law. (Nov/Dec 2009) Pascal,s law: It states that the pressure or intensity of pressure at a point in a static fluid is equal in all direction. Hydrostatic law: It states that the rate of increase of pressure in a vertically downwared direction must be equal to the specific weight of the fluid at that point. 4. Differentiate between steady flow and unsteady flow. (May/June 2009) In steady flow various characteristics of flowing fluids such as velocity, pressure, density, temperature etc at a point do not change with time whereas in unsteady flow the velocity, pressure and temperature of a point changes with respect to time. 5. Define stream function and write their properties. (May/June 2007, May/June 2009, Nov/Dec 2010) It is defined as the scalar function of space and time, such that its partial derivative with respect to any direction gives the velocity component at right angles to that direction. It is denoted by . 6. Mention the few examples unsteady flow. (Nov/Dec 2010) 1. Liquid flow in the suction pressure pipes of a reciprocating pump 2. Wave movements in sea 3. 7. Mention the methods by which motion of a fluid is described. (Nov/Dec 2010) There are two methods by which the motion of a fluid may be described. 1. Lagrangian method 2. Eulerian method
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8. What is stream line. (Nov/Dec 2010) A streamline is an imaginary line drawn through a flowing fluid in such a way that the tangent at any point on it indicates the velocity at that point. 9. What are the commonly used mechanical gauges? (Nov/Dec 2010) (i) Bourdon tube pressure gauge (ii) Diaphragm gauge (iii) Vaccum gauge 10. What is flow net. (Nov/Dec 2010) A grid obtained by draing a series streamlines and equipotential lines is known as flow net. 11. Explain the term metacentre. (Nov/Dec 2011) It is defined as the point about which a body starts oscillating when the body is tilted by a small angle. 12. Define a rotational flow and irrotational flow. (Nov/Dec 2011) A rotational flow exists when the fluid particles rotate about their mass centre, while moving along a streamline. An irrotational flow exists when the fluid particles do not rotate about their mass centre while moving along a streamline. 13. Write the formula used to determine the Meta Centric Height. (May/June 2007) The distance between the metacentre of a floating body(M) and the centre of gravity of the body (G) is called metacentric height. Meta-centric height (GM) = - BG

14. Differentiate stream line and path line. (May/June 2007) Path line Stream line i) It is the path followed by the fluid i) It is defined as an imaginary line particles in motion within the flow so that the tangent at any point on it indicates the velocity at that point
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ii) It gives the path of one particle at successive instants of time

ii) Indicates the direction of a number of particles at the same instant

15. Define centre of pressure. (Nov/Dec 2007) Centre of pressure is defined as the point of application of the total pressure on the surface.

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16. What are the types pressure? Atmospheric pressure Absolute pressure Gauge pressure Vaccumm pressure

17. What are the instruments used to measure the pressure of a fluid. Peizometer Manometer Mechanical gauges. 18. What are the types of manometers? U-tube manometer Inverted U-tube manometer Simple manometer single column manometer 19. What is meant buoyancy? When a body is immersed in a fluid, an upward force is exerted by the fluid on the body. This upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body and is called the force of buoyancy or simply buoyancy. 20. Define total pressure . It is defined as the force extended by a static fluid on a surface either plain or curve, When the fluid come in a contact with the surface.

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UNIT-III FLUID DYNAMICS

Euler and Bernoullis equations Application of Bernoullis equation Discharge measurement Laminar flows through pipes and between plates Hagen Poiseuille equation Turbulent flow Darcy-Weisbach formula Moody diagram Momentum Principle.

1. State the assumptions used in deriving Bernoullis equation. (May/June 2007, Nov/Dec 2010) (i) The fluid is ideal (ii) The flow is steady and continuous (iii) The flow is compressible (iv) The flow is irrotational (v) The flow is along the streamline 2. State Bernoullis equation. (Nov/Dec 2007, Nov/Dec 2008) It states that in a steady flow of an incompressible fluid, the total energy at any point of the fluid is constant. The total energy consists of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy. + + z = constant 3. What is Moodys diagram? (Nov/Dec 2007, Nov/Dec 2007) Moodys diagram is plot between various values of friction factor(f), Reynolds number (Re) and relative roughness . For any turbulent flow problem, the values of friction factor can therefore be determined form moodys diagram, if the numerical values of (R/K) for the pipe and Re of flow are known. 4. Write the energy equation for a real fluid flow. (May/June 2009) Bernoulli equation is also known as energy equation. It is given by, + + z = constant 5. What is a laminar flow? Give examples. (May/June 2009) Laminar flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move along well-defined paths or stream line and all the stream line are straight and parallel. Examples: flow through capillary pipe, flow of blood in veins and arteries 6. State the types of equilibrium. (Nov/Dec 2010) a) Stable equilibrium b) Unstable equilibrium c) Neutral equilibrium 7. State the characteristics of laminar flow. (Nov/Dec 2010) (i) There is a shear stress between fluid layers (ii) No slip at the boundary (iii) The flow is rotational

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CE2202

(iv) (v)

There is continuous dissipation of energy due to viscous shear. So, the energy must be supplied to maintain the flow. Loss of energy is propotional to the first to the first power of velocity and first power of viscosity

8. Define co-efficient of friction. It is defined as the ration of actual discharge to theoretical discharge of the pipe. 9. What is cavitation in venturimeter? Due to reduction in area the velocity of fluids is increased and pressure is decreased. When the pressure comes below that of vapour pressure of the flowing fluid, then the liquid will be vapourized. This phenomenon is called cavitation. 10. Define weir. A weir is defined as a concrete or masonry structure built across a river or stream in order to raise the level of water on the upstream side and allow excess water flow to the downstream side. 11. Classify weirs based on the width of the crest. a) Narrow crested weir b) Broad-crested weir 12. Where are the Darcy weishbach and Chezys forumalae used? Darcy weishbach equation is generally used for the flow through pipes. Chezys formula is generally used for the flow through open through open channels. 13. State the principle of momentum. It states that the time rate of change of momentum is propotional to the impressed force and takes place in the direction in which force acts 14. What is meant by fluid dynamics? The study of fluids in motion, where pressure, force are consider for the fluid in motion. 15. What are the applications of Bernoullis equation? Venturimeter Orificemeter Pitot tube 16. What is meant by venturimeter? A venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through pipe. 17. What is meant by orificemeter? It is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid through a pipe. It is cheaper device as compare to venturimeter.

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CE2202

UNIT-IV BOUNDARY LAYER AND FLOW THROUGH PIPES

Definition of boundary layer Thickness and classification Displacement and momentum thickness Development of laminar and turbulent flows in circular pipes Major and minor losses of flow in pipes Pipes in series and in parallel Pipe network

1. What is meant by laminar sub layer? (May/June 2007) In turbulent boundary layer region, adjacent to the solid boundary velocity for a small thickness variation is influenced by viscous effect. This layer is called as laminar sub layer. 2. Define energy thickness. (Nov/Dec 2007) It is defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in kinetic energy of the flowing fluid on accound of boundary layer formation. ** = 3. What is meant by hydraulic gradient line. (Nov/Dec 2007) It is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head, datum head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line. Sometimes the hydraulic grade line is also known as piezometric head. (p/w + z) 4. Define displacement thickness. (Nov/Dec 2008) It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in flow rate on account of boundary layer formation. ** = u velocity of fluid at the elemental strip 5. Define momentum thickness of boundary layer. (May/June 2009) It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in momentum of the flowing fluid of boundary layer for motion. = 6. What is hydraulic mean depth or hydraulic radius? (Nov/Dec 2010) The ratio of area of flow and perimeter(wetted) is called hydraulic mean depth or hydraulic radius and it is denoted by m. the value of m for pipe is always equal to d/4. 7. What are eddies and vena contracta in pipe minor losses? (Nov/Dec 2010) Due to sudden contraction, the streamline coverage to a minimum cross section is called vena contracta. Inbetween vena-contracta and wall of the pipe, a lot of eddies are formed. These eddies cause a considerable dissipation of energy.
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8. What is equivalent pipe? (Nov/Dec 2010, May/June 2009) An equivalent pipe is defined as the pipe of uniform diameter having loss of head and discharge equal t the loss of head and discharge of a compound pipe consisting of several pipes of different lengths and diameters. 9. What is boundary layer. (Nov/Dec 2010) When a solid body is immersed in a flowing fluid, there is a narrow region of the fluid in the neighbourhood of the solid body, where the velocity of fluid varies from zero to free stream velocity. This narrow region of fluid is called boundary layer. 10. What are the methods adopted for controlling the boundary layer? (Nov/Dec 2010) (i) Suction of the slow moving fluid by a suction flot or through a porous surface (ii) Injecting fluid into the region of boundary layer from the interior of the body with the help of blower (iii) Providing slots near the leading edge (iv) Placing some disturbance near the boundary in the approach section 11. Why are the pipes connected in parallel? (Nov/Dec 2011) Pipes are said to be parallel, when a main pipe divides into two or more parallel pipes which again join together downstream and continues as a mainline. The pipes are connected in parallel in order to increase the discharge passing through the main. 12. What are the classifications of boundary layer? Laminar boundary layer Turbulent boundary layer Laminar sub layer. 13. What are the losses in pipes and explain it? Major losses: this is due to friction and it is calculated by Darcy weisbach formula and chezys formula. Minor losses: this is due to the sudden expansion, contraction, bending in pipes and also due to pipe fittings and obstruction in pipe fittings. 14. What are the minor losses in pipes? Losses of head due to sudden enlargement. Losses of head due to sudden contraction Losses of head at entrance Losses of head at exit Losses of head due to obstruction in pipe. Losses of head due to bending in pipes 15. What is meant by pipe network? A pipe network is an inter connection system of pipe forming several loops or circuits.

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UNIT-V SIMILITUDE AND MODEL STUDY

Dimensional Analysis Rayleighs method, Buckinghams Pi-theorem Similitude and models Scale effect and distorted models.

1. Define Reynolds model law. (May/June 2007) Reynolds model law is the law in which models are based on reynolds number. Models based on reynolds number include: (i) Pipe flow (ii) Resistance experienced by sub-marines, airplanes, etc 2. What is meant by the term distorted model? (May/June 2007, May/June 2009) A model which is not geometrically similar to its prototype but it may be similar in appearance with its prototype. The following distortions may occur in distorted model: (i) Geometrical distortion (ii) Material distortion (iii) Distortion of hydraulic quantities 3. What is meant by dimensional homogeneity? (Nov/Dec 2007, May/Jne 2009) Dimensional homogeneity means the dimensions of each terms in an equation on both sides equal. For example V= Dimensions on L.H.S = V=L/T = LT-1 Dimensions on R.H.S = = L/T = LT-1 4. State Buckinghams pie theorem. (Nov/Dec 2007, Nov/Dec 2008, Nov/Dec 2010, Nov/Dec 2011) It states that if there are n variables in a dimensionally homog eneous equation and if these variables contain m fundamental dimensions (M, L, T), then they are grouped into (n-m), dimensionless independent pie terms. 5. What is meant by similitude? (Nov/Dec 2008) Similitude is defined as the complete similarity between the model and the prototype.
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6. What is meant by repeating variables? (May/June 2009) Each of pie terms is dimensionless and independent of the system. Division of multiplication by a constant does not change the character of the pie term. Each of pie term contains variables, where m is the number of fundamental dimensions and is also called repeating variables. The number of repeating variables are equal to the number of fundamental dimensions of the problem. 7. What is HGL and TEL? (May/June 2009) Hydraulic Gradient Line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head and datum head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line.

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Total Energy Line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head, datum head and kinetic head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line. 8. What is a model? When the model will yield useful information? (Nov/Dec 2010) Model is the small-scale replica of the actual structure or machine. The actual structure or machine is called prototype. With the use of models, the performance of hydraulic structure/hydraulic machines can be predicted in advance and also used to detect and rectify the defects of an existing structure which is not functioning properly. 9. What is meant by scale effect? (Nov/Dec 2010) It is impossible to product the exact behavior of the prototype by model testing alone. The two models of same prototype behavior will be different. Scale ratios will not be same. So discrepancy between models and prototype will always occur. It is known as scale effect. 10. Mention at least two uses of dimensional analysis. (Nov/Dec 2011) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) To check the dimensional homogeneity of the given equation To determine the dimension of a physical variable To convert units from one system to another through dimensional homogeneity It is a step towards dimensional anlaysis

11. What is meant by dimensional and model analysis? This types of analysis is a mathematical techniques used in research work for design and for conducting model test. It deals with the dimensions of physical quantities involved in the phenomenon. 12. What are the methods of dimensional analysis? Rayleigh Ritz method Buckinghams pie theorem
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13. What are the three types of similarities in similitude? Geometric similarity Kinematic similarity Dynamic similarity

14. What are the forces acting in the moving fluid? Inertia force Viscous force

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Gravity force Pressure force Surface tension force Elastic force.

15. What are the dimensionless numbers? Reynoldss number Froudes number Eulers number Webers number Machs number 16. What are the model laws in similitude? Reynoldss model law Froudes model law Eulers model law Webers model law Machs model law 17. What is meant by undistorted model? This models are those models which are geometrically similar to their prototype or in other words, if the scale ratio for the linear dimensions of the model and its prototype is same, the model is called undistorted model. 18. What are the advantages of distorted models? The vertical dimensions of the model can be measured accurately. The cost of the model can be reduced. Turbulent flow in the model can be maintained.

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