International Journal of Fluid Power

Volume 14 Number 3 November 2013

International Journal of Fluid Power

AIMS AND SCOPE

The International Journal of Fluid Power is dedicated to the latest advances in the science and technologies associated with hydraulics and pneumatics. The aim of the journal is to provide the engineering community with high quality information concerning developments in research, design and application of fluid power technology. Special emphasis is placed on papers concerned with components and system integration by embracing key aspects of: analysis, modelling and control, monitoring and fault diagnosis, artificial intelligence applications, component and systems design, computer software and hardware interfacing, computer aided engineering for both static and dynamic analysis of fluid power systems. In addition, the journal commissions and publishes state-of-the-art reviews on both existing and emerging technologies, and with a philosophy of maintaining scientific rigour and the practical realities of fluid power. The International Editorial Board is composed of leading members of the fluid power community having expertise covering the broad spectrum of fluid power, and all papers are peer reviewed by at least two experts. Technical quality and integrity are considered crucial to the review process. The Associate Editors and the Editorial Board also undertake an active role in ensuring that this is achieved. International Journal of Fluid Power is abstracted and indexed in: Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, European Environmental Information Database, CEDEFOP-Training Village, Fachinformation Technik, Elsevier Compendex Engineering Information and EBSCO Database.

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International Journal of Fluid Power

ISSN 1439-9776 Volume 14 Number 3 November 2013

CONTENTS
Takayoshi Ichiyanagi and Takao Nishiumi CFD ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT OF TORQUE DETECTED TYPE FLOW METER Antonio Posa, Paolo Oresta and Antonio Lippolis INFLUENCE OF THE SPOOL VELOCITY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A DIRECTIONAL HYDRAULIC VALVE Elliott R. Gruber, Kenneth A. Cunefare, Per W. Danzl, Kenneth A. Marek and Michel A. Beyer OPTIMIZATION OF SINGLE AND DUAL SUPPRESSORS UNDER VARYING LOAD AND PRESSURE CONDITIONS Matteo Pelosi and Monika Ivantysynova THE IMPACT OF AXIAL PISTON MACHINES MECHANICAL PARTS CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS ON THE THERMO-ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION ANALYSIS OF THE FLUID FILM INTERFACES Morten K. Bak and Michael R. Hansen MODEL BASED DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL RELIABILITY IN OFFSHORE BOOM CRANES 53 35 27 15 5

Fluid Power Calendar PhDs, Habilitations, Awards and Books The International Journal of Fluid Power homepage can be found at: http://journal.fluid-power.net The Fluid Power Net homepage can be found at: http://fluidpower.net The TuTech homepage can be found at: http://www.tutech.de

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International Journal of Fluid Power 14 (2013) No. 3

CFD ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT OF TORQUE DETECTED TYPE FLOW METER

Takayoshi Ichiyanagi and Takao Nishiumi

National Defense Academy, Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, JAPAN ichiyana@nda.ac.jp

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! ABSTRACT We propose a unique flow meter that uses a lateral flow force generated on a pressure sensing bar in a rectangular flow channel. The mathematical model, based on laminar viscous flow analysis, has been previously described and the design criterion was established from the fundamental characteristics. The test flow meter has also been investigated experimentally to clarify the torque versus flow characteristics. Although the meter performed well in terms of linearity and repeatability in the low flow rate region, the results deviated from the analytical results at high flow rates. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the flow meter based on CFD (computational fluid dynamics). The aim is to examine the flow behavior and the pressure distribution inside the meter. CFD analysis is conducted over a range of dimensional configurations and boundary conditions. The flow versus torque characteristics are derived from pressure distribution results and compared with the analytical model. On the basis of CFD analysis, we propose a revised configuration of the flow meter, and verify its performance experimentally.

Keywords: low meter, CFD analysis, laminar flow, pressure distribution, hydraulic lock

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International Journal of Fluid Power 14 (2013) No. 3

INFLUENCE OF THE SPOOL VELOCITY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A DIRECTIONAL HYDRAULIC VALVE

Antonio Posa1, Paolo Oresta2 and Antonio Lippolis2
1) The George Washington University - Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 801 22nd Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20052, USA 2) Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, Viale Japigia 182, 70126, Bari, ITALY aposa@gwu.edu, p.oresta@poliba.it, lippolis@poliba.it

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ABSTRACT

In this paper an accurate numerical method has been used to verify the influence of the spool velocity on the performance of a directional hydraulic valve (4/3, closed center): the flow during the opening phase of the valve has been solved by Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), using an Immersed-Boundary (IB) technique. The present results have been compared with the ones of a previous study, based on the same numerical method, but with a stationary spool. The numerical comparisons prove that the "quasi-stationary" hypothesis is approximately correct for present commercial devices, but it is not suitable for future high-speed valves. However it is shown that, even inside the range of the spool velocities currently adopted, for small pressure drops !p and small openings s more significant differences arise on the axial forces.
Keywords: Direct Numerical Simulation, Directional hydraulic valves, Finite-difference methods, Immersed-Boundary methods "

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International Journal of Fluid Power 14 (2013) No. 3

OPTIMIZATION OF SINGLE AND DUAL SUPPRESSORS UNDER VARYING LOAD AND PRESSURE CONDITIONS
Elliott R. Gruber1, Kenneth A. Cunefare1, Per W. Danzl2, Kenneth A. Marek1 and Michel A. Beyer2

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1) George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA 2) Eaton Corporation, 7945 Wallace Road, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, USA e_gruber@gatech.edu, ken.cunefare@me.gatech.edu, perwdanzl@eaton.com, ken.marek@gatech.edu, michelabeyer@eaton.com

ABSTRACT Hydraulic systems that operate over a broad range of load pressures pose challenges for suppression of fluid-borne noise. A common type of noise control device, a bladder-style suppressor, performs well only over a relatively narrow range of load or system pressures. This paper considers the problem of finding the optimal charge pressure(s) in either a single suppressor or two suppressors in series for maximum fluid-borne noise suppression in a weighted sense. The transmission loss, a measure of pressure ripple (dynamic pressure fluctuation) reduction, for the suppressors is predicted by an equivalent fluid model. The optimum configuration is sought through maximization of an objective function. The objective function is a summation of weighted transmission losses, where the weighting captures the duty cycle of the load pressure through a time weighting factor, and frequency weighting factor captures the spectral content of the pressure ripple. The duty-cycle weighting biases the objective function toward the most-used pressures. The frequency weighting emphasizes the high-energy spectral components in the target pressure ripple at a given load or system pressure. Optimal configurations are found for a set of system pressures, load pressures and duty cycles. It is found that the time weighting has a more significant impact on the optimum charge pressure than the frequency weighting, as seen by duty cycles considered in this paper.
Keywords: bladder-style suppressor, fluid-borne noise, optimization

International Journal of Fluid Power 14 (2013) No. 3

THE IMPACT OF AXIAL PISTON MACHINES MECHANICAL PARTS CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS ON THE THERMO-ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION ANAL- YSIS OF THE FLUID FILM INTERFACES

Matteo Pelosi and Monika Ivantysynova

Purdue University, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering & School of Mechanical Engineering, 225 S. University St., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA! mpelosi@purdue.edu, mivantys@purdue.edu

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ABSTRACT The authors analyze the lubricating interfaces of axial piston machines considering thermo-elastohydrodynamic (TEHL) lubrication characteristics. The fluid film geometry in these conditions is strongly influenced by the surface elastic deformation of the solid boundaries. The surface elastic deformations derive from the high dynamic pressures developing in the fluid film, necessary to balance the external oscillating loads. Furthermore, elastic deflections of the fluid film develop from the thermal expansion of the solid bodies, caused by the heat generated due to viscous shear of the fluid film. The accurate determination of the solid boundaries elastic deformation is a key element to predict the fluid film geometry and consequently the lubricating interface performance. When solving for the static elastic deformation of a solid body, constraint conditions must be imposed to avoid rigid body motion. Constraint conditions strongly influence the elastic deformation analysis; therefore their definition must reflect and interpret the mechanical body real conditions. In an axial piston machine all the mechanical bodies defining the fluid film geometry are loosely constrained and significant linear displacements and rotations are intentionally allowed. Hence, the definition of proper constraint conditions for the solid bodies is not a trivial problem and advanced constraint conditions must be considered and implemented. In the fully-coupled numerical models of the lubricating interfaces developed by the research group of the authors, finite element analysis is used to determine the mechanical bodies elastic deformations. The finite element analysis is coupled with finite volume models of the fluid film, to study the impact of the surface elastic deformations on the interfaces behavior. In this paper, the authors present and discuss the implementation of the inertia relief method on the finite element elastic deformation analysis of the main mechanical parts of an axial piston machine. Inertia relief allows simulating unconstrained structures in a static analysis using their inertia to resist the applied loads. Typical applications of this method include modeling an aircraft in flight, a submarine under water or a satellite in space. The impact of this method on the elastic deformation of the fluid film solid boundary surfaces is shown and compared to standard constraint conditions. In addition, the influence of the inertia relief method on the piston/cylinder interface fluid film behavior is discussed, presenting numerical results for a fullycoupled TEHL simulation over one shaft revolution of a special test pump capable of measuring the piston/cylinder axial viscous friction force. The improved accuracy of the piston/cylinder fully-coupled model including inertia relief effect is presented, comparing simulation results with friction force measurements.
Keywords: thermo-elastohydrodynamic lubrication, axial piston machine, inertia relief, constraint conditions, piston/cylinder interface

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International Journal of Fluid Power 14 (2013) No. 3

MODEL BASED DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL RELIABILITY IN OFFSHORE BOOM CRANES

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Morten K. Bak and Michael R. Hansen

Department of Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, Jon Lilletunsvei 9, 4879 Grimstad, NORWAY morten.k.bak@uia.no, michael.r.hansen@uia.no !

ABSTRACT This paper presents a model based approach for design of reliable electro-hydraulic motion control systems for offshore material handling cranes. The approach targets the system engineer and is based on steady-state computations, dynamic time domain simulation and numerical optimization. In general, the modelling takes into account the limited access to component data normally encountered by engineers working with system design. A system model is presented which includes the most important characteristics of both mechanical system and hydraulic components such as the directional control valve and the counterbalance valve. The model is used to optimize the performance of an initial design by minimizing oscillations, maximizing the load range and maintaining operational reliability.

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Keywords: System modelling, system design, counterbalance valve, directional control valve

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International Journal of Fluid Power

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Submissions Authors wishing to submit a paper for publication should send their manuscript in electronic form to Professor Monika Ivantysynova, Purdue University, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 225 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2093, USA (email: Mivantys@purdue.edu). Detailed notes for authors appear on the inside back cover of the journal. Publication information International Journal of Fluid Power (ISSN 1439-9776) is moving towards quarterly publication. Currently, three issues are planned for 2013. Annual 2013 subscription 139 ! (print or digital version). Subscription combined (digital and print version) 198 !. All prices are with postage and packaging, not including VAT. Subscriptions are automatically extended every year. Cancellation is possible by fax or mail. All subscriptions are payable in advance. Payment may be made by credit card with VISA or Mastercard. Issues are sent by standard mail. Further information is available on journals website http://journal.fluid-power.net. Orders, claims and product enquiries Please contact TuTech Innovation GmbH, Harburger Schlostrae 6-12, 21079 Hamburg, Germany; Phone: +49 40 76629-6555; Fax: +49 40 766296559; email: fpni.journal@tutech.de. An order form is also available on the journals website http://journal.fluid-power.net. Publishing and production TuTech Innovation GmbH, Harburger Schlostrae 6-12, 21079 Hamburg, Germany. Copyright 2013 TuTech. All rights reserved The journal and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by TuTech. Authors are responsible for obtaining permissions to reproduce copyrighted material from other sources and are required to sign a COPYRIGHT ASSIGNMENT FORM for transfer of copyright to TuTech. Single photocopies of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of TuTech and payment

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