Rule 03 - Parties To Civil Actions

1997 Rules on Civil Procedure
Rule 03 PARTIES TO CIVIL ACTIONS CLASSES OF PARTIES: I. II. III. IV. V. Real Parties in Interest Representative Parties Permissive Parties Indispensable Parties Necessary Parties
Rule 03 Parties to Civil Actions
Sec. 1. Who may be parties; plaintiff and defendant. - Only natural or juridical er!on!" or entitie! aut#ori$ed %y la& 'ay %e artie! in a ci(il action. T#e ter' ) lainti**) 'ay re*er to t#e clai'in+ arty" t#e counter-clai'ant" t#e cro!!-clai'ant" or t#e t#ird ,*ourt#" etc.-- arty lainti**. T#e ter' )de*endant) 'ay re*er to t#e ori+inal de*endin+ arty" t#e de*endant in a counterclai'" t#e cro!!de*endant" or ot#er t#ird ,*ourt#" etc.-- arty de*endant. ,1a: !"# may be parties t# a civil case$ A: Only nat%ral #r &%ridical pers#ns #r entities a%t"#ri'ed by la( may be parties in a civil acti#n. S#) y#% cann#t s%e #r be s%ed %nless y#% are a pers#n. A dead man cann#t s%e and "e cann#t be s%ed beca%se "e "as n# m#re pers#nality. T"at is ("y in #ne case) *r#d Pit# s%ed t"e +irm name) ,Panin-.am#t St#re./ S#) it is ,*r#d Pit# vs. Panin-.am#t St#re./ T"e SC said) t"at is (r#n-. Panin-.am#t St#re is n#t a pers#n. Pan-aIan n- tinda"an iyan. T"e c#rrect pr#ced%re is y#% s%e t"e #(ner beca%se "e is t"e real pers#n. *%t t"e de+ect is n#t really s%bstantial. It is #nly a +#rmal de+ect t"at can easily be c#rrected. ENTITIES AUTHORI E! "# $AW% : 0ive an e1ample #+ an entity a%t"#ri'ed by la( ("ic" can be s%ed alt"#%-" it is n#t a pers#n. A: T"e best e1ample is Secti#n 23 #+ t"is r%le. Section 1.. Entity &itho't ('ridi)al personality as defendant.- /#en t&o or 'ore er!on! not or+ani$ed a! an entity &it# juridical er!onality enter into u tran!action" t#ey 'ay %e !ued under t#e na'e %y &#ic# t#ey are +enerally or co''only 0no&n. In t#e an!&er o* !uc# de*endant t#e na'e! and addre!!e! o* t#e er!on! co' o!in+ !aid entity 'u!t all %e re(ealed. An#t"er e1ample #+ an entity a%t"#ri'ed by la( ("ic" may n#t be a nat%ral #r &%ridical pers#n is a lab#r %ni#n %nder t"e Lab#r C#de. It is an entity a%t"#ri'ed by la( t# +ile a case in be"al+ #+ t"e #+ its members. Alt"#%-" it may n#t "ave been inc#rp#rated %nder t"e C#rp#rati#n La( b%t re-istered %nder t"e Lab#r C#de. : !"# are t"e plainti++s) de+endants$ A: T"e term PLAINTIFF may re+er t# t"e claimin- party) t"e #ri-inal plainti++) t"e c#%nter4claimant) t"e cr#ss4claimant) t"e t"ird 5+#%rt") etc.64 party plainti++. S#) t"e (#rd 7plainti++8 c#vers t"em. T"e term 9EFEN9ANT may re+er t# t"e #ri-inal de+endin- party) t"e de+endant in a c#%nterclaim) t"e cr#ss4de+endant) #r #t"er t"ird 5+#%rt") etc.64party de+endant. T"ese are e1plained in R%le :) Secti#ns :) ; < 22. I. REAL PARTIES IN INTEREST
74
Sec 1. *arties in interest. - A real arty in intere!t i! t#e arty &#o !tand! to %e %ene*ited or injured %y t#e jud+'ent in t#e !uit" or t#e arty entitled to t#e a(ail! o* t#e !uit. 2nle!! ot#er&i!e aut#ori$ed %y la& or t#e!e Rule!" e(ery action 'u!t %e ro!ecuted or de*ended in t#e na'e o* t#e real arty in intere!t. ,1a: !"# is a real party in interest$ A: A real party in interest is t"e party ("# stands t# be bene+ited #r in&%red by t"e &%d-ment in t"e s%it. 5Secti#n =6 T"at is a ne( sentence ta.en +#rm &%rispr%dence beca%se t"e pri#r r%le never -ave a de+initi#n #+ real parties in interest b%t &%rispr%dence -ives a de+initi#n. T"at de+initi#n is ta.en +r#m t"e leadin- case #+ SA$ON+A ,S- WARNER "ARNES . /O- 5;; P"il. 2=36. T"at is e1actly "#( it is de+ined and t"at de+initi#n "as been repeated t"r#%-" t"e years. every action must be prosecuted or defended in the name of the real party in interest S# a c#mplaint is dismissible i+ it is n#t made in t"e name #+ t"e real party in interest. In an acti#n t# rec#ver a piece #+ land ) y#% d# n#t +ile a case a-ainst tenant. >e is n#t t"e real party in interest. ?#% m%st +ile t"e case a-ainst t"e #(ner #+ t"e land. !"en y#% are ridin- in a b%s ("ic" c#llided and y#% (ere in&%red) d# n#t +ile a case a-ainst t"e driver +#r dama-es. ?#%r c#ntract in n#t (it" t"e drive. ?#%r c#ntract is (it" t"e #perat#r. S# y#% +ile a case #+ c%lpa c#ntract%al a-ainst t"e #(ner #r #perat#r. 0ENERAL R@LE: In a breac" #+ c#ntract) t"e real parties in interest are t"e parties t# t"e c#ntract. S# stran-ers) as a r%le) "ave n# b%siness s%inin a c#ntract beca%se t"ey are n#t real parties in interest. EACEPTION: !"en t"ere is a stip%lati#n in t"e c#ntract +av#rable t# a t"ird pers#n 5stip%lati#n p#%r a%tr%i B Art. 2C22) NCC6 E1ample: T"ird4Party Liability 5TPL6 in ins%rance. A ins%red "is car (it" * +#r TPL. A b%mped C. C can +ile a case a-ainst A and * t# rec#ver +r#m t"e ins%rance c#ntract. 3ALI/A4 TRANSIT vs- CO2RT O5 APPEALS 2:D SCRA :ED F2D;D *ARG FACTS: A st%dent ("# (as ridin- in #ne #+ t"e *ali(a- b%ses met an accident. S#) an acti#n (as +iled ("ere t"e parents and t"e in&%red b#y (ere t"e c#4plainti++s a-ainst *ali(a- Transit. !"ile t"e case (as -#in#n) t"e b#y entered int# amicable settlement (it" t"e b%s c#mpany. *ased #n t"e settlement) *ali(a- m#ved t# dismiss t"e case. T"e parents #b&ected) ,!e are #b&ectin- beca%se (e are als# plainti++s. !e didn8t .n#( ab#%t t"e settlement. !e (ere t"e #nes ("# spent m#ney) t"ere+#re it s"#%ld n#t be dismissed simply beca%se #%r s#n is (it"dra(in- t"e case./ >EL9: T"e parents are n#t t"e real party in interest. T"e (ere n#t t"e passen-ers. T"e real parties in a c#ntract #+ carria-e are t"e parties t# t"e c#ntract itsel+. ,In t"e absence #+ any c#ntract #+ carria-e bet(een t"e transp#rtati#n c#mpany and t"e parents #+ t"e in&%red party) t"e parents are n#t real parties in interest in an acti#n +#r breac" #+ c#ntract./ SALON4A vs. /ARNER 3ARNES ;; P"il. 2=3 F*ar Pr#blemG 75
FACTS: Ai'a 0%ad#l#pe decided t# -# abr#ad b%t s"e "as pr#perties in t"e P"ilippines. S# s"e e1ec%ted a special p#(er #+ att#rney in +av#r #+ Hen A. Sabaya": #o' have the f'll po&er to administer0 to )olle)t all my money; to &ithdra& my money in the ban1; &ith f'll po&er to s'e these people &ho o&e me; &ith the a'thority to hire a la&yer; and enter into a )ontra)t- *ra)ti)ally0 yo' are my alter e2o-% And t"en Ai'a (ent abr#ad. Hen started t# mana-e t"e pr#perty. One #+ t"e tenants +ailed t# pay rentals. S# in acc#rdance (it" t"e a%t"#rity) "e "ired a la(yer. In preparati#n #+ t"e c#mplaint) it (as stated t"at) , Hen) plainti++ vs. Le(ee ?#da) de+endant./ ISS@E: Is t"e acti#n pr#perly +iled$ >EL9: NO. T"e real pr#perty in interest is t"e principal) t"e #(ner #+ t"e pr#perty. Hen is #nly an att#rney4 in4+act. An att#rney4in4+act cann#t %se in "is #(n name beca%se "e is n#t t"e real party in interest. Hen is -iven t"e a%t"#rity t# s%e) t# mana-e) "ire a la(yer b%t n#t as t"e plainti++ beca%se t"e real party in interest is Ai'a. T"e c#mplaint s"#%ld be name as ,Ai'a) plainti++ vs. Lee(ee ?#da) de+endant./ ?aanI : S%pp#se Hen) t"e la(yer (ill amend t"e c#mplaint: ,Hen) as att#rney4in4+act #+ Ai'a) plainti++ vs- Lee(ee ?#da) de+endant/ is t"e c#mplaint pr#perly +iled. A: NO. T"is is even (#rse beca%se Hen is admittin- t"at "e is #nly an att#rney4in4+act. T"e m#re reas#n na na"alata .a t"at "e is n#t t"e real party in interest. I+ Hen (ants t# incl%de t"e "is name) it s"#%ld be: ,Ai'a) plainti++) represented by Hen) "is att#rney4in4+act vs. Lee(ee ?#da) de+endant./ : 9#es t"e la( reJ%ire Ai'a t# c#me "ere t# +ile t"e case$ A: NO. Ta.e n#te t"at t"e la( d#es n#t reJ%ire t"e principal 5A6 t# c#me bac. t# +ile t"e case beca%se) t"e la( d#es n#t say ,every acti#n m%st be pr#sec%ted and de+endant 36 t"e real party in interest./ >indi naman sinabin- ,by/ e". S# an att#rney4in4+act can pr#sec%te #r de+end a party b%t in t"e name #+ t"e real party in interest. T"e real party in interest "as s%bmitted t# t"e &%risdicti#n #+ t"e c#%rt by +ilin- t"e c#mplaint t"r#%-" "is la(yer. II. REPRESENTATIVE PART6 Sec. 3. Representatives as parties. - /#ere t#e action i! allo&ed to %e ro!ecuted or de*ended %y a re re!entati(e or !o'eone actin+ in a *iduciary ca acity" t#e %ene*iciary !#all %e included in t#e title o* t#e ca!e and !#all %e dee'ed to %e t#e real arty in intere!t. A re re!entati(e 'ay %e a tru!tee o* an e7 re!! tru!t" a +uardian" an e7ecutor or ad'ini!trator" or a arty aut#ori$ed %y la& or t#e!e Rule!. An a+ent actin+ in #i! o&n na'e and *or t#e %ene*it o* an undi!clo!ed rinci al 'ay !ue or %e !ued &it#out joinin+ t#e rinci al e7ce t &#en t#e contract in(ol(e! t#in+! %elon+in+ to t#e rinci al. ,3aSecti#n C is a rela1ati#n #+ Secti#n = beca%se %nder Secti#n =) y#% cann#t s%e and be s%ed i+ y#% are n#t t"e real party in interest. *%t Secti#n C all#(s #ne ("# is n#t a real party in interest t# s%e and be s%ed in be"al+ #+ s#meb#dy else. It is p#ssible i+ y#% can J%ali+y as a representative party. E7a' le: 0@AR9IAN. S%pp#se K%dee) a min#r (as in&%red. A case +#r dama-es "as t# be +iled in be"al+ #+ t"e min#r. A min#r cann#t %se and be s%ed b%t s"e is t"e real party in interest. T"e la( all#(s t"e parents t# c#me in and als# be t"e plainti++. T"e parents are ("at (e t"e representative party. T"e la( still reJ%ires +#r t"e min#r t# be incl%ded in t"e case. T"e la( states t"at ,t"e bene+iciary s"all be incl%ded in t"e title #+ t"e case and s"all be deemed t# be t"e real party in interest./ E7a' le: TR@STEEL EAEC@TORL A9MINISTRATOR. An#t"er e1ample is a tr%stee #+ an e1press tr%st) #r e1ec%t#r #r administrat#r #+ t"e estate #+ a deceased pers#n. !"en a pers#n dies) ("at s%rvives a+ter "im is "is estate ("ic" represent 76
everyt"in- t"at is le+t be"ind. T"is later #n (ill be -iven t# "is "eirs. *%t +#r t"e meantime %nder t"e la( #n s%ccessi#n) t"e e1ec%t#r #r administrat#r (ill ta.e c"ar-e #+ "is pr#perty. : I+ t"e estate #+ t"e deceased "as s#me c#llectibles) ("# (ill +ile t"e case$ A: T"e administrat#r #r e1ec%t#r as t"e representative party. I+ y#% (ant t# s%e t"e estate) y#% s"#%ld s%e t"e estate t"r#%-" t"e administrat#r #r e1ec%t#r. C8IN4 vs- CO2RT O5 APPEALS 2;2 SCRA D FACTS: An-el Maya (anted t# s%e 9evil K#"n ("# #(e "er a s%m #+ m#ney. T"e pr#blem is) s"e cann#t l#cate K#"n8s ("ereab#%ts. Als#) Maya (as n#t certain ("et"er K#"n is dead #r alive. S#) t# play it sa+e) ("at t"e Maya did (as t# +ile a case a-ainst t"e ,de+endant andN#r t"e estate #+ de+endant./ Maya #btained a &%d-ment a-ainst t"e 7de+endant andN#r t"e estate #+ de+endant.8 Later #n ("en t"e &%d-ment (as en+#rced) it t%rned #%t t"at t"e K#"n (as already dead 5ts.I ts.I6 b%t "e "as pr#perties le+t be"ind. S#) t"ey started t# ta.e "#ld #+ t"eir pr#perties. N#() t"e "eirs #+ t"e K#"n c"allen-ed t"e decisi#n. ISS@E: !"et"er #r n#t t"ere (as a valid &%d-ment a-ainst t"e 7de+endantN#r t"e estate #+ t"e de+endant./ >EL9: T"e decisi#n is v#id. ,T"e decisi#n #+ t"e l#(er c#%rt ins#+ar as t"e deceased is c#ncerned) is v#id +#r lac. #+ &%risdicti#n #ver "is pers#n. >e (as n#t) and "e c#%ld n#t "ave been validly served (it" s%mm#ns. >e "ad n# m#re civil pers#nality. >is &%ridical pers#nality) t"at is +itness t# be s%b&ect #+ le-al relati#ns) (as l#st t"r#%-" deat" 5Arts. CO and E= Civil C#de6./ ,T"e same c#ncl%si#n (#%ld still inevitably be reac"ed n#t(it"standin- &#inder #+ *8s estate as c#4 de+endant. It is a (ell4settled r%le t"at an estate can s%e #r be s%ed t"r#%-" an e1ec%t#r #r administrat#r in "is representative capacity./ S#) t"e C#%rt cited Secti#n C. In #rder t# bind t"e estate) y#% s"#%ld s%e t"e e1ec%t#r #r t"e administrat#r #+ "is estate. S#) eit"er (ay) t"e case cann#t pr#sper. T"e last sentence #+ Secti#n C: An a+ent actin+ in #i! o&n na'e and *or t#e %ene*it o* an undi!clo!ed rinci al 'ay !ue or %e !ued &it#out joinin+ t#e rinci al e7ce t &#en t#e contract in(ol(e! t#in+! %elon+in+ to t#e rinci al. T"e a-ent cann#t s%e beca%se t"e principal is t"e real party in interest. *%t ("en an a-ent acts in "is #(n name and +#r t"e bene+it #+ an %ndiscl#sed principal) "e may s%e and be s%ed) EACEPT ("en t"e c#ntract inv#lves t"in-s bel#n-in- t# t"e principal. @nder t"e e1cepti#n) t"e principal "as really t# be incl%ded. T"e a-ent cann#t +ile a case ("ere t"e principal (ill l#se "is pr#perty (it"#%t bein- named as part t# t"e case. Sec 9. Spo'ses as parties. - 8u!%and and &i*e !#all !ue or %e !ued jointly" e7ce t a! ro(ided %y la&. ,9aN#rmally) t"e "%sband and t"e (i+e s"#%ld s%e and be s%ed t#-et"er. Even i+ t"e (i+e b#rr#(ed m#ney al#ne and y#% (ant t# s%e t"e (#man) still t"e "%sband s"#%ld be incl%ded. !"y$ In t"e pr#perty relati#ns"ip bet(een t"e "%sband and (i+e) t"ey are -#verned by abs#l%te c#mm%nity #r c#n&%-al partners"ip. !"et"er y#% li.e it #r n#t) t"e implicati#n #+ t"e (i+e is als# t"e implicati#n #+ t"e "%sband beca%se #+ t"e pr#perty relati#ns"ip.
77
In t"e same manner) i+ t"e (i+e (ants t# c#llect) even i+ t"e "%sband d#es n#t .n#( anyt"in- ab#%t it) t"e "%sband s"#%ld still be named as party plainti++) #n t"e -r#%nd a-ain t"at in t"e inc#me t"at s"e can -et red#%nds t# t"e bene+it #+ t"e c#n&%-al partners"ip. And t"ere (ere decided cases in t"e part ("ere even i+ +#r e1ample) a (i+e s%es (it"#%t t"e "%sband) t"e de+ect is n#t +atal b%t merely +#rmat. T"e c#mplaint s"#%ld n#t be dismissed. All t"at is t# be d#ne is t# amend t"e c#mplaint impleadin- t"e "%sband. 5C%y%-an vs. 9i'#n) O: P"il. ;P6 : 0ive an e1cepti#n t# t"at -eneral r%le t"at "%sband and (i+e s"all s%e #r be s%ed &#intly. A: T"e EACEPTION is in case #+ C#mplete Separati#n #+ Pr#perty 5Article 2E3) Family C#de6) and %nder Article 222) Family C#de: Art. 111. A ! ou!e o* a+e 'ay 'ort+a+e" alienate" encu'%er or ot#er&i!e di! o!e o* #i! or #er e7clu!i(e ro erty &it#out t#e con!ent o* t#e ot#er ! ou!e and a ear alone in court to liti+ate &it# re+ard to t#e !a'e. 34amily /ode5 Sec .. 6inor or in)ompetent persons. - A 'inor or a er!on alle+ed to %e inco' etent" 'ay !ue or %e !ued" &it# t#e a!!i!tance o* #i! *at#er" 'ot#er" +uardian" or i* #e #a! none" a +uardian ad litem. ,.aSecti#n 3 is related t# Secti#n C. T"e min#r #r inc#mpetent pers#n m%st be assisted by t"e parents and c#nsidered as representative party. Inc#mpetent pers#ns incl%des insane pe#ple #r mentally retarded pe#ple. T"ey are s%pp#sed t# be %nder t"e c%st#dy #+ #t"er pers#ns) t"e -%ardians. I+ n# -%ardian) t"e c#%rt "as t# app#int a -%ardian called t"e -%ardian ad litemIII. PER:ISSIVE PART6 Sec ;. *ermissive (oinder of parties. - All er!on! in &#o' or a+ain!t any ri+#t to relie* in re! ect to or ari!in+ out o* t#e !a'e tran!action or !erie! o* tran!action! i! alle+ed to e7i!t" &#et#er jointly" !e(erally" or in t#e alternati(e" 'ay" e7ce t a! ot#er&i!e ro(ided in t#e!e Rule!" join a! lainti**! or %e joined a! de*endant! in one co' laint" &#ere any <ue!tion o* la& or *act co''on to all !uc# lainti**! or to all !uc# de*endant! 'ay ari!e in t#e action= %ut t#e court 'ay 'a0e !uc# order! a! 'ay %e ju!t to re(ent any lainti** or de*endant *ro' %ein+ e'%arra!!ed or ut to e7 en!e in connection &it# any roceedin+! in &#ic# #e 'ay #a(e no intere!t. ,;Secti#n : is .n#(n as permissive &#inder #+ parties. T"is is related t# Secti#n 3 FaG #+ R%le = #n &#inder #+ ca%ses #+ acti#n beca%se ("en t"ere is pr#per &#inder #+ parties) necessarily t"ere is als# a%t#matic &#inder #+ ca%ses #+ acti#n. *%t t"ere c#%ld be &#inder #+ ca%ses #+ acti#n (it"#%t &#inder #+ parties. : May t(# #r m#re pers#ns &#in in #ne c#mplaint as plainti++s$ Or can t(# #r m#re pers#ns be &#ined t#-et"er as de+endants$ A: ?ES) %nder t(# c#nditi#ns) t# (it: 2.6 T"ere is a ri-"t t# relie+ in +av#r #+ #r a-ainst #r a-ainst t"e parties &#ined in respect t# #r arisin- #%t #+ t"e same transacti#n #r series #+ transacti#nsL and =.6 T"ere is a J%esti#n #+ la( #r +act c#mm#n t# t"e parties &#ined in t"e acti#n.
78
PRO*LEM: S%pp#se s#me passen-ers ridin- a partic%lar c#mm#n carrier are in&%red beca%se #+ an accident. All #+ t"em (ant t# s%e t"e #perat#r #+ t"e carrier +#r dama-es arisin- #%t #+ t"e breac" #+ c#ntract #+ carria-e. @nder t"e La( #n Transp#rtati#n) it p#ssible +#r eac" passen-er t# +ile "is #(n case beca%se #%r ca%ses #+ acti#n are di++erent +r#m eac" #t"er. *%t can t"ey be &#ined t#-et"er in #ne c#mplaint a-ainst t"e c#mm#n carrier$ A: ?ES beca%se t"ere is a c#mm#n J%esti#n #+ la( #r +act in t"e ca%ses #+ acti#ns #+ t"e in&%red passen-ers: t"e evidence is identicalL t"e iss%es ("et"er t"e carrier is at +a%lt are t"e cameL t"e (itnesses +#r b#t" parties (ill be t"e sameL t"e rep#rt (ill be t"e sameL t"e de+ense #+ t"e #perat#r a-ainst #ne party (ill be t"e same de+ense as a-ainst t"e #t"er passen-er. S#) since t"ere is a c#mm#n den#minat#r #n t"eir ca%ses #+ acti#n) t"ey can be &#ined. It (#%ld be di++erent i+ t"e passen-ers (ere ridin- #n di++erent b%ses bel#n-in- t# t"e same c#mpany) and all #+ t"em met an accident. !"at "appened t# Passen-er N#. 2 d#es n#t c#ncern Passen-er N#. =. T"e evidence (ill n#t be t"e same. S#) t"ere is n# c#mm#n den#minat#r B n# c#mm#n J%esti#n #+ +act. T"ere+#re) t"ey cann#t be &#ined. PRO*LEM: S%pp#se a st#ry appeared in t"e InJ%irer ("ere 3 pe#ple (ere called as &%eten- .in-s. T"ey (ere alle-edly inv#lved in &%eten- B t"ese are t"e &%eten- .in-s: Hen) Hennet") Francis) T"ad and S"eri++. N#() t"e +ive #+ t"em (ant t# s%e t"e InJ%irer +#r dama-es arisin- +r#m libel. Is it p#ssible +#r t"e +ive 536 pe#ple named in t"e article t# +ile #nly #ne c#mplaint a-ainst t"e edit#r and p%blis"er #+ t"e InJ%irer$ A: ?ES beca%se it is #+ t"e same st#ry. T"eir names appeared in t"e same st#ry. It is n#t a di++erent iss%e. S# t"ere is a c#mm#n J%esti#n #+ act la( in t"eir ca%se #+ acti#n. PRO*LEM: Myra) ("ile drivin- a car) b%mped an#t"er ve"icle) in&%rin- t"e driver and ca%sin- in&%ry t# #t"er passen-ers. S#) t"ere are t"ree #++ended parties : t"e #(ner #+ t"e ve"icle) t"e driver #+ t"e ve"icle ) and t"e passen-er. T"ere are t"ree5C6 ca%ses #+ acti#n. Can t"ey &#in in #ne c#mplaint a-ainst Myra) t"e #(ner #+ t"e car ("ic" b%mped t"em$ A: ?ES beca%se t"ere is a c#mm#n J%esti#n #+ +act and la(. T"ere is #nly #ne accident. : *%t s%pp#se t"e t"ree #+ t"em (ill +ile C separate cases a-ainst Myra) p%(ede$ A: P%(ede) beca%se permissive &#inder #+ parties is n#t mandat#ry. Haya n-a 7permissive8 e"I It is n#t mandat#ry b%t #pti#nal alt"#%-" t"e la( enc#%ra-es permissive &#inder #+ parities. : !"y d#es t"e la( enc#%ra-e &#inder #+ parties$ A: T"e +#ll#(in- are t"e reas#ns: 2.6 =.6 C.6 E.6 t# pr#m#te c#nvenience in trialL t# prevent m%ltiplicity #+ s%itsL t# e1pedite t"e terminati#n #+ t"e liti-ati#nL and t# attain ec#n#my #+ pr#ced%re %nder ("ic" several demands arisin- #%t #+ t"e same #cc%rrence may be tried t#-et"er t"%s av#idin- t"e repetiti#n #+ evidence relatin- t# +acts c#mm#n t# t"e -eneral demands.
N#() ta.e n#te t"at ("en t"ere is &#inder #+ parties) t"ere is a%t#matically a &#inder #+ ca%ses #+ acti#n. T"at is ("y #ne #+ t"e c#nditi#ns #+ limitati#ns in &#inder #+ ca%ses #+ acti#n is y#% m%st #bserve t"e r%le #n &#inder #+ parties. I+ &#inder #+ parties is impr#per %nder R%le C) t"e &#inder #+ ca%ses #+ acti#n is als# pr#per %nder R%le =) Secti#n 3 Principle: !>EN T>ERE IS KOIN9ER OF PARTIES) T>ERE IS ALSO A KOIN9ER OF CA@SES OF ACTION. *@T T>ERE CAN *E A KOIN9ER OF CA@SES OF ACTION !IT>O@T A KOIN9ER OF PARTIES. Paan# y%n$ EAAMPLE: !"en t"ere is #nly #ne plainti++ and #ne de+endant: S%pp#se Melissa (ill sec%re t"ree 5C6 l#ans +r#m me. : >#( many ca%ses #+ acti#n d# I "ave i+ Melissa (ill n#t pay me$ A: T"ree 5C6 man baI 79
: N#() can I &#in t"em in #ne c#mplaint$ A: ?es. : Is t"ere &#inder #+ ca%ses #+ acti#n$ A: ?es. : Is t"ere &#inder #+ parties$ A: NONE) beca%se t"ere is #nly #ne plainti++ and #ne de+endant. S#) t"ere can be &#inder #+ ca%ses #+ acti#n (it"#%t &#inder #+ parties beca%se t"ere is #nly #ne plainti++ and #ne de+endant. *%t i+ y#% &#in parties in R%le C) a%t#matically) t"ere is &#inder #+ ca%ses #+ acti#n. T"is is t"e relati#ns"ip #+ t"ese t(# pr#visi#ns. Finally) t"e last t(# types #+ parties t# t"e acti#n are t"e s#4called indispensable parties and necessary parties. 5Secti#n O and Secti#n ;) respectively6 IN>ISPENSA3LE PART6 and NECESSAR6 PARTIES Sec. ?. /omp'lsory (oinder of indispensable parties. Partie! in intere!t &it#out &#o' no *inal deter'ination can %e #ad o* an action !#all %e joined eit#er a! lainti**! or de*endant!. ,?Sec. @. Ne)essary party. A nece!!ary arty i! one &#o i! not indi! en!a%le %ut &#o ou+#t to %e joined a! a arty i* co' lete relie* i! to %e accorded a! to t#o!e already artie!" or *or a co' lete deter'ination or !ettle'ent o* t#e clai' !u%ject o* t#e action. ,@aTa.e n#te t"at %nder t"e Old R%les) Secti#n ;) t"e party t"ere (as called 7pr#per party.8 N#( t"ey c"an-e t"e (#rd +r#m 7pr#per party8 t# 7necessary party.8 T"is read#pts t"e #ld name %nder t"e 2DEP R%les. @nder t"e #ld r%les) t"e parties (ere eit"er indispensable #r necessary. T"en %nder t"e 2D:E R%le) it (as c"an-ed +r#m 7necessary8 t# 7pr#per.8 N#() %nder t"e ne( r%le) bac. t# its #ld name: 7necessary party.8 : 9istin-%is" indispensable +r#m necessary party. A: An IN9ISPENSA*LE PART? m%st be &#ined %nder any and all c#nditi#ns) "is presence bein- a sine 7'a non #+ t"e e1ercise #+ &%dicial p#(er) +#r (it"#%t "im) n# +inal determinati#n can be "ad #+ t"e acti#n. 5*#rlasa vs. P#listic#) EO P"il. CE36 A NECESSAR? PART? #%-"t t# be &#ined ("enever p#ssible in #rder t# ad&%dicate t"e ("#le c#ntr#versy and av#id m%ltiplicity #+ s%its) b%t i+ +#r s#me reas#n #r an#t"er "e cann#t be &#ined) t"e c#%rt may pr#ceed (it"#%t "im and t"e &%d-ment s"all n#t pre&%dice "is ri-"ts. 5Ibid-6 : 0ive e1amples #+ indispensable party. A: In an acti#n +#r partiti#n #+ land) all t"e c#4#(ners t"ere#+ are indispensable parties. 59e Lara vs. 9e Lara) = P"il. =DE6 In an acti#n +#r ann%lment #+ partiti#n) all #+ t"e "eirs m%st be made parties. 5Caram vs. CA) 2P2 P"il. C236 In an acti#n +#r rec#very #+ #(ners"ip #+ land) t"e pers#n ("# claims t# be t"e #(ner #+ t"e land is t"e indispensable party de+endant and n#t t"e #ne in p#ssessi#n as tenant. 5Sanidad vs. Cab#ta&e) 3 P"il. =PEL Man'a vs. Santia-#) D: P"il. DC;6 : 0ive e1amples #+ necessary party. A: In an acti#n +#r c#llecti#n #+ debt instit%ted by t"e credit#r a-ainst t"e s%rety) t"e principal debt#r is merely a necessary party. 5VaQ# vs. Al#) D3 P"il. ED36 In an acti#n +#r rec#very #+ debt instit%ted by t"e credit#r a-ainst t"e debt#r) t"e -%arant#r #r s%rety is merely a necessary pr#perty. 5Ibid-6 In an acti#n +#r +#recl#s%re #+ a real estate m#rt-a-e instit%ted by t"e +irst m#rt-a-ee) t"e sec#nd m#rt-a-ee is merely a necessary party. 5S#mes vs. 0#v8t #+ P"il.) := P"il. EC=6
80
REVIE!: !"at is t"e di++erence bet(een a s%rety and a -%arant#r$ T"e liability #+ -%arant#r t# t"e credit#r is #nly sec#ndary. Meanin-) t"e -%arant#r is #nly liable t# t"e credit#r i+ t"e principal debt#r cann#t pay li.e ("en t"e debt#r is ins#lvent. On t"e #t"er "and) a s%rety is principally liable t# t"e credit#r ("et"er #r n#t t"e debt#r can pay. PRO*LEM: In credit transacti#ns) t"ere is a credit#r) debt#r and s%rety. 9ebt#r b#rr#(ed m#ney +r#m t"e credit#r) t"en an#t"er acted as t"e s%rety. N#() s%pp#se t"e debt#r (ill n#t pay) t"e credit#r +iles n#( a case a-ainst t"e s%rety (it"#%t t"e debt#r. T"e debt#r (as n#t incl%ded in t"e case. : Can t"e case pr#ceed even (it"#%t t"e debt#r bein- s%ed$ A: ?ES) t"e case may pr#ceed. N#() t"e s%rety may be #rdered t# pay. Per# ba- binayaran n- s%rety iy#n- credit#r) ("at (ill "e d# ne1t$ >e (ill n#( s%e t"e principal debt#r +#r reimb%rsement. Meanin-) t"ere is still a +%t%re case. T"%s) t"ere c#%ld be n# c#mplete relie+ bet(een t"#se ("# are parties. S#) t"e debt#r is a necessary party) and n#t indispensable. *%t it is advisable t# &#in t"e debt#r in #ne case) para pa- na-4claim an- credit#r +r#m t"e s%rety) t"e latter can a%t#matically claim +r#m t"e debt#r. Pan-4 #ne time baI PRO*LEM: H%ya M#rt' b#rr#(ed m#ney +r#m 9#Qa E%-enia a...a. 0enie. Ate Maya is t"e -%arant#r. T"e 9#Qa 0enie +iled a case a-ainst H%ya M#rt'. S"e did n#t incl%de t"e -%arant#r. : Can t"e case pr#ceed even (it"#%t t"e -%arant#r$ : ?ES beca%se t"e -%arant#r is merely a necessary party. And i+ t"e debt#r t%rns #%t t# be ins#lvent) t"e credit#r (ill n#( +ile an#t"er case a-ainst t"e -%arant#r. REVIE!: !"at is t"e di++erence bet(een &#int debt#rs and s#lidary debt#rs$ In s#lidary) t"e credit#r can c#llect t"e ("#le #bli-ati#n +r#m any #+ t"e debt#rs (it"#%t pre&%dice t# t"e ri-"t #+ t"e latter +#r reimb%rsement #+ "is s"are in t"e #bli-ati#n +r#m "is c#4debt#rs. On t"e #t"er "and) in &#int #bli-ati#n) t"e credit#r can #nly -et +r#m a debt#r t"e latter8s s"are in t"e ("#le #bli-ati#n. Meanin-) t"e credit#r cann#t c#mpel t"e debt#r t# pay t"e s"are #+ "is c#4debt#r. Hanya4.anya tay#. PRO*LEM: Man%el and Cat"y are KOINT debt#rs #+ P2PP)PPP 53P43P s"arin-6. 9#Qa E%-enia is t"e credit#r. *#t" did n#t pay 9#Qa E%-enia. : I+ 9#Qa E%-enia +iles a case a-ainst Man%el #nly) can t"e case pr#ceed (it"#%t Cat"y$ A: ?ES b%t 9#Qa E%-enia can #nly c#llect +r#m Man%el %p t# P3P)PPP #nly beca%se #+ t"eir &#int #bli-ati#n. Cat"y is #nly necessary ins#+ar as Man%el8s s"are is c#ncern. *%t Man%el is indispensable party ins#+ar as "is s"are is c#ncern. : *%t i+ 9#Qa E%-enia (ants t# c#llect t"e entire P2PP)PPP) ("at s"#%ld s"e d#$ A: S"e s"#%ld +ile a case a-ainst b#t" Man%el and Cat"y. PRO*LEM: Man%el and Cat"y are SOLI9AR? debt#rs #+ P2PP)PPP 53P43P s"arin-6. 9#Qa E%-enia is t"e credit#r. *#t" did n#t pay 9#Qa E%-enia. : I+ 9#Qa E%-enia +iles a case a-ainst Man%el #nly) can t"e case pr#ceed (it"#%t Cat"y$ A: ?ES and Man%el is reJ%ired t# pay 9#Qa E%-enia t"e ("#le am#%nt #+ t"e debt beca%se #+ s#lidary #bli-ati#n. T"en Man%el can pr#ceed a-ainst Cat"y +#r reimb%rsement. *e is merely necessary party. Sec. A. Non8(oinder of ne)essary parties to be pleaded- /#ene(er in any leadin+ in &#ic# a clai' i! a!!erted a nece!!ary arty i! not joined" t#e leader !#all !et *ort# #i! na'e" i* 0no&n" and !#all !tate &#y #e i! o'itted. S#ould t#e court *ind t#e rea!on *or t#e o'i!!ion un'eritoriou!" it 'ay order t#e inclu!ion o* t#e o'itted nece!!ary arty i* juri!diction o(er #i! er!on 'ay %e o%tained. T#e *ailure to co' ly &it# t#e order *or #i! inclu!ion" &it#out ju!ti*ia%le cau!e" !#all %e dee'ed a &ai(er o* t#e clai' a+ain!t !uc# arty. T#e non-inclu!ion o* a nece!!ary arty doe! not re(ent t#e court *ro' roceedin+ in t#e action" and t#e jud+'ent rendered t#erein !#all %e &it#out rejudice to t#e ri+#t! o* !uc# nece!!ary arty. ,@a" Aa81
I+ y#% d# n#t implead a necessary party) y#% m%st -ive an e1planati#n ("y did y#% n#t implead "im. T"e la( reJ%ires as m%c" as p#ssible t"at all parties be impleaded t# av#id m%ltiplicity #+ s%its. EAAMPLE: Tat# ,T"e >%n./ +iles a case a-ainst Andre ,T"e >ippie/) a s%rety) (it"#%t incl%din- S"eri++ ,T"e P%n./ as t"e debt#r. In t"e c#mplaint #+ Tat#) "e s"all e1plain ("y "e is n#t incl%din- S"eri++. Ass%min- t"at a necessary party cann#t be impleaded) "is n#n4incl%si#n d#es n#t prevent t"e c#%rt +r#m pr#ceedin- (it" t"e acti#n. T"e &%d-ment rendered s"all be (it"#%t pre&%dice t# t"e ri-"ts #+ s%c" necessary party. >#(ever) i+ t"e c#%rt +inds n# valid reas#n +#r n#t impleadin- a party) t"e c#%rt may #rder t"e incl%si#n #+ t"e necessary party %nder Secti#n D. And ta.e n#te t"at %nder t"e ne( r%les) t"e +ail%re t# c#mply (it" t"e #rder #+ incl%si#n (it"#%t &%sti+iable ca%se s"all be deemed a (aiver #+ t"e claim a-ainst s%c" 5necessary6 party. EAAMPLE: I+ Tat#) (it"#%t &%sti+iable ca%se) re+%ses t# incl%de S"eri++ despite t"e #rder #+ t"e c#%rt) and later #n) Andre cann#t als# pay Tat#) t"ere is n# (ay n#( +#r Tat# t# -# a-ainst S"eri++ anym#re beca%se "e 5Tat#6 +ailed t# c#mply (it" t"e #rder #+ incl%si#n (it"#%t &%sti+iable ca%se. Sec. 10. Un&illin2 )o8plaintiff- I* t#e con!ent o* any arty &#o !#ould %e joined a! lainti** can not %e o%tained" #e 'ay %e 'ade a de*endant and t#e rea!on t#ere*or !#all %e !tated in t#e co' laint. ,10T"is is partic%larly tr%e (it" IN9ISPENSA*LE parties B t"e case cann#t pr#ceed (it"#%t y#%. EAAMPLE : T"ere are E br#t"ers and 2 sister. T"ey "ave t# +ile a case a-ainst s#meb#dy t# rec#ver pr#perty ("ic" t"ey believe (as #(ned by t"eir parents. T"en) br#t"er E say t# sister 2) ,Let %s +ile a case./ *%t sabi ni sister 2) ,Pilitin m# m%na a.#./ T"en s"e says) ,Ay#.# n-a) "indi m# a.# pinilit e"I/ Meanin-) all #+ t"em (ill s%++er beca%se aya( ni sister 2 ma-4+ile n.as#. : N#() ("at is t"e remedy #+ t"e E br#t"ers$ A: @nder Secti#n 2P) incl%de t"e #ne ("# re+%sed as #ne #+ t"e de+endants. I+ t"ere is %n(illin- plainti++) name "im as de+endant ("et"er "e li.es it #r n#t. MISKOIN9ER AN9 NON4KOIN9ER OF PARTIES Sec. 11. 6is(oinder and non8(oinder of parties. Neit#er 'i!joinder nor non-joinder o* artie! i! +round *or di!'i!!al o* an action. Partie! 'ay %e dro ed or added %y order o* t#e court on 'otion o* any arty or on it! o&n initiati(e at any !ta+e o* t#e action and on !uc# ter'! a! are ju!t. Any clai' a+ain!t a 'i!joined arty 'ay %e !e(ered and roceeded &it# !e arately. ,11aT"is is similar t# Secti#n : #+ R%le = B mis&#inder #+ ca%ses #+ acti#n is n#t a -r#%nd +#r dismissal #+ an acti#n. Mis&#inder #r n#n4&#inder at parties is n#t a -r#%nd +#r a m#ti#n t# dismiss beca%se at any sta-e #+ t"e case) t"e c#%rt can #rder a mis&#ined party t# be rem#ved #r a party n#t &#ined t# be incl%ded. : 9# y#% .n#( ("at 76IS9OIN!ER #+ parties8 mean$ A: It means t"at t(# #r m#re parties s"#%ld n#t be &#ined b%t t"ey are impr#perly &#ined. A -##d e1ample is) i+ t"ere is n# c#mm#n J%esti#n #+ +act #r la(. Meanin-) y#% d# n#t "ave any b%siness t# be "ere b%t y#% are &#ined #r mis&#ined. T"at is ("at (e call mis&#inder #+ parties. It is als# .n#(n as ,sp%ri#%s class s%it./ !ell) 7NON8 9OIN!ER: is di++erent. A party ("# s"#%ld be &#ined (as n#t &#ined s%c" as a necessary party. 82
: !"at "appens i+ a party is mis&#ined #r i+ t"ere is a n#n4&#inder) s"#%ld t"e case be dismissed$ A: N#t) t"at is n#t a -r#%nd +#r dismissal. : S# ("at is t"e remedy t"en$ A: T"e remedy is t# #rder t"e rem#val #+ t"e party ("# is mis&#ined) #r t# #rder t"e incl%si#n #+ t"e party ("# s"#%ld be &#ined. And t"at is n#t a de+ect ("ic" s"#%ld ca%se t"e dismissal #+ t"e case beca%se t"e can al(ays iss%e an #rder #rderin- t"e rem#val #+ a mis&#ined party #r t"e incl%si#n #+ &#inder #+ a party ("# s"#%ld be incl%ded. : 9#es it mean t# say t"ere+#re) t"at t"e plainti++ "as t"e license t# incl%de anyb#dy in an acti#n$ Li.e +#r e1ample) I "ave a case a-ainst s#meb#dy in t"e class) t"e tr#%ble is in t"e meantime) I cann#t identi+y ("# am#n- y#% ("# did t"e (r#n- t# me. S# I (ill +ile a case a-ainst all #+ y#%. Any(ay later #n) I can d%mp y#% .%n- "indi .a tala-a sabit. N#() is t"is all#(ed$ A: NO. T"at is n#t a license. !"at t"e la( c#ntemplates) acc#rdin- t# t"e SC) t"e party (as &#ined in -##d +ait" believint"at "e (as a de+endant b%t act%ally it t%rned #%t t# be (r#n-. S#) y#% "ave n# ri-"t t# s%e anyb#dy &%st li.e t"at. T"at is n#t an e1c%se +#r s%in- any party le+t and ri-"t. In t"e case #+ REP23LIC vs. SAN>I4AN3A6AN 2OC SCRA O= F2D;DG >EL9: Secti#n 22 #+ R%le C ,d#es n#t c#mpre"end ("imsical and irrati#nal dr#ppin- #r addin- #+ parties in a c#mplaint. !"at it really c#ntemplates is err#ne#%s #r mista.en n#n4&#inder and mis&#inder #+ parties. N# #ne is +ree t# &#in anyb#dy in a c#mplaint in c#%rt #nly t# dr#p "im %ncerem#ni#%sly later at t"e pleas%re #+ t"e plainti++. T"e r%le pres%pp#ses t"at t"e #ri-inal incl%si#n "ad been made in t"e "#nest c#nvicti#n t"at it (as pr#per and t"e s%bseJ%ent dr#ppin- is reJ%ested beca%se it t%rned #%t t"at s%c" incl%si#n (as a mista.e./ CLASS S@IT SEC. 11. /lass s'it. /#en t#e !u%ject 'atter o* t#e contro(er!y i! one o* co''on or +eneral intere!t to 'any er!on! !o nu'erou! t#at it i! i' ractica%le to join all a! artie!" a nu'%er o* t#e' &#ic# t#e court *ind! to %e !u**iciently nu'erou! and re re!entati(e a! to *ully rotect t#e intere!t! o* all concerned 'ay !ue or de*end *or t#e %ene*it o* all. Any arty in intere!t !#all #a(e t#e ri+#t to inter(ene to rotect #i! indi(idual intere!t. ,11aAs a 0ENERAL R@LE) i+ t"ere are several real parties in interest) t"ey s"all be incl%ded in t"e case ("et"er indispensable #r necessary. E1ample: T"ere are CP #+ %s. T"e -eneral r%le is t"at all parties in interest) indispensable #r necessary s"all be incl%ded. EACEPTION t# t"e 0eneral R%le: Class S%it. Meanin-) s#me #+ y#% (ill s%e t# represent t"e rest. T"at is als# .n#(n as t"e ,d#ctrine #+ virt%al representati#n./ T"e c#ncept #+ a class s%it (as +irst en%nciated in t"e #ld case #+ 3ORLABA vs. POLISTICO EO P"il. CE3 FACTS: T"is case "as s#met"in- t# d# (it" ra++le. A -r#%p #+ pe#ple decided t# +#rm an ass#ciati#n ("ic" t"ey called ,T%rn%"an- P#listic#./ ?#% bec#me a member #+ t"is ass#ciati#n by c#ntrib%tin- a certain s%m #+ m#ney. And t"en every S%nday a+ter mass) "al+ #+ t"e c#llecti#n (ill -# t# t"e treas%rer #+ t"e ass#ciati#n. T"e #t"er "al+ (ill be ra++led #++. T"is "as been -#in- #n +#r m#nt"s and years. T"e time came ("en t"e +%nds #+ t"e ass#ciati#n became very bi-. S#me #+ t"e members) in be"al+ #+ all t"e members) decided t# +ile a case a-ainst t"e #++icers t# render an acc#%ntin- #+ all t"e am#%nts. T"e real parties in interest (#%ld be t"e members.
83

ISS@E: Is t"e s%it +iled by s#me members in be"al+ #+ s#me members pr#per$
>EL9: ?ES) beca%se i+ !e (ill reJ%ire all t"e members t# appear) it (ill be J%ite imp#ssible. T"ere+#re) s#me members m%st be made t# s%e b%t #nly in be"al+ #+ all t"e members ("# are n#t ar#%nd and it is impracticable t# brin- t"em all t# t"e c#%rt. A n%mber #+ t"em may s%e +#r t"e bene+it #+ all. : !"at are t"e CON9ITIONS FOR A VALI9 CLASS S@IT $ A: @nder Secti#n 2=) t"e +#ll#(in- are t"e c#nditi#ns #+ a valid class s%it: 2. T"e s%b&ect matter #+ t"e c#ntr#versy is #ne #+ c#mm#n #r -eneral interest t# many pers#ns 5s%c" as t"e +%nds #+ t"e ass#ciati#n in t"e case #+ *O$ISTI/O6L and =. T"e parties are s# n%mer#%s t"at it is impracticable t# brin- t"em all be+#re t"e c#%rt. In ("ic" case a n%mber #+ t"em ("ic" t"e c#%rt +inds t# be s%++icient and n%mer#%s and representative as t# +%lly pr#tect t"e interests #+ all c#ncerned may s%e #r de+end +#r t"e bene+it #+ all. E1ample is a ta1payer8s s%it B +iled in be"al+ #+ all t"e ta1payers in t"e P"ilippines. And t"ere is n# speci+ic n%mber #+ pers#ns t"at is pr#vided by la(. N#() (e (ill -# t# s#me interestin- cases #n class s%it decided by t"e S%preme C#%rt: S2LO N4 3A6AN vs. ARANETA" INC. O= SCRA CEO F2DO:G FACTS: T"is c#ncerns t"e bi- pr#perty #+ t"e Araneta8s in %e'#n City. It "as been t"e s%b&ect matter #+ liti-ati#n +#r t"e past years B C #r E decades. It is a bi- trac. #+ land in %e'#n City #cc%pied by s# many pe#ple ("# (ant t# acJ%ire it. T"ey are J%esti#nin- t"e title #+ t"e Araneta8s S#) S%l# 5t#rc"6 n- *ayan is t"e ass#ciati#n #+ sJ%atters. Since t"e pr#perties #+ t"e Araneta is very bi-) t"ey s%bdivided it B .anya4.anyan- l#te. T"en a case (as +iled by S%l# n- bayan Ass#ciati#n a-ainst Araneta t# ann%l t"e title #+ t"e latter. ISS@E R2: !"et"er #r n#t t"e acti#n (as +ile in t"e name #+ t"e real in interest. >EL9: S%l# n- *ayan is n#t t"e real party in interest. It vi#lates Secti#n = B ,t"e acti#n m%st be pr#sec%ted and de+ended in t"e name #+ t"e real parties in interest./ T"e members #cc%pyin- t"e land are t"e plainti++s. T"e ass#ciati#n is n#t t"e #ne #cc%pyin- t"e l#t. S#) t"e +irst J%esti#n is) ("# s"#%ld be t"e plainti++$ It s"#%ld be t"e members. ISS@E R=: !"et"er #r n#t t"e acti#n (as pr#perly pleaded as a class s%it >EL9: NO. T"is is t"e m#re imp#rtant reas#n ("y t"ey cann#t J%ali+y as a class s%it: In a class s%it) t"e s%b&ect matter is #+ c#mm#n interest t# all. Meanin-) la"at tay# is interesad#. T# ill%strate: ?#% are Occ%pant N#. 2) ("ic" l#t d# y#% #cc%py$ ,>ere 5a partic%lar l#t6./ Mer#n .a ban- interest diyan$ ,Mer#n./ 9# y#% "ave an interest in t"at 5an#t"er l#t6 p#rti#n$ ,!ala./ I+ t"at is s#) t"en t"e s%b&ect matte is n#t #+ c#mm#n interest. T"e interest #+ #ne #cc%pant is #nly #n t"e l#t "e #cc%pies. Meanin-) ,My nei-"b#r d#es n#t "ave an interest #n t"e l#t I #cc%pied./ !"at s"#%ld be d#ne is t"at all #+ t"em t# s%e t#-et"er t# c#ver t"e entire pr#perty) +#r eac" #ne "as a l#t. S#) in t"at case) Secti#n : s"#%ld be applied B permissive &#inder #+ parties beca%se t"ere is a c#mm#n J%esti#n #+ +act. T"is is m#re #+ permissive &#inder #+ Parties rat"er t"an a class s%it. T"at8s ("y y#% can c#n+%se Secti#n : (it" Secti#n 2=. *%t t"e permis4 sive &#inder #+ parties .ailan-an) la"at .ay#i nandiyan. >indi p%(ede na I (ill represent y#%. Hanya4.anya yan b%t t"ey can &#in t#-et"er. @nli.e in a class s%it) t"e s%b&ect matter is #+ interest t# everyb#dy and (e cann#t all be &#ined beca%se (e are s# n%mer#%s.
84
32LI4-32LI4 CITA CA:A4ANAC ASSOCIATION" ET AL vs- S2LPICIO LINES May 2D) 2D;D RE: 9#Qa Pa' Tra-edy B iy#n- l%m%b#- na bar.# #(ned by S%lpici# Lines. FACTS: T"ere (e s# many relatives ("# +iled a case a-ainst S%lpici# Lines and t"ere (as an attempt t# +ile a class s%it in be"al+ #+ every#ne ("# (ere dr#(ned incl%din- t"#se ("# (ere n#t identi+ied. >EL9: T"at cann#t be. T"e s%rviv#rs "ave n# interest in t"e deat" #+ #t"er passen-ers. T"e interest in t"is case is individ%al. !"at (#%ld "ave been pr#per is permissive &#inder #+ parties beca%se #+ c#mm#n J%esti#n #+ tact #r la() b%t n#t class s%it. OPOSA vs. 5ACTORAN ==E SCRA 2= F2DDCG FACTS: Op#sa et al (ere all min#rs. S#me (ere small b#ys d%ly represented by t"eir parents. T"ey +iled a case a-ainst t"en 9ENR Secretary Fact#ran. T"e prayer in t"e case is t# #rder t"e 9ENR t# cancel all e1istinTimber License A-reements 5TLA8s6) t# cease and desist +r#m pr#ceedin-) acceptin-) pr#cessin-) rene(in- all accr%in- ne( TLA8s. S#) in e++ect) it prays +#r a t#tal l#- ban in t"e c#%ntry t# preserve t"e remainin- +#rest all #ver t"e P"ilippines. T"ese y#%n- b#ys s%e (it" t"eir parents. T"ey are s%inin t"eir be"al+) in be"al+ #+ t"e #t"er citi'ens ("# are #+ t"eir a-e beca%se t"ey stand t# s%++er i+ t"e envir#nment (ill be deteri#rated. T"ey say t"at t"ey are entitled t# t"e +%ll bene+it) %se and en&#yment #+ t"e nat%ral res#%rces #+ #%r c#%ntry8s ric" tr#pical rain+#rests. T"ey say) t"e case (as tiled +#r t"emselves and #t"ers +#r t"e preservati#n #+ #%r rain+#rest and (e are s# n%mer#%s t"at it is impracticable t# brin- all plainti++s t# c#%rt. T"ey say t"at t"ey represent t"eir -enerati#ns and -enerati#ns yet %nb#rn. >EL9: T"e civil case is indeed a class s%it. T"e case "#(ever "as a special and n#vel element. T"e pers#nality #+ t"e min#rs t# s%e +#r t"e s%cceedin- -enerati#ns is based #n t"e c#ncept #+ inter4-enerati#nal resp#nsibility ins#+ar as a balanced and "ealt"+%l ec#l#-y is c#ncerned. Every -enerati#n "as a resp#nsibility t# preserve t"e ec#l#-y. T"e min#rs8 ri-"t t# a s#%nd envir#nment c#nstit%te at t"e same time t"e per+#rmance #+ t"e #bli-ati#n t# ens%re t"e pr#tecti#n #+ t"e ri-"ts #r t"e -enerati#ns t# c#me. : In case #+ d#%bt) s"#%ld a class s%it be all#(ed$ A: NO. !"en t"e iss%e is n#t s# clear) a class s%it s"#%ld n#t be all#(ed b e ca%se class s%it is an e1cepti#n t# t"e -eneral r%le t"at all parties s"#%ld be incl%ded. CA>ALIN vs. POEA A>:INISTRATOR =C; SCRA O=2 F2DD3G >EL9: !"ile it is tr%e t"at class s%it is all#(ed) it s"#%ld be all#(ed (it" ca%ti#n beca%se t"e +act t"at y#% represent #t"ers is #nly a +icti#n #+ la(. F#r all y#% .n#() t"#se #t"ers may n#t (ant t# be represented. S# #.ey lan- .%n- manal# an- .as#. E" .%n- matal# an- .as#$ All #t"ers start blamin- y#%. T"at is ("y t"e c#%rt is e1tra4ca%ti#%s in all#(in- class s%its beca%se t"ey are t"e e1cepti#ns t# t"e c#nditi#n sine J%a n#n reJ%irin&#inder #+ all indispensable parties. In an impr#perly instit%ted class s%it) t"ere (#%ld be n# pr#blem it t"e decisi#n sec%red is +av#rable t# t"e plainti++s. T"e pr#blem arises ("ere t"e decisi#n is adverse t# t"em. In ("ic" case) t"e parties ("# are impleaded t"r#%-" t"eir sel+4app#inted representatives (#%ld s%rely plead denial #+ d%e pr#cess.
85

: 9istin-%is" a representative s%it +r#m a class s%it. A: In t"e case #+ LIANADS S2PER:ARCET vs. NLRC =3O SCRA 2;: FMay C2) 2DD:G
FACTS: A lab#r %ni#n +iled a case a-ainst t"e empl#yer in be"al+ #+ "%ndreds #+ empl#yees. Is t"is a representative s%it #r a class s%it$ >EL9: ,!"at ma.es t"e sit%ati#n a pr#per case +#r a class s%it is t"e circ%mstance t"at t"ere is #nly #ne ri-"t #r ca%se #+ acti#n pertainin- #r bel#n-inin c#mm#n t# many pers#ns) n#t separately #r severally t# distinct individ%als. T"e #b&ect #+ t"e s%it is t# #btain relie+ +#r #r a-ainst n%mer#%s pers#ns as a -r#%p #r as an inte-ral entity) and n#t as separate) distinct individ%als ("#se ri-"ts #r liabilities are separate +r#m and independent #+ t"#se a++ectin- t"e #t"ers./ In a representative s%it) t"ere are di++erent ca%ses #+ acti#n pertainin- di++erent pers#ns. ,In t"e present case) t"ere are m%ltiple ri-"ts #r ca%ses #+ acti#n pertainin- separately t# several) distinct empl#yees ("# are members #+ resp#ndent @ni#n. T"ere+#re) t"e applicable r%le is t"at pr#vided in R%le C #n Representative Parties. N#net"eless) as pr#vided +#r in t"e Lab#r C#de) a le-itimate lab#r #r-ani'ati#n "as t"e ri-"t t# s%e and be s%ed in its re-istered name. T"is a%t"#ri'es a %ni#n t# +ile a representative s%it +#r t"e bene+it #+ its members in t"e interest #+ av#idin- an #t"er(ise c%mbers#me pr#ced%re #+ &#inin- all %ni#n members in t"e c#mplaint) even i+ t"ey n%mber by t"e "%ndreds./ F#r c#nvenience) t"e Lab#r C#de all#(s a %ni#n t# +ile a representative s%it.
It is imp#rtant t# n#te t"e +#ll#(in-: 2. CLASS S@IT =. REPRESENTATIVE S@IT C. 9ERIVATIVE S@IT B #nly pec%liar t# t"e c#rp#rati#n la( ("ere t"e min#rity +iles a s%it in be"al+ #+ t"e entire c#rp#rati#n beca%se intra4c#rp#rate remedy is %seless. ALTERNATIVE >E5EN>ANTS Sec. 13. Alternative defendants. /#ere t#e lainti** i! uncertain a+ain!t &#o o* !e(eral er!on! #e i! entitled to relie*" #e 'ay join any or all o* t#e' a! de*endant! in t#e alternati(e" alt#ou+# a ri+#t to relie* a+ain!t one 'ay %e incon!i!tent &it# a ri+#t o* relie* a+ain!t t#e ot#er. ,13aAlternative de+endants is als# related t# alternative ca%ses #+ acti#n B even i+ y#%r ri-"t a-ainst #ne is inc#nsistent (it" y#%r ri-"t t# relie+ a-ainst t"e #t"er party) y#% may +ile a s%it a-ainst t"e alternative de+endant. 5c.+. R%le =) Secti#n 3 B K#inder #+ Ca%ses #+ Acti#n6 ?#% +iled a case a-ainst t"e #perat#rs #+ t(# ve"icles. In e++ect) y#%r ca%se #+ acti#n is eit"er c%lpa aJ%iliana #r c%lpa c#ntract%al. Is t"at n#t inc#nsistent$ T"e la( says) ,alt"#%-" a ri-"t t# relie+ a-ainst #ne may be inc#nsistent (it" a ri-"t a-ainst t"e #t"er./ In #t"er (#rds) even i+ t"e t(# ca%ses #+ acti#n is inc#nsistent (it" eac" #t"er) it is all#(ed. As a matter #+ +act) t"is is t"e best p#licy beca%se t"e plainti++ is a s%re (inner. T"e #nly J%esti#n is) ("# am#n- t"e t(# (ill be "eld liable.
86
Alt"#%-" t"e la( is silent) i+ t"ere is s%c" a t"in- as ,alternative de+endants)/ t"ere is n# reas#n ("y t"e -r#%nds +#r ,alternative plainti++s/ s"#%ld n#t be all#(ed. : 5Ta.en +r#m Remedial La( Revie(er by N%evas6 May plainti++ &#in in t"e alternative$ A: ?ES) plainti++s may &#in in t"e alternative %nder t"e same principle as alternative &#inder #+ de+endants. !"en several pers#ns are %ncertain as t# ("# am#n- t"em is entitled t# relie+ +r#m a certain de+endant) t"ey may &#in as plainti++s in t"e alternative. T"is is als# sancti#ned by t"e r%le #n permissive &#inder #+ parties 5Pa&#ta vs. Kante) L4:P2E) Feb. ;) 2D336. T"%s) t"e principal and "is a-ent may &#in as plainti++s in t"e alternative a-ainst a de+endant. I+ t"e a-ency is pr#ved) t"e relie+ is a(arded t# t"e principal. I+ n#t) a(ard is t"en made t# t"e a-ent. Sec. 19. Un1no&n identity or name of defendant. /#ene(er t#e identity or na'e o* a de*endant i! un0no&n" #e 'ay %e !ued a! t#e un0no&n o&ner" #eir" de(i!ee" or %y !uc# ot#er de!i+nation a! t#e ca!e 'ay re<uire= &#en #i! identity or true na'e i! di!co(ered" t#e leadin+ 'u!t %e a'ended accord. ,19: Can y#% s%e s#meb#dy ("# is %n.n#(n$ A: ?ES) %nder Secti#n 2E. *AR PRO*LEM: !"ile Leyva ,T"e Rapper/ (as (al.in- #n t"e street. >e (as b%mped by a car) say a T#y#ta Altis) =PP2 m#del) c#l#r bl%e. N#() s# +ar) "e c#%ld n#t determine ("# is t"e #(ner. I+ y#% are t"e la(yer #+ t"e Leyva) "#( (#%ld y#% s%e t"e de+endant$ A: @nder Secti#n) I (ill s%e t"e #(ner #+ t"at car as an %n.n#(n de+endant. I can place in my c#mplaint) ,Leyva 7t"e rapper8) plaintiff) vs. t"e re-istered #(ner #+ >#nda m#t#r ve"icle (it" plate n%mber s# and s#./ And later i+ y#% disc#ver t"e tr%e identity #+ t"e #(ner) (e can amend t"e c#mplaint t# place t"e name #+ t"e de+endant. Secti#n 2E is similar (it" R%le 22P in Criminal Pr#ced%re B a case may be +iled a-ainst an %n.n#(n acc%sed. R2LE 110" SEC. ?. Name of the a))'sed. E T#e co' laint or in*or'ation 'u!t !tate t#e na'e and !urna'e o* t#e accu!ed or any a ellation or nic0na'e %y &#ic# #e #a! %een or i! 0no&n. I* #i! na'e cannot %e a!certained" #e 'u!t %e de!cri%ed under a *ictitiou! na'e &it# a !tate'ent t#at #i! true na'e i! un0no&n. I* t#e true na'e o* t#e accu!ed i! t#erea*ter di!clo!ed %y #i' or a ear! in !o'e ot#er 'anner to t#e court" !uc# true na'e !#all %e in!erted in t#e co' laint or in*or'ation and record. ,?aENTIT? !IT>O@T K@RI9ICAL PERSONALIT? AS 9EFEN9ANT Sec. 1.. Entity &itho't ('ridi)al personality as defendant- /#en t&o or 'ore er!on! not or+ani$ed a! an entity &it# juridical er!onality enter into a tran!action" t#ey 'ay %e !ued under t#e na'e %y &#ic# t#ey are +enerally or co''only 0no&n. In t#e an!&er o* !uc# de*endant" t#e na'e! and addre!!e! o* t#e er!on! co' o!in+ !aid entity 'u!t all %e re(ealed. R%le 2) Secti#n 2 pr#vides t"at #nly nat%ral #+ &%ridical pers#ns may be s%ed. Entity (it"#%t &%ridical pers#nality as de+endant. @nder t"e #ld la() t"is (as .n#(n as s%in- t(# #r m#re pers#ns inv#lved in a b%siness %nder a c#mm#n name. !"en t(# #r m#re pers#ns transact in a b%siness %nder a c#mm#n name) t"ey may be s%ed %nder t"eir c#mm#n name.
87

: !"# are really t"e de+endants "ere$ A: T"e pers#ns inv#lved.
N#() it is (#rded in t"is manner: ,!"en t(# #r m#re pers#ns n#t #r-ani'ed as an entity (it" &%ridical pers#nality)/ instead #+ a 7c#mm#n name.8 ?#% cann#t s%e t"e entity beca%se it "as n# &%ridical pers#nality. *%t y#% d# n#t als# .n#( t"e members #+ t"at entity) s# t"e la( all#(s y#% t# +ile a case a-ainst t"e entity. @nder t"e sec#nd para-rap" #+ Secti#n 23) ("en t"e de+endants +ile an ans(er) t"ey m%st +ile %nder t"eir names as t"ey are really t"e real parties in interest. !"en t"e la(yer ans(ers t"e c#mplaint) "e is d%ty4b#%nd t# pr#vide t"e names #+ all t"e de+endants. : >#( d# y#% s%mm#n t"is .ind #+ de+endant$ A: R%le 2E) Secti#n ;: R2LE 19" Sec. @. Servi)e 'pon entity &itho't ('ridi)al personality- /#en er!on! a!!ociated in an entity &it#out juridical er!onality are !ued under t#e na'e %y &#ic# t#ey are +enerally or co''only 0no&n" !er(ice 'ay %e e**ected u on all t#e de*endant! %y !er(in+ u on any one o* t#e'" or u on t#e er!on in c#ar+e o* t#e o**ice or lace o* %u!ine!! 'aintained in !uc# na'e. 3ut !uc# !er(ice !#all not %ind indi(idually any er!on &#o!e connection &it# t#e entity #a!" u on due notice" %een !e(ered %e*ore t#e action &a! %rou+#t. ,AaC#rrelate t"is (it" R%le C:) Secti#n :: Sec. ;. Fud+'ent a+ain!t entity &it#out juridical er!onality. /#en jud+'ent i! rendered a+ain!t t&o or 'ore er!on! !ued a! an entity &it#out juridical er!onality" t#e jud+'ent !#all !et out t#eir indi(idual or ro er na'e!" i* 0no&n. ,;a0ENERAL R@LE: acti#ns m%st be +iled a-ainst real parties in interest. EACEPTIONS: 5!"en may an acti#n be +iled (it"#%t namin- all t"e parties in inv#lved$6 2. Class s%it 5Secti#n 2=) R%le C6L =. Entity (it"#%t &%ridical pers#nality 5Secti#n 23) R%le C6L C. Any c#4#(ners may brin- an acti#n +#r e&ectment 5Article E;O) Ne( Civil C#de6 EFFECT OF 9EAT> OF A PART? Sec. 1;. !eath of party; d'ty of )o'nsel- /#ene(er a arty to a endin+ action die!" and t#e clai' i! not t#ere%y e7tin+ui!#ed" it !#all %e t#e duty o* #i! coun!el to in*or' t#e court &it#in t#irty ,30day! a*ter !uc# deat# o* t#e *act t#ereo*" and to +i(e t#e na'e and addre!! o* #i! le+al re re!entati(e or re re!entati(e!. 5ailure o* coun!el to co' ly &it# t#i! duty !#all %e a +round *or di!ci linary action. T#e #eir! o* t#e decea!ed 'ay %e allo&ed to %e !u%!tituted *or t#e decea!ed" &it#out re<uirin+ t#e a oint'ent o* an e7ecutor or ad'ini!trator and t#e court 'ay a oint a +uardian ad lite' *or t#e 'inor #eir!. T#e court !#all *ort#&it# order !aid le+al re re!entati(e or re re!entati(e! to a ear and %e !u%!tituted &it#in a eriod o* t#irty ,30- day! *ro' notice. I* no le+al re re!entati(e i! na'ed %y t#e coun!el *or t#e decea!ed arty" or i* t#e one !o na'ed !#all *ail to a ear &it#in t#e ! eci*ied eriod" t#e court 'ay order t#e o o!in+ arty" &it#in a ! eci*ied ti'e" to rocure t#e a oint'ent o* an e7ecutor or ad'ini!trator *or t#e e!tate o* t#e decea!ed and t#e latter !#all i''ediately a ear *or and on %e#al* o* t#e decea!ed. T#e court 88

c#ar+e! in rocurin+ !uc# a oint'ent" i* de*rayed %y t#e o co!t!. ,1;" 1?a-
Rule 03 Parties to Civil Actions o!in+ arty" 'ay %e reco(ered a!
First #+ all) t"ere are cases ("en a party t# a pendin- acti#n dies and t"e claim is n#t t"ereby e1tin-%is"ed 5t"is is ("at t"ey called an acti#n ("ic" s%rvives as (e (ill e1plain later6 and t"ere are certain acti#ns ("ere i+ a party dies) t"e claim is a%t#matically e1tin-%is"ed. Meanin-) t"e deat" #+ a party ca%ses deat" #+ t"e acti#n. *%t t"ese are very +e(. Ma&#rity #+ cases ("en t"e party dies) t"e case #r t"e ca%se #+ acti#n c#ntin%es. It is t"e d%ty #+ t"e la(yer #+ t"e deceased t# in+#rm t"e c#%rt (it"in CP days a+ter t"e deat" #+ t"e party t"ere#+. >e m%st in+#rm t"e c#%rt and -ive t"e name and address #+ "is le-al representativeNs 5e.-. administrat#r #+ e1ec%t#r #+ t"e estate6 !ell #+ c#%rse) %nder t"e r%le in le-al et"ics) t"e la(yer4client relati#ns"ip is a%t#matically terminated by t"e deat" #+ t"e client beca%se t"e la(yer4client relati#ns"ip is pers#nal. *%t pr#ced%rally) y#% m%st tell t"e c#%rt and y#% m%st -ive t"e name #+ t"e le-al representative. T"e latter may re4"ire t"e la(yer b%t %nder a ne( c#ntract. T"e p%rp#se t"ere is +#r s%bstit%ti#n s# t"at t"e le-al representative (ill be #rdered s%bstit%ted. And t"ere is a ne( pr#visi#n %nder t"e ne( r%les. T"at is) +ail%re #+ t"e c#%nsel t# c#mply (it" "is d%ty s"all be a -r#%nd +#r disciplinary acti#n. T"at is n#t +#%nd in t"e pri#r r%le. S#) t"e la(yer can be s%b&ected t# disciplinary acti#n. S# t"e pr#visi#n c#ntin%es) ,t"e "eirs #+ t"e deceased may be all#(ed t# be s%bstit%ted +#r t"e deceased (it"#%t reJ%irin- t"e app#intment #+ an e1ec%t#r #r administrat#r. And t"e c#%rt may app#int a -%ardian ad litem +#r t"e min#r "eirs. S#) #t"er t"an t"e le-al representative) be+#re anyt"in- else) t"e representative re+ers t# t"e e1ec%t#r #r administrat#r) and t"e #t"er alternative (ill be t"e "eirs) s%c" as t"e s%rvivin- c"ildren) (i+e #r sp#%se. Alt"#%-" t"ere (as a case decided by t"e SC (ay bac. in 2D;: in t"e case #+ LA/AS vs. CO2RT O5 APPEALS 2E: SCRA 2OC >EL9: ,T"e pri#rity #+ s%bstit%ti#n (#%ld be t"e e1ec%t#r #r administrat#r n#t t"e "eirs. T"e "eirs (#%ld #nly be all#(ed t# be s%bstit%ted i+ t"ere is an 526 %nreas#nable delay in t"e app#intment #+ administrat#r #r e1ec%t#r) #r 5=6 ("en t"e "eirs res#rt t# e1tra&%dicial partiti#n. *%t #%tside #+ t"#se t(# reas#n) t"e la( al(ays -ives pri#rity t# t"e administrat#r #r e1ec%t#r./ @nder t"e r%le) pri#rity is -iven c# t"e le-al representative #+ t"e deceased. T"at is) t"e e1ec%t#r #r t"e administrat#r #+ "is estate. Many c#%rts d# n#t en+#rce it strictly. N#rmally) patay na) ,OI It# an- "eirs #I/ ,OHI S%bstit%teI/ Act%ally) t"at is (r#n- based #n $AWAS case. T"e pri#rity is -iven t# t"e administrat#r #r e1ec%t#r. It is #nly ("en t"ere is %nreas#nable delay in t"e app#intment) #r ("en t"e "eirs res#rt t# e1tra&%dicial partiti#n beca%se t"ere is n# m#re administrat#r #r e1ec%t#r in e1tra&%dicial settlement. V>A. >E SALABAR vs. CO2RT O5 APPEALS =3P SCRA CPC FN#vember =C) 2DD3G FACTS: T"is is an e&ectment. case. T"e de+endant died ("ile t"e case is -#in- #n. !"at is t"e pr#ced%re$ T"ere s"#%ld be s%bstit%ti#n. *%t t"ere (as n# s%bstit%ti#n in t"e case +#r ten years) %ntil it (as decided. T"e c#%rt (as n#t in+#rmed #+ t"e deat" #+ t"e de+endant. @ntil +inally) t"ere (as a decisi#n. ISS@E: !"en t"ere is +ail%re t# e++ect%ate t"e s%bstit%ti#n #+ "eirs be+#re t"e renditi#n #+ &%d-ment) is t"e &%d-ment &%risdicti#nally detective$ *eca%se "ere) t"e case c#ntin%ed e") in ("ic" s#meb#dy is already dead.
89
>EL9: NO) ,t"e &%d-ment is valid ("ere t"e "eirs t"emselves appeared be+#re t"e trial c#%rt and participated in t"e pr#ceedin-s. T"erein) t"ey presented evidence in de+ense #+ t"e deceased de+endant. It is %ndeniably evident t"at t"e "eirs t"emselves s#%-"t t"eir day in c#%rt and e1ercised t"eir ri-"t t# d%e pr#cess./ In #t"er (#rds) ("en t"ere (as a de+ect t"e "eirs "#(ever cann#t %sed t"at beca%se t"ey t"emselves appeared and c#ntin%ed t"e case. S#) in e++ect) t"ere (as est#ppel. EFFECT OF 9EAT> OF A PART? ON MONE? CLAIMS N#() #ne #+ t"e radical c"an-es a-ain intr#d%ced by t"e ne( r%les is t"e e++ect #+ t"e deat" #+ t"e de+endant in a m#ney claim B acti#n t# c#llect a s%m #+ m#ney. Sec. 10. A)tion on )ontra)t'al money )laims. /#en t#e action i! *or reco(ery o* 'oney ari!in+ *ro' contract" e7 re!! or i' lied" and t#e de*endant die! %e*ore entry o* *inal jud+'ent in t#e court in &#ic# t#e action &a! endin+ at t#e ti'e o* !uc# deat#" it !#all not %e di!'i!!ed %ut !#all in!tead %e allo&ed to continue until entry o* *inal jud+'ent. A *a(ora%le jud+'ent o%tained %y t#e lainti** t#erein !#all %e en*orced in t#e 'anner e! ecially ro(ided in t#e!e Rule! *or ro!ecutin+ clai'! a+ain!t t#e e!tate o* a decea!ed er!on. ,11aT"e best e1ample "ere is an acti#n t# c#llect an %npaid l#an. And ("ile t"e case is pendin- t"e de+endant died. !"at (ill "appen t# t"e case$ T"e la( says: I+ t"e de+endant dies be+#re t"e entry #+ t"e +inal &%d-ment in t"e c#%rt at t"e time #+ deat") it s"all n#t be dismissed b%t it s"all instead be all#(ed t# c#ntin%e %ntil entry #+ +inal &%d-ment. @nder t"e OL9 R@LES) t"e case s"all be dismissed. S#) t"e civil case is n#t s%spended b%t it (ill be dismissed. E") paan# Sy%n- %tan-$ N#() y#% +ile a case a-ainst t"e estate #+ t"e deceased %nder t"e R%les #n Special Pr#ceedin-s. *%t de+initely t"e civil case "indi na mat%l#y . . . patay na iy#n ("en t"e de+endant dies. N#() %nder t"e NE! R@LE) t"e case (ill n#t be dismissed b%t rat"er) t"e case (ill n#( c#ntin%e %ntil entry #+ +inal &%d-ment. T"at is a radical c"an-e #+ pr#ced%reI S# case (ill n#t be dismissed. It s"all be all#(ed t# c#ntin%e %ntil entry #+ +inal &%d-ement. Meanin-) %ntil it bec#mes +inal and e1ec%t#ry. : *%t #+ c#%rse) i+ t"e &%d-ment is +av#rable t# y#% 5t"e plainti++6) can y#% m#ve t# e1ec%te$ Can y#% m#ve t# e1ec%te t"e decisi#n a-ainst #r b%y t"e pr#perty #+ t"e de+endant$ A: NO) beca%se t"e la( pr#vides) ,111 a +av#rable &%d-ment #btained by t"e plainti++ t"erein s"all be en+#rced in t"e manner specially pr#vided in t"ese R%les +#r pr#sec%tin- claims a-ainst t"e estate #+ a deceased pers#n./ : And ("at is t"at pr#ced%re$ A: ?O@ FILE A CLAIM a-ainst t"e estate %nder Secti#n 3) R%le ;: #+ t"e R%les #+ C#%rt) b%t t"ere (ill be n# e1ec%ti#n. FNote: SEE O@TLINE AT T>E LAST PART OF T>IS R@LE.G : !e are tal.in- #+ deat" #+ a party in a pendin- civil acti#n. !"ile t"ere is a case and a party dies) ("at (ill "appen t# t"e case$ A: I (ill distin-%is" B An#n- .lasen- .as# iyar. Is t"at an ACTION !>IC> 9OES NOT S@RVIVE #r an ACTION !>IC> S@RVIVES$ 2.6 ACTION !>IC> 9OES NOT S@RVIVE An acti#n ("ic" d#es n#t s%rvive is an acti#n ("ic" is abated %p#n t"e deat" #+ a party. T"e case cann#t -# #n #nce a party dies. And n#rmally) t"at re+ers t# acti#ns ("ic" are p%rely pers#nal in c"aracter li.e an acti#n +#r ann%lment #+
90
marria-es) an acti#n +#r declarati#n #+ t"e n%llity #+ marria-e #r) an acti#n +#r le-al separati#n) #r an acti#n +#r s%pp#rt. T"ese are t"e cases arisin- +r#m t"e Family C#de. E1ample: T"e "%sband +iles a case a-ainst t"e (i+e +#r ann%lment #+ marria-e #r le-al separati#n. One #+ t"em dies. !ala nan- s%bstit%ti#n) TAPOS NAI !"en #ne #+ t"e parties dies) t"e marria-e is diss#lved. T"ere is n#t"in- t# ann%l beca%se t"e marria-e is already diss#lved. S#) t"ese are t"e acti#ns ("ic" are p%rely pers#nal . : S#) ("at is t"e e++ect #+ t"e deat" #+ t"e party in acti#ns ("ic" d#es n#t s%rvived$ A: T"e case is dismissedI >#(ever) t"ese cases are very +e(. Ma&#rity #+ t"e cases are dama-e s%it) rec#very #+ p#ssessi#n) rec#very #+ land) rec#very #+ %npaid l#ans) etc. S#) t"ese are ("at y#% call acti#ns ("ic" s%rvive. Meanin- ) i+ a party dies) y#% cann#t say t"at t"e case is terminated %p#n t"e deat" #+ t"e party. S#) an# an- m-a .as# na iyan$ =.6 ACTIONS !>IC> S@RVIVE B Is it a c#ntract%al m#ney claim #r n#n4c#ntract%al claim$ I+ it is a c#ntract%al claim) ("# died B is it t"e plainti++ #r is it t"e de+endant$ I+ t"e de+endant is t"e #ne ("# died) ("en did "e die$ =a.6 Acti#ns ("ic" s%rviveL CONTRACT@AL MONE? CLAIMS: =a2.6 I+ it is t"e plainti++ ("# dies) t"e case (ill c#ntin%e. T"e "eirs #r le-al representatives (ill pr#ceed. S#) t"ere is s%bstit%ti#n. =a=.6 I+ it is t"e de+endant ("# dies) t"e J%esti#n is: HAILAN NAMATA?$ *e+#re entry #+ +inal &%d-ment #r a+ter entry$ T"is is ("ere Secti#n =P (ill c#me in. =a=a.6 I+ t"e de+endant died be+#re entry #+ +inal &%d-ment) y#% apply Secti#n =P #+ R%le C. Meanin-) t"e case s"all n#t be dismissed b%t s"all be all#(ed t# c#ntin%e %ntil entry #+ +inal &%d-ment. And t"e +av#rable &%d-ment #btained by t"e plainti++ t"erein s"all be en+#rced in t"e manner especially pr#vided in t"ese R%les +#r pr#sec%tin- claims a-ainst t"e estate #+ a deceased pers#n) and t"at is Secti#n 3 #+ R%le ;:. =a=b.6 I+ t"e de+endant died a+ter t"e entry #+ t"e +inal &%d-ment b%t be+#re e1ec%ti#n 5a+ter t"e &%d-ment became +inal b%t be+#re t"ere c#%ld be levy #r e1ec%ti#n6 y#% cann#t m#ve t# e1ec%te. A-ain) y#% apply Secti#n 3 #+ R%le ;: ("ic" is t"e -#vernin- r%le B y#% +ile y#%r &%d-ment as a claim a-ainst t"e estate #+ t"e deceased de+endant. FSecti#n 3) R%le ;: 4 Please re+er t# y#%r c#dals.G T"e p%rp#se t"ere is) s# t"at t"e credit#r (ill s"are (it" t"e #t"er credit#rs pr#4rata in t"e distrib%ti#n #+ t"e estate. =a=c6 I+ t"e de+endant died a+ter levy #r e1ec%ti#n b%t be+#re t"e a%cti#n sale B meanin-) t"e pr#perty (as already levied by t"e s"eri++ ba-# pa namatay B (e (ill n#( apply Secti#n OFcG #+ R%le CD: Rule 3A" Sec. ?. E;e)'tion in )ase of death of party. In ca!e o* t#e deat# o* arty" e7ecution 'ay i!!ue or %e en*orced in t#e *ollo&in+ 'annerG 777777 ,c- In ca!e o* t#e deat# o* t#e jud+'ent o%li+or" a*ter e7ecution i! actually le(ied u on any o* #i! ro erty" t#e !a'e 'ay %e !old *or t#e !ati!*action o* t#e jud+'ent o%li+ation" and t#e o**icer 'a0in+ t#e !ale !#all account to t#e corre! ondin+ e7ecutor or ad'ini!trator *or any !ur lu! in #i! #and!. ,?aMeanin-) a+ter t"e levy) namatay) a%cti#n sale pr#ceeds as sc"ed%led. And i+ t"ere is an e1cess) t"e e1cess s"all be delivered t# t"e administrat#r #+ e1ec%t#r.
91
=b.6 Acti#ns ("ic" s%rviveL NON4CONTRACT@AL MONE? CLAIMS: E<A6*$E: an acti#n +#r rec#very #+ pr#perty) real #r pers#nal li.e replevin) +#rcible entry) %nla(+%l detainer) acti#n p%bliciana) acti#n reinvidicat#ria) #r acti#n +#r dama-es) 5dama-es t"at is n#t t"e same +#r transacti#n #+ m#ney beca%se dama-es arisin- +r#m c%lpa aJ%iliana is #ne n#t arisin- +r#m c#ntract.6 I+ a party dies in an acti#n ("ic" s%rvives ("ic" is a n#n4c#ntract%al m#ney claim) #bvi#%sly) t"ere is s%bstit%ti#n #+ parties. S#) ("at are t"ese n#n4c#ntract%al m#ney claims ("ic" s%rvive$ T"ese are t"#se menti#ned in Secti#n O #+ R%le ;: and Secti#n 2 #+ R%le ;O. T"at is in t"e st%dy #+ Special Pr#ceedin-s #n settlement #+ t"e estate #+ a deceased pers#n. S#) t"at is t"e #%tline in t"e li-"t #+ t"e amendments #+ t"e R%les #+ C#%rt. FPLEASE REFER TO T>E O@TLINE >EREIN ATTAC>E9.G N#te: !"at Secti#n =P says is t"at: be+#re t"e case can be decided and t"e de+endant dies 5in acti#ns inv#lvin- m#ney claims6 t"e case s"all n#t be dismissed b%t s"all instead be all#(ed t# c#ntin%e %ntil entry #+ +inal &%d-ment. *@T CONTIN@E A0AINST !>OM$ A-ainst t"e deceased$ N#() t# my mind) y#% c#rrelate t"is (it" Secti#n 2: 444 t"ere s"#%ld still be s%bstit%ti#n. *%t ass%min-) t"ere (as n# s%bstit%ti#n and t"e "eirs +#%-"t in t"e caseL t"ere is (aiver beca%se t"e de+ect is pr#ced%ral. K%st li.e ("at "appened in t"e case #+ ,!A- !E SA$A AR- Act%ally) ("at Secti#n =P emp"asi'ed is t"at) t"e acti#n s"all n#t be dismissed b%t s"all c#ntin%e B t# emp"asi'e t"at it is n#( di++erent c#mpared (it" t"e pri#r R@LE. *%t #bvi#%sly) t"ere (ill al(ays be a s%bstit%ti#n Sec. 1?. !eath or separation of a party &ho is a p'bli) offi)er- /#en a u%lic o**icer i! a arty in an action in #i! o**icial ca acity and durin+ it! endency die!" re!i+n!" or ot#er&i!e cea!e! to #old o**ice" t#e action 'ay %e continued and 'aintained %y or a+ain!t #i! !ucce!!or i*" &it#in t#irty ,30day! a*ter t#e !ucce!!or ta0e! o**ice or !uc# ti'e a! 'ay %e +ranted %y t#e court" it i! !ati!*actorily !#o&n to t#e court %y any arty t#at t#ere i! a !u%!tantial need *or continuin+ or 'aintainin+ it and t#at t#e !ucce!!or ado t! or continue! or t#reaten! to ado t or continue t#e action o* #i! redece!!or. 3e*ore a !u%!titution i! 'ade" t#e arty or o**icer to %e a**ected" unle!! e7 re!!ly a!!entin+ t#ereto" !#all %e +i(en rea!ona%le notice o* t#e a lication t#ere*or and accorded an o ortunity to %e #eard. ,1@aT"is applies #nly ("en t"e p%blic #++icer is party t# an acti#n in "is #++icial capacity. I+ "e 526 diesL 5=6 resi-nsL #r 5C6 cease t# "#ld #++ice) t"ere (ill be a s%ccessi#n. : !"at (ill "appen t# t"e case$ A: T"e +#ll#(in-: 2.6 I+ t"e s%ccess#r intends t# c#ntin%e (it" t"e p#licy. EAAMPLE: May#r Pasc%a t"reatened t# dem#lis"ed t"e b%ildin- #+ Mr. N%ere as a "a'ard. I+ May#r Pasc%a dies) Vice4May#r An-eles bec#mes t"e may#r. I+ Vice4May#r An-eles ("# is n#( t"e may#r says t"at "e (ill c#ntin%e (it" t"e dem#liti#n) "e (ill be s%bstit%ted and "e is -iven CP days t# c#mment. =.6 I+ t"e s%ccess#r d#es n#t ad#pt t"e p#licy) t"e case (ill be dismissed.
92
Sec. 1@. In)ompeten)y or in)apa)ity. I* a arty %eco'e! inco' etent or inca acitated" t#e court" u on 'otion &it# notice" 'ay allo& t#e action to %e continued %y or a+ain!t t#e inco' etent or inca acitated er!on a!!i!ted %y #i! le+al +uardian or +uardian ad litem. ,1AaEAAMPLE: Francis +iles a case a-ainst Hennet". !"ile t"e case is pendin-) Hennet" bec#mes insane. 5ts.I ts.I6 T"e case (ill c#ntin%e b%t Hennet" "as t# be assisted by "is -%ardian ad litem T"ad. T"is is related t# R%le C) Secti#n C #n representative party b%t in Secti#n C) Hennet" (as already insane be+#re t"e case is +iled. Finb#rn na yan e"IG Sec. 1A. Transfer of interest. In ca!e o* any tran!*er o* intere!t" t#e action 'ay %e continued %y or a+ain!t t#e ori+inal arty" unle!! t#e court u on 'otion direct! t#e er!on to &#o' t#e intere!t i! tran!*erred to %e !u%!tituted in t#e action or joined &it# t#e ori+inal arty. ,10EAAMPLE: R%d#lp"# +iles a case a-ainst Le(e" t# rec#ver a piece #+ land. !"ile t"e case is pendin-) Le(e" s#ld t"e land t# Erec. Erec n#( ass%mes t"e ris. and ta.es t"e pr#perty s%b&ect t# t"e #%tc#me #+ t"e case. : Can t"e case c#ntin%e a-ainst Le(e"$ A: ?ES. 2.6 I+ Le(e" l#ses and cann#t pay) Erec is s%bsidiary liableL =.6 Le(e" can be rem#ved and Erec (ill be s%bstit%tedL #r C.6 Le(e" can stay and Erec (ill be added. In all C cases) Erec (ill be b#%nd by t"e &%d-ment. Sec. 11. Indi2ent party- A arty 'ay %e aut#ori$ed to liti+ate #i! action" clai' or de*en!e a! an indi+ent i* t#e court" u on an e7 arte a lication and #earin+" i! !ati!*ied t#at t#e arty i! one &#o #a! no 'oney or ro erty !u**icient and a(aila%le *or *ood" !#elter and %a!ic nece!!itie! *or #i'!el* and #i! *a'ily. Suc# aut#ority !#all include an e7e' tion *ro' ay'ent o* doc0et and ot#er la&*ul *ee!" and o* tran!cri t! o* !teno+ra #ic note! &#ic# t#e court 'ay order to %e *urni!#ed #i'. T#e a'ount o* t#e doc0et and ot#er la&*ul *ee! &#ic# t#e indi+ent &a! e7e' ted *ro' ayin+ !#all %e a lien on any jud+'ent rendered in t#e ca!e *a(ora%le to t#e indi+ent" unle!! t#e court ot#er&i!e ro(ide!. Any ad(er!e arty 'ay conte!t t#e +rant o* !uc# aut#ority at any ti'e %e*ore jud+'ent i! rendered %y t#e trial court. I* t#e court !#ould deter'ine a*ter #earin+ t#at t#e arty declared a! an indi+ent i! in *act a er!on &it# !u**icient inco'e or ro erty" t#e ro er doc0et and ot#er la&*ul *ee! !#all %e a!!e!!ed and collected %y t#e cler0 o* court. I* ay'ent i! not 'ade &it#in t#e ti'e *i7ed %y t#e court" e7ecution !#all i!!ue *or t#e ay'ent t#ereo*" &it#out rejudice to !uc# ot#er !anction! a! t#e court 'ay i' o!e. ,11aIn criminal cases) t"e c#%rt assi-ns a c#%nsel de #++ici#. @nder t"e C#nstit%ti#n #n *ill #+ Ri-"ts) n# pers#n s"all be denied access t# c#%rts by reas#n #+ p#verty. In civil cases) a plainti++ need n#t pay d#c.et +ee i+ "e is an indi-ent i+ "e +iles an applicati#n 5e14party applicati#n6 t# all#( "im t# liti-ate as an indi-ent liti-ant. *%t i+ t"e indi-ent (ins) "e "as t# pay t"e +ees B +ile n#() pay later6 B t"e am#%nt s"all be a lien #n any +av#rable &%d-ment. T"e t"ird para-rap" is ne(. T"e #t"er party may c#ntest t"e claim #+ t"e indi-ent i+ "e is really an indi-ent #r n#t. Sec. 11. Noti)e to the Soli)itor +eneral. In any action in(ol(in+ t#e (alidity o* any treaty" la&" ordinance" e7ecuti(e order" re!idential decree" rule! or re+ulation!" t#e court" in it! di!cretion" 'ay
93

re<uire t#e a earance o* t#e Solicitor 4eneral &#o 'ay %e #eard in re re!entati(e duly de!i+nated %y #i'. ,13a-
Rule 03 Parties to Civil Actions er!on or t#rou+# a
EAAMPLE: Inday 5t"e l#ve4is4blind cl%b president6 +iles a case a-ainst Hennet" *r%ce Lim +#r declarati#n #+ n%llity #n t"e -r#%nd #+ psyc"#l#-ical incapacity. Hennet" alle-es t"at Article C; #+ t"e Family C#de is %nc#nstit%ti#nal. S# t"e c#%rt (ill r%le #n t"e validity #+ t"e la( in ("ic" case) t"e S#licit#r 0eneral "as t# be inv#lved in t"e case t# de+end t"e validity #+ t"e la(. REASON: T"e S#licit#r 0eneral is t"e le-al c#%nsel #+ t"e Rep%blic #+ t"e P"ilippines ("#se d%ty is t# de+end all t"e #++icial acts #+ t"e 0#vernment.
94

Rule 03 - Parties To Civil Actions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Rule 03 - Parties To Civil Actions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1997 Rules on Civil Procedure