Energetica India 01

Technological Issues and Challenges -
Suntechnics India
Interview Mr. Pradeep Chaturvedi
New Gen-Set Plant Himoinsa/Control
& Switchgear Pvt. Ltd.
Clean Development Project Acciona
A new Biofuel: Spent Grain Wrtsil
Biopower
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Portada.indd 1 30/12/08 16:02:58

Untitled-2 2 30/12/08 16:00:43
EDITORIAL
Dear Readers
After 8 successful years of publication in the Spanish, European and Latin
American markets, Energtica XXI is now expanding into India. This diverse and
lucrative market is fast becoming a major attraction for power generation com-
panies from all over the world. ENERGTICA INDIA will be the rst technical
power generation magazine dedicated to giving your companies products maxi-
mum coverage to industry professionals all over India and also at internationally
recognised events, exhibitions and conferences.
ENERGETICA INDIA published six times each year, covers the latest power
generation news, outstanding product developments, technologies, legislations
and much more in India and other countries. Our readers are your customers and
the decision makers of the power generation industry. If you want to introduce
your company to the Indian Market, or if you are an Indian company wanting
to showcase your products to the international market, contact us and feel free
to send press releases to be publish in the magazine or via our weekly e-news
letter.
In this rst issue you will nd reference information and news articles from
the different sources of renewable and conventional power generation and energy.
We hope that you enjoy reading this rst edition and that you nd the con-
tent very useful, we would also like to invite you to participate actively in the
following editions.
With kind regards,
The Energtica India team.
EDITOR:
EUGENIO PREZ DE LEMA
eugenio@energetica-india.com
CEO:
ANAND GUPTA
a.gupta@energetica-india.com
DIRECTOR:
GISELA BHL
gisela.buehl@energetica-india.com
Contacts in India
17 Shardhanand Marg, Chawani
Indore - 542001
Madhya Pradesh - INDIA
Tel. +91 731 255 3881
Fax +91 731 255 3882
Editorial Department:
NITI PARIKH
parikhniti10@energetica-india.com
ZOHA MAHDI
zmahdi@energetica-india.com
Commercial Department:
GOURAV GARG
gourav@energetica-india.com
GAJENDRA MALL
gajendra@energetica-india.com
Customer Department:
RAHUL NAIR
rahul@energetica-india.com
Contacts in Spain
Tel. +34 902 364 699
Fax. +34 630 8595
Spain + Abroad:
RAQUEL RAMOS
raquel@energetica-india.com
ANDREW CALLAWAY
andrew@energetica-india.com
Spain:
LVARO LPEZ
alvaro@energetica-india.com
Layout and Design:
DANIEL CONEJERO BERNARDO
Contras-t
The views expressed in the magazine are not necessarily
those of the editor or publisher. The magazine and all
of the text and images contained therein are protected
by copyright. If you would like to use an article from
Energtica India or our website www.energetica-india.com
you may obtain the rights by calling Omni-Editions India
Private Limited.
Omnimedia S.L.
C/ Rosa de Lima 1 bis, Edicio Alba,
Ocina 104, 28290 Las Matas. Madrid - Spain.
Tel +34 902 36 46 99 Fax + 34 91 630 85 95
www.energetica-india.com
Editorial.indd 3 30/12/08 10:48:49
The revolution
is coming.
The solar energy revolution is not far away. The spark will come when solar electricity reaches grid parity.
With its unique know-how in gases and chemicals, Linde Electronics is working with solar cell
manufacturers worldwide to increase cell throughput and efficiency, and to reduce the cost per watt,
helping to bring grid parity, and the revolution, ever closer.
Meet the Linde team at the World Future Energy Summit, 19th-21st January in Abu Dhabi.
Visit us at booth 7410 and learn more about our unique gas and chemical technology and
turn-key capabilities
Linde is commited to the rapid development
of sustainable energy, not only in field of PV,
but also in hydrogen, carbon capture and
storage and biofuels.
For more information:
electronicsinfo@linde.com
www.linde.com/electronics
401075-Energetica India Ad 4 PRINT:Layout 1 12/16/08 4:36 PM Page 1
Editorial 3

Events 6-7

Energy news 8-20

SOLAR POWER
India shining 22
Solar photovoltaic power technological issues & challenges - Suntechnics 23-25
Breaking the solar barrier - Advent Solar 26-29
Siliken specialises in turn-key projects 30-31
Silicon chemistry accelerating grouth of solar energy - Dow Corning 32-34
WIND POWER
Wind blows in favour of China or India? 35
Acciona wind farms in India 36-37
Harnessing the potential of wind - Vitaa zeus 38-39

BIO ENERGY
Innovative system for automatic cleaning of biomass boilers-Aerovit 40
A new biofuel-spent grain- Wrtsil 42-45

GEN-SETS
Himoinsa-Control and Switchgear PVT. Ltd 46-48

RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energy can be centre stage - Mr.Chaturvedi 49-52
Independent island systems - Wind & Sun ltd. 56-58

COGENERATION
Five years of operational experience - the Gyrh plant - Wrtsil 60-63

DISTRIBUTION & TRANSMISSION
On line insulation monitoring - P.K. Bhattacharyya and V.D. Vaidya 64-67

WATER
Process designing of a SWRO desalination plant in Chennai - Befesa 68-73

EXHIBITIONS & EVENTS
World energy summit - Abu-Dhabi -74-76
Energy & Enviro Tech, China Epower, National Energy Conservation Day 80-81
Renewable Energy Asia, Energy India 82-83
Ewec 84-86
Products 88-89

Subscription + Advertisers index 90
CONTENTS
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Portada.indd 1 26/12/08 18:04:54
VOLUME 1 | JAN/FEB 09
COVER
C&S HIMOINSA
A COMPANY SPECIALISED IN
THE DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT
AND MANUFACTURING OF
GENERATING SETS, LIGHTING
TOWERS AND ENERGY
GENERATION PRODUCTS
Controls & Switchgear Himoinsa Pvt. Ltd.
222, Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III,
New Delhi 110 020 India. Tel (+91 11) 3088
7520-25, Fax (+91 11) 2684 8241, 2684 7342
Sumario.indd 4 30/12/08 15:39:57
The revolution
is coming.
The solar energy revolution is not far away. The spark will come when solar electricity reaches grid parity.
With its unique know-how in gases and chemicals, Linde Electronics is working with solar cell
manufacturers worldwide to increase cell throughput and efficiency, and to reduce the cost per watt,
helping to bring grid parity, and the revolution, ever closer.
Meet the Linde team at the World Future Energy Summit, 19th-21st January in Abu Dhabi.
Visit us at booth 7410 and learn more about our unique gas and chemical technology and
turn-key capabilities
Linde is commited to the rapid development
of sustainable energy, not only in field of PV,
but also in hydrogen, carbon capture and
storage and biofuels.
For more information:
electronicsinfo@linde.com
www.linde.com/electronics
401075-Energetica India Ad 4 PRINT:Layout 1 12/16/08 4:36 PM Page 1
Sumario.indd 5 30/12/08 15:39:58
TAKEADVICE
6 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energtica india
2009 ASIA SOLAR ENERGY PV
Date: 30th March-1st April, 2009
Place: Shanghai, China
Organiser: CCPIT Pudong Sub-Council and
EPIA
Tel: +86 21 65 92 99 65
E-mail: jenny@aiexpo.com.cn
Web: www.asiasolarexpo.com.cn
RIO 9 LAREF 2009
Date:17-19th March, 2009
Place: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Organiser: Rio Solar Ltda
Tel: (+55-21) 22 11 50 26, (+55 21) 22 63
78 76
Fax: (+55-21) 22 11 50 19
E-mail: info@rio9.com
Web: www.rio9.com
RENEWTECH INDIA
Date: 03-05th, March, 2009
Place: Pune, India
Organiser: MCO-Winmark Services Pvt. Ltd.
Tel: +91-22-2660-5550
Fax: +91-22-2660-3992
E-mail: info@renewtechindia.com
Web: www.renewtechindia.com
POWER-GEN MIDDLE EAST
Date: 17-19th February, 2009
Place: Bahrein
Organiser: Pennwell
Tel: +44 19 92 65 66 10
Fax: +44 19 92 65 67 00
E-mail: exhibitpgme@pennwell.com
Web: www.power-gen-middleeast.com
THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS
Date: 26th-28th January, 2009
Place: Wrzburg, Germany
Organiser: OTTI
Tel: +49 94 12 96 88 24
Fax: +49 94 12 96 88 17
E-mail: leonore.nanko@otti.de
Web: www.otti.de
PETROTECH
Date: 11-15th January, 2009
Place:New Delhi, India
Organiser:Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Tel.: +91 120 2448625
Fax: +91 120 2448899
E-mail: exhibition_petrotech@iocl.co.in
Web: www.petrotech2009.org
POWER-GEN INDIA
Date: 02nd -04th, April, 2009
Place: New Delhi, India
Organiser: PennWell
Tel: +44 19 92 65 66 14
Fax: +44 19 92 65 67 00
E-mail: paperspgica@pennwell.com
Web: www.power-genindia.com
ENERGY TECH 2009
Date: 19th-22nd, March, 2009
Place: Thessaloniki, Greece
Organiser: HELEXPO SA
Tel: +00 30 2310 291 531
Fax: +00 30 2310 291 553
E-mail : energy@helexpo.gr
Web: www.helexpo.gr
GREEN ENERGY SUMMIT
Date: 3-7th March, 2009
Place: Bangalore, India
Organiser:Saltmarch Media
Tel: +0091 8040051000
Mobile:+0091 9845064453
E-mail:info@greenenergysummit.com
Web : www.greenenergysummit.com
EUROPEAN PELLET CONFERENCE
Date: 25 -26th February , 2009
Place: Wels, Austria
Organiser: O.. Energiesparverband
Tel: +43 73 27 72 01 43 86
Fax: +43 73 27 72 01 43 83
E-mail: ofce@esv.or.at
Web: www.esv.or.at
CEP 2009
Date: 29th-31st January, 2009
Place: Stuttgart, Germany
Organiser: REECO
Tel: +49 712 13 01 60
Fax: +49 712 13 01 61 00
E-mail: redaktion@energie-server.de
Web: www.cep-expo.de
WORLD FUTURE ENERGY SUMMIT
Date:19th-21st January, 2009
Place: Abu Dhabi, UAE
Organiser: Turret Middle East
Tel: +971 2 444 6011
Fax: +971 2 444 3987
E-mail: sales@turretme.com
Web: www.worldfutureenergysummit.com
GREEN ENERGY EXPO
Date:8-10th April, 2009
Place: Daegu, Korea
Organiser: EXCO, Korea Energy News
Tel: +82 536015024
Fax: +82 536015327
E-mail: green@energyexpo.co.kr
Web : www.energyexpo.co.kr
ENERGYMED
Place: Naples, Italy
Organiser: ANEA
Tel: +39 081 40 94 59
Fax: +39 081 40 99 57
E-mail: aneainfo@tin.it
Web: www.anea.eu
EWEC 2009
Place: Marseille, France
Organiser: EWEA
Tel: +32 24 00 10 79
E-mail: info@ewec.info
Web: www.ewec2009.info
SOLAR ENERGY & TECHNOLOGIES FAIR
Date: 26th February-01st March, 2009
Place: Istanbul, Turkey
Organiser: Ihlas Fuar Hizmetleri
Tel: +90-212-4542503
Fax: +90-212-4542506
E-mail: hakan.kurt@ihlasfuar.com
Web : www.gunesenerji.com
CIS-IT 2009
Date: 5 -6th February, 2009
Place: Rome, Italy
Organiser: Solarpraxis
Tel: +49 307 26 29 64 69
Fax: +49 307 26 29 63 09
E-mail: schmuck-soldan@solarpraxis.de
Web: www.solarpraxis.de
PVSEC 18 KOLKATA
Date:19th-23rd January, 2009
Place: Kolkata, India
Organiser: Conferences & Incentives
Management (I) Pvt. Ltd.
Tel: +91 9748999995 (GSM Landline)
Fax: +91 33-23370727
E-mail: info@pvsec18.iacs.res.in
Web: www.pvsec18.in
Agenda.indd 6 30/12/08 11:37:46
TAKEADVICE
ENERGY INDIA
Date: 08th -11st December, 2009
Place: Bangalore, India
Organiser: Hannover Fairs India Pvt.Ltd.
Tel: +91 22 40050-681
Fax: +91 22 40050-683
E-mail: info@hf-india.com
Web: www.hf-india.com
24RD EU PVSEC
Date: 21st-25th September, 2009
Place: Hamburg, Germany
Organiser: WIP
Tel: +49 89 72 01 27 35
Fax: +49 89 72 01 27 91
E-mail: pv.conference@wip-munich.de
Web: www.photovoltaicconference.com
INTERSOLAR NORTH AMERICA
Date:14-16th July, 2009
Place: San Francisco, USA
Organiser: Solar Promotion International
GmbH
Tel: +49 (0)7231 / 58598 - 0
Fax: +49 (0)7231 / 58598 - 28
E-mail: info@intersolar.us
Web : www.intersolar.us
INTERSOLAR
Date: 27-29th May, 2009
Place: Munich, Germany
Organiser: Solar Promotion y Freiburg
Wirtschaft Touristik und Messe
Tel: +49 72 31 58 59 80
Fax: +49 723 15 85 98 28
E-mail: info@intersolar.de
Web: www.intersolar.de
GASTECH 2009
Date: 25-26th May, 2009
Place: Abu Dhabi, UAE
Organiser: DMG World Media (uk) ltd,
Tel: +44 (0)1737 855000
Fax: +44 (0)1737 855482
Email: info@gastech.co.uk
Web : www.gastech.co.uk
HANNOVER MESSE
Date: 20-24th April, 2009
Place: Hannover, Germany
Organiser: Deutsche Messe,
Tel: +91 22 40 05 06 81
Fax: +91 22 40 05 06 83
e-mail: info@hf-india.com
Web: www.hannovermesse.de
ENERGAIA
Date:December, 2009
Place: Montpellier, France
Organiser: Enjoy Montpellier
Tel: +33 (0)4 67 17 67 17
Fax: +33 (0)4 67 17 67 00
E-mail: ffrediani@enjoy-montpellier.com
Web: www.energaia-expo.com
INDIA ELECTRICITY
Date: 10th-12nd September , 2009
Place: New Delhi, India
Organiser: Federation of Indian Chambers of
Commerce & Industry
Tel: +(91)-(11)-23738760 -70
Fax: +(91)-(11)-23320714/23721504
E-mail: indiaelectricity@cci.com
Web: www.indiaelectricity.in
CARBON EXPO
Date: 27-29th May, 2009
Place: Barcelona, Spain
Organiser: Koelnmesse and IETA
Tel: +49 22 18 21 31 32
Fax: +49 22 18 21 30 98
E-mail: c.haase@koelnmesse.de
Web: www.carbonnance.org
POWER-GEN EUROPE
Date: 26-28th de May, 2009
Place: Cologne, Germany
Organiser: PennWell
Tel: +54 11 47 87 38 17
Fax: +44 19 92 65 67 00
E-mail: juang@pennwell.com
Web: www.powergeneurope.com
CHINA E-POWER
Date:23rd 25th April, 2009
Place: Shanghai, China
Organiser: Zhongmao International
(Shanghai) Pte Ltd
Tel: +86 21 54 59 23 23 ext. 389
Fax: +86 21 64 87 76 69
E-mail: helen@zhongmao.com.cn
Web: www.china-epower.com
EGTICA-EXPOENERGTICA
Date: 25-27th November, 2009
Place: Valencia, Spain
Organiser: Feria Valencia and Five Continents
Exhibitions
Tel: +34 902 36 46 99
Fax: +34 91 630 85 95
E-mail: eugenio@egetica-expoenergetica.com
Web: www.egetica- expoenergetica.com
SOLAR CONVENTION LAS VEGAS 2009
Date: 15-17th September, 2009
Place: Las Vegas, USA
Organiser: Allstate International,INC
Tel: +00 1 702-735-4446
Fax: +00 1 702-732-8088
E-mail: apply@solarlas.com
Web: www.solarconventionlasvegas.com
FORO EUROPEO DE LAS ENERGAS
RENOVABLES
Date: 09-11th June, 2009
Place: Bilbao, Spain
Organiser: Turret Middle East
Tel: +34 94 404 00 98
E-mail: marketing@bec.eu
Web: www.europeanfutureenergyforum.
com
ENERMOTIVE Y ENERSOLAR+
Date: 26-30th May, 2009
Place: Miln, Italy
Organiser: Feria de Miln
Tel: +39 02 66 30 68 66
Fax: +39 02 66 30 55 10
E-mail: areatecnica2@eramilanotech.it
Web: www.eramilanotech.it
GENERA
Date: 12-14th May, 2009
Place: Madrid, Spain
Organiser: Ifema
Tel: +34 902 22 15 15
E-mail: genera@ifema.es
Web: www.ifema.es
7 energtica india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09
POWER INDIA
Date:still open, 2009
Place: Mumbai, India
Organiser: India-Tech Foundation
Tel: +91 - 22 - 2660 5550 / 7755
Fax: +91 - 22 - 2660 3992 / 93
E-mail: info@indiapowershow.com
Web: www.indiapowershow.com
Agenda.indd 7 30/12/08 11:37:46
Energetica News
Zero-Max is in rapid development
The small Silkeborg located
company Zero-Max is in a
rapid development and in the
next three years they expect to
quadruple their sales. The main
products are primarily a exible
clutch system, and a developed
and patented torque limiter.
The products are delivered to
the wind turbine industry. Fur-
thermore they have normal
transmission products, which
they deliver as a sub supplier
for the part of the industry that
develops and sells machines
and automation for produc-
tion.
Since an American sub
supplier acquired us three
years ago, we have been work-
ing with a very streamlined
strategy. We have developed
our sale so much that we now
have twenty employees com-
pared to the ten we had when
American Zero-Max bought us,
says Stig Nilsson, Executive Di-
rector for Zero-Max Denmark.
At the same time he states that
the Danish company is ahead
of its strategy plan. Mainly
because that the products the
company has chosen are well-
developed and approved on
the market. Especially the sales
for the wind turbine industry
are increasing.
Our development happens
in the middle of a time where
economical crisis are striking
one after another. But we are
progressing in the specializa-
tion strategy we have set up as
a goal. Our ordinary products
are progressing when we talk
about the OEM market (origi-
nal equipped manufacture),
where the customers buy our
products and use them as part
of a solution for the equipment
they sell themselves. Our moth-
er company in the USA also
have experienced large growth
despite the declining economi-
cal development, says Stig Nils-
son We can offer professional
challenges with meaningful
work content. A part of our
plan is - apart from develop-
ment - to be very close to the
customers. That is the only way
we can predict how their needs
will be, and in that way shape
our further development.
Zero-Max believes in a big-
ger organization. The goal is to
follow the customers, which
will give the possibility of pro-
duction for the local market
where the customer produces.
Today the company has so
many orders that it has been
necessary to transfer technol-
ogy to the mother company
in Minneapolis, USA. At the
same time the mother com-
pany takes care of the sale of
products in the USA. Finally in
2008 Zero-Max Denmark also
started a sales company in the
Chinese market with both sales
and support. The company
wants to service the customers
in the near markets.
Water current the next big thing
Can power be generated from
a current of water owing in
the river? Well, if you think
no, you need to be updated,
for it is possible now. Heralding
new dimensions to the renew-
able energy sector, an engineer
from the US has conceived a
device that generates power
from the current of water in
the ocean or river.
While turbines and water
mills could generate power
through water streams, ow-
ing at a velocity more than 8
km per hour, the new device
can generate electricity at a
rate of 3 km per hour, claimed
Michael Bernitsas, an engineer
from Michigan, who gifted the
world this innovative device,
A prototype of the device has
been prepared, which is kept
in Michigan universitys marine
renewable-energy laboratory,
Bernitsas said adding that the
device named as Vivac, encom-
passes an aluminum cylinder
suspended by a pair of springs
in a tank, which contains water
that ows across the cylinder
at around 2 km/h.The pro-
totype could produce just 51
watts power, however the de-
vice installed in a river or ocean
could generate around 5 kw of
power. If an array of cylinders
are added to it, the device can
generate 50 kw or 500 kw of
power. Research is being un-
dertaken to generate electric-
ity of around 10 mw from this
device, Bernitsas was quoted
as saying.
The surprising fact is that
the device produces electricity
at most economic rates. While
wind energy generates electric-
ity at 7 cents kw per hour and
solar energy at 16 cents kw per
hour, the innovative technique
generates electricity at 5.5
cents kw per hour. There are
many structures like hydrofoils
that could be installed in be-
tween waves to harness elec-
tricity, said Stephen Salter of
Edinburgh University, who has
carried out research on tidal
and wave energy. However, he
suggested that cylinders could
be cheaper and efcient option
from other alternatives.
Heraldo.indd 8 30/12/08 16:07:49
Heraldo.indd 9 30/12/08 16:07:49
Energetica News
Konarka Announces 45
million USD Strategic
Collaboration with Total
Total, One of the Worlds
Major Integrated Oil and
Gas Companies, and First
Rank Player in Chemicals,
Aims to Grow Photovoltaic
Thin Film Business through
R&D, Collaboration with
Konarka Technologies, Inc.,
an innovator in develop-
ment and commercializa-
tion of Power Plastic, a
material that converts light
to energy, has announced
the company has signed bi-
lateral R&D and cooperation
agreements with Total, one
of the largest publicly-trad-
ed integrated international
oil and gas companies in the
world. Konarka has secured
$45 million in funding and
Total will become the lead-
ing shareholder with its
stake being slightly less than
20%. Konarka will work
on developing new com-
ponents for their products
with Totals chemical sub-
sidiaries Atotech, Bostik,
Hutchinson, Sartomer and
Total Petrochemicals USA.
Already present in solar
energy through its interest
in Photovoltech and Tenesol,
Total intends to step up its
crystalline silicon-based cell
production. At the same time,
it aims to grow in the thin lm
segment; which Konarka will
help it to do. This is a very
substantial and signicant in-
vestment from a major global
energy corporation, com-
mented Howard Berke, execu-
tive chairman and co-founder
of Konarka. This strategic
alignment will give Konarka
access to a new strength of
resources, assets and opera-
tions from around the world.
Through the agreements,
Konarka will be very instru-
mental in helping Total to se-
cure its future in solar energy
by facilitating the growth of
its solar thin lm segment of
the companys renewable en-
ergy business. Following the
transaction, Philippe Boisseau,
president, Total Gas & Power,
stated: This investment po-
sitions Total strategically to
secure the future of solar
energy while expanding its
technological portfolio. We
look forward to working with
Totals ve chemical subsidiar-
ies on technical collaboration,
as well as efcient operational
procedures, commented
Rick Hess, president and CEO
at Konarka. Active in the area
of solar energy for the past
20 years, Total also brings
extensive expertise in carbon
chemistry. The collaboration
between the two companies
will advance the deployment
of solar power for more cost-
efcient, renewable energy
around the globe.
Total is one of the worlds
major oil and gas groups with
activities in more than 130
countries. Its 96,000 em-
ployees put their expertise
to work in every part of the
industry exploration and
production of oil and natural
gas, rening and marketing,
gas and power and trading.
Total is working to keep the
world supplied with energy,
both today and tomorrow.
China Fuels
Lindes Leadership
Position in Global
Photovoltaic Industry
Technology Company The
Linde Group announced the
award of three new multi-
million US-dollars (USD) con-
tracts to capture more than
50 percent of the thin lm
photovoltaic (PV) market in
China.
The agreements are bol-
stering the companys position
as the worlds largest supplier
of bulk and specialty gases to
the thin lm PV industry. The
Linde Groups local subsidi-
ary, Linde LienHwa has been
awarded contracts by Tian-
wei Baoding, Hangzhou Am-
plesun Solar and ENN Solar in
China.
As part of these new
long-term contracts, The
Linde Group will be provid-
ing ongoing delivery of bulk
and specialty gases essential
to make thin lm solar cells
including large volumes of si-
lane and hydrogen gas, used
to deposit silicon light absorb-
ing layers on large-area sheets
of glass used in solar panels.
China is fast emerging at the
forefront of the global solar
industry, with over 50 percent
growth in solar cell manufac-
turing in 2008 a huge jump
compared to only one percent
ve years ago.
With these three new
contracts, Linde continues to
play a crucial role in enabling
China to secure her position
as the worlds leading manu-
facturer of PV modules. Linde
has the full capability to deliv-
er both gases and chemicals
with turnkey solutions to so-
lar customers today. Howev-
er, Lindes involvement in the
solar industry is much more
comprehensive than just ma-
terials supply. Customers rely
on Lindes commitment to
bring industry leading gas
technologies into their manu-
facturing processes and, -
nally, to help them deliver on
their objective of reducing
the cost of solar cell produc-
tion. Its technology focus is
an important reason that cus-
tomers increasingly choose
Linde as their supply partner
for these essential materials.
China is a strong contender
to become a model for the
global solar energy market,
with the recent rapid-paced
growth in the photovoltaic
market, and The Linde Group
is excited to be a part of this
dynamic evolution of the re-
newable energy landscape,
said Andy Cook, President of
Linde LienHwa China. Lindes
successful relationships with
Tianwei Baoding, Hangzhou
Ample Solar and ENN Solar
illustrate our commitment to
deploy innovative approaches
to production and utilization
of materials in solar manufac-
turing.
Ultimately, Lindes collab-
oration with such world lead-
ing companies is aimed at the
universal industry goal of re-
ducing cost per watt of solar
cell production and bringing
the cost of solar electricity to
grid parity.
Heraldo.indd 10 30/12/08 16:07:49
Energetica News
TiSUN gives help for Christmas
European Parliament adopts
Climate Change Package
Tyrolean Solar Expert gives a
South African orphanage a wa-
ter-purifying solar installation
The phrase Merry Christ-
mas is all around us we hear
it, think it or say it almost every
day of December. Yet saying it
does not make it happen. For
many, Christmas is far from
merry, and the season of Peace
and Goodwill is in fact the
most hectic time of the year.
Presents, hot drinks and cook-
ies take centre stage, while the
true values of Christmasjoy,
giving, and thankstake a
back seat.
So TiSUN has decided to
donate gifts to those who re-
ally need them, rather than to
our clients, who no doubt ap-
prove. With your help we will
build a solar thermal installa-
tion to turn salt water into pu-
ried, clean drinking water for
orphans in South Africa.
TiSUN will put all of its
expertise and 25,000 Euros
towards developing, produc-
ing and installing the prod-
uct. It will go to the Mordecai
orphanage in Port Elizabeth,
South Africa, which is run by
Pastor Geert Jansingh and -
nanced by donations alone.
The daily purication of 250
litres of salt water into clean
drinking water will help 24
children orphaned by the AIDS
virus to improve their living and
health standards.
A 3-year old wishing for a
Merry Christmas sounds naive
at best. An adult sounds al-
most laughable. Which is why
we are trying to live up to our
simplest Christmas wishes
bringing good cheer to those
who need itby doing what
we do best.
You can learn more about
the progress of these 24 chil-
dren on www.tisun.com,
where we will document every
step of the project.
The European Parliament in
Brussels set the course for Eu-
ropes energy future. With the
plenary vote on the climate
change package in December,
the eleven months lasting ne-
gotiations and legislative work
came to an end.
The package conrms the
EU binding target of 20% re-
newable energy share by 2020
as well as 20% reduction on
greenhouse gas emissions and
a 20% improvement on en-
ergy efciency. Applied Mate-
rials welcomes the adoption of
the Climate Change Package
and especially the Directive on
the promotion of the use of
energy from renewable sourc-
es. Based on this Directive all
Member States will now have
to reach their own targets by
2020 by promoting renewable
energies. This means a strong
consolidation of national sup-
port schemes, more security of
investments and a reduction
of administrative procedures
as well.
Dr. Winfried Hoffmann,
Vice-President and Chief Tech-
nology Ofcer of Applied Ma-
terials and President of the Eu-
ropean Photovoltaic Industry
Association (EPIA) spoke out
contentedly on the reached
agreement: This package
serves manifold: rst the en-
vironment by less polluting
thereby leading to a cleaner
future, second the renewable
markets by clearly dened me-
dium term targets and third
the renewable industry with
many new high skilled work-
places.
With the adoption of
the Climate Change Package
photovoltaic technology gets
the chance to be an important
part of a cleaner and more
sustainable European energy
future.
Consolidating the
Phoenix Solar brand
Renewable Energies Development
2002 srl (RED 2002), the Italian
subsidiary of Phoenix Solar AG is
to be renamed Phoenix Solar srl
effective from 1 January, 2009. In
taking this step, the parent com-
pany is not only consolidating the
Phoenix Solar brand: its subsidiary
in Italy will also derive sustained,
long-term benets from the
know-how and brand awareness
of a solar energy enterprise active
on the international stage.
Phoenix Solar AG is one of
the worlds leading photovoltaic
(PV) system suppliers with a highly
efcient European distribution
network as well as outstanding
in-depth expertise in the construc-
tion of solar power plants up to
and including the multimegawatt
range.
The company is based in
Sulzemoos, near Munich, and has
subsidiaries in Italy, Spain, Greece,
Singapore and Australia. After
rst acquiring a strategic interest
in RED 2002
in 2006, in July 2008 Phoe-
nix Solar increased its stake to 100
percent. The change of name ef-
fective 1 January is the logical next
step in the companys world-wide
internationalisation and branding
strategy. Phoenix Solar aims to
operate globally under a single
brand. We see huge potential
in the Italian PV market. Together
with our Italian colleagues we
aim to grow substantially in Italy
and expand our market share ac-
cordingly, explained Dr. Andreas
Hnel, CEO of Phoenix Solar AG.
REDs knowledge of the
Italian market and Phoenix So-
lars competence and experience
complement one another per-
fectly, added RED 2002 General
Manager Domenico Inglieri. Our
highly motivated team is looking
forward to shaping Italys solar fu-
ture as a part of the international
Phoenix Solar Group.
Heraldo.indd 11 30/12/08 16:07:52
Energetica News
IBC and Enercoop Build 13 Megawatt
Solar Power Plant in Crevillente, Spain
IBC SOLAR, a leading photo-
voltaic system integrator, has
nished construction of a new
solar PV plant together with
the Spanish energy supply com-
pany, Grupo Enercoop in Crevil-
lente, near Alicante, Spain.
The project was completed
in three phases. The rst sec-
tion, with an output of 6.2
MWp (Megawatt peak) has
been feeding environmentally
friendly energy into the Span-
ish power grid since December,
2007. In September, 2008, this
power plant was extended with
two additional facilities for a to-
tal power rating of 13.2 MWp
enabling it to supply approxi-
mately 4,000 Spanish house-
holds with electricity.
Within the Enercoop part-
nership beginning in 2006, IBC
SOLAR managed the module
procurement, the construc-
tion process, the monitoring
concept and environmental
controls for the power inverter
building. Following completion
of the planning stage, IBC SO-
LAR delivered the rst modules
in April, 2007 which were then
installed in several construction
phases. In total, IBC SOLAR pro-
vided 27,000 high-quality, poly-
crystalline modules for the rst
phase of the solar park. The 6.2
MWp plant has supported the
Spanish power grid with solar
energy since December 2007.
In 2008, IBC SOLAR ex-
tended the solar power plant
with two new areas for a to-
tal output of 13.24 MWp. The
plant can now supply approxi-
mately 4,000 households with
energy. For the two additional
plants, over 31,400 IBC SOLAR
PV modules were installed.
The area surrounding the fast-
growing town of Alicante is
experiencing a constant eco-
nomic upswing due to tourism
and a surge in industrial activ-
ity. In order to accommodate
the growing need for energy,
the IBC SOLAR power plant
now provides environmentally
friendly solar energy. IBC SO-
LAR project manager Frank
Mueller emphasizes: The col-
laboration with Grupo Ener-
coop worked very well. With
this project we have shown
how reliably and efciently so-
lar parks can produce environ-
mentally friendly energy. De-
spite the statutory cap of 500
Megawatt per year in
2009, we hope to be able
to extend our successful col-
laboration further.
Aleo solar has already signed
contracts for more than 25
megawatts for 2009
Expansion to increase
supply of renewable
energy to Los Angeles
Aleo solar AG has announced that
it has already signed contracts with
a total volume of more than 25
megawatts in Europe. Agreements
for the delivery of aleo modules
were signed with a number of spe-
cialist dealers, installers and solar
technology specialists in the Euro-
pean core markets.
The customer base of Aleo
solar AG currently includes more
than 400 specialist companies
throughout Europe. Heiner Will-
ers, member of aleo solars Man-
agement Board, is in a condent
mood: We are already in a posi-
tion to forecast that this trend is
likely to continue in 2009 even
though the larger digression in
the feed-in tariff, which is sched-
uled to kick in at the turn of the
year, will be a challenge for all
market participants in Germany.
International demand con-
tinues to be strong. Italy, Bel-
gium, France, Greece, and the
Czech Republic are developing
very well, Willers said. aleo
solar has observed a shift to-
wards smaller and medium-sized
rooftop installations in Europe.
Photovoltaic installations are also
becoming increasingly attractive
for safety-conscious investors.
Further support for investments
in solar electricity systems is pro-
vided in Germany by KfW Banks
loan offerings.
Recently, Aleo solar an-
nounced that it would surpass its
2008 sales target of EUR 330 mil-
lion. Aleo solar AG expects total
sales for 2009 to be in excess of
EUR 380 million, which is antici-
pated to go hand in hand with a
solid EBIT margin.
ABB, has won an order worth
$87 million to expand and
strengthen the power trans-
mission network in the area
of Los Angeles, California,
so that it can deliver more
electricity from renewable
sources.
The capacity of the 22-
year-old Intermountain Power
Project Southern Transmission
System will be increased by 25
percent to 2,400 megawatts
by 2010. The upgrade is part
of the Los Angeles Depart-
ment of Water and Powers
(LADWP) goal to bring 20 per-
cent of power to customers
from renewable energy sourc-
es by the end of the decade.
ABB is proud to be a
part of this project, which is
very much in line with our
focus on increasing energy
efciency and leveraging the
power of renewables, said
Peter Leupp, head of ABBs
Power Systems division.
Intermountain Power
Agency and LADWP, the op-
erating agent, selected ABB
to upgrade the high-voltage
direct current (HVDC) sys-
tem with a state-of-the-art
control and protection sys-
tem, MACH2, as well as ef-
cient cooling systems for
the valves that convert the
current from AC to DC and
back, and additional AC l-
ters to strengthen the quality
of the power supply.
Heraldo.indd 12 30/12/08 16:07:53
Energetica News
Wrtsil wins 5-year operations and
maintenance contract from Argentina
Taiwans Auria Solar starts micromorph pilot production
Wrtsil, a leading supplier of
exible power plants for the
decentralized power genera-
tion market, has been awarded
an operations and mainte-
nance (O&M) contract by an
Argentinean power plant cus-
tomer. This agreement relates
to a power plant currently be-
ing installed by Wrtsil.
The operations and
maintenance contract has
been agreed for a period of
ve years. Under the contract
Wrtsil will operate and main-
tain the power plant, which
is being installed for the Mina
Pirquitas mining project in the
province of Jujuy, in the north
of Argentina.
Wrtsil is currently sup-
plying equipment and engi-
neering for this new baseload
power plant, which will provide
electricity for the mining activi-
ties. The delivery includes three
Wrtsil 18V34SG engines,
which run on natural gas and
have a total output of 15 MW.
Wrtsil has already sup-
plied Argentinean customers
with power plants that pro-
duce a total of 51 MW of elec-
trical power.
In commenting on this
latest order, Tomas Hakala,
President of Wrtsil in Latin
America, said: This is a valu-
able order and one that rep-
resents a further endorsement
of Wrtsils ability to provide
the right solutions in a vari-
ety of climates and operating
conditions around the world.
The power plant for the Mina
Pirquitas project will be operat-
ing at an altitude of 4500 me-
tres, and our proven success at
meeting the challenge of high
altitude operations was a key
to being awarded this con-
tract.
Energy-intensive industries
can, in many cases, improve their
competitiveness through reduc-
ing energy costs by producing
electricity for their own needs
in a local captive power plant.
In some areas of the world, this
also improves reliability of supply
because of the inherently unsta-
ble grid conditions.
Wrtsils gas-driven pow-
er plants offer high reliability,
price stability, and independ-
ence from uctuating grid
conditions. They provide very
rapid start-up, and consistent
performance throughout vary-
ing ambient conditions, while
meeting todays increasingly
stringent air quality require-
ments. There are to date more
than 3300 Wrtsil engines un-
der delivery or already installed
in more than 1700 power plants
for the industrial self-generation
segment, producing more than
12 GWe.
Wrtsils comprehen-
sive O&M programme enables
the plant owner to focus on
the companys core business,
knowing that Wrtsil is able to
ensure optimal plant perform-
ance. The O&M coverage is
available for the complete oper-
ational lifecycle, from receiving
fuel to supplying energy. Wrt-
sil operates 132 installations in
34 countries, supplying some
3800 MW of power.
Oerlikon Solar the worlds
leading supplier of thin-lm
silicon photovoltaic (PV) pro-
duction equipment, have an-
nounced that Auria Solar (Tai-
wan) is now the rst customer
in Asia to begin production
of thin-lm silicon solar mod-
ules using Oerlikons micro-
morph technology. Thanks
to intensive cooperation be-
tween Oerlikon Solar and
Aurias dedicated engineering
and R&D teams, Auria Solar
has already produced its rst
micromorph thin-lm solar
cell modules less than four
months after the equipment
was delivered in August 2008.
Full-volume production will
commence in Q1 2009 with
yearly output capacity exceed-
ing 60 MWp, helping Auria
Solar move toward its goal of
producing 500 MWp annu-
ally by 2012. Auria executives
expressed strong condence
that the company will start to
earn revenue as early as 2009,
as present capacity has already
been fully booked.
The elements required
to successfully compete in
the global thin-lm market
include innovative and prov-
en technology, end-to-end
capabilities and extensive
customer service that enable
manufacturers to increase
production as quickly and ef-
ciently as possible, said Dr.
Chi-Yao Tsai, CEO of Auria
Solar. Oerlikon Solar offers
the strongest combination of
these qualities and has con-
sistently demonstrated that
the company not only has
proven technology but also
has the ability to deliver and
ramp-up systems in an ex-
tremely timely fashion.
Oerlikon Solars micro-
morph process signicantly
boosts solar cell efciency by
adding a second microcrys-
talline absorber to the amor-
phous silicon (a-Si) layer. This
layer converts the energy of
the red- and near-infrared
spectrum, facilitating efciency
increases of up to 50 percent.
The micromorph technology
also bolsters overall module
power, enabling its customers
to produce cost-effective thin-
lm silicon solar modules.
Oerlikon Solars proven
ability to rapidly deliver pro-
duction lines to customers sig-
nicantly reduces their time to
market. This is a key differen-
tiator that separates Oerlikon
from our competition, said
Jeannine Sargent, CEO Oer-
likon Solar. Our best-in-class
production solutions combine
our mature mass-production
technology with unmatched
output and performance guar-
antees, enabling us to offer
our customers something that
no other company can. Au-
ria Solar starting production
represents another milestone
in Oerlikon Solars mission to
make solar power economi-
cally viable as an alternative,
sustainable energy solution.
Heraldo.indd 13 30/12/08 16:07:54
Energetica News
IBC SOLAR and relief organizations install
photovoltaic systems and give hope
The photovoltaic system inte-
grator IBC SOLAR has installed
several photovoltaic systems
in Afghanistan in order to
supply schools and hospi-
tals with reliable energy. The
projects were nanced by the
Liechtenstein Development
Service in cooperation with
the society for development
in Afghanistan (Verein fr
Afghanistan-Frderung e.V.
Bonn, VAF) and IBC SOLAR.
Electricity in Afghanistan.
Energy is a scarce com-
modity in Afghanistans rural
regions as well as in the often
ruined towns. A large number
of the electricity plants built
and in operation at the be-
ginning of the civil war, have
been damaged over time and
do not come close to being
able to guarantee the basic
provision of energy required.
According to the calculations
of the German development
bank, KfW Entwicklungs-
bank, less than ten percent
of the population have access
to electrical energy. As, at 24
US Cent per kilowatt hour,
the price of electricity is unaf-
fordable for Afghan citizens,
it does not come as a surprise
that usage per head is one of
the lowest in the world. How-
ever, electricity is important
for the economic and social
development of the country.
For the Afghanistan govern-
ment renewable energies
represent an environmentally
friendly and reliable opportu-
nity to improve the electricity
supply in the long term.
By 2018, according to of-
cial plans, at least sixty per-
cent of the population should
have access to electricity from
renewable energy. As electric-
ity networks do not function
reliably, the country is focuss-
ing on decentralised energy
supplies that produce energy
at the site of use.
Social establishments,
such as childrens homes,
schools and hospitals need a
reliable electricity supply. The
joint project by IBC SOLAR,
Liechtenstein Development
Service and VAF is designed
to help meet this need with
photovoltaic systems. The
VAF has been running peace
houses for many years for
boys and girls who cannot
be cared for properly in their
home environment due to
physical handicaps from war
wounds or illness. The Kabul
Peace House has charge of
around 100 children. Over
half of the girls and boys from
the peace houses spend the
night at home. The other half
live in the Peace House, either
because they have no relatives
or come from far away.
The 4 kWp power pho-
tovoltaic system helps the or-
ganization to guarantee their
electricity supply in the long
term and to develop further.
By day, a water pump is di-
rectly powered with solar en-
ergy. The electricity for the
lighting of the Peace House is
provided by batteries, which
are charged during the day.
The unused energy stored
in the batteries can also be
used elsewhere, for example
to charge car batteries, or to
supply a small craft business.
The photovoltaic system will
not only power the Peace
House, but also the immedi-
ate vicinity. In the future, the
excess energy will also be
used for a small workshop,
which, for example, will give
women the opportunity to
learn to sew. The aim is to
make further education op-
portunities available, which
will help the people to en-
sure an individual long term
income.
Apart from the Peace
House in Kabul, IBC SOLAR,
the VAF and the Lichtenstein
Development Service have
equipped ve schools and
hospital wards in Afghani-
stan with photovoltaic sys-
tems. These so-called solar
home systems for decentral-
ised energy supply consist of
two solar modules, a battery
charging station and batter-
ies, which store the energy
produced until it is needed.
In order to secure the sys-
tems in the long term, IBC
SOLAR monitors the systems
and therefore is able to check
regularly that everything
functions. If a problem were
to emerge, we are in contact
with an electrician on site,
who would take over the
maintenance and service.
Heraldo.indd 14 30/12/08 16:07:57
Energetica News
ABB successfully tests ultrahigh-voltage
transformer, key for power superhighways in China
GAMESA receives several orders from Longyuan to supply
295 MW to different Chinese wind farms during 2009
ABB, the leading power and au-
tomation technology group, has
successfully tested a new type of
transformer that is a key compo-
nent of power superhighways,
or power links that can deliver
vast amounts of electricity over
very long distances.
ABB developed the 800-
kilovolt transformer within one
year of winning a major order
to equip the ultrahigh-voltage
direct current (UHVDC) trans-
mission corridor from the Xi-
angjiaba hydropower plant in
western China to Shanghai,
2,000 kilometers to the east.
It is the worlds highest-voltage
power link and will have a
record capacity of 6,400 meg-
awatts, capable of supplying
about 31 million people.
The transformer is the rst
of several ordered by the State
Grid Corporation of China
(SGCC), and is a critical element
of the systems that ABB is sup-
plying to convert AC current to
DC and back, and to alter the
voltage at each end. Among
other challenges, raising the
voltage to as much as 800 kV
increases the technical require-
ments on a transformers insula-
tion and on the design of critical
parts such as bushings.
The cooperation between
ABB and SGCC has played a
key role in this success, which
is further evidence of ABBs
commitment to technology
and innovation, said Bernhard
Jucker, head of ABBs Power
Products division. UHVDC
technology enables more ef-
cient use of renewable energy
sources, reducing dependence
on fossil fuels and cutting car-
bon dioxide emissions.
Power transmission at ul-
trahigh voltage has considera-
ble advantages for the environ-
ment, as it reduces the power
losses and requires a smaller
transmission corridor than con-
ventional technologies. UHVDC
technology is particularly suit-
able for large countries such
as China, where the centers of
power consumption are often
far from the power sources.
UHVDC is a technological
development of HVDC, pio-
neered by ABB more than 50
years ago, and is the biggest
leap in capacity and efciency
of transmission in more than
two decades.
Gamesa Corporacin Tec-
nolgica continues to reinforce
its market leadership in China
after receiving several orders
for a total power of 294,95
MW that will be supplied in
2009 from Longyuan Electric
Power Group Corporation, a
leading rm in renewable en-
ergies in the Asian country that
belongs to the largest Chinese
electric utility group, the Guo-
dian Corporation.
The wind turbines ordered
amount to a total of 347 units
from the Gamesa G5X-850
kW platform manufactured in
Gamesas production facilities
in Tianjin. These turbines will
be destined to different wind
farms located in several Chi-
nese provinces.
The scope of the order
includes the supply of wind
turbine generators (without
towers), the supervision of
their assembly and start-up,
along with two years of opera-
tion and maintenance. These
projects are part of the frame-
work agreement entered into
by both companies for differ-
ent wind energy projects.
Through the awarding
of these orders, Gamesa has
taken another step forward
in its strategy to focus on key
accounts in the main growth
markets, particularly in Asia.
These orders also consolidate
the companys business rela-
tionship with the Longyuan
Electric Group, which was es-
tablished in 2004.
From an environmental
viewpoint, the wind turbine
generators Gamesa will sup-
ply to these wind farms will
contribute towards generating
electricity supplies that respect
the environment and avoid the
emission of pollutants to the
atmosphere. More specically,
the annual production of these
installations 335.75 MW will
replace 63,414 tons of petro-
leum equivalent (TPE) per year
and avoid the emission into the
atmosphere of 442,425 tons of
CO
2
a year.
Heraldo.indd 15 30/12/08 16:08:00
Energetica News
Intersolar and PV Group cooperate
in photovoltaic production
Siemens installs photovoltaic plant
for climate-friendly power generation
Together with the worldwide ac-
tive PV Group, Intersolar 2009 is
expanding its services for exhibi-
tors in the area of photovoltaic
production and technology. At
Intersolar 2009, companies in
the industry will for the rst time
nd a dedicated hall to show-
case their products and services.
A high class PV Production and
Technology Conference will
highlight the most recent and
important industry topics and is
now going to accompany the
new offer at Intersolar 2009.
The once separated indus-
tries of industrial semiconduc-
tor production and photovoltaic
production are growing together
and both industries are mutually
proting from a big international
market and the profound exper-
tise on both sides resulting in bet-
ter efciency and lower prices of
photovoltaic products. For both
SEMIs PV Group and Intersolar it
was therefore a logical step to join
forces at Intersolar 2009. We are
delighted to have gained an inter-
nationally recognized partner for
the photovoltaic production and
automation sector. The new coop-
eration with the PV group allows
us to meet the needs of the sector
at Intersolar 2009 by expanding
our services for the manufactur-
ing industry in this area, explains
Markus Elsaesser, Managing Di-
rector of Solar Promotion GmbH,
Pforzheim, one of the two organ-
izers of Intersolar 2009.
Klaus W. Seilnacht, Manag-
ing Director of Freiburg Wirtschaft
Touristik und Messe GmbH & Co.
KG, the other organizer of Interso-
lar, also sees great potential in the
cooperation: As the leading inter-
national trade show, our exhibitors
and visitors expect us to reect the
latest stateof-the-art of the entire
solar technology supply chain. The
cooperation with the PV Group
will help us to create a worldwide
industry network and to promote
the industrys further growth.
The PV Group is an initiative
of SEMI, the international associa-
tion serving the needs of compa-
nies which produce semiconduc-
tor equipment and materials, and
within the association specically
addresses the photovoltaic pro-
duction sector.
In 2007 the European pho-
tovoltaic industry generated a
total sales revenue of 5.5 bil-
lion Euros and the trend is still
upwards. At the same time, the
price of photovoltaic modules,
measured in terms of the cost
per installed watt, has more than
halved over the past 20 years. On
the one hand, this trend can be
attributed to the constantly ris-
ing energy efciency of modern
photovoltaic modules. On the
other hand, new manufacturing
technologies and the growth and
further interlinking of the indus-
try are also contributing to the
reduction in costs. Eddy Blokken,
Director Technology and Stand-
ards at SEMI: Thanks to the co-
operation with Intersolar we will
be able to promote the creation
of an international industry net-
work and support companies in
the further optimization of pro-
duction. In the long term, this will
help to bring prices for solar elec-
tricity down further. It remains
our long-term aim to achieve grid
parity for the industry, i.e. being
able to offer photovoltaic elec-
tricity at a competitive price.
Exhibitors welcome the ini-
tiative and see it as an attractive
opportunity for strengthening
their trade show presence. Urs
Waelchli, Vice President of IN-
FICON, said, The cooperation
between SEMI and Intersolar in
creating a segmented exhibi-
tion with a targeted focus on
PV production and technology
in one hall will address the de-
cision makers important in the
worldwide PV community for
our products. We expect that the
technical conferences and sym-
posia during Intersolar 2009 will
discuss the cutting-edge topics,
innovations and ideas necessary
to grow the solar manufacturing
market.
Applied Materials considers
Intersolar to be one of the most
signicant events for the global
PV industry, states Charlie Gay,
Vice-President and Managing Di-
rector of the Solar Business Group
at Applied Materials Inc., Santa
Clara/USA. It provides an im-
portant venue for us to showcase
how our technology helps to drive
down the cost per watt of solar
electricity and to communicate
our unique value to downstream
solar markets. We are pleased
that SEMI is partnering with Inter-
solar to create a hall dedicated to
PV production and technology.
Dean OConnor, Head of
Solar Business for Linde, said,
Linde believes that this co-oper-
ation between SEMIs PV-Group
and Intersolar will bring more fo-
cus on PV production and tech-
nology, particularly in the area of
critical materials. Furthermore the
important area of PV Standards
development will benet from
a wider participation during the
show.
Siemens Energy has installed a
turnkey photovoltaic plant on
the roof of the Siemens Health-
care x-ray systems manufactur-
ing plant in Forchheim, Germany.
The solar power installation will
generate more than 750MWh
of climate-friendly electricity per
year, the company said.
The solar modules high ef-
ciency makes the output of the
power generating plant around
one-third higher than that of cus-
tomary units of a comparable size,
according to Siemens Energy.
The solar plant is operated
by Siemens Real Estate. Sie-
mens Energy has designed and
constructed the photovoltaic
system and was also responsi-
ble for commissioning.
Rene Umlauft, CEO of
the renewable energy division
at Siemens, said: The solar
power plant in Forchheim is
an important agship project
for us. With the solar mod-
ules providing an electrical ef-
ciency of over 18%, the unit
is extremely powerful and prof-
itable. As general contractors,
we are focused on engineering
and implementing large pho-
tovoltaic installations for cus-
tomers from industry and the
power business.
Heraldo.indd 16 30/12/08 16:08:00
Energetica News
India could become top player in worlds
solar market with huge power decit
SolarPlaza, a world leader in con-
necting solar industry members, will
lead an international trade mission
to India from February 16 to 20.
The aim of the mission will be
to explore the potential for a strong
market in India for solar products in
the coming years, an opportunity
that could reap huge dividends for
solar manufacturers.
India, one of the worlds fast-
est-developing countries, currently
has no electric grid, with 400 mil-
lion people without access to elec-
tricity. With about 301 clear, sunny
days a year, solar power stands to
become the predominant energy
source for the nation, which is cur-
rently exploring ways to deal with
its energy shortage.
Already, some large-scale
projects are being proposed, in-
cluding a 35,000 km
2
area of the
Thar Desert thats been set aside
for a solar power project generat-
ing 700,000 to 2.1 million Mega-
watts.
So far, only about 1,748 MW
of power is produced from solar
energy, while India needs 1.3 mil-
lion MW of electricity each year.
India is just getting started, said
Johan Trip, CGO of SolarPlaza, a
portal for news, trade, informa-
tion and high level events about
the worldwide solar industry. The
world needs to be better educated
about Indias solar market, which
offers a huge opportunity for the
solar industry.
The purpose of this mission
is also to connect solar industry
experts, business developers and
project developers looking for pan-
els with Indian manufacturers.
SolarPlaza will give participants an
inside track to connecting with cus-
tomers in India. It will also facilitate
a look at such Indian companies as
Moser Baer, Solar Semiconductor
and XL Telecom, all Indian manu-
facturers of solar panels.
Government incentives aimed
at creating a solar industry in India
have lead to start-ups which could
solidify a solar industry there in the
coming years. SolarPlaza will open
doors for members of the solar
industry at their factories in Banga-
lore, Hyderbad and New Delhi.
In addition, SolarPlaza will
host two conferences highlighting
the growing opportunities in India.
Representatives of the global solar
industry will have the opportunity
to meet, network and make busi-
ness connections with Indian com-
panies and other key players in
Indias solar energy market.
JUMO extends its Asian market activities
and invest on the Indian subcontinent
JUMO, a leading German manu-
facturer of industrial measure-
ment and control instrumenta-
tion, has extended its worldwide
sales network by installing its
22nd foreign daughter company
JUMO India Pvt. Ltd. The ofcial
opening of the new company
on December, 11th, 2008 was
headed by the Director Market-
ing / International Sales, Wolf-
gang Wenzel, and the Head
International Marketing, Stefan
Kaess. The new Indian Regional
Sales Managers, Mr. Vinod Pi-
lania (North/East), Mr. Amol
Deshmukh (West) and Mr. Pra-
kash Rao (South), witnessed the
event during the recent Industrial
Automation Fair in Bangalore. A
number of customers and guests
had followed the invitation to
the opening ceremony. The of-
ces for the Northern Region
are located in Gurgaon near the
capital New Delhi. The Western
Region will be addressed from
Pune, while Bangalore is the lo-
cation of the Southern Region
Ofce. All customers present
welcomed the new option to
receive their goods from local
stock quickly and against local
currency. The newly installed
well-trained sales staff can of-
fer qualied advice on applica-
tion of the wide range of JUMO
products in the local languages.
JUMO India Pvt. Ltd. aims to
provide good service to the exist-
ing distributor network and to
get established in the attractive
OEM business. The Indian Sub-
continent has been in a phase
of rapid economic development
for many years. It will also be a
world wide growth driver in fu-
ture decades, said Stefan Kaess.
A great number of international
enterprises in the pharmaceuti-
cal, chemical, energy and other
industries with growing require-
ments for measurement and
control instrumentation have
been established in India in re-
cent years. We support the glo-
balisation strategies of our major
international customers by this
extension of our sales organiza-
tion in India. Being close to our
international customers base has
always been our policy, said
Wolfgang Wenzel.
BHEL to make
inroads into
solar sector
Bharat Heavy Electrical
Limited, a public sector un-
dertaking unit, has a plan
to make inroads into the
solar sector with venturing
capital of Rs 3000 crore.
Things are in nascent
stage. But it is for sure that
the giant is looking for a
technology partner, said
Vishnu Gupta regional
head of BHEL. The stable is
in talks with many Japanese
companies, he added de-
clining to disclose names of
the companies. Technol-
ogy is the prime concern
for BHEL, which is the rea-
son the stable is looking
for Japanese companies,
he added. The company is
open to the idea that part-
ners could share equity.
Gupta stated this adding
that the project would help
the country to ensure devel-
opment. Besides, the solar
project, BHEL in association
with defense electronics
company, Bharat Electronics
Limited (BEL) has decided
to establish an integrated
photovoltaic facility, which
would entail investment of
Rs 6000 crore. The Com-
pany is planning to rope in
a private sector partner in
the venture, said Gupta
adding that process in that
direction has commenced.
The integrated facility
would have polycrystalline
silicon (polysilicon) ingots,
conversion into wafer, solar
cells and modules and solar
panel systems. A capacity
of 200 to 250 MW is be-
ing envisaged to achieve
economies of scale, Gupta
concluded.
Heraldo.indd 17 30/12/08 16:08:01
Energetica News
Reliance to lighten up life
Ceremonial Inauguration of solar room
at Goethe-Institut, Bangalore
Giving hope to the denizens
of Rajasthan, who are living
in a lantern era in the age of
computerization due to regular
load shedding. Reliance energy
has decided to set up a solar
energy plant in the State. The
electricity produced by Reli-
ance would be sold to three
power companies of Rajas-
than, which would channel it
to the grid, lightening up many
lives. Unveiling a string of de-
velopments in the solar power
sector, Mukesh Dhirubhai Am-
bani Groups Reliance Industry
has inked a pact with the Ra-
jasthan government to supply
electricity to three power com-
panies of the Rajasthan State.
The company would supply
power to Jaipur Discom, Jodh-
pur Discom and Ajmer Discom,
stated R G Gupta chairman and
managing director of Jodhpur
Discom. The agreement was
signed, taking benets of the
Union governments enticing
subsidy scheme for encour-
aging companies into solar
power generation. Resolute
to support the solar energy
sector in the country, the Un-
ion government has come up
with a scheme, said R G Gupta
chairman and managing direc-
tor of Jodhpur Discom adding
that reliance industry will get
Rs 15.78 per unit. The power
would be sold at rate of Rs
3.67 for 10 years, while Indian
Renewable Energy Develop-
ment Agency (IREDA) will pay
Rs 11.33 per unit to Reliance.
The Reliance industry is survey-
ing land near Naguar region
for establishing a solar plant
for generating 5mw of power.
While the government has de-
clared to provide a subsidy up
to 50 mw of power, the Reli-
ance industry has struck deal
of 5 mw. This indicates that
many more companies could
make a beeline to Rajasthan.
Elated over the deal, Gupta said
that the benets of the scheme
were rst noticed by business
tycoon, Mukesh Ambani, who
decided to gain ground in the
early stages. Others will follow
the suit, he added. Giving a
reason for investment in Ra-
jasthan, Gupta said that west-
ern Rajasthan shines with sun
for long hours, giving ample
opportunity to harness solar
energy. Supporting the state-
ment, Gupta said that Rajas-
than has an abundant natural
resource and it has the poten-
tial to be developed into a so-
lar hub not only for the country
but also the world. Initially the
government would incur losses
through the high subsidy, but
once the production increases,
the costs would come down
substantially, giving huge prof-
its and rendering light to many
lives in the rural region, which
otherwise are having dark
nights because of erratic load
shedding, opined Gupta.
Deutsche Energie-Agentur
GmbH, (dena), held a ceremo-
nial inauguration of the photo-
voltaic installation on the roof
of the Goethe-Institute/Max
Mueller Bhavan in Bangalore,
India. Udo Mhrstedt, IBC SO-
LAR AG Chairman handed the
system over to the head of the
institute, Dr. Evelin Hust, in the
presence of the Consul General
of the Federal Republic of Ger-
many, Mr. Stefan Graf. The
project is part nanced by the
dena Solar Roofs Programme
and realized by German IBC
SOLAR with installation and
maintenance support from
SELCO INDIA. The PV system
at Goethe-Institute/Max Muel-
ler Bhavan is connected to the
house grid and feeds the elec-
tricity into its grid. It allows the
institute to use the energy im-
mediately and, in the case of a
grid disconnection, the system
switches instantly to backup
mode in order to directly sup-
ply the institute. During the
inauguration event, a number
of experts, including Professor
Dr. Olav Hohmeyer, member
of the U.N. Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, who
was awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize in 2007 along with Al
Gore, outlined the advantages
of photovoltaic energy pro-
duction for India. Through its
Solar Roofs Programme, dena
supports German PV compa-
nies in installing their technol-
ogy abroad on German schools
or institutions. Dr. Christine
Wrlen, Head of the Renew-
able Energy Division at dena
is convinced of the future of
photovoltaics in India: India
could become an important
market. IBC SOLAR has been a
solar pioneer since 1982 in the
area of photovoltaics and is an
excellent role model for Re-
newables made in Germany.
Through its competence and
commitment, IBC SOLAR has
achieved a solution tailored to
the needs of the Goethe-Insti-
tut that secures undisturbed
teaching even if the public
electricity grid fails. This project
is a beacon and should serve
as a good example for other
companies and organizations
in India and make the practi-
cal advantages of solar energy
clear.
The demand for reliable
energy is particularly high in
India. Electricity cuts can be a
regular occurrence and are a
great challenge for rms. Solar
energy is one solution to this
problem. Sun-drenched India
in particular can cover a large
proportion of its energy needs
through photovoltaics, stress-
es Prof. Dr. Olav Hohmeyer,
member of the U.N. Intergov-
ernmental Panel on Climate
Change. The photovoltaic in-
stallations provide reliable, en-
vironmentally friendly energy
and can contribute to delivering
energy to the aspiring Indian
market, without immeasurably
raising the carbon dioxide out-
put. Fast growing markets like
India can prot from the know-
how of industry experts such as
IBC SOLAR. The example of the
Goethe-Institut shows how en-
ergy requirements and climate
protection can be brought into
accord.
As a next step IBC SOLAR
has decided to partner with
Refex Energy Pvt Ld to address
the utility-scale and stand alone
photovoltaic projects in India.
This business partnership will
specialise in PV system integra-
tion that will include planning,
engineering, implementation
and maintenance of solar in-
stallations ranging from small
scale systems to megawatt so-
lar PV power plants.
Heraldo.indd 18 30/12/08 16:08:01
Energetica News
Energy India: an enlightening event
PLG Power inaugurates 50 MW solar
power plant in Nashik
Energy demand drives in-
vestment, investment drives
wealth and wealth drives
growth. Considering the fact,
Hannover Fairs India conduct-
ed Energy India exhibition in
Bangalore from December
10 to 13 2008 at Bangalore
International Exhibition Cen-
tre (BIEC), which succeeded
in bringing industry tycoons,
distributors and resellers at
one spot.
With the industry grow-
ing at electrifying speed, there
is a direct need to connect the
industry barons and power
generating units stalwarts
at a place. And what could
be the best option than or-
ganising an exhibition, says
Dr Andreas Gruchow, Mem-
ber of the executive board,
Deutsche Messe AG. Indian
energy market is among the
fastest growing in the world
and the emphasis on renew-
ables at the policy level is also
enormous, but there is lack of
appropriate platform for the
players in the sector to get to
know of latest technology and
solutions and also, for global
players looking to enter the In-
dian market or partner Indian
companies. All the more rea-
son for an event like Energy
India which promises to ad-
dress these issues he adds.
Given the high levels of in-
vestment in power generation
industry in India, the growth
prospects for the renewables
look extremely promising both
in the short and long term,
he adds. Taking note of the
scenario, many exhibitors pre-
sented efcient and effective
energy supply concepts for In-
dias growing economy, along
with solutions that embraced
both conventional and alter-
native energy generation.
The German company
Block Transformatoren-Ele-
ktronik GmbH & Co. KG,
based in Verden, unveiled a
portfolio of products at the
show specially assembled
for the Indian market. These
include high-efciency elec-
tricity supply systems, trans-
formers designed to minimize
power losses and components
needed for alternative energy
generation. The fact that we
exhibited in Bangalore again
this year is also an indication
of how pleased we were with
Industrial Automation India
last year. We had made lots
of interesting contacts at the
show and made new custom-
ers for our German-made
products, says Udo L. Thiel,
Managing Director of Block.
A line-up of some 110
exhibitors presented ad-
vanced technologies for the
Indian market at Energy India,
including such market lead-
ers as Siemens from Germany
as well as GE and Crompton
Greaves from India, to name a
few. The exhibition attracted
diverse stakeholders from
manufacturers, distributors of
products and services to policy
makers.
Notably, the latest McK-
insey & Co. report, Power-
ing India: The Road to 2017,
predicted that Indias power
demand will grow from its
present level of 120 GW to
300 GW by 2017. And by
2020, renewable will make up
20% of the total energy mix.
In order to get to that level
India is increasingly looking
at private investment. And, to
attract these investors, India
is currently considering intro-
ducing long-term tax and de-
preciation concessions, as well
as tradable eco-power cer-
ticates similar to the Kyoto
emissions certicates currently
traded around the world. In-
dias primary focus in the re-
newables segment is on wind
power, which is expected to
account for some 60% of the
extra 12 GW of renewable
generation capacity planned
between now and 2012.
PLG Power, a agship energy
and power division of the
aprox. USD 418 million PLG
Group, successfully inaugurat-
ed its world class solar power
project (100 per cent EOU) to
manufacture 50 MW of solar
photovoltaic modules recently
at, Nasik, Maharashtra, under
the technical and turnkey col-
laboration with Spire Corpora-
tion, Boston, USA.
The state of the art plant
was inaugurated by K L Ba-
blani, Chief Commissioner of
Customs & Central Excise in
the presence of foreign and lo-
cal dignitaries and buyers from
Europe.
This is the rst phase of
the company to manufacture
mono-crystalline and multi-
crystalline solar modules of the
highest efciency. The total in-
vestment of PLG Power sector
in solar power sector is to the
tune of aprox.USD 104 mil-
lion.
PLG Power has bought the
entire state of the art turnkey
machinery, equipment and
technology from Spire Corpo-
ration, Boston, USA to manu-
facture 25 MW of highly ef-
cient solar modules.
Spire Corporation is a Nas-
daq listed global solar company
providing turnkey solar facto-
ries and capital equipments for
the solar photovoltaic industry
having more than 90 per cent
market share.
The company has already
signed MoUs and ve year long
term agreements with its sup-
pliers and buyers worldwide. It
has secured substantial export
orders to back up its expansion
plans which is proposed to raise
upto 100 MW by June 2009 at
an expenditure of aprox. USD
94 million .
Pramod K Goel, CMD is
hopeful to achieve an annual
export turnover of USD 625
million by 2010.
Heraldo.indd 19 30/12/08 16:08:02
Energetica News
inter
solar2009
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P h o t o v o l t a i c s
S o l a r T h e r m a l T e c h n o l o g y
S o l a r A r c h i t e c t u r e
1.300 Exhibitors
100.000 sqm Exhibition Space
wi t h I nt er nat i onal Conf er ences
4
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Avanti wind systems opens ofce in India
The Danish based sub-supplier
to the wind turbine industry,
Avanti Wind Systems, opens of-
ce in India. It will be operated
by general manager for Avanti
Wind Systems India, Mr. Lars
Rasmussen and based at the
Trade Commission of Denmark
in Bangalore
At the beginning of 2009,
Avanti Wind Systems expands
operations to Chennai, where
the company will open a factory
for Service Lifts and Fall Protect-
ing Systems. Avanti Wind System
is leading world marked pro-
ducer of service lifts and other
personal safety systems to wind
turbine towers. Including the of-
ce and factory in India, Avanti
Wind Systems will operate fac-
tories, technical service centers,
ofces and training centers in
six countries, Denmark, Spain,
China, USA and Germany. The
wind industry is growing very
fast in India too and Avanti Wind
System wants to be close to our
costumers, so we are able to
provide a fast and high quality
service, says Avanti Wind Sys-
tems CEO, Soren Midtgaard.
The Avanti Company was
founded in Denmark in 1885
and was originally a ladder fac-
tory. The company still produces
ladders, but is now focusing on
developing and producing safety
equipment for the service tech-
nicians working in wind turbine
towers. Avanti has developed a
complete range of safety prod-
ucts for mowing up and down
in wind turbine towers. Avanti
Wind System products like Serv-
ice Lifts, Fall Protecting System
and Climb Assistance has been
approved in accordance with of-
cial standards in EU, USA and
Australia.
The products are sold all over
the world, and in order to serve
demands from customers, Avanti
offers a range of training courses
for service technicians in wind
turbine towers in various coun-
tries. Avanti Wind System will be
present at the Wind India 2008
exhibition in Chennai Nov. 25.-
26, represented by CEO Soren
Midtgaard and General Manager
Avanti India, Lars Rasmussen.
8-megawatt solar parks inaugurated in
Extremadura, Spain
Obamas green promise to bring sea of change
The Spanish company Vasolar
2006 S.L. and its Portuguese
business partner Cavalum SGPS;
S.A. inaugurated four solar parks
delivering a total output of eight
megawatts in the autonomous
region of Extremadura.
The tracking systems pro-
duce on average 26 gigawatt-
hours of energy per year,
covering the requirements of
about 8,300 households and
saving 25,000 tonnes of car-
bon dioxide. 250 people came
to the inauguration, including
the mayors of the villages of
Fuente de Cantos, La Albuera,
Don Alvaro and Montemoln,
where the solar installations
produce their electricity.
For the tracking systems,
operators Valsolar and Cavalum
still receive the higher feed-in
tariff guaranteed by royal de-
cree RD 661/2007 for solar
installations commissioned be-
fore the end of September. The
decree guarantees a higher
payment for installations of up
to100 kilowatts. Valsolar and
Cavalum have therefore di-
vided the four solar parks into
smaller systems, each with an
output of 100 kilowatts. They
receive 45.51 eurocents for
each kilowatt-hour fed into the
grid. The four solar parks cost
a total of 40 million euros. Val-
solar is reckoning on a payback
period of 10 years.
When deciding on which
inverters to install, Valsolar and
Cavalum chose Sputnik Engi-
neerings 100-kilowatt central
inverters. We know that the
devices are good. Thats why we
chose SolarMax inverters, ex-
plains Valsolars company spokes-
person Mnica Martins. In 2008
alone the company has so far in-
stalled 70 SolarMax inverters.
The United States presidential
election has augured well for the
Indian renewable energy industry,
with the rst African American
US president-elect Barak Obama
declaring to approbate $ 150 bil-
lion in the coming 10 years for
promoting the industry.
The declaration would
surely prove a boon for conglom-
erates, planning a foray into the
sector and existing units contem-
plating to expand, said Vishnu
Gupta, regional head BHEL. The
idea behind this policy is to en-
courage stables to venture into
the renewable energy sector. The
fund to be approbated would
facilitate the attainment of the
objective, he added. With the
announcement, Indian compa-
nies engaged in production of
equipment used for power gen-
eration would also make head-
ways. Assuming a sudden spur
in the renewable energy sector,
Moser Baer Photovoltaic maker
of solar cells have decided to
ramp up manufacturing of solar
cells by 2010, which could pro-
duce 1000 mw electricity. The
declaration has also opened up
the gates of the world for the
company, which is envisaging ex-
porting the equipment to ensure
progress. While Moser Baer is all
set to pull ahead of the scenario,
Suzlon, major exporter of equip-
ment for wind energy, is not far
behind. Technically sound, the
companys growth prospects
could be dened as the sky is the
limit. Obamas green promise
would denitely bring a sea of
change in the renewable energy
sector of the country, encourag-
ing foreign investors to venture
into the country added Gupta.
Lars Rasmussen.
Heraldo.indd 20 30/12/08 16:08:04
inter
solar2009
w w w . i n t e r s o l a r . d e
P h o t o v o l t a i c s
S o l a r T h e r m a l T e c h n o l o g y
S o l a r A r c h i t e c t u r e
1.300 Exhibitors
100.000 sqm Exhibition Space
wi t h I nt er nat i onal Conf er ences
4
t h
Eur opean Sol ar Ther mal
Ener gy Conf er ence - est ec2009
5
t h
PV I ndust r y For um
I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e F a i r
f o r S o l a r T e c h n o l o g y
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AZ_IS09_energetica-India 1.1 19.12.2008 15:56 Uhr Seite 1
Heraldo.indd 21 30/12/08 16:08:05
India shining
W
hile some projects are currently in
the planning stage. Tata BP Solar,
Reliance industry and Wipro Lim-
ited attracted by the innite opportunities in
the sector are already working in the country.
L&T are in talks with two rms for
manufacturing solar panels for an ambitious
project, it is on the verge of venturing into,
while Haryana Renewable Energy Develop-
ment Agency (HAREDA) have issued a letter
of intent to Astoneld Renewable Resource
(ARRL) for setting up solar power projects of 3
mw in the state with the option of two more
in the future. Clear Solar Inc has decided to
set up a solar plant at Chitrakoot in Uttar
Pradesh. While zeroing in on the project, new
opportunities have opened up for the compa-
ny. It is also in the process of executing other
contracts in the region, including a previously
announced Rs 100 crore ($20 million) project
to design and construct a multi-megawatt so-
lar power system. Haryana Electricity Regula-
tory Commission (HERC) has xed the tariff
for solar energy generation at Rs 15.96 per
unit for the projects to be commenced up to
December 31, 2009 and Rs 15.16 per unit
for projects commencing between December
31, 2009 and March 31, 2010, conrmed an
ofcial from HERC. In an attempt to make a
stronghold in the West, ARRL bought its rst
plot of land in Bankura, a total of 26 acres
for a 5 mw solar PV plant, which ARRL will
start constructing later this year, the ofcial
added.
Why India? No more a sphinx riddle
It is no more a million dollar question why ma-
jor solar giants, breaking the political bounda-
ries, are coming to India for installing power
plants. With the geographical advantages
well known for some time, it is now also be-
cause of the enticing offers the government
is presenting. For that matter, high quality
power production at economic rates is the
other reason responsible for companies mak-
ing in-roads into India.
Government assistance
Top notch companies are making a bee-line
to India, with Union government offering so-
lar incentive package schemes (SIPS). Encour-
aged by the scheme, around 14 conglomer-
ates have proposed to invest over Rs 1.4 lakh
crore in the country. Under the SIPS scheme,
the corporate would be entitled to receive
over 20 to 25 per cent nancial assistance
from the government of India. Besides this,
there is MNREs 10 year generation-based
incentive (GBI) scheme guarantees a regular
return framework. With a view to woo the
barons of the industry, the governments of
Rajasthan and Punjab have added some more
benets to the scheme, assuring long term
revenue and spurring in private investment.
Unlimited potential
While India has an installed SPV capacity of
about 10 mw as of March 2008, it has poten-
tial to generate over 12,632 mw of electricity
from the renewable energy sector. The wide
gap is stirring domestic as well as internation-
al players to venture into India. To sustain
the solar market in India, the country needs
to support the industries by establishing re-
search and development units for technologi-
cal advancements, said Upendra Khachru,
Chairperson of Technology and Management
Systems.
Low cost of production
The companies are entering India because of
the low cost of production. In India manpow-
er is available at cheaper rates, while the qual-
ity of the produced electricity is much higher.
This is the reason companies are planning to
venture in India, asserted Khachru. Well,
the inux of companies could be termed as
a win-win situation for all. If companies get
economic yet quality production, local resi-
dents would get ample green job openings
in the years to come, stated Arvind Krishan,
Professor at the Centre of Advance Studies.
No doubt India has copious opportunities to
generate solar power, but to keep the things
going, research and development should be
carried out at a fast pace. In the present sce-
nario, the whole research and development
is being carried out by western companies.
To gain ground, India needs to work on the
development sector, maintained Upendra
Khachru.
SOLARPOWER
With around 301 sunny days a year, India is becoming a hot favorite for domestic as
well as international solar giants planning to foray into this lucrative energy sector. Going
green, the renowned engineering and construction company Larsen and Toubro Limited
is all set to establish solar energy plants in the country. Astoneld, a major player in the
industry, is following suit. The company has plans to invest Rs 2000 crore in the coming
two years. Following in their footsteps, Clear Solar Inc has inked a pact of over Rs 40
crore with Prayag Green Solar Power Private Limited to develop and construct a 2 MW
solar power project in India.
IndiaShining.indd 22 30/12/08 11:51:58
RAJESHWARA BHAT. DIRECTOR SUNTECHNICS ENERGY SYSTEMS INDIA
Solar Photovoltaic Power
Technological Issues and Challenges
P
hotovoltaics are poised to be one of
the key energy technologies of this
century, and its extensive industrial
development must be accelerated now.
One of the rst efforts in terrestrial use
of PV solar electricity started circa 1980, and
since these early efforts, photovoltaics have
developed very steadily in terms of technol-
ogy, industry, and market share:
TECHNOLOGY: The cost of the rst solar cells
was high and efciencies relatively low
(around 10%). The price decreased by a
factor of ten during the past twenty years
and efciencies today range between 14
to 16%. Reliable products are on the mar-
ket, and modules are generally sold with
a performance warranty of 20 years and
more. The day is not far away, where we
will witness an efciency of 25 to 30 years
in range.
INDUSTRY: During the mid-eighties and nine-
ties, companies started investing in com-
mercial production plants, and today mass
production has risen due to the develop-
ment of sophisticated equipment and
technologies. More than 10 companies are
currently delivering PV cells and modules
worldwide, with the rst ve serving more
than 70% of the world market, and the
competition is strong.
Challenges: - technology and
manufacture of PV modules
Type of cells / modules that are prevalent in
the market:
Crystalline silicon
Monocrystalline (Cz-Si),
Multicrystalline (mc-Si),
Ribbon
Thin lm technology
Amorphous silicon (a-Si).
To make PV a success, a collective effort
between industry, government, the research
community and society is needed. This ini-
tiative has already proven benecial in some
countries and India is one of the counties at
the forefront of such developments.
The Indian PV industry has shown im-
mense development in recent years. All
branches of PV manufacturing, distribution
and system installation are represented by
strong companies, with their global market
share rising steadily. Technology development
and research are becoming increasingly so-
phisticated, and the industry is in an excellent
position, well-primed for the challenges of
the future.
Fast facts on the current status of
energy developments in India
India currently has an installed base of 140
GW and would need approximately 70 GW
by 2012 to meets its energy demand
There are approx 20,000-30,000 MW Die-
sel Generators supplying Back Power in the
country.
The grid electricity supplied to areas has
high distribution losses, not considered in
the calculation of price at which energy can
be supplied at reasonable prot
For todays current 8% GDP growth, an en-
ergy mix of Coal, Oil, Gas, Hydro, Nuclear,
and Renewables is essential for achieving
the above growth
Encouraging exponential growth of Rural
Economy is a must for this growth to be
sustainable
Investors are keen to put funds in technol-
ogy where they can expect 12 - 14% IRR.
The lifespan of Solar Power is 25 years, with
minimal maintenance cost and apt for the
growth of a Rural and Semi-Urban Economy
Mankind needs to actively pursue varieties of energy sources, both conventional and
renewable in India. Spurred by Government of India initiatives, electricity generation from
renewable sources will become one of the essential contributors to the national energy
mix. There are indeed myriad options to harness renewable energies, however photovoltaic
electricity generation from solar radiation has the most uniquely strong and valuable
position. Solar cells, the basic elements of photovoltaic (PV) technology, convert light
energy directly into electric energy. This one-step process is clean and absolutely emission-
free; and also a modular electricity source that can be installed in every power size from
microwatt to multi-megawatt scales. Therefore, it is ideally suited for distributed generation
of electricity near the user, everywhere around the globe. Moreover, solar energy is an
unlimited resource, readily available everywhere hence PV solar electricity together with
solar thermal has the highest potential of all renewable energies.
SOLARPOWER
PHOTOVOLTAICS ARE POISED
TO BE ONE OF THE KEY ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES OF THIS
CENTURY, AND ITS EXTENSIVE
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
MUST BE ACCELERATED NOW
Conergy.indd 23 30/12/08 11:58:24
SOLARPOWER
India has to spend 400,000 Crs on oil sub-
sidies yearly
Discourage installation of DG sets at the cur-
rent subsidised prices. It costs approximately
Rs 20 - 40 per unit to generate power at
remote locations, especially new telecom
sites, retail outlets, SWAN applications,
emergency power, computer power, rural
schools, banks, ATMs, railways etc.
This is adequate to replace 252 million liters
of diesel per day with a payback of approxi-
mately 4 years, thus creating the path to-
wards energy independence from oil, which
is already under pressure from economic ef-
fects in the country.
Instead of spending 235,000 - 400,000 Crs
every year on oil subsidies (depending on
uctuations in imported oil prices) in the form
of Bonds to PSU, a feed-in-tariff market is
suggested to create 1,000 MWp of solar PV
and 500 MWp of CSP - costing India approxi-
mately 4,500 Crs per annum (at Rs 20/ unit, a
meager 1.5% of the oil subsidy fund).
Encourage investors/industries to put up
grid-connected solar power plants in remote
locations where DG power is targeted.
Off-grid with net metering (for one Million
Solar Homes) can take care of all the home-
owners load.
The local ERC has to be involved with the
implementation of the projects.
What is required in India?
To generate an economy of scale in PV, we
need to target 1,000 MWp of PV and 500
MWp in Concentrating Solar Power every
year till 2012. With an average feed-in tariff
of Rs 20/ unit, this would cost Rs 4,500 Crs
per year. This fund can be implemented as an
energy security programme to alleviate our
risks on fossil fuel. Alternatively, a Green CESS
could be imposed on consumers.
Our current demand is 655 billion units
in the country, which earns us revenue of
approximately 229,250 Crs at a weighted
average of Rs 3.50 per kWh. If we charge
Green CESS of approximately 1.5% of the
total electricity bill (collected from commercial
and industrial consumers), this may result in
an additional burden of 5 Paisa per unit. Ide-
ally, this should be the way forward for our
energy security policy, or the Government of
India would need to allocate funds of 4,000
crs per annum to Discoms to implement solar
power projects of 1,000 MWp PV and 500
MWp CSP.
Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV)
Power
SunTechnics India successfully completed a rst-of-
its-kind BIPV housing project for India in Kolkata,
through an eco-housing project conceived and
developed by the West Bengal Renewable Energy
Development Agency.
Asias largest solar power plant - 24 MWp project
in SinAn, South Korea.
Conergy.indd 24 30/12/08 11:58:28
SOLARPOWER
By adapting various methods and over-
coming the limitations of fossil fuel, grid par-
ity is likely to be reached at 2014 in Europe
and at 2018 in India.
In the European Union, Germany has
shown that market growth can be stimulated
considerably through supportive legislation.
Germany is now the second strongest market
worldwide and a role model for other coun-
tries with renewable energy goals.
German achievements to date:
More than 214,000 jobs created
97 million tonnes of CO
2
emissions avoided
in 2006 through Renewables
11.8 % share of total gross electricity con-
sumption from Renewables in 2006
5.3% share of total primary energy con-
sumption from Renewable Energy in 2006
US$ 28.0 billion total turnover in 2006
through Renewable Energy (building and
operation)
US$ 11.3 billion investment per year
All this, at a cost of only around US$ 2.00
per household per month!
Strategic action plan
In addition to sound government policies, India
should devise a roadmap (in collaboration with
other key stakeholders from EPIA and NREL)
based on the following three branches of poli-
cy support which provide long-term stability.
To encourage both developer and indus-
try, the policy should allow only such rms
that allocate 1% of the feed-in-tariff rate
(feed-in-tariff to be approximately Rs 20/unit)
in order to encourage PV manufacturers to
strive for continued cost reductions. To keep
this scheme simple and effective from an
administrative point of view, every electricity
consumer will pay a small surcharge with his
electricity bill to the utility company.
Extensive research and technological
development are essential for the Indian PV
industry to remain competitive and to open
up new markets. The African and Asian mar-
kets can be the future export market for India.
The major goal of all efforts must be substan-
tial cost reduction for all stages of the value
chain, from materials to systems, in order to
eventually compete with other methods of
electricity generation. Intense cooperation
between the research sector and industry is
required to reach that target.
PV power systems the next steps
PV currently supplies only a minute amount
of electric power generated worldwide.
Nonetheless, due to its decentralised nature it
provides millions of people around the globe
with a minimum of electricity to satisfy basic
needs in communication, health and water
supply. However, in order to achieve the goals
of the country, having the following imple-
mentations are ideal:
Implementation of the modularisation con-
cept with standardised components to be
coupled on the AC-side that are compatible
with the existing utility grid
Integrating intelligent components with
standardised interfaces and functions for
control and communication (monitoring,
diagnosis)
Increasing conversion effciency of inverters
to exceed 96 % and increasing input volt-
age range
For island grids in particular, simple design
and low maintenance and service costs
should be considered to carry out the super-
visory control task for various components
(converters, battery, etc.)
Prefabricated systems for low-cost installa-
tions
Cost reduction with increasing production
volume for all components
In summary, in addition to creating a
market of 1,000-2,000 MWp PV and 500-
1,000 MWp CSP both for on-grid and rooftop
systems, research funds need to be created in
collaboration with industry for enhancing ef-
ciency, while improving costs and ensuring
that over time we achieve grid parity.
Elsewhere in the Asia-Pacic -
Conergy Group activities
Asias largest PV plant with a current total ca-
pacity of 24 MW was commissioned in SinAn,
Southwest of the Korean capital of Seoul. It is
installed on a vast eld of 720,000 m?. The
on-grid system will provide more than 33,000
MWh of electricity, which corresponds to the
annual consumption of more than 7,200
households. It also reduces carbon emissions
of up to 24,000 tonnes a year (or the equiva-
lent of planting 168,000 trees).
About SunTechnics India
SunTechnics India is a brand subsidiary of the
Conergy Group, headquartered in Hamburg,
Germany. The solar concern is one of the big-
gest European suppliers of renewable energy
systems and one of the world leaders in solar
system integration. Since its foundation in
1998, the Conergy Group has sold more than
one gigawatt of renewable energies and has
been listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
since 2005.
SunTechnics India, with a head offce
and manufacturing facility in Bangalore, is a
one-stop solution provider for all renewable
energy requirements. We provide complete
end-to-end solutions from conceptualisation
to completion, including evaluation, feasibil-
ity study, design, engineering, supply, instal-
lation, commission, operation, maintenance
and nancing.
SunTechnics India offers a wide range of
renewable energy solutions comprising of:
1. Solar photovoltaic megawatt projects
2. Solar photovoltaic off-grid systems
3. Solar thermal systems for water heating
4. Solar water pumping systems
5. Solar-wind hybrid systems
NEXT STEP IN SOLAR POWER
SYSTEMS: CREATE A MARKET
OF 1,500-3,000 MWP OF PV TO
ENCOURAGE INVESTMENT IN
THE COUNTRY BOTH FOR CELLS,
MODULES AND BALANCE OF
SYSTEMS
B. Rajeshwara Bhat, Director and CEO - SunTechnics
Energy Systems, India.
Based in Bangalore, leading SunTechnics India (a
brand of the Conergy Group) as CEO responsible
for operations in India and SAARC countries.
With 25 years of experience in Head of Proft
Center, Integrated Solutions, Marketing, Sales,
as well as Project Management in India and
internationally for diverse product ranges
including: renewable energy systems, UPS
systems, power systems, enterprise solutions /
telecom accessories.
Worked in Philips India as Sales Engineer for
the Lighting division before moving on to
international markets in the United Arab Emirates
as Head of Business for Power Electronics
division.
He is experienced in the design, installation
and commissioning of photovoltaic systems for
powering up GSM sites, offshore locations, well-
head platforms, RTUs and cathodic protection. He
has also worked with various overseas European
and American manufacturers and successfully
established market leadership positions for them.
He is also consultant to UNIDO in recommending
renewable energy solutions.
Chairman of Technical Sub-Committee (under
WISE) for recommending policy changes to the
Government of India, in contributing towards
making solar power a sustainable mode of
energy in India.
Conergy.indd 25 30/12/08 11:58:32
ADVENT SOLAR
Breaking the Solar Barrier: Eliminating
the Silicon PV Performance Gridlock
C
onventional PV manufacturing
approaches have emphasized cell
efciency and wafer thickness as
primary drivers to address the $ per watt
equation. However, gains in cell efciency
are invariably frittered away at the system
level due to cumbersome manufacturing
processes while reductions in wafer thick-
ness are becoming increasingly more dif-
cult. Therefore, conventional PV manu-
facturing is approaching a gridlock, where
system level improvements are becoming
marginal. Meanwhile, market demands
for PV modules have become more strin-
gent in terms of output energy, quality,
reliability, and cost. In order to establish
a renewed momentum towards grid par-
ity, creative architectural approaches are
required. Advent Solars comprehensive
Ventura Technology breaks the technol-
ogy constraints of traditional silicon pho-
tovoltaics, and powers the way to a new
generation of silicon PV products. With
an innovative architecture, combined with
proven principles of manufacturing from
the semiconductor industry, Advent Solar
is delivering a new generation of module
products that are both high value and
Beautiful by Design.
Ventura Technology: Breaking
the Gridlock
Advent Solar Ventura Technology
revolutionizes photovoltaic product man-
ufacturing and performance. Ventura is
based on a system level architecture that
optimizes output value at both the cell
and module level. It combines unique
back-contact cell architecture (called Emit-
ter Wrap-Through, or EWT) with a highly
automated, planar manufacturing process
(Monolithic Module Assembly, or MMA).
This architecture was inspired by the semi-
conductor industry that excels in rapid
technology evolution. In this way, cell and
module performance characteristics are
optimized together to deliver modules that
have a higher output and are more reli-
able than conventional modules. Modules
made with Ventura Technology are assem-
bled on efcient manufacturing lines with
high precision and throughput, resulting in
overall reduced costs.
Beautiful Inside and Out
Ventura Technology is the industrys only
comprehensive system level approach that
eliminates efciency bottlenecks through-
out the module manufacturing chain. By
eliminating grid lines on the front, the EWT
cell maximizes light capture for energy con-
version and also creates a visually appealing
module surface. Products created with Ven-
tura Technology deliver superior value by
providing more energy output, and also ad-
dress the aesthetic considerations for build-
ing integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) markets.
Taken together, the architectures abilities to
both maximize light capture and deliver an
elegant, visually pleasing design, demon-
strate why Ventura Technology is beautiful
inside and outBeautiful by Design.
SOLARPOWER
Conventional silicon based photovoltaic (PV) architectures are rapidly approaching a point
of diminishing return in garnering efciency improvements, specially at a system level.
Until recently, the learning curve of solar PV delivered around 19% cost improvement
(measured in $ per watt) with each doubling of industry production output. This has been
the case over the past three decades, but in the past few years steady improvement has
been harder to sustain.
With EWT, charge passes through an emitter
diffusion via to contacts located entirely on the
backside of the call.
Ventura Technology delivers elegant, visually
pleasing products.
Advent.indd 26 30/12/08 12:04:03
Benets of Advent Solar
Ventura Technology
The synthesis of high quality back-contact
cells, with an integrated module architec-
ture and highly automated manufactur-
ing delivers the best value silicon solar
photovoltaic products in the industry. An
overview of some of the key benets of
Ventura Technology follows:
BETTER CELLS: Ventura Technology Emitter
Wrap Through, EWT, is a breakthrough
cell design that was originally conceived
at Sandia National Laboratories and de-
veloped into a high-efciency commer-
cial product by the Advent Solar team of
technology pioneers. The patented EWT
design produces a more powerful cell by
eliminating front grid obstruction and im-
proving light capture. In addition to the
clear advantage in energy generation, the
EWT architecture enables a revolutionary
module manufacturing process. Going to
back-contact cell architecture is in itself a
fundamental and essential step towards
achieving high performance solar archi-
tecture. The Ventura EWT Cell Technology
uniquely enables an efcient planar mod-
ule manufacturing process that is highly
automated and reliable. Unique cell ben-
ets include:
Higher conversion effciency due to front
grid elimination
Better aesthetics due to elimination of
unsightly grid lines and improved cell
alignment accuracy on module
More fexible contacting geometry for
improved cell and module optimization
BETTER MODULES: Using proven semiconduc-
tor-style manufacturing techniques, Ventu-
ra Monolithic Module Assembly (MMA)
Technology enables fully automated mod-
ule assembly with planar processes for the
rst time, delivering scalable high volume
module manufacturing capabilities. MMA
also allows EWT cells to be used in an op-
timal way by vastly improving interconnec-
tivity within cells and at the module level.
Advent Solar modules are designed to
be beautiful inside and out delivering
higher energy output and enhanced build-
ing aesthetics. Module benets include:
Highly automated, planar module as-
sembly process
Maximized output power with minimal
interconnection resistive losses
Precision cell placement allows tighter
packing density on module (higher ef-
ciency or watts per area)
BETTER MANUFACTURING: Ventura Technology
is the best blueprint for designing and
manufacturing industry-leading silicon PV
solar modules. The blueprint incorporates
a comprehensive, system level architecture
that preserves high efciency at all points
of the manufacturing chain. In addition,
it provides scalability across silicon types
and wafer thickness levels. Benets of our
unique manufacturing process include:
Lower cell processing and interconnect
costs than other back contact technolo-
gies
Faster production due to integrated
backsheet production with roll-to-roll
processing and automated pick and
place of cells
Best quality and reliability due to superior
yield control and precision manufactur-
ing elimination of breakage, rework
and specication deviations
Better production throughput due to pla-
nar module assembly process, delivering
more capacity per factory foot print area
Enables a better distribution of power
output of the product
Delivering Higher Value with
Ventura Technology
Today, conventional cell and module tech-
nologies are designed and manufactured
independently and lack a cohesive archi-
tectural framework for system level opti-
mization. Improvements in cell perform-
ance are wasted at the module level
due to efciency bottlenecks that prevail
in the overall system. Typical conventional
PV manufacturing processes force-t cells
into module assembly methods with seem-
ingly unrelated, non-complimentary design
considerations. The following discussion
will lead us through an overview of why
Advent Solar Ventura Technology is differ-
ent, along with some notable advantages
delivered by this revolutionary approach.
Manufacturing Advantages
of Ventura Technology vs.
Conventional PV:
COST: Gains in cell and module-level per-
formance are becoming increasingly ex-
pensive to achieve. Conventional silicon
PV manufacturers have a limited number
of options for improving performance
while simultaneously controlling costs.
Since the silicon cost represents a domi-
nant portion of the overall costs, most
approaches focus on reducing wafer
thickness as a primary avenue for reduc-
ing cost. By reducing wafer thickness, the
utilization of silicon increases, thereby
SOLARPOWER
Ventura monolithic module assembly. Cells are
assembled directly to an integrated module circuitry
via distributed contacts and selective isolation.
Advent.indd 27 30/12/08 12:04:05
SOLARPOWER
reducing costs. However, without an ef-
cient module manufacturing process
that accommodates thinner wafers, the
cost reduction can be negated due to in-
creased breakage and yield losses. As wa-
fers get thinner, the cells become more
susceptible to stress and bow resulting in
yield falloutthus increasing costs.
In contrast, Advent Solar Ventura Back
Contact Technology opens the door for
many new cost improvements; here are a
few:
EWT cell and MMA assembly approaches
are accommodative to thin wafers
With the use of soft handling robotics,
the highly automated manufacturing
process uses pick and place tooling
with precision, which reduces cell break-
age.
Integrated module circuitry opens new
opportunities for cost optimization of
metal circuitry.
PERFORMANCE: In conventional modules, cur-
rent is extracted from the cells through
small solder connections along long, nar-
row tabs (interconnects.) Power losses in
the interconnects are signicant the cell
power is degraded about 4% on aver-
age after interconnection and lamination
into the module using conventional cells.
In conventional assembly technologies,
this loss is unavoidable; the thickness of
the tabs cannot be increased for fear of
adding mechanical stress, and the number
of busbars cannot be increased due to
cell shading, which already accounts for
roughly 8% performance decrease.
By contrast, the resistance of the in-
terconnect for MMA is not constrained
by front side metallization optical losses
or by stress considerations. The combina-
tion of EWT with MMA results in less than
half of the electrical interface performance
loss compared to conventional module as-
sembly. The Advent Solar Ventura archi-
tecture takes a system level approach to
performance optimization, combining the
strengths of the EWT cell architecture with
the integrated backsheet MMA design to
maximize energy output.
CONSISTENT OUTPUT: In conventional module
assembly technology, the process variabil-
ity in the many assembly steps result in
a wide range of module outputs. Stand-
ard modules require handling steps dur-
ing tabbing, stringing, offoading, layup,
and lamination stages. At each handling
step, cells shift position; solder bonds are
stressed and quality is compromised. Due
to the many process steps, a wide varia-
tion builds up as the module is assembled.
This variation manifests itself in a wide
performance distribution and occasional
expensive rework.
In contrast, Advent Solar Ventura ar-
chitecture is designed for intelligent manu-
facturing methods. Cells are individually
examined, softly handled and set into place
in only a single step. This reduction of com-
plexity in manufacturing results in highly
repeatable, consistent module output.
RELIABILITY: Conventional tabber/stringers
use heat intensive methods and create sig-
nicant thermal stresses inside the mod-
ule. These stresses are concentrated along
the front busbars of the cells, and increase
the likelihood of failures in the eld.
In contrast, cells designed with Ven-
tura Technology utilize distributed con-
tactsinstead of few high stress bond
locations, these cells use multiple bonds
strategically distributed around the back
of the cellthus stress concentrations are
evenly spread out over the area, resulting
in improved reliability.
AESTHETICS: Due to front-side metallization
and inconsistent tolerances in strin ging
technology, conventional modules are
generally lacking in visual appeal.
In contrast, Ventura products are en-
gineered to be beautiful by design. Strik-
ing, perfectly aligned clean blue squares
of silicon represent a consumer product
that customers are proud to showcase on
homes and businesses.
Solar Green Index
Advent Solar has developed the Solar
Green Index, a measurable benchmark for
assessing the efciency and value of silicon
PV architectures from a system perspec-
tive. One of the key factors in this index
is the ratio of module efciency to cell ef-
ciency the higher the index, the better
the delivered value.
MODULE EFFICIENCY: This is arrived at by di-
viding module power by module area.
Module efciencies were computed from
Comparison of Advent Solar EWT to conventional
a PV cell. EWT moves gridlines from the front to
the back of the cell, increasing power output and
enabling MMA.
Module using Advent Solar Ventura manufacturing.
Schematic view of an EWT cell using backside
distributed contacts.
Advent.indd 28 30/12/08 12:04:08
publicly available product specications for
each of the silicon PV technologies.
CELL EFFICIENCY: Cell efciencies were ob-
tained by rst determining the effective
cell efciency of a modulethe minimum
value required for a module to achieve
the stated label power. The actual cell
efciency was calculated by using an en-
capsulated loss factora value of 4% for
total encapsulated loss factor was used to
describe conventional cells in this analysis.
This is consistent with industry data
[1]
. Ven-
tura technology has a much lower loss fac-
tor of only 1.2%
MANUFACTURING EFFICIENCY FACTOR: This value
represents the precision of module power
given a consistent input of cells. Due to
the precision and repeatability of Advent
Solars Ventura Technology, the Manu-
facturing Effciency Factor is signifcantly
improved over conventional technology.
However, for simplication purposes the
calculation performed below used 100%
for all technologies.
Peter Green, Advent Solar president and
CEO, has challenged his company to lead the
way in advancing the Solar Green Index. Ad-
vent Solar Ventura technology is the worlds
only comprehensive cell-to-module architec-
ture designed from the ground up to help
boost the Solar Green Index.
Conclusion
Advent Solar Ventura Technology
is based on a scalable architecture that
squarely addresses the needs of the sili-
con PV market today and into the future.
Conventional silicon PV manufacturing is
approaching a gridlock in terms of scal-
ing for cost and performance. This cannot
be resolved without a system level archi-
tecture and a revolutionary approach to
photovoltaic design and manufacturing.
Advent Solar Ventura Technology delivers
a unique, high value solution using proven
semiconductor manufacturing techniques.
The advanced EWT cell design eliminates
front grid obstruction and improves light
capture; it also enables an efcient planar
module manufacturing process, MMA.
The Ventura architecture optimizes cost,
throughput and performance to deliver
products with high energy output and reli-
ability. The added advantage of aesthetics
of Advent Solar modules refects the ex-
citement of Ventura Technology Advent
Solar: Beautiful by Design.
References
[1] A.W. Weeber et al., How to achieve 17%
cell efciencies on large back-contacted mc-Si
solar cells. , 4th World Conference on PV Energy
Conversion, Waikoloa, 2006

SOLARPOWER
The Solar Green Index. Calculations were performed
by comparing the cell to module efciency using
published module specications.
Advent.indd 29 30/12/08 12:04:12
SILIKEN
Siliken specialises in turn-key projects
and its own sales promotion
A
s in the rest of the countries in
which Siliken already operates, the
company of Spanish origin would
enter India applying a local philosophy, try-
ing to fully adapt to the characteristics of
this country. It would do so with the same
spirit of commitment which has turned Si-
liken into a company that offers high quality
products and services, which is its main value
added. Silikens production plants are locat-
ed in Valencia, Albacete and Tenerife (Spain),
and San Diego (USA). The company has sales
ofces in France, Germany, USA and Italy
and is eager to enter new markets.
Thanks to its vertical integration, Si-
likens activity ranges from the production
of electronic silicon for the manufacture of
wafers and cells, to sales promotion, main-
tenance and after-sales service of photo-
voltaic installations, including components
manufacturing. With these credentials, Si-
liken enters each market offering investors,
industrial realty owners, and other clients
a direct promotion of ground or rooftop-
SOLARPOWER
India is one of the countries in which the renewable energy company Siliken is considering
to establish itself in the foreseeable future. The Indian photovoltaic market is among
those with the highest expected growth in the following years. The feed-in rates for power
supply, the meteorological conditions one of the best in Asia and the Indian enterprising
spirit will all be conducive to its rapid growth. In addition, the country wants to make good
use of renewable energy, seeking greater energy self-sufciency as well as a reduction of
CO
2
emissions, which is one of the main challenges faced by the second most populated
country in the world and one of the fastest growing countries in the coming years. It is
precisely the environmental and energy policies of India that will be decisive in the struggle
of mankind to reduce its impact on the environment via sustainable development.
Siliken.indd 30 30/12/08 12:05:30
mounted PV installations and turn-key
projects. This type of projects adds value
for the client who only needs to rely on
one specialised and consolidated company
in order to become an electric energy pro-
ducer. Each Siliken subsidiary has its own
Engineering, Sales and Construction de-
partment in order to be closer to clients,
offering a perfect service based on the
companys standards.
Therefore, in each project Siliken
provides engineering works, the best PV
equipment with direct guarantee and
without intermediaries as it manufactures
photovoltaic modules, power inverters
and other materials and its installation by
highly skilled professionals. The quality of
the products is so high that the company
guarantees the estimated production of
each installation in writing. This is checked
using Contractual Service Agreements, as
well as Maintenance and Insurance agree-
ments that guarantee the maximum ef-
ciency and output of each installation,
sharing risks and benets. This to the ex-
tent that if the output for any reason does
not correspond to the initial estimate, Si-
liken will compensate this difference by
reducing its contractual rate.
Silikens own sales promotion of instal-
lations is another business model used by
the company. Energy sales benets from
such installations can be shared in case of
land rights; they may belong solely to the
installation owner, or be sold to very prof-
itable, secure and environmental-friendly
investment funds.
Mounting PV installations on rooftops
of industrial buildings is one of the com-
panys fortes. This adds value to its merely
structural function, optimising the use of
space and allowing for the generation of
distributed power. Rooftops cannot be
used for any other production purposes;
thus opportunity costs are non-existent. In
addition, PV installations do not affect the
activities performed inside the building in
any way. Thanks to nancial incentives for
generating power using renewable tech-
nologies, this type of installation is eco-
nomical and environmentally sustainable.
Siliken also holds vast experience
in photovoltaic park installations. It is
true that these installations, colloquially
known as solar gardens, have a larger im-
pact on common land than on industrial
sites, where this impact is already appar-
ent. However, the advantages they bring
to their environment should be consid-
ered: installations are usually mounted on
farmland with hardly any agricultural use,
where crops currently yield little or no prof-
itability at all. But the impact (only visual
since the installations do not produce any
noise or any type of residue) is even relative
in these cases as all projects envisage the
dismantling of the installations at the end
of their lifecycle, its proper recycling and
reversion of the land to its original, e.g. ag-
ricultural, use, which basically means just
removing the installation.
The generation of photovoltaic electri-
cal energy does not contaminate in con-
trast to the generation of non-renewable
energy which emits large amounts of con-
taminating gases and particles that trig-
ger the greenhouse effect. In addition, it
does not produce any noise, vibrations,
radiation, reection, solid, liquid or gase-
ous residues etc. It is a completely harm-
less activity. The impact on landscapes is
minimal due to the possibility of integrat-
ing the installations in buildings or on the
rooftops of industrial buildings.
Lastly, photovoltaic technology is ex-
traordinarily simple and reliable. It offers
guaranteed operations for several dec-
ades, as well as minimum maintenance
regarding time, costs and professional
specialisation.
SOLARPOWER
Siliken.indd 31 30/12/08 12:05:37
Silicon Chemistry Accelerating
Growth of Solar Energy
O
ne of the only suppliers to the PV
industry to be fully integrated in
the material value chainfrom
the basic building blocks of silicon feed-
stock used to make ingots and wafers, to
encapsulants to protect cells, to sealing
materials used to assemble solar mod-
uleswe are helping to accelerate the
growth of solar-generated electricity that
can serve diverse regions from outlying
areas that are currently off the electrical
grid to urban centers.
Solar energy meets all the fundamen-
tals of sustainable development. Its good
for people and communities. It makes
sound environmental sense. And, it makes
sound business sense. It is an energy gen-
eration model that we believe is sustain-
able over the long term.
We are continuing to increase our
investments year on year to bring the
power of silicon to the industry, to reduce
costs and get to grid parity. Well be do-
ing that a variety of ways: through silicon
metal or other silicon-based materials, as
well as through innovative processing and
materials science. We are unique across
industries in that our entire R&D focus is
dedicated to exploring the potential of the
silicon atom. Were bringing the depth of
understanding of chemistry and technol-
ogy that weve been applying to electron-
ics and construction and many different
industries to the whole PV value chain.
Were addressing key issues such as avail-
ability of raw materials and cost, durability
and performance of solar modules.
Dow Corning has a majority share-
holder position in Hemlock Semiconduc-
tor Corporation, one of the worlds lead-
ing polycrystalline silicon manufacturers.
HSC, is aggressively expanding its capacity
to meet the worldwide demand for poly-
crystalline silicon.
Shining Light on Silicon Chemistry
The depth of Dow Cornings expertise in
silicon-based materials will play a pivotal
role in our ability to help PV producers in-
vent the future in solar. The fundamental
strong technical t of the silicon atom with
PV application performance requirements
makes solar a prime area of opportunity to
innovate and grow.
Silicones are an ideal product family to
meet the needs in the PV module assembly
market. Silicones are highly transparent in
the UV-visible wavelength region, which
makes them ideal candidates for cell en-
capsulants. They can be formulated to
have low modulus and be stress relieving
while also having excellent adhesion to the
glass and cell substrates.
In addition, they can be formulated
into hard/resinous coatings that provide
effective durable protection and abrasion
resistance while maintaining optical clar-
ity. Silicones can also be employed as PV
junction box potting agents. For this ap-
plication they need to have high reliability,
long-lasting protection against environ-
mental ingress and excellent electrical in-
sulation of components.
They can be modied to have a ther-
mal conductivity in the range of 0.4-1.34
W/mK, or higher if needed. Finally, silicones
can be formulated into sealants for frame
and junction box sealing. These sealants
provide long-term bonding and protec-
tion against moisture and environmental
attack.
Chemical properties
Silicones can be considered a molecular
hybrid between glass and organic linear
polymers. If the Si atom is only bonded
to oxygen atoms, the structure is an in-
organic glass (called a Q type Si). If one
oxygen atom is substituted by an R group
(i.e., methyl, ethyl, phenyl, etc.), a resin
or silsesquioxane (T-type Si) material is
formed. These silsesquioxanes are more
exible than the Q-type materials. Finally,
if two oxygen atoms are replaced by or-
ganic groups, a very exible linear polymer
(D-type Si) is obtained. The increased ex-
ibility that is found with increasing organic
SOLARPOWER
As solar energy technology begins to take its place as an accessible, economically
viable and self- sustaining energy alternative around the world, we at Dow Corning are
committed to using our in-depth knowledge of silicon chemistry to drive solar energy
toward grid parity.
SILICONES ARE AN IDEAL
PRODUCT FAMILY TO MEET
THE NEEDS IN THE PV MODULE
ASSEMBLY MARKET. SILICONES
ARE HIGHLY TRANSPARENT IN
THE UV-VISIBLE WAVELENGTH
REGION, WHICH MAKES THEM
IDEAL CANDIDATES FOR CELL
ENCAPSULANTS. THEY CAN BE
FORMULATED TO HAVE LOW
MODULUS AND BE STRESS
RELIEVING WHILE ALSO HAVING
EXCELLENT ADHESION TO THE
GLASS AND CELL SUBSTRATES
Dow Corning.indd 32 30/12/08 16:03:47
Dow Corning.indd 33 30/12/08 16:03:54
SOLARPOWER
substituents on the Si results in a low glass
transition (Tg) of the linear polymers. The
Tg of linear polydimethylsiloxane (if all R
groups are methyl units) is -120 C. Due
to the Tg, silicones also typically have a
low modulus once formulated and cured,
especially when compared to organic
polymers. The modulus of cured silicones
can be quite low due to low crosslink
density, and in this form silicones often
function to relieve stress due to CTE (co-
efcient of thermal expansion) mismatch
between two components in many appli-
cations. Similarly, the modulus is higher in
branched, tack free resin systems; they can
be as high as 10 MPa at room tempera-
ture. It is also important to note that as
the branched to.linear nature of the silicon
polymer increases the CTE also increases.
Along with a wide range in modulus is a
variation in other mechanical properties
such as tensile strength and elongation de-
pending upon many formulation variables.
For example, frequently reinforcing llers
are added to enhance mechanical proper-
ties of silicones.
Durability
More traditional markets and applications
have exposed silicones to outdoor weath-
er conditions. For example, construction
sealants have proven silicones ability to
withstand UV and other outdoor condi-
tions. These durable materials are virtually
unaffected by UV light or ozone and have
been successfully tested in many acceler-
ated aging tests. Dow Corning brand
silicones have also been put in PV modules
as the cell encapsulant and have withstood
15 years of sun exposure and are still per-
forming satisfactorily. Their wide tempera-
ture of use range results in many of their
properties remaining virtually unchanged
from between -40C and 150C,previous
studies have shown little change in trans-
parency and mechanical properties when
exposed to temperatures >150 C for ex-
tended times.
Optical properties
The refractive index of silicone polymers
can vary from 1.38 to 1.54, depending on
the nature of the R groups, RI tuning can
be critical for some optical applications.
Silicone polymers are also highly transpar-
ent in the UV and visible wavelengths. Sili-
cones are renowned for their UV stability,
and require no additional additives to pro-
tect against UV degradation.
Further silicone features
Silicones can be formulated with a variety
of cure systems. The most common cure
system for materials used in electronics ap-
plications is the addition cure of Si-H to Si-
Vinyl. This reaction is typically catalyzed by
platinum and can be accelerated with heat
at a variety of temperatures. This type of
cure system can be formulated as a one
part or twopart product and it is a neutral
cure system that releases no cure by-prod-
ucts. While silicones are very permeable to
gas and liquid vapors, they are also very
hydrophobic. These two attributes result in
silicones having very low moisture pickup
in damp heat environmental exposure or
total water immersion.
The silicones also can be formulated
to have strong adhesive bonds to multiple
substrates. Due to low surface energy of
silicones and the wetting of surfaces, when
strong adhesive bonds are formed the
moisture will not have a path to wick into
moisture sensitive components and cause
corrosion or other degradation mecha-
nisms. The ability for silicones to transmit
water vapor due to high permeability to
moisture rather than absorb it prevents
moisture from being trapped at an inter-
face when good adhesion is obtained.
Silicones are very well known for their
excellent dielectric strength and high vol-
ume resistivity. There are many applications
where silicones are used as electrical insu-
lators. They are nonconductive because
of their chemical nature, and when com-
pounded with the proper llers and addi-
tives, they can be made to meet a wide
range of electrical insulating applications.
Because of the low equilibrium moisture
content they remain non conductive even
in high humidity conditions.
Silicones are also known as one of the
most ame resistant polymers. Certain Si-
lastic silicone rubber products inherently
possess a prole of re hazard character-
istics which makes them useful for appli-
cations where good ame retardation and
minimum re hazard is desired. They have
a low ammability rating (UL) and typically
do not support or promote ame and do
not produce toxic combustion by-product.
Silicones can be formulated with a variety
of thermally conductive llers and have
been used successfully in thermal man-
agement applications. This is typically an
important property for PV junction box
pottants for diode temperature control.
Going forward
As the industry expands, it is critical that
suitable material solutions are available to
meet the numerous requirements including
durability, performance, price, through-put
and global availability.
Dow Corning will continue to offer
solutions and options that can signicantly
contribute to addressing availability of ma-
terials along the value chain, the protable
growth expansion of our customers and
the long-term sustainability of the PV in-
dustry. In close relationships with our cus-
tomers, we will meet these challenges.
WHILE SILICONES ARE VERY
PERMEABLE TO GAS AND
LIQUID VAPORS, THEY ARE ALSO
VERY HYDROPHOBIC. THESE
TWO ATTRIBUTES RESULT
IN SILICONES HAVING VERY
LOW MOISTURE PICKUP IN
DAMP HEAT ENVIRONMENTAL
EXPOSURE OR TOTAL WATER
IMMERSION
AS THE INDUSTRY EXPANDS,
IT IS CRITICAL THAT SUITABLE
MATERIAL SOLUTIONS ARE
AVAILABLE TO MEET THE
NUMEROUS REQUIREMENTS
INCLUDING DURABILITY,
PERFORMANCE, PRICE,
THROUGH-PUT AND GLOBAL
AVAILABILITY
Dow Corning.indd 34 30/12/08 16:03:54
H
owever, there was unanimity over
the fact that the dragon country
is moving ahead in a big way for
the renewables and has installed many
state-of-the-art wind turbines and solar pv
modules to bring sea change in the power
production capacity.
It seems that China has piped the
post in terms of installed wind energy fa-
cility, with India receiving negative growth
in installing wind energy projects this scal
as compared to scal 2006-07, says D.V.
Giri, chairman of an industry lobby, the In-
dian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Associa-
tion (IWTMA).
In support of his views, the chairman
states, As on December 2008, China
has crossed 10000 MW installed capacity,
while India has just 9521 MW installed ca-
pacity.
China has a national policy to in-
stall 5000 MW capacity wind turbines in a
year, whereas India would be installing just
1500 MW capacity more turbines till end
of scal 08-09, Giri maintains.
If China could move at fast pace,
why India is not taking lesson? India has
huge coastlines in Maharastra, Tamilnadu
and Kerala regions, where wind turbines
could be installed in large capacity to gen-
erate wind energy. The efforts in this re-
gard should be initiated, opines Giri.
I would not like to go into the g-
ures, for they might be calculated or au-
dited but this is for sure that technology of
China either in wind or solar is far ahead
of India, says Pradeep Chaturvedi, Chair-
man, Indian Association for the Advance-
ment of Science and international consult-
ant for Bio Fuels Project, Cambodia.
The technical problem in generating
electricity through wind turbines is that
some time wind blows and for some time
it does not, which fails to ensure round the
clock power supply. In such condition, it is
difcult to feed in grids, which are sensi-
tive. We cant switch on and off the grids,
when wind blows or does not. So, there is
a grave need to work upon technology to
harness electricity through wind genera-
tion, he adds. However, as far as produc-
tion of wind energy is concerned India is
still ahead of China. India holds forth posi-
tion, while China stands on fth position,
asserts Chaturvedi.
Suggesting a way to sort out inter-
rupted power generation through wind
turbines, H P Garg, IREDA Chair Emeritus
Professor, said that integration of the wind
and solar energy could be the best solu-
tion. When there is wind, power would
be generated by wind and when velocity
of the wind decreases, energy production
could be done by solar pv modules.
The company is planning to inte-
grate wind and solar technologies in near
future, indicates a representative from
Suzlon in an exhibition.
Informing about policy measures In-
dia is adopting to promote wind energy,
P C Maithani, Director Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy, Government of
India, says, A package of scal and nan-
cial incentives is available which includes
concessions such as 80% accelerated de-
preciation, concessional custom duty on
specied items, excise duty exemption,
sales tax exemption, income tax exemp-
tion for 10 years, etc. In addition, State
Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs)
are determining preferential tariffs. Indian
Renewable Energy Development Agency
(IREDA) and Power Finance Corporation
(PFC) provide loan for setting up power
projects.
Earlier, the benets were provided
at installed capacity but as the people had
started adopting sharp practices to avail
benets now the policy has been changed.
Now benets are made available on per-
formance basis, discloses Chaturvedi.
It might be worthless to rank the two
countries but the positive thing is that
both the fastest growing economies are
working diligently for ensuring that the
world becomes a green heaven, which is
the need of today.
Wind blows in favour of China or India?
Whether China is ahead of India in terms of installed capacity of wind turbines or not,
is an unanswered question but discussions over this view are getting heat. While some
are of the opinion that wind is blowing in favour of China, others are of view that India too
holds water and is ahead of China in terms of production of energy through wind turbine.
WINDPOWER
IF CHINA COULD MOVE AT
FAST PACE, WHY INDIA IS
NOT TAKING LESSON? INDIA
HAS HUGE COASTLINE IN
MAHARASTRA, TAMILNADU
AND KERALA REGIONS, WHERE
WIND TURBINES COULD BE
INSTALLED IN LARGE CAPACITY
TO GENERATE WIND ENERGY
WindBlows.indd 35 30/12/08 15:48:45
The United Nations registers two Acciona wind
farms in India as a Clean Development Project
T
he status of Clean Development
Project was issued by the Executive
Board of the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM), a body that reports to
the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The total
renewable energy production from the two
wind farms over the ten years covered by
the agreement will avoid the emission of
884,200 tonnes (975,000 US tons) of CO
2

that conventional power stations in Karna-
taka would have generated to produce the
same amount of electricity. By doing this,
Acciona will obtain Emissions Reduction
Certicates (ERCs) that it can then sell on the
emissions trading market.
At Karnataka
The 16.5 MW Anabaru wind farm entered
service in October 2008. It has ten 1,650
kW wind turbines and is the second to be
installed by the company in India. In 2007,
Acciona installed the Arasinagundi wind farm
(13.2 MW), located adjacent to Anabaru. The
company thus has a total of 29.7 MW opera-
tional in India, all under its ownership.
Both wind farms are located around
250 kilometers (155 miles) from Bangalore,
the capital of Karnataka State in SW India,
at an altitude between 700 and 810 meters
(2,300- 2,650 feet) above sea level. The zone
is stable from a seismic point of view.
The facilities are located at Jagalur Taluk
in the district of Davangere. Their eighteen
V82 wind turbines (1.65 MW capacity each)
send the electricity generated to the substa-
tion at Hiremallanaholle. A 9-kilometer (5.6-
mile) power line had to be built to evacuate
this electricity.
The wind turbines stand on tubular
steel towers (78 meters 256 feet hub
height) and have a rotor diameter of 82
meters (269 feet), giving a swept area of
5,281 m2 (56,844 square feet). The weight
of the nacelle the shell that houses the es-
sential components of the machine is 52
tonnes (57.3 US tons), plus the 43 tonnes
(47.3 US tons) of the rotor (hub + blades)
and the 115 tonnes (126.7 US tons) of the
tower.
Operation and maintenance is done by
a team of around 12 people, in addition to
the remote sens-
ing and control
carried out from
the Renewable
Energies Control
Center (CECOER)
of Acciona locat-
ed in Sarriguren
(Navarra).
New projects
At the present
time Acciona has
applications for
two more wind
farms in India
at an advanced
stage (116 MW
total capac-
ity). The status of
CDM projects will
also be requested
for these facili-
ties.
Acciona En-
ergy is the rst
Spanish wind power developer to own fa-
cilities in India. Its subsidiary, domiciled in
the city of Bangalore, has a workforce of
14 people.
The company aims at a strong presence
in the country, the fourth world market in
terms of wind power implementation. India
ended 2007 with 7,844 MW of installed
wind power capacity, after Germany (22,248
MW), the United States (16,971 MW) and
Spain (15,145 MW). In mid-2008 installed
capacity in the country was already 8,800
MW.
WINDPOWER
The Anabaru (16.5 MW) and Arasinagundi (13.2 MW) wind farms represent the entry
of Acciona, a world leader in renewables, in the Indian wind power market, one of the
world markets with strongest prospects for the future. Acciona is also the rst Spanish
company to own wind farms in the country. Both facilities, located in Karnataka State,
were recently registered as a joint project under the Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) envisaged in the Kyoto Protocol.
Acciona.indd 36 30/12/08 12:10:42
The project ties in with Indias energy
policy, which envisages 10,000 MW of in-
stalled capacity in renewables by 2012. It will
also help to improve the quality of electricity
supplies in the state of Karnataka.
Total installed generating capacity in
India is 126,031 MW (2006 gure) and the
total existing wind energy potential is esti-
mated at around 45,000 MW this gure
could rise to 60,000 MW according to cer-
tain recent studies while the useful capac-
ity is around 15.000 MW, so there is great
potential for the development of the sector
in the country.
Integration into the environment
Anabaru and Arasinagundi also represent
a milestone from the point of view of the
environmental integration of wind farms in
India. They are the rst two to have their in-
terior cabling buried underground and their
transformers protected and hidden in a sub-
station, in contrast to the usual practice in
India of installing overhead lines with visible
transformers.
The construction of both wind farms has
also been carried out using the same meth-
odology that Acciona uses in all its facilities of
this type to reduce their environmental impact
to the maximum. This includes the use of pre-
existing access tracks wherever possible, the
restoration of affected land, the adaptation of
interior tracks to the relief of the land and the
re-use of material dug up in earthworks.
The wind farms are located in a mainly
agricultural area, which is fully compatible
with wind power and also maintains tradi-
tional land uses that were in existence prior
to the implementation of wind turbines.
A mechanism to reduce emissions
The CDM is one of the exible mechanisms
envisaged in the Kyoto Protocol for the
emissions reduction. The idea is that pub-
lic or private entities materialize projects in
developing countries to contribute to their
sustainable development and an overall re-
duction of greenhouse gases.
Through this mechanism companies
or entities obtain Emissions Reduction
Certicates (ERCs) that can be used in in-
dustrial countries to comply with reduction
commitments undertaken under the Kyoto
Protocol.
Operating on the emissions trading
market guarantees the nancial viability of
the projects and also favors sustainable de-
velopment initiatives in countries receiving
the investments.
A leader in renewables
Acciona Energa is a world leader in re-
newable energies with a major presence
in eight technologies. In wind power at
30 September 2008 it had installed 5,571
MW (4,105 MW owned by the company)
in 200 wind parks in fourteen countries,
and it produces wind turbines using pro-
prietary technology. It has installed 65 MW
of solar thermal power, 114 MW of pho-
tovoltaic power and 15 MW of thermal
energy. It also owns and operates three
biomass plants (33 MW) and 19 small hy-
dro power stations (59 MW). In biofuels, it
produces biodiesel from vegetable oils and
bioethanol from wine-surplus alcohol.
It belongs to the Acciona group, one
of the main Spanish corporations, with ac-
tivities in more than thirty countries in the
ve continents in the elds of infrastruc-
tures, energy, hydro resources and serv-
ices, with a turnover of 9.353 mEUR in the
rst three quarters of 2008. Acciona has a
workforce of over 41.000 employees and
is quoted on the Spanish IBEX-35 (ANA.
MC) selective index.
WINDPOWER
THE TWO WIND FARMS, WITH A
TOTAL CAPACITY OF 29.7 MW,
WILL AVOID THE EMISSION OF
84,000 TONNES (92,592 US TONS)
OF CO
2
OVER 10 YEARS
ACCIONA ENERGY IS THE FIRST
SPANISH COMPANY TO OWN
WIND FARMS IN THE COUNTRY
Acciona.indd 37 30/12/08 12:10:45
VITAA ZEUS ENERGY
Harnessing the Potential of Wind
T
oday the need of the hour is clean
and environment friendly energy
to meet the quantum demand for
power all over the world. The coming years
will see an inux of wind turbine manu-
facturers from all over the world more so
from China. The latest report states that
every province in China will be producing
wind turbines of various sizes to meet the
global demand.
This leads us to the billion dollar ques-
tion on post installation, operation, main-
tenance and services?
Turbines have a giant rotor, in some
cases as large in diameter as a football
eld, generating 1 to 2 million lb-ft of
torque. The gearboxes commonly have
75:1 to 100:l step-up ratios, taking wind
energy from the rotors at about 20 rpm up
to 1,500 to 1,800 rpm at the generator.
The trouble is, when wind speed suddenly
changes, a relatively small amount of ac-
celeration and angular movement at the
gearbox input gets multiplied 100 times at
the output - building up massive amounts
of torsional windup and strain energy in
the gears.
Turbines typically use planetary gears
to divide torque along three paths and
reduce individual loads on each gear. But
torsional loads twist gears out of align-
ment, and slight dimensional variations in
gearbox components - including shafts,
bearings, gears, and carrier - means planet
gears dont equally share the load.
Misaligned gears, shock loads, and
uneven forces lead to high localized stress-
es and, eventually, fractures along the gear
edges. It also causes bearings to skid rath-
er than roll, smearing and micro pitting the
raceways and hastening failure.
Fatigue Loads
Wind turbines are subject to uctuating
winds and hence uctuating forces. This is
particularly the case if they are located in a
very turbulent wind climate. Components
which are subject to repeated bending,
such as rotor blades, may eventually devel-
op cracks which ultimately may make the
component break. This is the critical factor
which we specialize in providing predictive
maintenance on an 8760 hour basis and
which is the major difference between us
and other service providers.
Structural Dynamics
A 50 metre tall wind turbine tower will
have a tendency to swing back and forth,
say, every three seconds. The frequency
with which the tower oscillates back and
forth is also known as the eigenfrequency
of the tower. The eigenfrequency depends
on both the height of the tower, the thick-
ness of its walls, the type of steel, and the
weight of the nacelle and rotor. Now, each
time a rotor blade passes the wind shade
of the tower, the rotor will push slightly less
against the tower. If the rotor turns with
a rotational speed such that a rotor blade
passes the tower each time the tower is in
one of its extreme positions, then the rotor
blade may either dampen or amplify (rein-
force) the oscillations of the tower.
The rotor blades themselves are also
exible, and may have a tendency to vi-
brate, say, once per second. As you can
see, it is very important to know the ei-
genfrequency of each component in order
to provide a safe and smooth running of
turbines that do not oscillate out of control
and again this forms one of the critical as-
pects in maintaining wind turbines.
Operation & Maintenance
Maximum Machine availability at calcula-
WINDPOWER
Vitaa Zeus Energy specializes in providing predictive, preventive optimization in the
eld of wind turbines. Wind turbines of the megawatt class generally consist of more
than 10,000 components, each distinctive and critical for generating quality power by
maintaining the icker and harmonic ratios as demanded by the national and international
grid code. Vitaa Zeus Energy Private Limited is also one of the leading developers for
installing wind turbines in various states and is in the nal stages of acquiring a land
bank for 350MW of Wind Energy in proven locations identied by CWET and also have
independently put up wind masts in various states for data collection.
J. Jeyakumar. CEO, Vitaa Zeus Energy Private.
Vitaa Zeus.indd 38 30/12/08 12:12:08
ble costs is the prerequisite for economic
success in wind power generation. A de-
manding technical and logistical task. The
solution is provided by our professionally
qualied and skilled man power with more
than 35 million hours of man hour experi-
ence in operating and maintaining various
turbines manufactured by various leading
Wind turbine Companies.
Vitaa Zeus OMS Management
The name says it all. This comprehensive
maintenance and operating system for
power plants was developed on the ba-
sis of experience that technically caused
yield losses are generally avoidable. Power
Management reduces system down time,
signicantly reduces yield losses, pre-
vents expensive consequential damage
and increases the service life of the ma-
chines. The system also serves to control
the plants in the grid with the objective
to achieve high quality electricity and grid
stability. Thus, Vitaa Zeus Energy Manage-
ment is an important service offered to
the operators of wind turbine systems for
secure energy supply. Vitaa Zeus optimizes
the operational results and costs of your
energy facilities.
Modules for maximum availabilitv
Preventative and predictive maintenance
with Vitaa Zeus OMS Management com-
prises of the below given components:
The internet-linked online monitor-
ing system Vitaa Zeus Terminal allows the
operator to react to all events immediately
and facilitates a complete overview of all
systems, their operating status and their
performance, irrespective of the manufac-
turer.
The early fault detection function of
the automatic status monitoring system
Vitaa Zeus helps you to purchase spare
parts on time and to avoid expensive con-
sequential damage. Repairs can be sched-
uled for low- wind periods. The Vitaa Zeus
service package completes the early fault
detection system: All major components
including the gear oil and compliance with
all maintenance regulations are regularly
checked by experienced technicians in ac-
cordance with a specied inspection plan.
The Vitaa Zeus monitors all systems
from the 24h control centre and directs
the work of the service teams. These serv-
ice teams are available 24/7 and deal with
any fault as quickly as possible. No effect
without a cause - as a mobile research lab-
oratory, Vitaa Zeus is always on the look-
out for the causes of component wear and
faults, to further increase the service life
of all components. The detailed examina-
tion of operating data is just as much an
everyday-use tool as high-precision power
train measurements in wind turbines.
Vitaa Zeus database collects all infor-
mation on system operation and presents
all required operating information intel-
ligibly. In addition to permanent operat-
ing data recording, each event, whether
inspection, maintenance or repair, is au-
tomatically registered and evaluated. This
data allows optimal planning of preventa-
tive and predictive maintenance meas-
ures.
WINDPOWER
THE COMING YEARS WILL SEE
AN INFLUX OF WIND TURBINE
MANUFACTURERS FROM ALL
OVER THE WORLD MORE SO
FROM CHINA
Vitaa Zeus.indd 39 30/12/08 12:12:10
SEDUCE THE SUNLIGHT
The impressive efciency of our MAXIS
solar cells makes our manufacturing plant
shine with pride
The MAXIS brand name results from the combination
of the high efciency that the cells offer (MAX), and
the the technique of Isotropic texturization (IS) that
Photovoltech uses in production. This results in a cell
efciency up to 16% and more with a superior stability.
Visit us at www.photovoltech.com
Innovative system for automatic
cleaning of biomass boilers
T
his process allows an automatic re-
moval of soot and deposits, with-
out switching off and opening the
boiler or heat exchanger. By using this in-
novative system two fundamental benets
are achieved: a continuous full capacity
performance of the boiler and the elimina-
tion of the stops needed for the manual
cleaning. This patented system is nowa-
days installed on more than 1.000 boilers
all over the world. The Aerovit system can
be retrotted on existing boilers and heat
exchangers as well as integrated to new
ones, without constraints about the fuel
they utilise: straw, chips, wood, wasted oil,
pellets, paper or other kinds of biomass or
waste.
Aerovit = saving
The Director of OKR Cleaning Knud Sun-
dgaard Hansen remarks on the saving
produced by the cleaning system when
traditional fuels are used, in backup boil-
ers during shutdowns, in order to clean
or cover high peak demands of energy.
This saving is much bigger than the small
operative cost of the Aerovit system, with
a return of the investment comprised be-
tween 4 24 months. Moreover the re-
duced fuel consumption per MW output
means a lower emission of CO
2
, so that
AEROVIT has a positive effect on the en-
vironment.
How it works
The system consist of valves connected
to an air compressed system, mounted
on nozzles that work like cannons in the
internal part of the boiler, pointing at the
convection tubes and at the heat-trans-
mitting surface of the boiler. For a fraction
of second each time, the compressed air
is shot out in gusts through the valves
and the connected pipes disposed on the
boiler. The shock wave effect of the com-
pressed air removes the soot fouling from
the heat- transmitting surface. The strong-
er is the effect of the shock waves the bet-
ter the result is. Our experience testies
that few millimetres soot fouling reduces
the pure heat-transfer and increases the
fuel consumption by the 2 - 4% in wood
chips boilers and up to 10% in bio-oil boil-
ers. With Aerovit the heat transmitting sur-
faces are continuously kept clean, ensur-
ing maximum efciency in the use of the
fuel. The Aerovit system is also provided
with an air injection system that creates a
ow of cold air passing through the noz-
zles. The creation of this air cushion un-
able the heat and the corrosive ue gas to
enter the nozzles, so that couplers, nipples
and the valve itself remain insulated and
last longer.
More than 25 years of experience
OKR has developed its activity in the eld of
boilers cleaning since 1980 and nowadays
its main customers are boilers producers
all around Europe. Its mission is to provide
every kind of boiler with an effective soot
blowing system, maintaining a stable and
economic production. In the Scandina-
vian countries in fact, almost every kind of
boiler is already equipped with a cleaning
system based on compressed air in order
to increase its output.
BIOMASS
In the boilers the combustion of biomass causes the creation of soot coating. Each
millimetre of soot diminishes signicantly the boiler output. Many boilers, moreover, dont
get cleaned in a good way and with the needed frequency, so that the consequence is
a lower performance compared to the standard. However a great solution for enacting
an automatic, deep and effective boiler cleaning exists. In 1992 the Danish rm OKR
Cleaning ApS developed the AEROVIT system, a cleaning system that uses compressed
air to create computerized shock waves.
Biomass boilers.
Aerovit.indd 40 30/12/08 15:52:40
SEDUCE THE SUNLIGHT
The impressive efciency of our MAXIS
solar cells makes our manufacturing plant
shine with pride
The MAXIS brand name results from the combination
of the high efciency that the cells offer (MAX), and
the the technique of Isotropic texturization (IS) that
Photovoltech uses in production. This results in a cell
efciency up to 16% and more with a superior stability.
Visit us at www.photovoltech.com
Aerovit.indd 41 30/12/08 15:52:41
JUHA HUOTARI, GENERAL MANAGER, R&D, BIOMASS FUELS AND COMBUSTION, WRTSIL
BIOPOWER IN FINLAND, RAYMOND WALSH, GENERAL MANAGER, BIOPOWER, R&D, WRTSIL
POWER PLANTS IN FINLAND, KAI HELKILINNA, CHIEF DESIGN ENGINEER, R&D, WRTSIL
POWER PLANTS IN FINLAND
A new biofuel spent grain
B
iomass materials typically contain
equal proportions of the energy-
producing elements carbon (C)
and hydrogen (H). The level of sulphur (S),
at <0.05% in dry material, is low but may
increase because of additives from the
industrial processes. The content of nitro-
gen (N), which can cause the formation
of acidic compounds in the ue gas, can
typically vary between 0.01% and 1%.
The level of chlorine (Cl), which produces
corrosive ue gas compounds, is also low
in clean fuels. However, there are several
mineral elements and compounds that can
limit the suitability of a biomass for fuel
(Table 1). The most troublesome elements
among minerals are the alkali metals, such
as K, Na, P, and the compounds in which
they exist in fuel. They can increase both
the tendency of ash to slag (or cake up) on
the grate, and the fouling of the furnace,
boiler and heat transfer walls. Due to the
complexity of the high temperature reac-
tion chemistry of minerals, the detailed be-
haviour of ash is difcult to predict. Coal
and peat ashes typically have a high pro-
portion of Silicon (Si). The most difcult
fuels are those that fall in the K
2
O+Na
2
O
corner of the chart.
Fuel and combustion
Spent grain (SG) is a by-product of the
brewery process. Currently, it is further
processed for animal food. Fertilizers are
used for growing grains, and therefore the
spent grain is enriched by the fertilizing
compounds. Some of those compounds
are water soluble, and therefore partly sol-
ute into the waste water during process-
ing. After the brewing process, the spent
grain has a moisture content of 80%. By
pressing the SG, it is possible to reduce this
water content to a 60% level, and with a
specially designed belt press, it is possible
to reach 58% moisture content. To make
spent grain practical for use, it is mixed
with wood chips at a 50:50 ratio on a dry
mass basis. The detailed composition can
be seen in Table 2. The combustion capac-
ity of the Wrtsil BioGrate is dependent
upon the heating value of the fuel. The
heating value of dry biomass material stays
rather constant, but the heating value of
wet fuel varies according to the moisture
content. With spent grain, the moisture
content remains constant after pressing,
but in wood chips, the moisture content
varies according to the weather conditions.
The combustion temperature, together
with the maximum ow of ue gas, limit
the range of permissible moisture content
and the heating value. In Figure 3, the adi-
abatic combustion temperature and spe-
cic ue gas quantity as a function of fuel
moisture, is presented. The specic ue
gas amount increases exponentially (+),
while the adiabatic combustion tempera-
ture decreases, also exponentially (-). Typi-
cal dimensioning is done with 55% as the
BIOMASS
Small power plants such as the Wrtsil BioPower 5 plant use local biomass as
fuel. The type of biomass fuel, however, depends very much on cost and availability.
One possible source is spent grain material from brewery processes. The very rst
commercial power plants using spent grain are currently under construction.
Element Peat Bark Logging residue bales Coal
Si 24.0 8.8 9.9 27.3
Al 6.0 2.6 1.0 12.1
Fe 9.8 4.4 0.5 3.0
Mn 0.1 0.9 1.5 0.0
Mg 1.2 2.7 2.9 1.1
Ca 5.4 21.4 21.9 3.1
Na 1.7 1.1 0.4 1.1
K 1.8 5.4 8.8 2.2
P 1.3 2.2 2.7 0.4
S 1.8 2.1 0.9 1.5
Cl 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0
Table 1 Mineral composition of typical fuels used for large scale energy production, % in dry ash material.
Fuel converted to ash at 550 C (Source: the Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)).
Warts02.indd 42 30/12/08 12:16:28
reference moisture. In practice, the upper
limit for fuel moisture is 65% in the mix-
ture. Both low temperature and the ue
gas fan capacity are limiting factors. The
boiler steam production capacity starts to
decrease when the fuel moisture increases
above 55%.
Availability experiments
All grain materials are known to have dif-
cult combustion properties. Typically, ash
left on the grate may contain compounds
that cause ash deformation, softening, and
melting at too low combustion tempera-
tures. Also, compounds volatilizing from
the grate and owing in the ue gases
onto the heat transfer surfaces of the boiler,
may cause fouling and slagging, and could
eventually lead to corrosion on the metal
surfaces. An extensive fuel and combus-
tion research programme has been carried
out to obtain more detailed knowledge of
the process dimensioning, in order to mini-
mize the risks. The programme scope went
from detailed laboratory studies, to tests
using a fuel test container at the clients
brewery in Manchester. The pressure drop
over the grate must stay within the design
range so that the combustion air and burn-
ing gases can ow evenly throughout the
burning fuel layer. Ash softening and slag-
ging is dependent on the fuel ash chem-
istry and temperature. An increase in the
ratio of grain fuel rst increases the fur-
nace temperature, which in turn increases
the pressure drop, and eventually results in
the failure of the combustion control. This
can be seen in the uctuations of the fur-
nace temperature and pressure drop. The
results of the laboratory experiments have
been explained by using theoretical mul-
tiphase calculations. At present, there is no
complete calculation model which could
predict the combustion capacity, emis-
BIOMASS
Spent grain Wood chips Mixture
Moisture % 58 45 52.4
Heat value, dry Mj/kg 20.14 18.84 19.49
Heat value, wet MJ/kg 7.0 9.3 8.00
Bulk density kg/m
3
257 236 247
Mass ratio, dry % 100.0
Volume ratio, wet % 54.6 45.4 100.0
Elements, dry
C % 51.2 50.9 51.1
H % 7 6.3 6.7
N % 3.63 0.1 1.9
S % 0.27 0.02 0.15
CI % 0.015 0.011 0.01
O % 34.485 41.169 37.8
Ash % 3.4 1.5 2.45
Sum % 100.00
Minerals in dry fuel
Na % 0.0083 0.0064 0.0074
K % 0.0293 0.05 0.0396
Ca % 0.193 0.0676 0.1303
Si % 0.1452 0.0058 0.0755
Al % 0.00065 0.00163 0.0011
P % 0.429 0.0045 0.2168
Mg % 0.122 0.0111 0.0666
Table 2 Composition of a spent grain/wood chip fuel mixture
Warts02.indd 43 30/12/08 12:16:30
sions, and ash behaviour for various fuels,
given only the boundary and initial values.
At best, the parallel model calculations
can show trends of possible inuences
caused by specic calculation parameters
and models. Figure 5 shows examples of
the temperature behaviour of ash when
using different slag models. Based on the
results of various laboratory experiments,
the decision was made in spring 2007 to
continue testing the fuel on-site using the
Wrtsil combustion container in the Scot-
tish & Newcastle (S & N) Manchester fac-
tory. Certain mineral elements are known
to cause problems in the combustion
grate and boiler. The solubility properties
of these elements in the tested fuels were
analyzed. With a high proportion of solu-
ble alkalis, reactions can be expected at a
low temperature on the grate, which can
lead to slag formation. Some of the com-
pounds can also evaporate to ue gases
and stick to the heat transfer surfaces. The
values of the spent grain properties are
situated between those of wood chips and
Fuel B (a known difcult grain fuel). The
experiments ue gas emissions are shown
in Table 3. CO emission levels were rather
constant, even when the heat value of the
fuel during each test period decreased
as the spent grain proportion increased.
NO emissions remained at a level of ap-
proximately 300 ppm throughout. It is
known that the conversion of fuel nitro-
gen to NO decreases when fuel nitrogen
increases. On the other hand, part of the
fuel nitrogen may convert to N
2
O with a
higher fuel-N content and at lower tem-
peratures. Therefore, the NO stays rather
constant even with 100% spent grain.
The 100% spent grain test was intended
to give worst case reference values. In
Figure 8, grate ash samples from the 50%
and 100% SG tests are shown. The hard-
ness of the sinter particles did not increase
so much as to prevent the operation of
the grate. Thus the grate capacity is not
limited, even when the share of spent
grain varies around the 50% mass ratio. In
practice, the share of spent grain does not
stay constant and the mixture is not fully
homogenous. Therefore it is important to
consider some margin for the long-term
running of the grate. Based on the re-
sults and experiences from the laboratory
BIOMASS
Boiler steam temperature C 485 485
Boiler steam pressure bara 64 64
Steam ow t/h 21.7 4.7
Electricity output at terminal poles MW 4.7 3.1
Process steam MW 0 7.3
Steam pressure bara 10 10
CO mg/m
3
n, 200
O
2
=11% db.
NO
x
mg/m
3
n, 315
O
2
=11% db.
SO
2

S 0.15% mg/m
3
n, 230
O
2
=11% db.
Particles mg/m
3
n, 10
O
2
=11% db.
Date 21.08.2007 22.08.2007 24.08.2007
Fuel Wood chips 100 Wood chips 50 Spent grain 50 Spent grain 100
Measurement period(s) 1 x 30 min 2 x 60 min 2 x 60 min
Measurement
Flue gas T [C] 141 153 138
0
2
[%] 5.0 5.9 5.8
CO [ppm] 54 36 31
*CO [ppm] 51 36 31
NO [ppm] 85 314 273
*NO [ppm] 80 312 269
* Normalised to O
2
6%
Table 4 Wrtsil BP5 CEX values for the Scottish & Newcastle projects
Table 5 - Expected emission values of the spent grain and wood chips
mixture
Table 3 Flue gas analysis; average results of dry gases
The dependencies of the adiabatic combustion temperature and the specic ue gas (FG) quantity from
the fuel moisture, heat value of dry fuel 19 MJ/kg.
Increase of pressure drop over the grate when
increasing the ratio of grain fuel.
Multiphase calculation examples of ash melting
behaviour using various slag models (Source: VTT).
Warts02.indd 44 30/12/08 12:16:31
analysis, from the small scale combustor,
and from the combustion container, it was
concluded that it is technically feasible to
base the design of a commercial plant on
a ratio of 50% wood chips and 50% spent
grain.
The Wrtsil BioPower BP5 CEX plant
Fuel is taken by trucks to the site, where
it is screened and transported through a
magnet. From the sieve magnet facility
the fuel is transported by an elevator and
screws into two cylindrical silos (300 m
3
per
silo). From there the material is unloaded
by bottom screws onto the chain convey-
ors, which transport the fuel into the boiler
silo, from which screws feed fuel onto the
grate. The steam boiler produces super-
heated steam. The combustion chamber
and boiler combination is a natural circula-
tion ow system constructed from mem-
brane walls, with refractory insulations on
the furnace walls and a steam drum above
the boiler roof. The superheaters, convec-
tive evaporator, and economizer are locat-
ed downward in the ue gas draft. Feed
water is pumped from the feed water tank
to the steam drum through the n tube
economizer. The superheated steam ows
to the steam turbine, where the steam ex-
pands and rotates the turbine and genera-
tor, both of which are connected on the
same shaft. The turbine is an axial impulse-
type condensing extraction turbine, placed
in one casing with a controlled (pressure)
steam extraction (10 bara) for process
steam and the heating of the feed wa-
ter tank. The exhaust pressure varies be-
tween 0.07 and 0.12 bara depending on
the process case. The Wrtsil BioPower
process options are presented in Table 4.
When designing the Wrtsil BioPower
BP5 plant, a special emphasis has been
put on modules, which can be constructed
and pre-tested at the factory. It consists
of 15 main functional modules, which are
constructed inside steel structures. The
completed modules are lifted into position
at the plant site, the interconnections are
assembled, and the whole process testing
can start much quicker than for a typical
plant fabricated on-site.
Emissions into the atmosphere
Due to the elevated content of nitrogen
and sulphur in spent grain (see Table 2),
the emission values (Table 5) differ from
typical wood based biomass with respect
to NO- and SO
2
emissions. A heat value
level c. 8 MJ/kg enables good combustion,
and the CO emission levels become typi-
cal. Dust emissions, which must be kept
low because of the plants location near
the city centre, are reduced with a fabric
lter. However, while the fabric lter en-
sures high dust separation efciency from
the ue gases, it does inevitably increase
the power needed for the ue gas fan.
Further reduction of NO
X
emissions will be
achieved with the help of a NH
3
contain-
ing additive injection (SNCR) into the com-
bustion chamber. In this case urea is used
as the additive. The NOX reduction rate is
very sensitive to the combustion tempera-
ture, the reaction time, and the mixing of
additive into the owing gas. If the plant
is running at a rather constant capacity,
the reduction rate can be adjusted to op-
timal. However, if the boiler capacity or
fuel properties (moisture, heat value) are
uctuating, the reduction results based
on experiences from another plant (wood
and bark as fuel) - can vary between 20
and 60%.
Conclusion
Wrtsil has been working with grain-
based by-product fuels since 2004. The
by-products from grain differ in their de-
tailed fuel properties, partly because of
the processes, and partly because of the
soil properties and fertilizers present where
the grains have been grown. The chemical
compositions of the grains and processes
are complicated, and it is not possible to
calculate in advance the dimensioning
details without any pre-studies of the ma-
terials. Based on the experimental data,
including availability experiences, an avail-
ability ranking list between different types
of fuel has been developed. It is based on
130 individual fuel-related items of infor-
mation per fuel. Spent grain is placed in
the middle of this ranking. Clean wood
originated fuels ranks the best and bran
type gran fuels the worst. A procedure for
evaluating the availability of various fuels
has been developed. Experiments from
commercial plants have nally shown the
usefulness of the method.
Reference
SCOTTISH & NEWCASTLE, UK
Wrtsil is currently constructing two combined heat
and power plants (CHP) that will burn spent grain on
Scottish & Newcastles brewary sites in Manchester
and Tadcaster, UK.
These Wrtsil BioPower plants will be the rst
power plants in the world ever to produce, with
high efciency, both electricity and heat using spent
grain as fuel. Each CHP plant will have a thermal
output of 7.4 MWth in combined heat and power
production, and an electrical output of 3.1 MWe.
The electrical output in condensing operation is 4.7
MWe. The plants, which will burn a mixture of spent
grain and wood chips from local sources, are due
to start operations in spring 2009, producing steam
and electricity for the breweries processes and
exporting excess electricity to the local electricity
network. The Wrtsil BioPower plants will enable
Scottish & Newcastle to make more efcient use of
residue from its beer production, cut down on waste
handling and energy costs, as well as reducing CO
emissions.
BIOMASS
Behaviour of selected mineral elements treated with various solutions.
Warts02.indd 45 30/12/08 12:16:32
New Delhi 110 020 India
Tel: (+91 11) 3088 7520-25, Fax: (+91 11) 2684 8241, 2684 7342
C&S
HIMOINSA
A COMPANY SPECIALISED
IN THE DESIGN,
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING OF
GENERATING SETS,
LIGHTING TOWERS AND
ENERGY GENERATION
PRODUCTS.
PURE ENERGY
NOW IN INDIA
Himoinsa-Control and Switchgear Pvt Ltd,
strong progress in joint venture activity
D
ue to strong growth in demand
for its products in India, HIMOIN-
SA group take the initiative in
2007 to undertake the construction of a
new robotic highly productive plant in In-
dia.
For this project HIMOINSA have cre-
ated a 50:50 joint venture with the Indian
partners Control and Switchgear Pvt Ltd,
who were the rst company in India to
manufacture soundproof genset in 1998.
The plant has been built up in Pant
Nagar new industrial area at Uttaranchal
province. This new facility has a total land
area of 40,000 m
2
in which it has been
built a production plant of 14,000 m
2
in
the rst stage.
The second stage will cover 10.000
m
2
more to achieve a total of 24.000 m
2

totally close air cooled plant, plus 8.000 m
2

more cover area for nal products stock..
In this facility C&S HIMOINSA is pro-
ducing today more than 4.000 units in his
rst year operations, and is getting ready
to produce more than 10.000 units year,
supported with last technology on sheet
metal treatment, large Automated Powder
Paint Coating Plant, Advance Assembly /
Testing facilities, to produce high quality
Generating Sets & Control Panels.
To date, the total amount of invest-
ment in India has been more than 5 Mil-
lion Euros, where the percentage for tech-
nological investment will be approximately
20%.
C&S Himoinsa is commitment with
quality and for this reason only works with
rst brand suppliers that in case of engines
has choose initially the following brand
covering powers from 10 up to 250 kVA.
- Generating sets with Ashok Leyland pow-
ered engine: 10-250KVA
- Generating sets with Yanmar engine
powered: 12.5 40KVA
- Generating sets with Volvo engine pow-
ered: 250 630KVA
On alternators bases only Leroy Som-
mer and Stamford are accepted suppliers.
In order to support the product evolu-
tions inside and outside the India market
C&S HIMOINSA has created a engineer-
ing department which will be responsible
for new designs, focusing their efforts on
the optimisation of the process and saving
cost in order to offer to the nal client the
best product at the best possible price.
Today, C&S Himoinsa Ltd. markets
GEN-SETS
HIMOINSA, a company specialized in the design, development and manufacture of
generating sets, lighting towers and associated products for power generation, exports
its product portfolio from its European factories to the Indian market since 1996.
Himoinsa.indd 46 30/12/08 16:10:22
Tel: (+91 11) 3088 7520-25, Fax: (+91 11) 2684 8241, 2684 7342
C&S
HIMOINSA
A COMPANY SPECIALISED
IN THE DESIGN,
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING OF
GENERATING SETS,
LIGHTING TOWERS AND
ENERGY GENERATION
PRODUCTS.
PURE ENERGY
NOW IN INDIA
Himoinsa.indd 47 30/12/08 16:10:26
GEN-SETS
and distributes its products mainly in Indi-
an where at the end of his rst operations
year will have 20 distributors all around
Indian. C&S Himoinsa Ltd can be proud to
say that manufactures the most innova-
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EINewsletterAd.indd 1 16/12/08 15:44:18
Himoinsa.indd 48 30/12/08 16:10:29
PRADEEP CHATURVEDI. CHAIRMAN. INDIAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
Renewable Energy Can Be Centre Stage
E
U has unanimously agreed to re-
duce emissions by 20%, reduce
energy consumption by 20% and
introduce renewable energy use at 20%
by 2020. The route to be followed may be
more or less the same but each country can
decide on its route. It is signicant to note
that the focus will be on liquid automo-
tive fuels and space heating. This package
for 12 years will have the window to reas-
sess its performance in 2014 and redraft
its route of development. Many European
leaders were in a hurry to announce this
package before US President Elect Obama
makes his announcement on taking over
on January 20, 2009 and take away the
green energy leadership.
Investment in Renewables
An unprecedented growth in industry and
investment set new pace in the global
energy revolution in the year 2007. An
estimated US$71 billion was invested in
new renewable power and heating capac-
ity world wide, out of which 47% was for
wind power and 30% for solar PV. Add
to that over US$ 10 billion in new solar
PV manufacturing capacity, over US$ 4
billion in bio fuels plant additions, and at
least US$16 Billion in research and devel-
opment. The total reaches over US$ 100
billion for the rst time in history. These
investment ows also became more diver-
sied and mainstream during 2006 and
2007, including ows from major commer-
cial and investment banks, venture capital
and private equity investors, multilateral
and bilateral development organizations,
and smaller local nanciers.
Countries with the largest amounts of
new capacity investment were Germany,
China, the United States, Spain, Japan and
India. It is notable that three of the six
countries are from Asia, which speaks vol-
umes about the contribution of the Asian
continent in renewable energy revolution.
Investment in Germany increased to
over US$ 14 billion in 2007, foremost for
wind and solar PV. China stands second
where the investment was US$ 12 bil-
lion, mostly in small hydro power, solar
hot water and wind power, while the US
was number 3, with over US$ 10 billion.
Emerging markets are also capturing in-
creasing share of investments in news ca-
pacity, manufacturing facilities and R&D.
Further more, the years 2006 and
2007 saw investors world wide, paying
much greater attention to companies in
the renewable energy sector. This atten-
tion can be translated into higher stock
valuation and more aggressive industry ex-
pansion. By mid 2007, at least 140 publicly
traded renewable energy companies or
renewable energy divisions of major com-
panies world wide had a market capitali-
zation greater than US$ 40 million each.
The estimated total market capitalization
of these companies and divisions in mid
2007 was more than US $100 billion and
the number of companies in this category
jumped signicantly over the year, from
around 85 in 2006. Dozens of other com-
panies appeared poised to become public
and attain higher valuations, as initial pub-
lic offerings (IPOs) and strong investment
ows continued during 2007.
Sources of nance and investment in
mid 2008 have come from a diverse array
of private and public institutions. From
private sources, both main stream and
venture capital investment is accelerat-
ing, for proven and developing technolo-
gies. The largest institutional investors and
banks have been lending for renewable
energy over the past several years, while
venture capital nance for renewable en-
ergy exceeded US$ 3 billion worldwide
in 2006, and was substantially higher in
2007, particularly for solar PV and bio fu-
els. The US led venture capital investment,
with over 60% of the clean energy total
during 2006, and a reported $800 million
for bio fuels alone.
Market and Industry Trends
Future investments reect strong market
growth for a number of technologies and
aggressive industry expansion. The period
2006 07 saw accelerating investments
in manufacturing plants for wind turbines
and components, conventional solar PV,
thin lm PV, concentrates solar thermal
components, and conventional bio fuel
production. Solar hot water markets con-
tinued to grow in China, Europe and some
other countries. This period also marked
the beginning of commercial investments
in advanced cellulosic ethanol bio fuel
plants.
Wind power now accounts for the
dominant share of global investments in
renewable energy. Total wind power ca-
pacity grew by 28% worldwide in 2007 to
reach an estimated 95 GW. Annual capac-
ity additions by market size increased even
more: 40% high in 2007 as compared to
2006. Wind markets have also become
geographically broad, with capacity in over
70 countries. Even as turbine prices re-
The Committee of Parties Meet at Poznan has miserably failed to put forth any viable
solution for GHG emission reduction and targets for renewable energy use. The reasons
may have to be dened yet. However, the new US Presidents takeover and the possible
policy thrust on higher renewable energy use in US has forced EU to deliberately take
decision on specic renewable energy use targets and also on GHG emission targets.
RENEWABLEENERGY
Chaturvedi.indd 49 30/12/08 15:55:51
RENEWABLEENERGY
mained high, due in part to material costs
and supply chain trouble, the industry saw
an increase in manufacturing facilities in
the US, India and China, expanding the
manufacturing away from Europe with the
growth of more localized supply chains.
Grid connected PV continues to be the
fastest growing power generation technol-
ogies, with 50% annual increase in cumu-
lative installed capacities in both 2006 and
2007. An estimated 2.7 GW was added
globally in 2007 compared with 1.6 GW in
2006, which brought cumulative grid-con-
nected capacity to an estimated 7.8GW.
Markets for grid-connected PV remained
strong in Japan and California while many
new emerging markets like Korea also got
added.
The solar PV industry produced an es-
timated 3.5 3.8 GW of capacity in 2007,
grown up from 2.5GW in 2006. Invest-
ment in new PV manufacturing facilities
was strong in Europe, Japan, China, Tai-
wan and the US with many new reported
ventures. Three of these are in Asia. By
2007, more than 70 silicon manufactur-
ing facilities were being constructed or
planned. Thin lm PV still represents a
small share of global solar PV production,
about 6% to 8% in 2006, but it is gaining
acceptance as a mainstream technology.
Over 80 companies are now active in thin
lm.
With these increases in wind and so-
lar PV coupled with more modest increase
in bio-mass, small hydro, and geothermal,
new renewables now represent 5% of
global power capacity and 3.4% of glo-
bal generation. Renewable electricity
generation capacity reached an estimated
240GW worldwide in 2007 i.e. an increase
of over 50% compared to 2004.
Policy Trends
One clear trend is that more and more
countries are enacting new policy targets
for renewable energy, or strengthening
and extending existing targets. Policy
targets now exist in at least 66 countries
worldwide. Most targets are for share of
electricity production, primary energy, and
nal energy by future year and the ma-
jority aim for the 2010-2012 timeframe,
although an increasing number aim for
2020 and beyond. In addition, targets for
bio fuels as future share of transport en-
ergy now exists in several countries.
In the Asian region, China made an
announcement of specic targets for 15%
of primary energy 2020, as well as many
technology specic targets. This was an-
nounced in September 2007.
Identifying the best investment oppor-
tunities requires a close understanding of
the environmental infrastructure of busi-
ness including an in-depth knowledge of
the different regulatory regimes and mar-
ket drivers that affect the sector.
The three key drivers for effective re-
newable energy investments are those of
environment policy, market liberalization
and the falling cost of technology. In order
to identify the best investment opportuni-
ties, it is important to pin point markets
where these three drivers interact.
The difcult global nancial situation
in 2008 has witnessed a major shift in
which instead of the end users investing in
devices, new brand of intermediaries are
merging who are promoting leasing of the
equipment, thereby taking away the risk
of ownership from the end user.
Impact of Renewable Energy
Sources in Asia
Some of the Asian countries have shown
tremendous potential and determination
to push forth the renewable sources. Ex-
amples of Japan, China and India are rel-
evant.
CHINA: Realizing the future air quality threat,
China has started investmenting in certain
areas of clean energy technology, such as
wind, the PV manufacturing sector, solar
thermal, bio mass and bio fuels. In fact,
China is now one of the worlds leading
renewable energy producers, in terms of
installed capacity. The country already has
more installed domestic solar thermal sys-
tems than any other country.
Though China ranked second for the
amount invested in renewable energy in
2007 with over US$12 billion, trailing be-
hind the leader, Germany, which invested
US$14 billion. If it has to meet its ambi-
tious 2020 renewable goals for wind, bio-
mass, hydro and solar installations that it
has set itself, a further US$398 billion of
investment will be needed.
For the third running year, China
doubled its installed wind capacity, add-
ing 3.3GW of new wind generation dur-
ing 2007. China has now over 6GW of
installed wind capacity and the country
ranks 5th in the world, after Germany,
USA, Spain and India. China is expected
to reach 20GW by 2010 and 200 GW by
2020. The wind manufacturing industry in
China is also booming. China is expected
to become the worlds leading manufac-
turer of wind turbine by 2009.
The primary focus of Chinas renew-
able goals for international use is on the
less expensive technologies, such as wind
and biomass. On the other side, China is
committed to build its PV manufacturing
industry. With already more than 400 so-
lar PV companies, Chinas growing solar
manufacturing industry is positioned to
become a low cost leader in the growing
low carbon economy. There are already
four Chinese solar companies with market
capitalization of over US$2billion. These
are Suntech, Yingli, LDK Solar, and JA Solar
Holdings. Growth rates of these compa-
nies and many other renewable companies
in China are currently more than doubling
each year.
China is a world leader in the manu-
facture of solar PV and its production of
820 MW in 2007 is second only to Japan.
China now has an annual production ca-
pacity of 1300 MW and plans to expand
this to 4000 MW by 2010, more than the
entire global production in 2007.
On the thermal side the solar water
heater market has grown rapidly and ac-
counts for about 60% of global capacity.
China had an estimated installed capacity
of 90 sqm in 2006 and this is growing at
about 20% per year.
Chinas construction industry has been
booming with a predicted 20 billion sqm
to be constructed by 2020 equivalent
to Europes entire building stock. Chinas
buildings currently consume around 18%
of the countrys total energy, but this could
reach up to 40% by 2030 when Chinas
urban population is projected to be more
than double to 1 billion people. To tackle
this, The Design Standard for Energy Con-
servation in Civil Buildings (the building
code) came into effect from 1st January
2006 requiring new buildings to use en-
Chaturvedi.indd 50 30/12/08 15:55:52
ergy efcient materials and insulation, and
to adopt energy saving technologies for
heating, air-conditioning, ventilation and
lighting systems. At the moment it is es-
timated that of the existing 43 billion sqm
of building stock in China only 4% meet
the standard.
China is also a leader in low carbon
transport. With a motorized vehicle use
rate of around one passenger car per 70
people in 2007, the majority of Chinese
population still uses public transport, bi-
cycles, motorcycles and walking. Taxation
policy helps compact cars market reach
1.64 million vehicles in 2007. Chinas
entrepreneurs have brought the humble
bicycle into the 21st Century by adding a
nickel cadmium rechargeable battery and
electric engine producing a highly efcient
form of electric transport known as the e-
bike with a typical engine size of 250w, e-
bikes emit at least 90% less carbon dioxide
than passenger cars.
China is also the leading beneciary
from the United Nations CDM and has
developed projects to reduce 900 million
mt of carbon dioxide emissions by 2010,
valued at over US$ 10 billion.
INDIA: By March 2008, renewable power
excluding hydro above 25 MW installed
capacity, has reached over 11,200 MW,
contributing around 8 percent of the
countrys electric installed capacity, besides
other application for cooking and heating
purposes. Many of the programmes are di-
rected towards providing clean energy to
rural communities for meeting their cook-
ing, heating and motive power needs,
apart from electricity. The plans for 2012
include achieving an installed capacity of
around 25,000 MW grid power; installing
additional 10 million sq meter solar ther-
mal collector area, 2 million family type
biogas plants and electrication of 10,000
remote villages and also directed focused
research and development. Over the years,
the share of renewable energy technolo-
gies is expected to further increase. How-
ever, this will depend upon the level of
maturity of technology options, their af-
fordability and accessibility.
Government of India has been provid-
ing support for utilization and develop-
ment of renewable energy technologies
in the country. These could be summed
up in three broad categories of: scal in-
centives at the central level, specic pro-
visions under Electricity Act 2003, and
soft term nancing. The scal incentives
include direct taxes - 80 % depreciation
in the rst year of the installation of the
project, exemption or reduction in excise
duty, exemption from central sales tax, and
customs duty concessions on the import of
material, components and equipment used
in renewable energy projects and devices.
Apart from this, most of the renewable
energy devices and systems are exempted
from payment of excise duty. Income tax
benets are also available for setting up re-
newable energy projects. Section 80 IA of
the Income tax Act provides benet to in-
dustrial undertakings to set up in any part
of India for the generation or regeneration
and distribution of power, including re-
newable energy.
The most important legislative devel-
opment, which had induced the recent
growth in renewable power, is the Elec-
tricity Act 2003 notied in June 2003.
It recognizes the role of renewable en-
ergy technologies for supplying power to
the utility grid as well as in stand-alone
systems. The section 86(1)(e) of the Act
makes it mandatory for the distribution
companies to buy a certain percentage of
the total energy consumption from renew-
able sources of energy. The State Electricity
Regulatory Commissions have been given
responsibility of determining this percent-
age or creating a quota for renewable
power, which at present is in the range of
1 to 10%.
The National Electricity Policy notied
on 12 February 2005 addresses renewable
energy. Inter-alia it states that wherever
above is not feasible decentralized distrib-
uted generation facilities, also from renew-
able energy, together with local distribu-
tion network, would be provided so that
every household gets access to electricity.
In compliance with Sections 4 & 5 of
the Electricity Act 2003, the Ministry of
Power, Government of India has notied
the Rural Electrication Policy on 23 Au-
gust 2006. It views rural electrication as
the key for accelerating rural development
and states that provision of electricity is es-
sential to cater for requirements of agricul-
ture and other important activities includ-
ing small and medium industries, khadi
and village industries, cold chains, health
care, education and information technol-
ogy. The policy aims at:
a) provision of access to electricity to all
households by year 2009;
b) quality and reliable power supply at rea-
sonable rates; and
c) minimum lifeline consumption of 1 unit
per household per day as a merit good
by year 2012.
The envisaged approach includes the
electrication of villages and habitations,
where grid connectivity is not feasible or
not cost effective, through off-grid so-
lutions based on stand-alone systems.
Where neither stand-alone systems nor
grid connectivity is feasible and if the only
alternative is to use isolated lighting tech-
nologies like solar photovoltaic, the above
may be adopted. However such remote
villages may not be designated as electri-
ed till the time appropriate solutions are
found to provide electricity in these villages
to meet the requirements of the denition
of village electrication.
The Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) market has seen a steady growth.
Due to its vast market potential for re-
newable energy projects, and a relatively
well-developed industrial, nancing and
business infrastructure, India is perceived
as an excellent country for developing
CDM projects. As such, India has emerged
as one of the most favored destination for
CDM projects globally, with renewable en-
ergy projects having the major share. Indi-
an CDM projects constitute around 28 %
of total projects and 65% of these projects
emanate from renewable energy.
JAPAN: Renewable technologies are ex-
tremely attractive to energy importing Ja-
RENEWABLEENERGY
Source Potential
Wind Energy 45, 000 MW
Small hydro (up to 25 MW) 15,000 MW
Biomass Power (Agro residue) 17,000 MW
Cogeneration baggase 5,000 MW
Waste to Energy 2,700 MW
Solar Energy 20MW//sq.km
Solar Water Heater 140 million Square meter collector area
Family type Biogas Plants 12 million
RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL
Chaturvedi.indd 51 30/12/08 15:55:52
RENEWABLEENERGY
pan. Though non-hydro renewable energy
technologies, such as solar, wind, geo-
thermal and waste contribute a negligible
amount towards Japans overall energy
consumptions the potential for these tech-
nologies to contribute more signicantly
remains as abundant as the technologies
themselves.
Wind, particularly off-shore wind, has
signicant potential, with less potential
for small turbines. The Japans installed
capacity of 136 MW at the end of 2000
has now reached 1,538MW at the end of
2007. There has been a slowdown recent-
ly, mainly because of severe weather con-
ditions and the reform of the Japan Build-
ing Code. The country has a history of
typhoon attacks that blew down turbines,
coupled with lightening incidents, strong
gusts and high turbulence. A number of
turbines were severely damaged during
2007.
Japans market for solar PV grew by
a compound annual rate of 20% from
2000 to 2007 and during the same pe-
riod Japans sale of solar PV modules to
its domestic market and to the worldwide
market grew by a compound annual rate
of 38% in 2007. Japan supplied 29% of
the worlds solar PV products, while con-
suming 9%. In 1974, the Ministry of Inter-
national Trade an Industry (MITI) and from
2001 the Ministry of Economy, Trade and
Industry (METI), launched the Sunshine
Project, a long-term comprehensive plan
for the research and development of new
energy technologies (including solar, geo-
thermal, coal gasication/liquefaction, and
hydrogen). The Moonlight Project was
established in 1978 to boost energy con-
servation efforts. A research, design and
development (RD&D) system focusing on
global environment technologies was es-
tablished in 1989. From 1974 to 2001, Ja-
pan allocated US$ 3.2 billion to renewable
energy research and development. Moving
away from the comprehensive approach,
renewable energy research is now more
technology-specic with separate guide-
lines and with goals for each technology.
The research focuses on eld tests, promo-
tion and implementation.
The Japanese government has planned
to meet 3% of total primary energy supply
based on new energy sources by 2010.
The specic renewable energy targets are
4,820 MW of PV, 4,390,000 kilolitres (kl)
of solar thermal production, 3,000 MW of
wind power, 4,170 MW of waste power
generation, 140,000 kl of waste thermal
production, 330 MW of solid biomass gen-
eration, 670,000 kl of biomass thermal
production, 4,940,000 kl of black liquor
and some woody waste.
In terms of market acceptance, the im-
plied high value of PV conferred by strong
government support has, made PV popu-
lar with Japanese consumers. Motivation
for buying in Japan includes the high rela-
tive costs of conventional energy, image
and environmental concerns. Over 60% of
the PV consumers in Japan brought their
systems to reduce their electricity bills and
served environmental considerations.
Issues of Concern for Renewables
Development
Energy Security and Climate Security con-
siderations are resulting in bold policy an-
nouncements from global leaders to sup-
port growth of renewable energy sources
world wide. Announcements are welcome
but actions are yet to follow. How far will
the developing world gain from this move-
ment is still to be seen. The economic melt-
down has provided a reason for developed
countries to go back on their commitment
to fund and provide climate change miti-
gation and adaptation technologies. The
rate of trickle down effect on movement
of new technologies from source of ori-
gin to developing world will be slow and
gradual.
Conclusion
Global economic melt down poses a chal-
lenge as well as provides an opportunity
for promotion of renewable energy based
systems. Future growth will largely depend
on governments policy and collective de-
termination to resolve environmental con-
cerns.
Technology Indigenous technology development.
Mission-mode R&D initiatives for priority technologies.
Shift from intermittence of renewable energy technologies to dispatch ability,
through hybridization or energy storage.
Quality issues including Testing, Standardization and Certication.
Economics and
Financing
Level playing eld in energy sector-energy pricing, and inclusion of
environmental aspects and externalities.
Impact of economies of scale on prices.
Appropriate and balanced allocation of budgetary resources.
Leveraging sectored energy budgets.
Credit availability for rural markets.
Credit for working capital and marketing activities.
Innovative Multi-lateral and bilateral funding mechanisms.
Institutional and
Infrastructural
Capacity building and Human resources development.
Involvement of NGOs and ESCOs.
Establishment of renewable power generation and distribution utilities.
Development of infrastructure to support renewable energy projects.
Framework for project generation and approval.
Incentives/ Subsidies Rationalization and careful targeting of subsidies.
Subsidization to certain categories of population and for rural energy supply.
Investment based incentives vis--vis performance linked incentives.
Fiscal incentives to users.
Legal and
Regulatory
Renewable electricity generation and distribution in a regulated market,
environment-amendment of existing legislation or enacting new legislation.
Agreement with utilities.
Mechanisms to ensure renewable-based electricity procurement both
distributed and centralized.
Effective linkages with climate policy.
FOLLOWING SPECIFIC ACTIONS WILL BE NECESSARY
GLOBAL ECONOMIC MELT
DOWN POSES A CHALLENGE
AS WELL AS PROVIDES AN
OPPORTUNITY FOR PROMOTION
OF RENEWABLE ENERGY BASED
SYSTEMS
Chaturvedi.indd 52 30/12/08 15:55:57
Chaturvedi.indd 53 30/12/08 15:56:06
Korea's Largest PV Trade Fair
April 8
~
10, 2009/EXCO, Daegu, Korea
300 Exhibitors with 13,000sqm / 30,000 Visitors!!
PV Korea 2009, largest PV business conference in Korea, con-currently held!
Germany's Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology's participation for 3 years in a row!
Organizer : EXCO, Korea Energy News Sponsors :
Tel : +82-53-601-5024(Fax : -5372) E-mail : green@energyexpo.co.kr
Application Inquiry : www.energyexpo.co.kr
What is needed to ensure sustainable
development discloses Pradeep
Chaturvedi, Chairman, Indian
Association for the Advancement of
Science and international consultant
for Bio Fuels Project, Cambodia in
conversation with Energetica India.
What technology should be adopted for sustain-
able development in future?
It should not be low carbon but no carbon tech-
nology. Dependency on fossil fuels and coke,
which emits heavy carbon dioxide, has polluted
the environment. So, there is a need to adopt the
technology, which could least affect the natural
capital. The Renewables could play a pivotal role
in conserving the nature by controlling the car-
bon emission. The concept of sustainability has
changed drastically and people are now aware of
the fact that future lies in the renewables but the
biggest setback is its cost, which is not in reach of
one and all.
How can we control the cost of renewable energy
production?
We have to frame a policy to control the cost
structure. If natural resources are consumed
taxes should be imposed upon users. We have
been going ga ga over the renewables but are
not focusing on policy issues, which need to be
addressed meticulously.
Renewable energy generation constitutes a mar-
ginal per cent of the total power generation in the
country. So what is the future of the renewables
in India?
In case of new renewables the percentage is
marginal, but if you take into account the energy
generations through bio-mass and hydro, the
country produces one third of its power genera-
tion through the renewables only. The world has
set target to reduce carbon concentration by 50
per cent till 2030 and least till 2100. India could
not isolate itself from the targets. As a fast de-
veloping economy, India needs to contribute to
the cause and should initiate steps locally in such
a manner that target of 2030 and 2100 could
be achieved. It is not that India is emitting higher
percentage of the carbon but still it needs to play
its part for keeping the globe free from carbon.
Does China have upper hand in power generation
sector through the renewables?
There are two things technical viability and opera-
tional viability. China has an upper hand in both
the aspects. It would be frivolous to go into the
number games because numbers are audited,
but this is sure that whether it is micro hydro tech-
nology or photovoltaic or wind turbines technol-
ogy, China is far ahead than India. In photovoltaic
technology or wind turbine manufacturing,
China is on number two position in the world,
which is giving it an edge over others. In opera-
tional eld too it is ahead, for in India, people get
subsidies to install the turbines and after getting
it least interest is taken in production of energy.
In a bid to tighten noose on these people, the
government has now framed a policy to provide
subsidies on performance basis. This is a single is-
sue but there are many loopholes, which have to
be addressed for ensuring growth of the renew-
able energy sector.
Though there are many ways to generate electric-
ity through the renewables but still in India many
people are residing in a lantern era. Why wer-
ent initiated steps to electrify the rural regions
through renewable energy, where electric supply
is not possible?
Very true. Steps should be initiated in this regard.
But the fact remains that people are not ready
to take ownership of these projects. They should
come forward for this purpose. The govern-
ment could not generate electricity half MW or
1 MW from around 1000 or so units and sup-
ply it. For this rural entrepreneurs should have to
take ownership but disappointingly people are
not ready to take the responsibility. One thing has
turned favorable from post economic crisis in the
world and that is, that many intermediaries have
jumped into the game. They will lease out solar
and wind equipments to entrepreneurs, giving
ray of light to the people residing in a lantern era.
In this deal the ownership and risk will be with
leasing company. It is expected that by mid of
2009, many solar heating systems, photovoltaic
modules and wind mills would be leased out by
the intermediaries.
In metros, why is the government not taking steps
to install solar systems on roof top of the buildings
for generating energy in large scale?
We have a national building code and BIS code,
which are recommendatory not mandatory. For
that matter, the building law is governed by local
bodies, which is apathetic towards implementa-
tion of the recommendation. There is an urgent
need for formulating a clear policy by govern-
ment to support the renewables. The setback in
formulating the strategy is that as per the proto-
cal a percentage of the renewable energy needs
to be declared by government, which may bar
it from availing CDM funding. This is the reason
government is intentionally not making the law
mandatory.
What is the impact of economic meltdown on the
renewable energy sector?
The biggest impact of the meltdown is nancing.
The renewable projects requisite huge funds. But
as there is crisis, no nancing company or banks
are ready to venture into the renewables sector,
giving jolt to growth. The second bottleneck is
the prices of commodity like crude oil. Sudden
rush for the renewables is experienced, with rate
of fossil fuel going high. And as soon as the price
of oil goes down to $ 30 or 40 per barrel, power
generation through the renewables is given sec-
ondary treatment. Moreover, unavailability of
liquid cash checks bankers from venturing in the
renewable projects, stalling progress of the sector.
However, considering the today scenario, I could
tell that future of the renewable sector is bright
and would ensure development of the country.
INTERVIEW
Sustainable development
entails sustainable efforts
Pradeep Chaturvedi. Chairman. Indian Association
for the Advancement of Science
Chaturvedi.indd 54 30/12/08 15:56:08
Korea's Largest PV Trade Fair
April 8
~
10, 2009/EXCO, Daegu, Korea
300 Exhibitors with 13,000sqm / 30,000 Visitors!!
PV Korea 2009, largest PV business conference in Korea, con-currently held!
Germany's Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology's participation for 3 years in a row!
Organizer : EXCO, Korea Energy News Sponsors :
Tel : +82-53-601-5024(Fax : -5372) E-mail : green@energyexpo.co.kr
Application Inquiry : www.energyexpo.co.kr
Chaturvedi.indd 55 30/12/08 15:56:09
WIND & SUN LTD
Independent Island Systems
E
igg is best known as the island
which became an emblem of the
land reform movement when it was
the rst successful community buy-out. In
1997, after decades of mismanagement by
absentee landlords, the island was bought
by the Isle of Eigg Heritage Trust, a part-
nership between the residents of Eigg, the
Highland Council, and the Scottish Wildlife
Trust. Visit www.isleofeigg.org for more in-
formation.
The Project
The Isle of Eigg was not served by mains
electricity, with most properties relying on
ageing diesel generators for power. The Isle
of Eigg Heritage Trust and Eigg Residents
chose to pursue the installation of a mains
type system to supply reliable and afford-
able electricity to all properties on the is-
land.
The Isle of Eigg Electrication project
is an attempt to develop a electricity sup-
ply for the island which is sustainable both
environmentally and economically. The Isle
of Eigg Heritage Trust formed a company,
Eigg Electric Ltd, to procure and operate
a mains-type electrical network system for
the islanders, to provide an electrical supply
similar to that enjoyed by people living on
the mainland with the aims of the genera-
tion of predominantly renewable electricity
and the supply of a reliable 24 hour elec-
tricity supply for all islanders. This scheme
will provide encouragement for operators
of other isolated off-grid systems to adopt
these technologies, both in the UK and
overseas. It will also demonstrate that high
proportions of renewable energy can be ac-
commodated within distribution networks,
encouraging attempts to integrate increas-
ing proportions of renewable energy into
existing networks to help the UK achieve its
CO
2
reduction targets.
Various renewable sources distributed
around the island have been incorporat-
ed to allow diversity of energy supply, a
9.9kWp PV system, three hydro generation
systems (6 kW, 6 kW & 100 kW) and a 24
kW wind farm supported by standby die-
sel generation and batteries to guarantee
continuous availability of power. There are
currently 37 permanently occupied residen-
tial properties and 5 commercial properties
on the island which will be connected us-
ing a high voltage three-phase distribution
system. Load management will be used to
ensure optimal use of the renewables.
Overall design of the complete system
was by Econnect Ventures who have unique
expertise in the design and operation of off-
grid islanded networks containing high pro-
portions of renewable energy, including the
POWERGENERATION
The Isle of Eigg, at 8km by 6km, is the second largest of The Small Isles 10 miles off the
Western Coast of Scotland south of the Isle of Skye. With 87 inhabitants, it is also the
most populous. Eigg boasts a wide variety of coastal scenery, ranging from beaches and
spectacular cliffs, to historic caves.
IndependentIsland.indd 56 30/12/08 16:11:49
use of load management to optimise the
utilisation of renewables.
Wind & Sun worked with Econnect
Ventures and designed the battery inverter
and PV systems. Synergy Scotland managed
the electrication project using Scottish Hy-
dro Contracting as main contractors and
Wind & Sun worked for them as specialist
sub-contractors.
In January 2007 we undertook the instal-
lation of the PV array, battery store and Sunny
Island inverters. Installation of the island grid
was carried out by Scottish Hydro Contract-
ing over the summer months, which involved
the laying of several km of cables together
with the associated transformers and switch-
gear as well as the updating and testing of
the wiring to all the properties on the island.
G.G.Mackenzie Contractors Ltd undertook all
the groundworks and laying of cables.
Scottish Hydro also installed the new
100kW water turbine, pipeline and weir.
The inverter system and diesel back-ups
were commissioned by Wind & Sun in De-
cember, allowing electricity to be available
throughout the island backbone just before
Christmas.
The integration of the hydro genera-
tion, the wind turbine installation and the
monitoring followed shortly after. Power
was switched onto the island on 1st Febru-
ary 2008.
The Battery & Inverter System
The main battery inverters are the heart of the
system and provide a reference grid to which
all loads and generation is connected. They
control the system voltage and frequency,
and manage the balance between loads and
generation by controlling the power into and
out of the batteries. Additional system con-
trol will be provided by load management at
times of high renewable generation.
Twelve Sunny Island SI-5048 5kW in-
verters are used connected in four three
phase clusters to give a total output rating
of 60kW.
A MultiCluster Box MC-Box-12 is used
to combine the cabling from each of the
Sunny Island inverters and provides contac-
tors for the connection to the island grid and
the back-up generator.
Each cluster is connected to a 48V 2242
Ah (C10) battery bank consisting of 24 Rolls
Solar RB 4KS25PS batteries tted with Hy-
drocaps to reduce maintenance.
Total energy storage is approx. 212kWh to
50% DOD.
The PV array
The main benet of the PV array will occur
during the summer months when its output
is high, complement-
ing the lower output
that is expected from
the hydro generation
and the wind turbines
(due to low summer
rainfall and low sum-
mer windspeeds).
Because of the uncer-
tainty regarding the
load prole and the
intermittency of the
renewable sources,
diesel generation will
provide backup power
to ensure a reliable
supply for the island is
maintained.
The PV array is
located close to the
power house which
houses the batteries,
inverters and standby
diesel generators.
It consists of 60
BP Solar BP3165S PV
modules mounted
on an aluminium ground mount support
frame. They are wired in six series strings of
10 modules with three pairs of strings each
connected to an SMA Sunny Boy SB-3000
inverter
The PV array is connected to the low
voltage side of the AC network via these
grid-connect inverters. This will allow the
PV output to feed the island loads directly.
Surplus output is stored in the batteries.
Wind Turbines
Four Proven 6kW wind turbines on 15m
towers each connected to SMA Windy Boy
WB-6000A inverters are sited at the South-
ern end of the island where the best wind
exposure is obtained.
POWERGENERATION
POWERGENERATION
These were installed by Energy Re-
newed Ltd a local Proven installer based
in Aberdeen who were well placed to deal
with the logistics of getting the equipment
to the island and the construction there.
Monitoring
A Sunny WebBox is used to monitor the
Sunny Island & PV system allowing perform-
ance to be recorded and viewed remotely
over the internet.
Electricity supply for each property
The new grid electricity supply connects
every property on the island. Households
are limited to 5kW and businesses 10kW.
Electricity is purchased using pre-payment
cards and every property has a wireless
Electrisave type meter so people can see
how much electricity they are using.
Nearly every light bulb on the island is
low energy and the islanders are well used
to energy conservation and understand
much more about energy than on the
mainland.
Some properties used to have their
own small power system (generator and in-
verter etc...) and have a change-over switch
so they can switch over from Eigg Electric to
their own private supply if required.
In the community buildings (Tea Room,
Community Hall and Churches) plug-in
load controllers (DILCs) are used to switch
on background heaters to utilise surplus re-
newable energy in times when the battery
store is full.
Carbon savings
There are considerable carbon savings to
be gained with the installation of the mains
type system.
The proposed PV array will save at least
10 tonnes of CO
2
per year (based on DTI
gures of 0.43kg/kWh).
Wind & Sun Ltd designed & installed the PV array, battery store
and Sunny Island inverter system together with remote moni-
toring. Wind & Sun were chosen for this project because of
their unique experience in off-grid systems (over 20 years), and
their role in several similar UK island system installations.
The Sunny Island inverters form the heart of the system and
provide a reference grid to which all loads and generation is
connected. They control the system voltage and frequency,
and manage the balance between loads and generation by
controlling the power into and out of the batteries. Additional
system control will be provided by load management at times
of high renewable generation
Please use our website www.windandsun.co.uk & email info@
windandsun.co.uk as contact details in the article.
JACOB KLIMSTRA, SENIOR ENERGY AND ENGINE EXPERT, WRTSIL POWER PLANTS IN THE NETHERLANDS
Five years of operational experience
the Gyrh cogeneration plant
H
ungary has a long tradition of co-
generation based on central pow-
er plants. After the Second World
War, the heat released by almost all newly
constructed power plants was used for
district heating or for industrial processes,
with less than 5% of the total generating
capacity coming from local, distributed,
generation. In 1994, however, the Hungar-
ian government began encouraging local
generation by allowing installations small-
er than 50 MW to feed into the public grid
without a special licence, provided their
own electricity use was higher than 40%
of their generated electricity. If more than
60% of the generated electricity went into
the public grid, the licence-free limit was
20 MW. In 2001, local generation really
took off when the Hungarian government
introduced a nancial support scheme for
electricity originating from small and me-
dium scale cogeneration. The prerequisite
was a fuel efciency of at least 65%. Al-
though this was tightened in 2004 to 75%
efciency for reciprocating engine driven
installations, the new standard is, for the
main part, no problem for this kind of co-
generation installation. Currently, at the
beginning of 2008, cogeneration systems
represent approximately 25% (2000 MW)
of Hungarys total generating capacity of 8
GW. The total installed capacity of instal-
lations smaller than 50 MW is about 800
COGENERATION
Cogeneration of electricity and heat is a cost effective method for reducing both fuel
consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Cogeneration installations range in size
from large-scale applications in process industries, to small-scale units that cover the
heat load of buildings. In issuing its Cogeneration Directive, the European Commission
recognizes the benet, and promotes the use of, cogeneration.
Warts01.indd 60 30/12/08 12:29:07
MW, with some 60% of that being based
on reciprocating engines. This means that
reciprocating engines represent an excep-
tionally high 6.3% of Hungarys generat-
ing portfolio. Hungary is, therefore, a true
showcase for this energetically and envi-
ronmentally attractive technology and can
serve as a benchmark for the rest of the
world.
Other reasons behind the growth
in local power generation
The governments support mechanisms
are not the only cause behind the strong
growth in Hungarys local generation
capacity during this decade. The coun-
trys 180 district heating plants were in
drastic need of renovation, while at the
same time, the growth in Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) increased the demand for
electricity (see Figure 2). The electricity
intensity of the economy shows a slightly
decreasing tendency, which is the result of
strong growth in the service sector that is
less energy intensive than heavy industry.
Another major facilitator for engine-driven
cogeneration is the availability of natural
gas, which is very suitable for local gen-
eration. The use of gas for electricity gen-
eration increased by 50% during the years
2000 to 2005 (see Figure 3). Hungarys
extensive portfolio of local cogeneration is
an ideal test case for monitoring the per-
formance of engine driven generators.
Performance aspects of
generating equipment
Modern consumers expect electricity to
be available at all times. In order to meet
this expectation, the generating portfolio
should be able to consistently comply with
demand and adjust output instantane-
ously to maintain frequency and voltage
within a narrow range. In an open electric-
ity market, generators offer their capacity
to system operators. Since low production
costs are necessary to succeed in an open
market; fuel efciency should be high
and specic capital costs low. Scheduled
and unscheduled generator outages ne-
cessitate the use of backup power from
other sources. The less requirement there
is for scheduled maintenance, the less
reserve capacity is needed. Only spinning
contingency capacity can compensate
for unscheduled outages, especially in-
stantaneous trips, which costs money. As
scheduled maintenance does not require
spinning reserve, reliable and predictable
equipment demands less spinning reserve
and, therefore, helps to improve prot-
ability. Maintenance and repairs do take
time, and no generating equipment can
be expected to run continuously. By de-
nition, availability can be expressed as the
percentage of time that the unit can work
divided by the total time. Wrtsil uses the
term operational availability A
o
:
A
o
=
mean time between maintenance
=x 100%
mean time between maintenance
+ maintenance time + logistic delay time
The logistic delay time is the time re-
quired for getting replacement parts to the
site. With a proper maintenance approach,
the need for spare parts is predictable and
thus the logistic delay time is hardly rele-
vant. Often, generators are not required to
run the entire time that they are available.
The term utilization factor can be used to
represent the percentage of time that the
unit is working versus the total time. If
the full output capacity of a cogeneration
plant is only needed during colder seasons,
e.g. during only 5000 hours of the 8760
hours in a year, the utilization factor is just
5000/8760 100 = 57%. Capacity factor
or load factor are expressions used in the
same context. If a power plant does not
operate at full output all the time, its out-
put can be converted into full-load equiva-
lent hours. As an example, running 400
hours at 80% load is the equivalent of just
320 hours at full capacity. The terms uti-
lization factor and capacity/load factor
are interchangeable to some extent. From
a reliability point of view, the percentage
of time that the unit actually performs its
duty versus the time it should work is very
important. We might describe this using
the invented word dutibility, that is the
amount of time the unit is performing its
duty when it should do so:
dutibility=
(actual working time)
= x 100%
(time the unit should work)
Power plant owners prefer a very
high dutibility of close to 99%. Depend-
ing upon utilization, they might hope for
an operational availability of at least 97%.
Notwithstanding such a high availability,
the costs of maintenance should be low.
Fuel efciency is another important item.
Currently, the average fuel efciency of
all electricity production with fossil fuels
in Hungary is 34%, not taking the system
losses of the sector into account. Genera-
tors driven by large reciprocating engines
can already reach a net fuel efciency for
electricity generation of about 44% in sim-
ple cycle mode. The combined efciency
of cogeneration generally ranges between
80% and 90%, depending on the tem-
perature level of the heat use.
The Gyrh cogeneration plant
The Gyrh District Heating Company
(Gyri Hszolgltato Kft.) is the municipal
heating company serving the city of Gyr
in the northwest of Hungary. Since the
end of 2002, the company has operated
two generator units driven by Wrtsil
COGENERATION
Fig. 1 Total electric power capacity of
cogeneration installations driven by reciprocating
engines (At ultimo indicated years; data Cogen
Hungary and Eurelectric). Fig. 2 Increasing GDP
and electricity use in Hungary. Fig. 3 Fuel sources
for Hungarian electricity generators.
Warts01.indd 61 30/12/08 12:29:08
COGENERATION
18V34SG gas engines each with a power
capacity of 6 MW. In the wintertime, the
heat released by these units serves to pre-
heat the 43 km long district-heating net-
works return water. The return tempera-
ture is about 60 C and the engine driven
plant heats the water to about 90 C. An
existing boiler plant further heats the wa-
ter to 110120 C. In the summertime, a
forward water temperature of 90 C is suf-
cient, and then the boilers are switched
off. A third unit was added at the end of
2003. The three generators have a voltage
of 11 kV. Economics dictate that in winter-
time, the most economic operating strate-
gy is to have two engines running 21 hours
per day on full load and at standstill for
three hours during the night. The remain-
ing engine also runs 21 hours per day on
full load but returns to 50% load for three
hours at night. This is because the demand
for electricity and heat generally reach a
minimum between 2.30 am and 5.30 am.
Consequently, this strategy reduces the
maximum attainable utilization factor to
about 90%. The three-hour stops provide
some time to do minor adjustments and
repairs, but scheduled maintenance needs
more time. Table 1 gives the schedule for
planned maintenance. The operator carries
out minor tasks while Wrtsils Hungarian
branch ofce takes care of the larger jobs.
The maintenance schedule results in an av-
erage operational availability Ao for each
unit of about 97.5% (see Figure 5).
Performance of Gyrhs three
generating units
The rst of the Gyrh cogeneration plants
two generating sets were commissioned at
the end of October 2002, while the third
set became operational on October 31,
2003. This article describes their perform-
ance until June 30, 2007. The typical op-
erational pattern of stopping two units for
three hours during each night is very inter-
esting as regards the sensitivity of main-
tenance requirements to frequent starts
and stops. Turbine-type prime movers re-
quire extra maintenance due to frequent
starting and stopping. Initially, the engines
showed some starting problems caused by
air penetration into the fuel-line via the
blow-off system during standstill, but that
was solved as soon as the source of the
problem became clear. After that, regular
starting and stopping of the reciprocating
Fig. 4 The 12 MW Gyrh cogeneration plant.
Fig. 5 The cumulative amount of scheduled
maintenance hours versus the operating hours of a
generator set at the Gyrh district heating plant.
TECHNICAL JOURNAL 02.2008
AT THE BEGINNING OF 2008,
COGENERATION SYSTEMS
REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY
25% (2000 MW) OF HUNGARYS
TOTAL GENERATING CAPACITY
OF 8 GW
Warts01.indd 62 30/12/08 12:29:10
engines was carried out without problems.
The fuel efciency of the three units stayed
within the narrow specications for both
electricity and heat production. During the
time span from October 30, 2002 to June
30, 2007, set number 1 reached 39,038
running hours. This engine acts as the
so-called forerunner, since it is allowed to
run as many hours as possible, while sets
number 2 and especially 3, are the fol-
lowers. This concept, as has been shown
in extensive reliability investigations, has
proven to be preferable in process plants.
An approach whereby each unit acquires
running hours at the same pace can lead
to simultaneous failure of all units, espe-
cially in the case of possible systematic er-
rors during construction or during mainte-
nance and operation. Set number 2 had
acquired 35,651 running hours and set
number 3 a total of 27,586 hours up un-
til June 30, 2007. Since its commissioning
up until June 30, 2007, Gyrhs unit 1
has been running for 95.5% of the time,
unit 2 for 87.2%, and unit 3 for 85.9%
of the time. Consequently, their average
utilization factor closely approaches the
90% discussed already. The operational
availability Ao according to the scheduled
maintenance scheme, is close to 97.5%.
However, Ao varies somewhat in time with
running hours due to the stepwise mainte-
nance actions, as can be seen in Figure 5.
The dutibility differs from set to set.
Set number 1 had a total of just 378 hours
of unplanned stops, while set number 2
had 536 hours, and set 3 had 783 hours.
The dutibility of unit 1 was rather high
with 99.0%, while units 2 and 3 had viz.
98.8% and 98.7%. With such a good
dutibility, the risk of two units failing at
the same time is roughly 0.14%, and of
all three units failing at the same time,
less than 0.002%. This results in a very
high combined security of supply to the
grid, something that for an independent
power producer is commercially attrac-
tive. In addition, the resulting utilization
factor based on total operating hours and
the fact that one unit was running at just
50% during three hours per day, is very
high for a cogeneration plant. Such a reli-
able performance is only possible with an
optimum maintenance approach. The best
maintenance approach, however, requires
a number of specied boundary condi-
tions:
* built-in capacity of the installation for
reliability
* reproducibility in wear patterns
* built-in maintainability
* skilled and trained workforce
* spare-part logistics philosophy
* communication and co-operation.
The Management of Gyri Hszolgl-
tato Kft. recognized that a skilled and
experienced operations and maintenance
workforce is essential for effective and ef-
cient maintenance. The selection criteria
for the plants operating crew combined
the right attitude with knowledge, aware-
ness and insight. A Wrtsil mechanic was
on hand at all times to guide the opera-
tors during the rst year of operation. The
management also realized that a crew that
regularly carries out the required tasks ob-
tains the best maintenance results. For this
reason, they decided that Wrtsils Serv-
ices department should carry out most of
the regular maintenance.
Conclusion
Gyrhs three gas engine driven cogen-
eration units had an average operational
availability of 97% and proved to be very
reliable, notwithstanding frequent desired
short-time stops due to the companys
operating philosophy. The rated efciency
did not deteriorate during a time span
of 40,000 hours. The utilization factor of
the units was very high and the plant can
serve as a benchmark for reciprocating en-
gine driven cogeneration. The averaged
net electrical efciency of the units was
43.1%, while 38.4% of the fuel energy
was turned into useful heat for the district
heating system.
NOTE: This article is based on Jacob Klim-
stras conference paper at PowerGen Eu-
rope, 3 June 2008, Milan, Italy.

Acknowledgement
The author wishes to thank Mr. Gbor Bercsi,
President of Cogen Hungary, Mr. dm Prohszka
from Wrtsil Services, and Mr. Tom Strmman and
Mrs. Maria Nystrand from Wrtsil Power Plants for
their valuable contributions to this paper.
References
1. Eurostat, Energy, yearly statistics 2005, ISBN
978-92-79-06483-8, 2007, Luxemburg.
2. Robert Hlep and Thomas Esdaile-Bouquet,
Cogeneration in Central and Eastern Europe
Market Situation and Financial Support, The
European Association for the Promotion of
Cogeneration, June 2007, Brussels, Belgium.
3. Gbor Bercsi, Overview of Cogeneration and
Policy Developments in Hungary, presentation at
regional Cogen day, 31 October 2007, Budapest,
Turkey.
4. Jacob Klimstra, Power Plant Operation
Optimization through Business Partnership, paper
at PowerGen Europe 2004, May 25-27, 2004,
Barcelona, Spain.
5. Jacob Klimstra, Performance of natural gas-
fuelled engines heading towards their optimum,
Paper ICES2006-1379, Proceedings of ICES06,
2006 ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division
Spring Technical Conference, May 7-10, Table 2.
Overview of running hours, maintenance hours
and outage hours. 2006, Aachen, Germany.
COGENERATION
Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3
Total time span (h) 40,872 40,872 32,111
Operating hours (h) 39,038 35,651 27,586
Scheduled maintenance (h) 1060 1241 783
Unplanned stops (h) 378 536 502
External fault stops (h) 154 141 136
Operational availability (%) 97.3 97.0 97.1
Dutibility (%) 99.0 98.8 98.7
Approx. utilization factor (%) 94 86 85
Table 1. The scheme for scheduled maintenance of each generator set.
Maintenance type Frequency Duration Actor
Operating hours Hours
Minor 1000 3 Gyrh
Small 2000 8 Wrtsil
Medium 12,000 72 Wrtsil
Large 24,000 120 Wrtsil
Major 16,000 280 Wrtsil
GYRHS THREE GAS ENGINE
DRIVEN COGENERATION UNITS
HAD AN AVERAGE OPERATIONAL
AVAILABILITY OF 97% AND
PROVED TO BE VERY RELIABLE
Warts01.indd 63 30/12/08 12:29:11
P. K. BHATTACHARYYA AND V. D. VAIDYA
On-Line Insulation Monitoring & Earth Fault
Location in Ungrounded & Residual Current
Monitoring in Grounded Power Supply &
Distribution Systems
T
he advantages of sophisticated in-
dustrial systems can only be of use
if high availability of power sup-
plies and distribution system along with
time and cost-effective fault detection
& location system is ensured. A reliable
EMC-friendly electrical installation ensur-
ing highest degree of safety for personnel
and equipment is of primary importance
for industrial systems, hospitals and of-
ce & commercial complexes. In modern
electrical distribution systems, it has now
become imperative to ensure security of
supply, without sacricing the safety of
personnel and equipment. These aspects
have gained prominence due to the fact
that a large number of Industries have
continuous manufacturing process, where
loss of power imposes unacceptable losses
due to loss of production and loss of un-
nished products. Similarly, hospitals and
health care facilities have critical areas
such as Operation Theatres and ICCUs
where loss of power can endanger pa-
tients lives. While loss of power due to
overloads, tripping of utility supplies etc.
can be reasonably handled with minimum
loss of time, the most troublesome faults
are earth faults on the systems, as they are
not easy to locate in shortest possible time.
It is, therefore, considered necessary to
have an advance indication of impending
earth faults, so that suitable maintenance
action can be taken to avoid loss of power.
This article gives a brief overview of how
this can be achieved.
Electrical power supply &
distribution system
Earth is a reference for all types of power
supply and distribution systems. Proper
selection of power supply and distribution
system and protective measures depends
on the criticality of the equipment, proc-
esses and reliability required. The issues to
be considered are a) likelihood of insula-
tion faults b) basic and fault protection c)
availability of power supply d) technical &
economic considerations e) practicability
of implementation.
IEC60364-1
[1]
denes three main
types of distribution systems:
a) IT System All active parts are insulated
from earth or one point of supply is
connected to earth through a sufciently
high impedance. The exposed non current
carrying conductive parts of the electrical
installation are earthed individually or col-
lectively.
b) TN System One point of the supply is
directly earthed. The exposed non current
carrying conductive parts of the instal-
lation are connected to that point by
protective conductors.
c) TT System One point of the supply is
directly earthed. The exposed non current
carrying conductive parts of the installa-
tion are connected to earth electrodes,
which is/are electrically independent of the
earth electrode of the system.
POWERSUPPLY&DISTRIBUTION
Various power supply and distribution schemes with regard to earth connection as per
international standards is presented. Monitoring & protective measures with respect to
availability and reliability is included. On-line insulation monitoring for ungrounded systems
and residual current measurement for grounded system is discussed. On-line earth
fault location system for both grounded and ungrounded power supply and distribution
system is discussed for actual industrial systems in the presence of various noises like
harmonics, EMI etc. Recommendation for including advance information system for on-
line detection and location of incipient earth faults in industrial and commercial power
supply and distribution systems for increasing availability and reducing downtime.
Figure 1. Types of systems as per IEC 60364-1.
Bender.indd 64 30/12/08 12:33:15
In order to ensure sufcient protection
to persons and property, proper coordina-
tion between the earth connection, char-
acteristics of protective conductors and
the type of distribution system is required.
Moreover these days with rapid prolif-
eration of sensitive equipment, high fault
currents, over-voltages caused by discon-
nection and/or electromagnetic inuences
may lead to functional disturbances or
even damage to sensitive devices. There-
fore, with regard to the availability of pow-
er supply, in particular, the behaviour of
power supply systems in case of rst earth
fault is of importance. Based on the above
characteristics power supply and distribu-
tion systems can be classied in two broad
categories viz. a) Ungrounded (IT) and b)
Grounded (TN &TT) systems. The charac-
teristics of each are as follows.
A. UNGROUNDED (IT) POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
IT systems are either supplied from an
isolating transformer or an independent
voltage source, such as a battery of a gen-
erator. In the event of an incipient fault,
a small fault current, depending on fault
resistance RF and the capacitance of the
system to earth CE. Such a fault (generally
called rst fault) changes the unearthed
system to earth system (TN) and the next
fault may lead to tripping of supply. Thus
if the rst fault is detected and eliminated,
tripping due to second fault becomes un-
likely. This is the reason why IT system is
used where maximum reliability and safety
of power supply is required.
B. GROUNDED (TN/TT) POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
In case of occurrence of earthed fault on
TN system, the fault current IF will be de-
termined by fault resistance RF . If this cur-
rent is higher than the rating of the pro-
tective fuse will blow and disconnect the
power supply. If, however, the fault current
is less than the fuse rating the fuse will not
blow and a dangerous situation is created.
Under such circumstances there would be
rise of temperature at the point where the
earth fault has occurred and can give rise
to a serious re risk, if heat dissipation is of
the order of 60W (260mA at 230V).
Protective measures
IEC-60364-4-41, Low-voltage electrical in-
stallations-Protection for safety-Protection
against electric shock
[2]
, recommends an
IT system must always be equipped with
an insulation monitoring device for detec-
tion of incipient earth faults and residual
current devices (RCD) and over-current
protection devices for TN, TT systems.
A. ON-LINE INSULATION MONITORING IN UNGROUNDED
(IT) SYSTEM
IEC60364-4-41 species that an IT system
must always be equipped with an insula-
tion monitoring device for detection of in-
cipient earth faults. The insulation monitor
is connected between active conductors
and earth as shown below.
Modern Insulation Monitors super-
impose a measuring signal, generated by
signal generator G. On the occurrence of
an incipient insulation fault, the meas-
uring circuit between system and earth
closed via the fault RF causing a voltage
drop across the measuring resistance Rm,
which is processed and evaluated by elec-
tronic circuitry. If the voltage drop exceeds
the set value proportional to insulation re-
sistance, an alarm is given. The signal has
a DC component which is used to charge
the system capacitances, thereby ensuring
that the signal goes through the incipient
fault. The nature of the measuring signal is
very important as it should not affect op-
eration of devices such as switched mode
power supplies, computers, variable fre-
quency drives etc. Further, the harmonics
and other disturbances created by these
devices, presence of lters connected to
the system should not affect the measure-
ment of the insulation fault. A detailed de-
scription of requirements for an insulation
monitoring device is given in IEC-61557-8
[5]. The insulation monitor provides in ad-
vance, information for effective preventive
maintenance thereby ensuring the avail-
ability of power supplies. It also prevents
shock hazards in small and medium size
low voltage power supply and distribution
system.
B. RESIDUAL CURRENT MONITORING IN GROUNDED
(TN/TT) SYSTEM
As a point of power supply system is
grounded, insulation monitoring as men-
tioned above for ungrounded (IT) systems
is not applicable for grounded (TN/TT) sys-
tems. For grounded systems IEC-60364-4-
41 recommends residual current monitors
as additional protective measure to provide
advance information in case of insulation
deterioration.
Figure 2. IT System with insulation monitoring
(IMD=Insulation Monitoring Device).
Figure 3. TN system with warth fault R
F
.
Figure 4. Functional principle of an insulation
monitoring device.
Figure 5. Functional principle of residual current
monitoring.
Bender.indd 65 30/12/08 12:33:17
When an earth fault occurs on TN sys-
tem, as explained earlier, the fault current
which ows through the fault is depend-
ent on the fault resistance. Under such
circumstances, zero sequence current is
generated due to shifting of star point and
a residual current monitor is used to evalu-
ate this zero sequence current as a meas-
ure of the gravity of the earth fault condi-
tion. On a 230V/415V grounded system,
30 mA is considered as earth fault. When
this value is reached the earth leakage cir-
cuit breaker will operate and disconnect
the power supply. The aim of the residual
current monitor is to indicate the develop-
ing fault at a much lower value, so that
corrective action can be taken.
In applications, considered as special
a few years ago, but now quite common,
such as large computer installations, an
interruption can give rise to severe conse-
quences. Therefore, use of residual current
devices is avoided. Further, such installa-
tions have UPS systems, which have a low
short circuit withstand capacity and can-
not trip protective devices such as MCBs
or fuses. In such situations residual current
monitors give pre-alarm indication for tak-
ing suitable preventive action.
It may not be out of place to men-
tion that sensitive installations like the one
described above, require TN-S distribution
system instead of usual TN-C system to
take care of problems created by harmon-
ics generated in such installations. TN-S
systems with monitoring of critical points
with residual current monitors would en-
sure a high degree of security and safety.
A detailed description of requirements
for residual current device is given in IEC-
61557-6
[4]
.
C. EARTH FAULT LOCATION IN UNGROUNDED (IT)
SYSTEM
Low insulation resistance in electrical in-
stallations endangers personnel and opera-
tional safety and also poses high economic
risk. Therefore insulation faults must be
detected, localized and eliminated. A large
number of sub-circuits and branches also
increase the risk that an insulation fault
can go undetected. IEC-60364-4-41 rec-
ommends that the rst insulation fault be
eliminated with the shortest practical delay.
This results in fewer downtimes, increased
productivity, maximum system utilization,
reduced repair and maintenance costs etc.
A special advantage of IT system with
regard to operational safety is possibil-
ity to detect and to eliminate insulation
faults during operation. The earth fault
location system consists of on-line insu-
lation monitor integrated with test pulse
device, earth fault evaluator, number
of special CTs depending on number of
branch feeders and hand held portable
evaluator. The on-line insulation moni-
tor continuously measures the insulation
resistance of the entire galvanically con-
nected IT system including all connected
loads. Whenever the insulation of the sys-
tem drops below a preset value an alarm
is generated and a test current driven by
the system being monitored is generated
alternately between each phase conduc-
tor and earth. This test current is detected
selectively by means of special residual
current transformers with evaluators. The
design of the system is such that it rejects
the noises in the industrial power supply
and distribution systems and is sensitive to
the test current generated by the system.
This makes the system robust and reliable
without generating nuisance alarms. The
above scheme is applicable for both AC
as well as DC systems. A detailed descrip-
tion of requirements for earth fault loca-
tion system is given in IEC-61557-9
[6]
.
D. EARTH FAULT LOCATION IN GROUNDED (TN/TT)
SYSTEM
As mentioned above on-line insulation
monitor is not conducive for grounded
system as one point of the supply is
grounded. For securing the power supplies
Residual Current Monitoring (RCM) is used
for fast fault location & preventive mainte-
nance. The purpose of the residual current
monitor is to monitor an electrical installa-
tion or circuit for the presence of an unbal-
anced earth fault current and to indicate
by means of alarm the presence of residual
current when it exceeds a predetermined
level. RCM may be used in conjunction
with protective device to disconnect the
affected branch feeder.
Special CTs are installed at in-feed
point of each of the branch feeders. The
residual current is detected and evaluated
in the evaluator. The residual current re-
sponse value may be set between 10 mA
to 300 mA depending on the installation.
An alarm is indicated if the residual cur-
rent exceeds preset value. This may also
be used to disconnect the power supply to
the faulty feeder. The design of the system
is such that it rejects the noises in the in-
dustrial power supply and distribution sys-
tems and is sensitive to the actual residual
current in the faulty feeder. This makes the
system robust and reliable without gener-
ating nuisance alarms and disconnection.
The above scheme is applicable for both
AC as well as DC systems.
Application areas
The insulation monitoring and earth fault
location system in IT system is useful in
Figure 6 Principle of Earth Fault Location System.
Figure 7. IT-System: Fast localisation of insulation
faults.
Figure 8. Earth fault location with RCM for TN/TT
system.
Bender.indd 66 30/12/08 12:33:20
advance detection of earth faults in Power
Generation plants, Mining, Ships, Railway
engines, coaches and signaling systems,
Steel and chemical industries and particu-
larly Hospitals.
The residual current monitoring and
earth fault detection system in IT, TN/TT
systems is useful in advance detection of
earth faults in Power Generation plants,
Trafc, infrastructure and logistics, Serv-
ice industries like Software Parks, Banks,
Communication, Commercial Complexes,
Steel and chemical industries and particu-
larly Hospitals.
Conclusion
Modern installations demand security of
supply in addition to safety of personnel
operating such installations. The loss of
power supply can cause severe problems,
for example, in hospitals, in critical areas
of nuclear, thermal and hydro power sta-
tions, reneries etc. Such interruptions are
no more acceptable. Insulation monitoring
and residual current monitoring are use-
ful tools in obtaining advance information
about impending earth faults, thereby fa-
cilitating immediate remedial action. Be-
sides there is facility available for transfer-
ring measured data via Field-bus, Ethernet
to higher level systems in order to register
events including date and time for future
analysis. Complete earth fault location sys-
tem allows time and cost saving by locat-
ing faulty circuits.
REFERENCES
[1] IEC-60364-1 : Low-voltage electrical
installations- Part-1: Fundamental principles,
assessment of general characteristics,
denitions.
[2] IEC-60364-4-41: Low-voltage electrical
installations- Part-4-41: Protection for safety-
Protection against electric shock.
[3] IEC-60364-7-710 : Electrical installations of
buildings-Part-7-710: Requirements for special
installations or locations- Medical locations.
[4] IEC-61557-6: Electrical safety in low voltage
distribution systems up to 1000 VAC and 1500
VDC- Equipment for testing, measuring or
monitoring of protective measures- Part-6:
Residual current devices (RCD) in TT and TN
systems.
Insulation monitoring devices for IT systems.
Equipment for insulation fault location in IT
systems
INSULATION MONITORING
AND RESIDUAL CURRENT
MONITORING ARE USEFUL
TOOLS IN OBTAINING
ADVANCE INFORMATION
ABOUT IMPENDING EARTH
FAULTS, THEREBY FACILITATING
IMMEDIATE REMEDIAL ACTION
Bender.indd 67 30/12/08 12:33:23
MR. JORGE SALAS, DIRECTOR DESALINATION, BEFESA AGUA AND MR. RODRIGO SEGOVIA,
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR, INTERNATIONAL DIVISION, BEFESA AGUA
Process designing of a SWRO desalination plant
in Chennai with a capacity of 100 MLD
B
efesa Agua, in consortium with
the local company IVRCL, was the
successful bidder for this plant
with production capacity of 100,000 m
3
/
day (expandable to 120,000 m
3
/day) in the
category of DBOOT (Design, Built, Own,
Operate and Transfer), the operating pe-
riod being 25 years. The development of
the design and construction of the plant is
the full responsibility of Befesa Agua.
The plant intake water has special
characteristics and is difcult to treat. It is
a raw water with high concentrations of
solids in suspension (peaks of up to 116
mg/l have been detected) and high levels
of metal content (aluminium, silver, cop-
per or lead are some of those detected).
These characteristics are due to the fact
that an estuary, a port and an overpopu-
lated urban area are found in the intake
water area, and there is not a good control
of the different urban and industrial dis-
charges into the sea.
The sea water temperature is fairly
stable, remaining around 29C through-
out the year.
The plant has been designed seeking
greatest possible energy efciency and the
studies in this regard determined that the
optimum option for this project is the in-
stallation of medium-voltage frequency
shifters in the high pressure pumps. With
this system, the guaranteed maximum
specic consumption of the plant of 3.61
kWh/m
3
is ensured.
Intake water
The main characteristics of the water of
the intake area of the Chennai desalina-
tion plant are shown in tables 1-3.
Salinity of the raw water
As is observed in the following graphics of
raw water salinity (historic analysis), said
detail is highly variable, and throughout
the year there are periods of high salinities
and low salinities, which require a high-
exibility plant model which can easily
adapt to such variable conditions.
This uctuation is typical of tropi-
cal latitudes with monsoon rain, as is the
present case and new sampling and analy-
sis campaigns have been conrmed and
this continues to be worked on.
It should be highlighted that, al-
though the maximum salinities detected
are around 39 g/l, the maximum salinity
for which the plant has been designed is
42 g/l since this is the maximum guaran-
teed contractual value to comply with the
plant quality parameters.
Product water
The guaranteed parameters in the product
water are the following:
- Salinity: 500 ppm
- Alkalinity: max. 200 ppm
- Total hardness: max. 300 ppm as CaCO
3
- pH: 6.5 to 8.5
General description of the plant
A general process diagram and short de-
scription thereof and a general implemen-
tation of the plant are shown below.
The general design diagram is as fol-
lows:
Open water intake with dual system of
intake and pumping with Debris lters of
1000 m mesh opening.
Coagulation-focculation system in pre-
treatment (residence times of 2 minutes
for the coagulation and 4 minutes for
the occulation).
Impulse lamellar decantation system. (4
lines, Hanzen velocity of 1.1 m/h).
Chemical dosing for pre-treatment and
prior to entry to RO membranes: Sodium
hypochlorite, ferric chloride, polyelectro-
lyte, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, so-
dium metabisulte and antiscalant.
Gravity sand fltration (Filtration rate: 5.2
m/h).
Regulation tank and intermediate pump-
ing.
WATERTREATMENT+ENERGYOPTIMIZATION
The design of the Chennai desalination plant has involved an engineering challenge mainly
of the special characteristics of the water to be treated.
The plant is located in Minjur, Chennai (India), a city which currently suffers from water
shortages and poor quality in its supply.
The desalination plant forms part of the plan that the citys water service company, The
Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board (CMWSSB), is carrying out to
improve both the quality and quantity of the water for human consumption in the area.
Befesa.indd 68 30/12/08 12:53:15
Pressurized sand fltration (Filtration rate:
15 m/h).
Cartridge or safety microfltration (Filtra-
tion rate: 13.65 m/h and 1 5 m mesh
opening.
High pressure system and reverse osmo-
sis racks in one simple stage with 45%
conversion.
Chemical dosing post-treatment: Cal-
cium hydroxide, carbon dioxide, sodium
hypochlorite.
Storage of product water.
Brine dilution and discharge system.
1. WATER INTAKE. OPEN INTAKE.
The intake system formed by a dual intake
line is designed to collect the maximum ca-
pacity necessary for the plant through just
one of them bearing in mind the possible
future expansion. This capacity is set at
9,921 m
3
/hour and would supply the ve
lines of the current project plus a sixth one
for the future expansion. It is an open in-
take composed for two lines of pipes with
1.6 m diameter and 725 m length and two
collection towers each one of 4.6 m exter-
nal diameter and 5.1 m in height located
at a level of -10 m.
The water intake will be performed
at a medium height to avoid the entry of
sand which would occur if it was collected
in areas close to the ground and the entry
of oating material which would occur if
collected in very surface areas.
The entire design of the plant, start-
ing with the intake of raw water, has been
performed with the idea of achieving a
highly exible plant.
1) The intake hopper has the follow-
ing signicant characteristics:
The fact of having designed a dual intake
for safety reasons (2 intake pipes), each
one of them with capacity to collect the
entire capacity of the plant, instead of
a single intake as was initially planned,
logically causes greater load losses than
those expected and which are obtained
in the normal operation of the plant
with the two operating lines. This, to-
gether with a tidal range of 2 metres
(+1.20 high tide and -0.80 low tide) and
the load losses from the pipe, lter and
grille -1.74 metres will make the NPSH
required from the sea water pumps a
factor which needs to be carefully con-
sidered when choosing them.
Moreover, the study of the transit due to
the possible cuts in electricity leading to
the stoppage and restarting of the dual
intake pumps has caused the rise of the
bottom level of the pumping to approxi-
mately 30 cm higher than that initially
calculated, which has also signicantly
affected the NPSH required from this
pump which was already critical.
In conclusion, the NPSH necessary for
the pumping, as well as the great intake
capacity to pump means that the pump
selected has not been a usual model in
this typo of plant. Finally, vertical pumps
with axial suction have been chosen as op-
timium solution.
2) As pre-ltering system, after study-
ing various options (installation of self-
cleaning screens, drum lters, etc.) the
installation of debris lters has been de-
cided. These lters have a mesh opening
of 1 mm and the load loss therein changes
signicantly according to their state of
cleanliness until a maximum expected of
Physicochemical analysis
Property Minimum Maximum Average Unit
Turbidity: 0 8 2,3 NTU
Colour: 3 3 3 Units
Smell: 8 8 8 TON
Temperature: 27 30 29 C
Oil and greases 2 11 4,8
Specic conductivity 48400 68200 65000 umhos/cm
pH: 7,9 8,26 8,1 Units
TDS 39.700 37.992 mg/l
Alcalinity 103 127 117 mg/l CO
3
Ca
Total hardness 5.500 12.400 10.033 mg/l
BOD5 38 73 57 BDL
TOC 64 126 101 BDL
TSS --- 116 60 mg/l
Element Minimum Maximum Average
Ca++ (mg/l) 339 644 495
Mg++ (mg/l) 886 1281 1123
Na+ (mg/l) 7800 12400 10220
K+ (mg/l) 274 650 484,4
Ba++ (ug/l) BDL 6,41 3,05
Sr++ (mg/l) 8,96 12 10,6
Fe total (mg/l) 0,54 0,62 0,59
Ag+ (ug/l) 0,005 0,259 0,08
Mn++ (ug/l) 4,55 10,9 6,28
Ni (ug/l) 0,22 0,28 0,26
Cu++ (mg/l) 0 0,6 0,24
Al+++ (mg/l) 0,03 0,8 0,3
Pb (ug/l) 0,01 0,192 0,071
Total Cr (ug/l) 0,37 0,74 0,5
Boron (mg/l) 1,6 2,1 1,86
SO4= (mg/l) 1.986 3.748 3.072
Cl2 (mg/l) 0,02 0,05 0,035
Sr (mg/l) 8,96 12 10,6
F- (mg/l) 1,2 4,4 2,1
Br- (mg/l) 0,02 0,03 0,025
Nitrite (mg/l as N) BDL 0,6 (DL) BDL
NO3- (mg/l) 0 0,59 0,16
CaCO3 (mg/l) 110 116 113
Silica (mg/l) 0,96 4,6 2,9
Thallium (ug/l) 0,01 0,01 0,01
Mercury (ug/l) 0,05 0,117 0,079
Cadmium (ug/l) BDL 0,116 0,021
Barium (ug/l) BDL 6,41 3,05
Arsenic (ug/l) < 1 < 1 < 1
Antimony (ug/l) 0,047 0,1 0,077
Microbials
Aerobics (Standard PI) 150 32000 5275 U/100 ml
Faecal Coliforms (Total) 2 80 13,6 U/100 ml
Table 1. Physicochemical analysis of the intake water of the Chennai
desalination plant
Table 2. Analysis of the metal concentration in the intake water of the
Chennai desalination plant
Table 3. Microbiological analysis of the intake water of the Chennai
desalination plant
Befesa.indd 69 30/12/08 12:53:15
0.3 to 0.4 m. Furthermore, they require an
increase in supply capacity when they have
to enter in the cleaning phase and are esti-
mated to be 5% of the nominal operating
capacity.
3) Due to the changes in the height
and ow of the sea water depending on
the tides, number of lines in operation and
state of soiling of the debris lters and
in order to optimize the intake pumping
based on the load losses at any time, this
would have frequency shifters (1 + 1R)
that could be used to regulated capacity
and pressures.
Table 4 summarizes the results of the
energy study performed on this point.
2. PRE-TREATMENT PRIOR TO FILTRATION
The main challenge contemplated here is
that of the high load of solids in suspen-
sion. Hence, the pre-treatment consists of
a coagulation-occulation system and an
impulse lamellar decantation.
To optimize the coagulation-occula-
tion process, jar tests have been performed
with the object of setting the preliminary
doses of coagulant and occulant for this
type of water, as well as determining the
nature of the particles eliminated, which
are largely inert.
The characteristics of the matter and
the variation in granulometry with the dif-
ferent Jar tests are shown in the table 5:
In table 6, the results of the Jar
tests performed with respect to time are
shown.
From the analysis of the results shown
above, the tendency of the decanting of
the solids in suspension contained in this
water can be gathered as can the effect
of the greater or lesser dosing of reagents,
although the times and denitive doses
would have to be conrmed with the con-
tinuous pilot tests currently being carried
out.
The impulse lamellar decantation sys-
tem consists of four separate decanters,
two by two, through a purge zone. It has
been designed so that, if required, three
decanters can take on the work of a fourth
which is having problems.
The plants different types of chemical
dosing in the pre-treatment and the maxi-
mum design doses are:
- Sodium hypochlorite: 5 ppm
- Sulfuric acid: 36 ppm
- Ferric chloride: 80 ppm
- Polyelectrolyte: 2 ppm
In accordance with the philosophy of
achieving high exibility, there is the possi-
bility of performing the chemical dosing at
different points of the process depending
on requirements.
3. SAND FILTRATION.
The water is then ltered in sand. There
are two ltration stages, a rst of gravity
ltration and a second of pressure ltration
(positioned after the intermediate pump-
ing). This option was decided as optimum
after analysing the possibilities of installing
two stages of gravity lters or two stages
of pressure lters.
It should be highlighted that, although
the closed lters introduce greater energy
costs since there are greater load losses to
be assumed by the intermediate pumping,
in exchange it is possible to regulate much
better than the gravity lters and provide
greater plant exibility.
The rst stage of gravity or open lter
will have a total of 20 units (4 lines of 5
units each), each with a ltration surface
of 93.9 m
2
of each lter and a ltration
rate of 5.2 m/h.
Intake pumping with frequency shifters 1788 kWday
Intake pumping without frequency shifters 18327 kWday
Daily saving 442 kWday
0.00363 kWday/m
3
Table 4. Energy results of the of the intake pumping
Ferric chloride + Anionic polyelectrolyte
Parameter 0 ppm FeCl
3
5 ppm FeCl
3
15 ppm FeCl
3
30 ppm FeCl
3
60 ppm FeCl
3
+ 0 ppm Poly + 0.2 ppm Poly + 0.3 ppm Poly + 0.5 ppm Poly + 1.5 ppm Poly
TSS, mg/l 116 108 100 92 102
50 m 0% 33.73% 41.29% 30.55% 0%
TSS size 25 - 50 m 0% 28.81 % 30.03% 26.53% 50.11%
range 5 - 25 m 96.43% 37.46% 28.68% 39.33% 49.89%
1 - 5 m 3.57% 4.86% 0% 3.59% 3.07%
< 1 m 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Table 5. Results of the Jar Test
Figure 3. Results of the Jar Test
Befesa.indd 70 30/12/08 12:53:17
The second, of pressure or closed
lters with sand/anthracite bed, will be
formed by 18 units (2 lines of 9 lters
each), with a ltration area per lter of 40
m
2
and a ltration rate of 15.2 m/h.
Sufcient space will also be available
for a future increase in the number of pres-
sure lter units in the event of the plant
being expanded from 5 to 6 racks.
4. INTERMEDIATE PUMPING.
Located between both stages of sand l-
tration, we have the intermediate pump-
ing, with 5+1R pumps installed, i.e. one
pump per rack whose function is to pump
the raw water to the pressure ltration
and the cartridge ltration, as well as to
ensure its arrival at the suction of the high
pressure system pumps with the minimum
pressure required for its correct operation.
In this pumping, where the low volt-
age frequency shifters are typically in-
stalled, they are not used in this case as
medium voltage shifters have been in-
stalled. The use of the shifters will be ex-
plained in more detail in later sections.
5. CARTRIDGE OR SAFETY FILTRATION.
After the second stage of sand ltration, and
as last stage prior to the entry of water in the
rack zone, there is a cartridge or safety ltra-
tion. It will have 10 lters with 375 cartridges
each and its working rate will be 13.65 m/h.
The following is also added after the
ltration:
Sodium metabisulte: 6 ppm
Antiscalant: 2 ppm
Sodium hydroxide: 30 ppm*
* (if necessary to adjust the output boron).
6. HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM AND REVERSE OSMOSIS RACKS.
The plant has been designed with 5 lines,
each with capacity to produce 20,000 m
3
/
day of permeate. The conversion factor of
the osmosis racks is 45%.
The main elements each of the lines
have are:
- High pressure pump with frequency
shifter.
- Booster pump with frequency shifter.
- Energy recovery system with hyperbaric
chambers.
- 5 reverse osmosis membrane racks of
20,000 m
3
/day with 248 pipes of 7 mem-
branes each.
Due to the great uctuations in salin-
ity, already mentioned, the energy study of
the high pressure system of this plant was
more important, should that be possible,
than in other projects, since it relates to
achieving a system capable of adapting to
the very different water intake conditions
with the greatest possible energy efcien-
cy to tackle oscillations in the pressure re-
quired of the membranes of over 10 bars
depending on the case.
Of the different possibilities studied,
the optimum was to install the medium
voltage frequency shifters in the high pres-
sure pumps (Design 3 described below).
Different congurations were consid-
ered:
DeSIGN 1.a
- Intermediate pumping with frequency
shifter.
- High pressure pumping with frequency
shifter. Recirculation pumping with fre-
quency shifter.
- Control of the pressure in the membrane
racks via back-pressure in the permeate.
DeSIGN 1.B
- Intermediate pumping with frequency
shifter.
- High pressure pumping without frequen-
cy shifter.
- Recirculation pumping with frequency
shifter.
racks by the combination of back-pres-
sure in the permeate and constriction at
the outlet of the high pressure pumps.
DeSIGN 2.
- Intermediate pumping without frequency
shifter.
- Introduction of low pressure booster
pump with frequency shifter.
- High pressure pumping, without fre-
quency shifter.
- Recirculation pumping, with frequency
shifter.
DeSIGN 3.
shifter.
- High pressure pumping with frequency
shifter. Recirculation pumping with fre-
quency shifter.
DeSIGN 4.a
Time TSS in mg/l for 5 TSS in mg/l for 15 TSS in mg/l for 30 TSS in mg/l for 60
ppm FeCl
3
+Poly ppm FeCl
3
+Poly ppm FeCl
3
+Poly ppm FeCl
3
+Poly
0 100 100 100 100
15 88 80 75 81
30 71 76 63 72
60 58 72 50 66
90 49 60 34 58
120 39 48 25 50
150 30 32 10 44
180 26 20 5 41
Average specic Other direct process Average specic
consumption consumptions: 0.22 kWh/m
3
consumption
Design 1 (kWh/m
3
) 2.99 (kWh/m
3
) 0.22 (kWh/m
3
) 3.21
Design 2 3.04 0.22 3.26
Design 3 2.95 0.22 3.17
Design 4 3.09 0.22 3.31
Table 6. Results of the Jar Test
Table 7. Energy consumptions of the designs studied
Befesa.indd 71 30/12/08 12:53:18
shifter.
cy shifter.
shifter.
racks via back-pressure in the permeate.
DeSIGN 4.B
shifter.
cy shifter.
shifter.
racks by the combination of back-pres-
sure in the permeate and constriction at
the outlet of the high pressure pumps.
An energy study has been performed
with the results shown in table 7.
And a comparison of the solutions on
a technical level:
Design 1, in its variants a and b was
the conguration which was initially adopt-
ed during the development of the Basic
Project, but there was a clear need to seek
a solution which gave greater exibility to
the plant on studying the analyses and the
variations in salinity expected throughout
the year and the wide ranges thereof to
guarantee the design of the plant.
Design 2 posed, in principle, impor-
tant advantages:
The pressure variations at the intake of
the membranes would be controlled from
the low pressure pump positioned before
the high pressure pump, which would en-
tail that the pumping prior to the ltration
could work at constant pressure.
The only pressure variations that occur
in the ltration system prior to this pump
are due to the greater or lesser soiling of
the lters.
Said pumping would carry the water
at around 5 bars, approximately constant.
This change would entail that both the
pressure sand lters and cartridge lters,
could be made in PN 6 instead of in PN 10
as would occur in the rst solution, which
would be translated into signicant sav-
ings in their cost.
The pressure to be guaranteed with
the intermediate pumping after the car-
tridge ltration (suction pressure necessary
in the pump positioned after the ltra-
tion) decreases in Design 2, whilst in the
high pressure pump the suction pressure
that must be guaranteed is 2.5 bars ap-
proximately, in the low pressure pump this
pressure decreases to 1.5 bars.
Another important advantage of De-
sign 2 is that it would provide independ-
ence to each rack so that each one works
at its optimum pressure, since the intake
pressure to the membranes is regulated
from the pump prior to each one of the
high pressure pumps.
As disadvantages:
Design 2 would involve greater invest-
ment in xed assets since:
- I t includes one pump more per each re-
verse osmosis rack which was not con-
sidered in Design 1.
- Due to the new plant arrangement, the
processing bay would be expanded
- The energy consumptions are not im-
proved with this pumping option since
one pump per line is positioned, and
therefore another element which pro-
duces losses.
In the case of Design 3, the pressure
variations at the intake of the membranes
would be controlled from the high pres-
sure pump positioned before the high
pressure pump, which would entail that
the pumping prior to the ltration could
work at constant pressure.
Said pumping would drive the water
at 5.5 bars constantly, whilst in Design 1 it
was considered having to work at a range
of pressures between 3 and 10 bars. This
change would mean that both the pres-
sure sand lters and the cartridge lters
could be made in PN 6 instead of in PN
10.
With this intermediate pumping it
would be necessary to ensure a suction
pressure in the high pressure pump of 2.5
bars as minimum.
Each rack would work with this sys-
tem at its optimum pressure, since the
intake pressure to the membranes is regu-
lated from the high pressure pump prior to
each one of the racks.
Energetically, it is the optimum op-
tion, this pumping approach is the one
with the least consumption per m
3
of wa-
ter produced.
As disadvantage the fact that it is
necessary to work with frequency shifter
in the high pressure pumps entails a pe-
nalization in the investment in xed assets
but, however, it is justied by the operat-
ing energy savings.
And, nally, Design 4 that considered
working both with the intermediate pump-
ing and with the high pressure pumping at
constant pressure.
Energetically, it is the least favourable
of the options considered, it has the great-
est consumption of kWh per m
3
of water
produced, but it has the lowest investment
in xed assets, since it would not be neces-
sary to invest in frequency shifters in any of
the pumps.
Therefore, and after checking their
economic feasibility, it was decided to
adopt Design 3 as conguration of the
plants high pressure system.
As energy recovery system, a system of
hyperbaric chambers is chosen, a solution
with greater energy efciency that that of
the traditional turbine systems, etc.
THE DESIGN OF THE
DESALINATION PLANT OF
100,000 M
3
/DAY IN THE INDIAN
CITY OF CHENNAI ACHIEVES
A FLEXIBLE PLANT AND WITH
EXPANSION CAPACITY WHICH
ALSO GUARANTEES THE
PARAMETERS GUARANTEED TO
CMWSSB BOTH IN QUALITY AND
IN QUANTITY
Befesa.indd 72 30/12/08 12:53:19
With regard to the reverse osmosis
racks, their main characteristics are:
- Number of pressure pipes per rack: 248
units
- Number of membranes per pressure pipe:
7 units.
- Number of membranes per rack: 1736
units
7. POST-TREATMENT AND STORAGE OF PRODUCT
WATER.
The permeate product of the reverse os-
mosis racks undergoes a post-treatment in
order to maintain guaranteed water qual-
ity which consists of:
- Dosing of milk of lime.
- Dosing of carbon dioxide.
- Dosing of sodium hypochlorite.
Although in a rst stage of the project
the option was considered of installing
calcite beds in the post-treatment, it was
rejected due to the impossibility of guar-
anteeing the supply of lime with sufcient
purity (>99.5%) in the plant location.
The product water is stored in a two-
vessel tank with a capacity of 10000m
3

each.
8. DISCHARGE AND DILUTION OF BRINE.
The discharge of the brine from the os-
mosis racks will be performed into the
sea via an outfall designed with capacity
not only to evacuate brine from the racks
but also with capacity to by-pass the to-
tal of the intake capacity of the plant if
necessary. This fact and the by-passes
commented in the following point con-
tinue in the line of designing a plant of
maximum exibility.
For the dilution of brine to be dis-
charged into the sea, the Central Marine
Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) of In-
dia recommended changing the diffusion
system to achieve a greater degree of di-
lution. This made it necessary to change
the rst proposed system of 14 distributors
operating with a uid outlet rate of 2.5
m/s through a system of only 4 distributors
with a water outlet rate of 5.65 m/s.
A new hydraulic study of the brine dis-
charge system was then performed and a
possible recirculation of water towards the
lter washing pump was detected, caused
by the increase in load loss at the distribu-
tor outlet.
Two solutions were studied:
- Change in diameter of the brine discharge
pipe from 1600 mm to 1800 mm.
- Increasing the level of the plant until the
level of the lter cleaning discharge sys-
tem was greater than that of the water
sheet of the brine tank.
After the technical and economic
evaluation, the rst option was chosen.
9. BY-PASSES
As commented throughout the previous
sections, one of the main elements of this
project was operating exibility, but also in
commissioning, cleanings, etc.
In order to achieve said objective, in
addition to redundant units throughout
the process, there are different by-passes
throughout the process. We can differenti-
ate the process unit by-passes and the wa-
ter discharge by-passes to the brine outfall
for its return to the sea.
These by-passes are observed in the
general process diagram and are those
named below.
- Process unit by-passes:
- Coagulation-occulation and decanta-
tion by-pass.
- First stage of sand fltration by-pass.
- Second stage of sand ltration by-pass.
- Discharge by-passes to the brine outfall:
- By-pass from the storage hopper prior to
pre-treatment.
- By-pass from coagulation-occulation.
- By-pass from lamellar decanters.
- By-pass from rst stage of sand ltra-
tion.
- By-pass from intermediate pumping.
- General plant by-pass after cartridge fl-
tration.
10. CONCLUSION
The design of the desalination plant
of 100,000 m
3
/day in the Indian city of
Chennai achieves a exible plant and with
expansion capacity which also guarantees
the parameters guaranteed to CMWSSB
both in quality and in quantity with suf-
cient safety margins to ensure its compli-
ance in the 25 subsequent years of opera-
tion, namely:
Capacity for immediate expansion from
100,000 to 120,000 m
3
/day
Implementation onsite with capacity to
double the capacity by building a line
parallel to this plant with the object of
this design.
Capacity for adapting to different intake
salinities of the plant maintaining the
guaranteed parameters.
a complete pre-treatment with the pos-
sibility of by-passing units with the con-
sequent savings in operation of the in-
take water does not require a complex
treatment.
existence of redundant units (dual in-
take, dual power supply) and of reserve
units (congurations in pumps or pre-
treatment units) which make the plant
more robust.
existence of multiple by-passes of proc-
ess water to outfall which enables an
easy commissioning of the plant at the
same time as a rapid response to unex-
pected situations of bad salinity of the
intake water.
ensuring the new environmental dis-
charge requirements without affecting
the piezometric line already established
for the plant.
Befesa.indd 73 30/12/08 12:53:20
World Future Energy Summit,
19-21 January 2009, Abu Dhabi
I
f you could develop or grow an oil-
eld, would you? Of course you
would. Future energy reserves are
currently being created throughout the
world. Now is the time to get involved in
an industry where the opportunities are
endless.
Energy has become a mainstream is-
sue, but how much do we know about the
business leaders in the area? The policy
makers went to Poznan in December to
debate climate change issues, but in Janu-
ary the business leaders are coming to Abu
Dhabi to nd practical solutions.
The epicenter of the alternative and
renewable industry will gather for three
days of global strategy sessions, future
energy technical streams and an in-depth
look at the green building industry.
Whether the speaker is a head of state
or a senior project manager, all have been
selected due to their experience in success-
ful commercial projects. The World Future
Energy Summit has been developed to be
solution-orientated for businesses, politi-
cians and NGOs across the board.
Over 100 speakers from 6 continents
will inspire an international audience. Each
keynote will feature an impressive line up
of inuential thought leaders from govern-
ment, industry and academia. The keynote
theme is Future Energy Policy and Strat-
egy. Each session deliberately includes a
mix of politicians, policy inuencers and
industrialists. The heterogeneous make
up of the panel will ensure a lively and at
times controversial debate.
The Summit presented by Masdar also
features a large exhibition showcasing 300
companies from around the world, includ-
ing 12 country pavilions and a wide range
of features. It will also see the rst Zayed
Future Energy Prize winner announced at
an impressive ceremony and gala dinner
on the rst night.
The summit is open for all relevant
business professionals to attend and
speakers of the event include: Andris Pie-
balgs, EU commissioner of energy, Frank
Mastiaux, CEO, E.ON Climate and Renew-
ables, Dr Susan Hockeld, President, Mas-
sachusetts Institute of Technology. Vinod
Khosla, Founder, Khosla Ventures. Ditlev
Engel, CEO Vestas.
EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS
Under the patronage of H.H. General Sheikh Mohammad bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown
Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces.
Business leaders from around the globe gather in Abu Dhabi to celebrate the World
Future Energy Summit.
THE SUMMIT IS OPEN FOR
ALL RELEVANT BUSINESS
PROFESSIONALS TO ATTEND
AND SPEAKERS OF THE EVENT
INCLUDE: ANDRIS PIEBALGS, EU
COMMISSIONER OF ENERGY,
FRANK MASTIAUX, CEO, E.ON
CLIMATE AND RENEWABLES, DR
SUSAN HOCKFIELD, PRESIDENT,
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY. VINOD KHOSLA,
FOUNDER, KHOSLA VENTURES.
DITLEV ENGEL, CEO VESTAS.
Abu Dhabi.indd 74 30/12/08 15:50:37
EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS
Some outstanding Exhibitor Companies at
WORLD FUTURE ENERGY SUMMIT are:
Cuantum Solar
Cuantum Solar presents his new products
in the World Future Energy in Abu Dhabi.
During the next World Future Energy in
Abu Dhabi Cuantum Solar will show the
high powered modules SUNPORT 72M
with 280 Wp and SUNPORT 72P with 270
Wp both of them produced in Spain with
all the material european. This modules are
the perfect combination for the SUNPORT
TRACK 3D, a solar linear tracker where
each module has his own independent
structure and also the turn element but
the actuators and the orientation system
are common to the whole row.
Stand : 6_6107
Lahmeyer International Gmbh
Lahmeyer International GmbH, Germa-
ny, offers for Renewable Energy Projects
Consultancy and Engineering Services -
worldwide
Our Range of Technologies:
Wind turbines and wind farms
Photovoltaics
Solar thermal electricity generation,:solar
troughs, freznel technology, solar tow-
ers, solar dish
Solar thermal heat supply
Hydropower
Biomass combustion, gasifcation, pyrol-
ysis; biomass heat and power plants
Biofuels:
- Biodiesel
- Bioethanol
- Biomass-to-liquid (BTL)
Thermal, mechanical and biological
waste treatment facilities
Ocean and Tidal Energy
Fuel cells
Hybrid systems (PV-hydro, PV-battery,
design and optimisation of wind-diesel
systems, PV-pumping systems etc.)
Energy Effciency, Energy Audits
Stand : 8_8420
Scheuten Solar
Scheuten Solar is providing daily training
sessions on Solar in Building Design and
Construction at The World Future Energy
Summit, Abu Dhabi, 19-21 January 2009.
With continued development and con-
struction in the region and higher demand
for power as well as the introduction of
green building regulation, it is essential to
learn about the latest developments in the
solar technology and related applications
in the construction industry.
Who should attend:
Architects, Faade Designers, Building
Technologists & Urban Planners
Construction, Real Estate & Property De-
velopment Companies
Banks, Venture Capital & Financiers
Engineering, Asset Management & Infra-
structure Groups
Utilities, Gas & Power Providers
System Integrators & Project Developers
Industry Analysts, Consultants & Industry
Press
Ministries, Regulators & Government
Scheuten is a fast-growing international
company with two divisions: solar and
glass. The essential feature of the Scheuten
brand is its focus on energy, sustainability,
growth and life. Scheuten Solar has a wide
experience in the realization of large iconic
PV projects.
Stand: 9_9000
Aries Ingenieria
Aries Ingeniera is a Spanish-owned inde-
pendent engineering company special-
ized in the development of high tech-
nology solutions which clear mission is
to satisfy the needs of our customers
worldwide with efcient and exceptional
value-added solutions, using the most
advanced technology and the highest
qualifed team in niche markets where
we can protably, solidly and stead-
ily grow, obtaining fair money for value.
Aries Ingeniera promotes, develops and
engineers solar power projects from basic
design and optimization to the turnkey
supply of the plants. We are involved in of-
fering the optimum solution and the most
efcient, trustworthy and economic CSP
and PV projects.Our range of Engineer-
ing Services includes: Feasibility studies
and techno-economical consultancy, Basic
and detailed engineering, Plant engineer-
ing, Comprehensive project management,
System integration, Project supervision,
planning, construction and start-up and
Turnkey projects.
Stand : 7_7275
Solaria Energia Y Medio Ambiente
Solaria Energa y Medio Ambiente, S.A.
designs, manufactures, installs and devel-
ops photovoltaic and thermal solutions for
the use of solar energy. Thanks to its fast
expansion and technological innovation in
the last few years, it has become one of
the leading companies in the renewable
energy industry.
Since June 2007, it is the only solar energy
company listed in the Spanish continuous
market.
The business strategy foresaw the expan-
sion of the Company, covering other steps
of the photovoltaic value chain (the manu-
facturing of photovoltaic modules and
solar cells), as well as other areas of the
solar energy market, especially solar ther-
mal energy, through the manufacturing of
thermal panels.
The privileged position of Solaria in the
market reects a continuous search for in-
novation that manifests itself in a dynamic
organization, a solid nancial structure
and an effective distribution, marketing
and sales network.
Stand : 6_6109
Abengoa Solar
Abengoa Solar focuses its business on
developing and applying technologies for
generating electric power with the sun.
The company develops, builds and oper-
ates Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) and
photovoltaic electricity plants and devel-
ops and commercializes the technologies
needed to do so (R&D+i). It is headquar-
tered in Spain and USA and is involved in
the development of projects worldwide.
Abengoa Solar is a pioneer and interna-
tional leader in the development of solar
technologies and their application in large-
scale power generation plants.
Abengoa Solar has successfully raised
about 700 million euros in project fund-
E X H I B I T O R S
Abu Dhabi.indd 75 30/12/08 15:50:37
Tony Blair
Vinod Khosla
Dr Pachauri
Dr Susan Hockfeld
Dan Arvizu
Andris Piebalgs
www.WorldFutureEnergySummit.com
Abu Dhabi, 19-21 January 2009
your
Plus...
Join the leaders, be part of the solution
300 12
15,000 YOU!
ing for the 130 MW of CSP plants
in Spain (PS10, PS20, Solnova
1, Solnova 3 and Solnova 4), all
100% owned by Abengoa Solar.
In addition the company signed a
contract with Arizona Public Serv-
ice Co. to build, own and operate
what would be the largest solar
power plant in the world if it were
in use today.
Stand : 7_7120
Abener
Abener has become a pioneer in
ISCC (Integrated Solar Combined
Cycle) technology which stands for a sym-
bol of Innovation and Sustainability repre-
sented by the rst two world plants under
construction located in the Maghreb.
These are the rst two world plants with
hybrid technology, which combines solar
technology and combined cycle; incorpo-
rating a parabolic trough collectors solar
eld into a combined cycle. The instal-
lations, located in Algeria and Morocco
have a power output of 150 and 470 MW
respectively. They are in an advance con-
struction phase and the completion of the
building work is scheduled for 2010.
The international cooperation has been
crucial for both projects development.
Abener counts with others electricity na-
tional companys support from Algeria and
Morocco, as well as the backing of the
World Bank, which through the Global
Enviromental Facility (GEF) lends a fund al-
located to Morocco projects. This fact re-
inforces Abeners role as one of the most
consolidated rms in the international en-
gineering market and construction for the
sustainable development.
Stand : 7_7120
3S Industries AG
3S Industries AG brings together the three
key technologies in the eld of solar mod-
ule production, namely soldering, laminat-
ing and testing, under a single roof. With
the acquisition of Somont, the Group has
continued its expansion strategy and, with
automatic string soldering machinery, has
added the missing element in the value-
creation chain of solar module produc-
tion. 3S Swiss Solar Systems has been the
worlds technological market leader in
laminating for years. In August 2007, 3S
Industries acquired a further key technol-
ogy with Pasan SA, the leading producer
of module testers.
The three companies operate independ-
ently of each other on the market, each
focused on one of the three key technolo-
gies. Furthermore, 3S Industries integrates
this production equipment in turnkey, au-
tomatic production lines. 3S Industries is
also a producer of solar modules and plans
and develops building-integrated solar sys-
tems.
Stand : Swiss Pavilion
Advent Solar
Advent Solar is the leading designer and
manufacturer of silicon-based photovoltaic
(PV) solar cells and modules. Based in Al-
buquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A., Advent
Solars leading-edge Ventura Technol-
ogy provides the blueprint for high-value
silicon PV solar modules. With Ventura
Technology, Advent Solar is applying prov-
en semiconductor-like design and high
volume manufacturing techniques to cre-
ate high-energy output and aesthetically
pleasing solar modules that are Beautiful
by Design and accelerate the time for
grid parity economics.
Stand : 8_8240
Polar Photovoltaics
Polar Photovoltaics Co., Ltd. is a joint ven-
ture company incorporated in China in
April, 2006 by a group of internationally
known thin flm photovoltaic (PV) experts
and semiconductor equipment veterans.
The company manufactures large-area
thin lm solar modules. Polar Photovolta-
ics is also a leading equipment manufac-
turer of low cost amorphous silicon pho-
tovoltaic panels. Amorphous silicon is the
most widely developed thin
lm technology in use today.
Amorphous silicon cells consist
of amorphous silicon layers only
a fraction of a micron thick,
which means they use less than
1% of the raw material used
in standard crystalline silicon
cells, resulting in a signicant
cost reduction. Therefore, it is
signicantly less sensitive to the
recent soaring prices of raw sili-
con.
Headquartered in the Business
Development District in Bengbu,
Anhui Province, China, Polar Photovoltaics
has dedicated 50,000 square feet of state-
of-the-art facilities to its rst production
line with an annual capacity of 10MW by
the end of 2007. Plans to expand to the
capacity of 50 MW are underway.
Stand : 8_8103
Kyoto Energy Ltd.
Kyoto Energy announced recently the in-
ternational launch of its operations as a
leading low-cost solar energy company.
Kyoto Energy has developed a range of
cost-effective solar energy solutions for
energy supply in developing countries.
Kyoto Energy is based in sunny Kenya with
subsidiaries in Norway and Indonesia. The
company is active in East Africa, Southern
Africa, and is also starting operations in
the Middle East.
Our product line begins with Kyoto Fam-
ily, which includes solar cookers, smoke-
less biomass cookers, solar water heating/
cleaning bags and solar ashlights. This
Quick Impact Package (QIP) is targeted to
the poor in rural or slums, as well as refu-
gee camps.
For more upscale markets, we have started
manufacturing of our new, patented low
cost aluminum-based solar water heater
Kyoto SunTrap both for export and lo-
cal re-sale.
The Kyoto Buttery solar concentrator is
designed for industrial and farm scale and
provides both low-cost electricity and wa-
ter / air heating in a co-generation system.
Kyoto Buttery uses the patented Kyoto
Mosaic plastic mirror technology, which
offers unprecedented photon distribution
on the PV cells at extreme low cost.
Stand : 7_7500
EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS
Abu Dhabi.indd 76 30/12/08 15:50:52
Tony Blair
Vinod Khosla
Dr Pachauri
Dr Susan Hockfeld
Dan Arvizu
Andris Piebalgs
your
Plus...
Join the leaders, be part of the solution
300 12
15,000 YOU!
Organised by
On behalf of
Gold Sponsors
In association with
Top Tier Partners
Platinum Sponsors
Abu Dhabi.indd 77 30/12/08 15:51:06
How long have Augusta & Co. been active
in the renewable energy market?
We have been active in the renewable en-
ergy market since our inception in 2002.
To date we have placed some 3
1/2
billion
euros of capital in this space. We have
made it our job to know the 250 300
private investors in the renewable energy
space across the spectrum of institutional
investors, infrastructure investors, private
equity investors, Hedge funds, corporate
and utilities. We have used this knowledge
base and skill to help clients place their
funding needs into the market effectively.
Offshore has been a strong area for you.
What other areas of the renewable energy
market do you have experience in?
We have experience and understanding all
the primary renewable energy sources.
We have placed capital or worked on
projects in onshore wind, offshore wind,
landll gas, solar, biomass, waste to energy
and landll diversion. (EI) And conventional
energy? No. One thing that sets us apart is
that we are renewable only and we raise
capital. We dont look to do renewables as
a bolt on to a general power business or
some afliation to a large or more impor-
tant group. Our industry focus is on renew-
ables and raising capital in that space.
From your research. Which area of renew-
able energy has the strongest potential for
investment returns?
Renewable energies as an industry all ex-
hibit the same attractive characteristics
that make it interesting for investors. We
are talking about non-correlated long
term yielding assets with no or limited
feed stock risk (Or potential for feed stock
risk, depending on the technology) and a
subsidised and stable off take or revenue
generating mechanism.
Within this arena each of the renew-
able technologies offer a different return
prole based on the risks associated with
that particular technology. As one can im-
agine the risks in building and operating
an offshore wind farm are more substan-
tial than the risks involved with an onshore
wind farm. Therefore the equity returns
and the debt returns for an offshore wind
farm are higher to reect that risk. I dont
think you can say which have the strong-
est potential for investment returns be-
cause they all provide attractive returns to
t their risk prole. Part of our job is to
identify what the risk prole of a particular
asset or company is and nd the right capi-
tal source that would be most appropriate
for funding that.
The latest deal (Eclipse Energy UK plc ac-
quisition by Vattenfall AB from initiation to
announcement in 12 weeks) was the eco-
nomic climate a driving factor in this time
frame?
The driving force of this operation was the
funding requirements of the company in
the context of the wider economic climate.
The company had signicant funding re-
quirements to full in a relatively short time
scale. Our timetable was tailored to best
meet its funding requirements and capital
needs to get them where they wanted to
go. I dont suggest that every deal we do
takes 12 weeks but we tailored this proc-
INTERVIEW
We provide tailored capital
raising advice through
a detailed understanding
of the renewables market and
the universe of strategic and
nancial investors in the space
Mr. James Knight, Director of Augusta & Co.
Augusta & Co. is an independent merchant bank and advisory rm active
in debt advisory, M&A and a strong industry practice in renewables, to
date having placed some 3
1/2
billion euros of capital in to the market.
Augusta & Co. are very active in placing equity in the renewable industry,
including developers, value chain companies and assets Augusta enjoys a
well respected position as a leading independent advisor in the space. Mr
James Knight, Director of Augusta & Co. takes some time to talk with
Energtica, before August & Co. will take part in the WORLD FUTURE
ENERGY SUMMIT in Abu Dhabi.
Augusta.indd 78 30/12/08 13:00:42
ess to ensure we delivered a solution with-
in the timeframe we had available. It was a
client specic solution.
Eclipse Energy UK plc was one of the last
independent offshore developers in the UK.
Is the consolidation of the offshore market
a prelude of things to come in the renew-
able energy market as a whole?
I dont believe so no. The renewable ener-
gy industry as a whole has in recent years
gone through a wave of consolidation by
utilities marking a watershed as the in-
dustry becomes accepted as an important
part of the future energy mix. From a fringe
or marginal technology it has now become
mainstream and an important part of the
utilities power mix. Offshore wind are
the largest, most capital intensive, most
industrial scale of the renewable energies
projects being developed in the UK at the
moment. Therefore large balance sheets
need to be put to work which is more of
a utility play, than appropriate for an in-
dependent player. This does not mean
that there will be no space for smaller
independents players during the offshore
development process itself and across the
value chain in less capital intensive projects
such as onshore wind, solar, waste to en-
ergy or biomass.
There has been a pretty grim outlook paint-
ed for 2009. In your opinion, what can help
stimulate growth in the renewable energy
market in the current nancial climate?
We are not so pessimistic. While of course
the renewable energy market has been
affected by the credit crisis, we still see a
substantial amount of interest by equity
and strategic capital ready to be deployed
in this market. The issue for renewable en-
ergy revolves around the liquidity of banks.
We saw that renewable energy was one
of the last industries where bank nance
became challenging and we expect it to be
one of the rst industries where liquidity
returns. This is a capital intensive business
and therefore the liquidity and supply of
bank nancing to support the project -
nance of these projects is important to en-
sure the industries continued growth. The
equity is there, and we anticipate the debt
markets will open up during 2009. There
remains appetite within the banking sector
for small deals; the larger deals where they
look to syndicate are obviously a lot more
challenging. Renewable energies have
been generally constrained around plan-
ning issues, not the supply of capital.
Currently you have ofces in London and
Frankfurt. Is Europe your only focus or will
the markets of Asia be an attractive pos-
sibility for you in the future?
Certainly, we have built up our business
based on a European model and under-
standing the investments and investors in
Europe but we see renewables as a global
phenomena. We would absolutely intend,
in time, to look to expand our services to
meet demands on a global basis. We see
Asia as an attractive and important market
for renewable energy going forward and
in time hope to support it.
INTERVIEW
Augusta.indd 79 30/12/08 13:00:43
With a view to make one and
all aware about the alternative
sources of energy, an exhibition
Energy Tech was organised at
Pragati Maidan New Delhi from
Dec 14 to 17, 2008, which
has succeeded in generating
overwhelming response from
industry stalwarts, experts and
students.
There is a need to give people reason to
ponder about the alternative sources of
energy and the exhibition has taken the
initiative, said, Kapil Sibal, Union Min-
ister for Science, Technology and Earth
Sciences, inaugurating the event. Con-
cerned about environment, the political
leader said that overdrawing of natural
resources was causing an irreparable
damage to the ecology.
Dr R K Pachauri, Director General,
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
was guest of honour, while Sheela Bhide,
Chairman and Managing Director India
Trade Promotion Organisation and Dr
Ajay Mathur Director
General Bureau of En-
ergy Efciently marked
their presence in the
event as special invitees.
Stressing upon
need to conserve the
world, Sibal said, The
government should not
only take immediate ini-
tiatives towards the sus-
tainable development
but also steps for long
term solutions.
Humans were adding carbon diox-
ide in atmosphere at the rate of 2ppm
annually, which might have deadly re-
percussion for future generations, said
R K Pachauri in his keynote address. He
pointed out that the current growth path
was not sustainable for society. Attempts
must be taken for locating renewable en-
ergy sources and damage control meth-
ods for stalling deterioration of environ-
ment. He suggested deserts of Rajasthan
and Gujarat could be used for harnessing
solar energy.
The motto of the fair was undoubt-
edly pulling prospective clients towards
the products of the exhibitors but it was
also intended to create awareness about
the alternative sources of the energy. In
todays time the industrial world heavily
rely on conventional sources of energy,
which are polluting the environment.
By this event, we had tried to make in-
dustry people understand the long term
benets of the renewables, asserted
Sheela.
The exhibition created awareness
about the renewable energy and nuclear
energy and enabled us to come in di-
rect contact with the prospective buyers
India has been increasingly
decoupling its energy use from its
economic growth. This has been
reected by the rapid decline in
energy intensity of the economy
in the recent past, despite the
growth rate of 9 per cent,
said Union Minister for Power
Sushilkumar Shinde.
Addressing the annual energy conservation
awards function, organized by the ministry of
power to mark National Energy Conservation
Day at the Hyatt Regency, New Delhi on De-
cember 14, 2008, Shinde said that 44 units,
who were awarded during the function have
collectively invested 514 mill. US$ in energy
conservation measures and achieved an an-
nual monetary savings of 383 mill. US$.
The minister reafrmed the govern-
ments commitment towards improvement
of efciency both in energy end use and
along the supply chain.
Enhancing power supply and access
being the key constituent of national de-
velopment strategy, the government has
planned to increase per capita availability of
electricity to 1000 units by 2012 by harness-
ing various sources of energy in the cleanest
possible way, the minister informed.
He highlighted the importance of Na-
tional Energy Conservation Award Scheme
saying that it not only recognizes energy
conservation efforts by various industries
and establishments but also motivates oth-
ers to follow suite. The awards enhance
awareness about the need of energy ef-
ciency, Shinde said exhorting all energy
intensive industries to come forward and
stimulate market transformation in favor of
energy efcient technologies and products.
Mr.Anil Razdan Secretary, Minister of
Power emphasized that both supply side
solutions and demand side management
are an indispensable means to meet all
our energy needs. He stressed that energy
conservation and energy efciency are the
atmost importance in order to minimize
the production of usable energy sources
and generation of electricity.
EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS
Renewables give food for thought
Energy efciency: Need of the hour
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Eventos.indd 80 30/12/08 13:05:25
China EPower
2009---the
leading power
exhibition in
China
Launched in 2001, China
EPower---The China International
Electric Power & Electric
Engineering Technology Exhibition
is the leading professional
power exhibition annually held in
Shanghai, China, covering power
generation, power transmission
and distribution, electric power
automation, electric power
construction, electric factory
energy conservation and emission
reduction and electric products,
etc. The 9th China International
Electric Power & Electric
Engineering Technology Exhibition
showcases a comprehensive
range of the most advanced
products and services.
Successfully held in Shanghai, the past
eight shows have drawn the participa-
tion of more than 2,500 exhibitors and
200,000 visitors from more than 30 coun-
tries and regions. This has made it the most
inuential exhibition of its kind in China,
with a high representation of international
participation. Through presenting world-
wide state-of-the-art products, technolo-
gies and solutions, China EPower is able
to maintain its leading position, thanks to
its quality global business and networking
platform for major industry players.
China EPower 2009- The 9th China
International Electric Power & Electric Engi-
neering Technology Exhibition will be held
on April 23-25, 2009 at Intex Shanghai,
providing 15,000 sqm. It is estimated that
the show will attract the participation of
400 exhibitors and 18,000 target visitors
from home and abroad. Besides displaying
the equipments and technologies, a series
of seminars by experts and individual en-
terprises will be held in conjunction with
the show. Concurrent China Power Forum
2009 focusing on related technologies and
designs of electric power will denitely
draw a number of high level visitors and
industry players worldwide.
Mark your calendar for China EPower
2009! Participate in this international plat-
form that helps you gain access to the vi-
brant power market.
EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS
and make them understand what our
products are all about, said Bhupen-
dra Kumar director Inter Solar.
Not going into nitty-gritty of
sales gures, Chargewave Energykem
was all contended with the response.
Producer of a chemical, which saves
20 per cent coke, while generating
electricity, Vishwanath Raja said, My
company has received unexpected re-
sponse from industry people.
National Power Corporation of
India head corporate communication,
Nalinish Nagaich said, People do not
know about the benets of power
generation through nuclear ssion.
Through this exhibition, we are trying
to make them understand that what
breakthroughs India has explored in-
digenously.
Biogas is much talked about
thing in the country. But very a few
know about how it is being generated
and how biogas gasiers work, said
a representative from TERI explaining
about the process of production of
bio gas through gasiers prepared by
TERI.
He commended energy conservation
award winners for their endeavors to-
wards greater efciency and prudent use
of resources. He acclaimed the innovative
ideas and dedication of young talents to-
wards the energy conservation movement
and hoped that they will be the guiding
stars of India of tomorrow.
Energy Conservation Awards were
presented to 44 outstanding achieve-
ments by industrial units, buildings,
zonal railways; state designated agen-
cies and municipalities selected from
368 nominations received. The awards
scheme recognized best practice in 33
sub-sectors from large and medium
scale industries, 3 sub-sectors from
small scale industries, 4 sub-sectors
from the construction segment and in
zonal railways.
Under the campaign a national
level painting competition for children
was organized in 35 states. The minister
presented gifts and mementoes to the
winners during the programme.
NATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION DAY
CHINA EPOWER2009
Eventos.indd 81 30/12/08 13:05:27
The future lies in renewable
sources of energy. Whether
it is wind, solar or biogas,
alternative energy has the
power to light up the world,
said Deepak Gupta, Secretary,
MNRE addressing the inaugural
event of Renewable Energy
Asia 2008, an international
conference & 4th SEE Forum
meeting held at the Indian
Institute of Technology New
Delhi on December 11.

Highlighting that priority should be giv-
en to performance and cost reduction
of Renewable Energy sources to sub-
stantially increase the share of these in
the total energy mix, he said that MNRE
has undertaken some measures in this
regard.
Informing about the steps initiated
by MNRE, Gupta said, It has planned
mission mode research for various tech-
nologies. He emphasized on up-scaling
of R&D in Renewable energy sectors.
In the plenary session that followed,
the Scientic Adviser to the US Secretary
to DoE, Victor Reis threw light on mer-
its of nuclear technology as a renewable
alternative.
A broader viewpoint of energy in the
context of 3Es was outlined by Chaturve-
di Swamiji. Inspiring facts about organic
photovoltaics were presented by Prof.
Yoshikawa of Kyoto University, who said
that organic photovoltaic has tremen-
dous potential and could change the
outlook of the world towards renewable
energy. His IIT Delhi counterpart, Prof.
H.P. Garg presented a general outlook
towards the energy.
The second plenary session saw
presentations on the measures taken by
the Governments of India and Thailand
in the presentations by Dr Maithani and
Prof. Fungtammasan. Dr Rajeswaran
from Moser Baer presented the active
Industry perspective on silicon-based
photovoltaic systems. The need to look
at the two big Es, namely entropy and
ethics, without which the web of the
other 5 classical Es of Energy, Ecology,
Economy, Equity and Employment can-
not be solved, was emphasized by pow-
erful presentations by Prof. Dhar.
The technical sessions took place
in four sets of three parallel sessions.
Many interesting studies were present-
ed on the hardware, issues and param-
eter optimization of various renewable
energy technologies, namely, biodiesel
and bio alcohol, biogas, pyrolysis and
gasication, solar thermal and phtoto-
voltaic, micro-hydel and other technol-
ogies such as hydrogen from biofuels.
The studies focused on social, econom-
ic and demographic issues in India and
other Asian countries with reference to
the dissemination and successful entre-
preneurship development in renewable
energy. Many useful recommendations
on policy on renewable energy were
suggested, including incentives for re-
newable usage and disincentives for us-
ing fossil reserves.
Recognizing that global warming is
one of the most challenging problems
for a sustainable environment, particu-
larly in the Asia region the 4th SEE Forum
focused on human capacity building and
The four concurrent international trade
shows ENERGY INDIA, MDA INDIA, CeMAT
INDIA and IA INDIA closed on 13 Decem-
ber after four days of successful business.
More than 9,500 trade visitors attended the
exhibitions and accompanying conferences.
Over the course of the four-day event some
500 exhibitors from 23 countries, more
than two thirds of them from outside the
host country, staged an impressive line-up,
which included national pavilions from Ger-
many, Italy, Spain, Taiwan and the UK. The
four trade fairs made their debut in India
this year, each perfectly complementing the
others to create a global B2B platform for
current trends in energy, power transmis-
sion and control technology, automation,
materials handling and intralogistics. The
premiere line-up brought together interna-
tional players and their Indian counterparts
from the different events and generated
important synergies.
Dr. Andreas Gruchow, Member of the
Board of Deutsche Messe AG, was pleased
with the outcome of the four events, saying
that in view of the worldwide economic cri-
sis and the recent tragedy in Mumbai, I think
that our trade fairs were able to send a very
positive signal and offer a vote of condence
in India as a business location. In spite of this
difcult background, the events were all suc-
cessful. Deutsche Messe continues to regard
India as one of the most important markets
of the future, and we intend to pursue our
activities here. Events of this kind are espe-
cially important in difcult and challenging
times like these. They not only afford an ide-
al platform they also help to raise morale,
not least because they facilitate the transfer
EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS
Alternative energy for a brighter tomorrow
ENERGY INDIA, MDA INDIA, CeMAT INDIA and
Industrial Automation INDIA a clear success
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Eventos.indd 82 30/12/08 13:05:28
EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS
of knowledge and ideas as well as providing
access to a cross-section of technology. In
the face of the current economic downturn
it was encouraging to see a good response
from both the exhibitors and from the high-
calibre visitors who attended. This excellent
outcome conrms that there was a real need
for this kind of line-up in India. Industry has
waited a long time for something like this
to emerge and its immediate success bodes
well for the long-term value that it can of-
fer.
Samir Gandhi, Director of Gandhi Au-
tomation Pvt. Ltd., concurred, adding: Ce-
MAT INDIA 2008 has helped us greatly to
expand our business, in part because earlier
success convinced us of the need to double
our stand space. In fact, we are considering
booking even more space at CeMAT 2009.
This is a global event attended by top indus-
try professionals from all industrial sectors.
Sudhir J. Patil, Managing Director of
Hannover Fairs India Pvt. Ltd., said: The
overwhelming presence of a large number
of overseas visitors despite recent events
is a sure sign that India still enjoys the
condence of the business world. It reects
the belief that the economy will continue to
ourish and that companies still regard the
Indian market as one of great promise.
The four trade shows were supported
by a parallel program of seminars on top-
ics such as dynamic warehousing and cold
storage solutions, low cost automation for
SMEs, industrial automation, etc. The Fluid
Power Society of India (FPSI) organized a
CEO conclave which proved extremely pop-
ular with attendees from across industry, and
also staged a seminar on uid power tech-
nology.
ENERGY INDIA, MDA INDIA, CeMAT IN-
DIA and Industrial Automation INDIA 2009
will be taking place again from 8 to 11 De-
cember 2009 in Bangalore.
Judicious Use of
Energy for a Better
Tomorrow
Sustainability through renewable
energy is a greatly talked about
issue these days but how we
can go about it? Reveals Prof.
R.R. Gaur to Niti Parekh on
sidelines of renewable energy
conference held at IIT Delhi from
December08 11 to 13.
Can renewable energy ensure sustainability?
Sustainability would be possible only if
alternative sources of energy would be
used for generating electricity. People
should realize the fact that future gen-
eration would survive only if renewable
energy is used for it is in consonance with
the eco system. In solar modules, we ab-
sorb Suns natural energy and convert
it directly in electricity without emitting
green house gases, while through tur-
bines; we harness electricity by speed of
wind. Both the systems are in harmony
with nature, which means they do not
pollute the environment. However, the
irony is well cognizant with the fact that
use of fossil fuels and coal in abundance
could turn into catastrophe in future; we
are using these resources, giving a cloudy
tomorrow to next generation.
That is true, we all know that use of fossil
fuel could change the world the way we
dont want to. But, the question is what
we should do to ensure growth.
Growth would be always there, if we
evaluate our energy demand because
supply is limited. There is grave need for
articulating the demand that is neces-
sary for one. We need to meet demand
and supply. So, if the supply is limited we
need to decide on the minimum require-
ment of the energy to sustain a life.
How can we decide that a particular
amount of energy would be needed to
move ahead in life?
You need to design an appropriate life-
style and decide how much energy would
be needed to follow the lifestyle and in
the form it is needed.
How can one decide upon the lifestyle, as
many new innovations are taking place
and with time they become a need for
survival? When I was a child there was tel-
evision, when I grew up computer came
into market and now mobile phones are
in fad, so with time many new products
would come into market , which may re-
quire energy in any form. So, how do you
foresee that after a particular time this
much electricity would be needed?
It all depends upon the calculation. You
have to calculate appropriate energy,
which is required for a particular period.
If you will use the natural resources inju-
diciously, on one ne day it would be ex-
hausted totally and you end up with noth-
ing in hand. For example, you are using
fossil fuel copiously to generate electricity,
which results into two unwanted conse-
quences. One it is leading to depletion of
fossil fuel in earth and second it is polluting
the environment. So, there is a strict need
to use the natural resources judiciously to
save the day for next generations.
collaboration among Asian countries to-
wards a sustainable society. At the nal
stage, the proposal of SEE Forum Action
Plan 2009 was discussed, wherein dig-
nitaries and delegates unanimously de-
cided to promote research on renewable
energy, educate and train manpower
and share technology. Project nancing
issues were also discussed.
ENERGY INDIA
Eventos.indd 83 30/12/08 13:05:29
An ideal opportunity to discover the latest developments in the wind energy sector, exchange
ideas and information, and generate new industry contacts and business opportunities.
Roland Sundn, CEO, LM Glasfber & Conference Chair
Ive attended the last fve EWECs... an unmissable event, giving you unrivalled insight into the
future of wind energy policy, technology and business.
Steve Sawyer, Secretary General, Global Wind Energy Council
The opening session of EWEC 2009 will feature leading political fgures, who will deliver their
vision on the future of wind power and renewable energies from national, European and
global perspectives. Confrmed speakers include:
ORGANI SER:
Andris Piebalgs
EU Energy Commissioner
Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet
Secretary of State for Ecology,
France
Mechtild Rothe
Vice President,
European Parliament
Nobuo Tanaka
Executive Director,
International Energy Agency
Waldemar Pawlak
Deputy Prime Minister,
Minister of Economy,
Poland
www.ewec2009.info Conference programme available online:
Parc Chanot, Marseille, France 16 - 19 March 2009
SUPPORTI NG ORGANI SATI ONS:
Key decision-makers confirmed for opening session
Register now to take part in the following tracks:
business, policy, fnance, scientifc, technical and grids
F/A ewec 21x29,7.indd 1 18/12/08 17:44:21
EWEC to take place in one of Europes
strongest wind energy markets
O
rganised by the European Wind
Energy Association (EWEA) the
voice of the wind industry, Over
6,000 participants from all over the world
will meet to discover the latest develop-
ments in the wind energy sector, exchange
ideas and information, and generate new
industry contacts and business opportuni-
ties. EWEC is the only annual event which
combines an extensive exhibition of the
leading players with a conference cover-
ing every key aspect of the wind energy
market from technical and theoretical to
policy and practice. The 2009 event is sup-
ported by the French Agency for Energy
and Environment (ADEME), the French
Wind Energy Association (FEE) and the
Syndicat des nergies renouvelables (SER).
Every year the leading wind event in
Europe continues to grow. The 2009 ewec
event will welcome over 6,000 industry
professional participants from all over the
world. Over 260 exhibitors will display their
products and latest technical advances in
the largest event in the history of ewec.
9,000 m
2
will house the key players of the
wind energy industry. At this event you will
receive a comprehensive over view of the
wind sector and have the opportunity to
network with the key decision makers.
The conferences feature over 4 days and
include over 50 sessions, workshops and side
events. The conferences cover all the key as-
pects of the wind energy market including
technical and theoretical, political and prac-
tical. Monday the 15th begins with sessions
that look at the visionary and consider the
future direction of the growing wind energy
market. The participation of outstanding in-
ternational companies such as GE, Vestas,
Suzlon, Siemens and many many more, make
this occasion an event not to be missed.
EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS
The 2009 European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition (EWEC 2009) will take
place in Marseille from 16-19 March. France has one of Europes strongest wind energy
resources and is now experiencing dramatic development. The opening session of EWEC
2009 features leading political gures, who will deliver their vision on the future of wind
power and renewable energies from national, European and global perspectives.
E X H I B I T O R S
Energtica India
Energtica India (Technical Indian Power
Generation Magazine) published 6 times
each year, covers the latest power genera-
tion news. Outstanding product develop-
ments, technologies, legislation and much
more in India and other countries. Our
readers are our customers and the decision
makers of the power generation industry If
you want to introduce you company to the
Indian market.
Contact us andrew@energetica-india.com www.
energetica-india.com
EWEA
EWEA is the voice of the wind industry,
actively promoting the utilisation of wind
power in Europe and worldwide. It now
has over 500 members from more than
50 countries. EWEA organises numerous
conferences, exhibitions, seminars and
working groups. The main events are the:
annual European Wind Energy Conference
and Exhibition (EWEC), bi-annual Euro-
pean Offshore Conference and Exhibition
(EOW). Visit our stand (number 2532 in
Hall 2) to find out more about the benefits
of joining the worlds largest and most
powerful wind energy network.
For more information contact Christi Newman: at
+32 2 400 10 56 or cn@ewea.org
GreenEnergyWorld GmbH
Green Energy World GmbH is a service
provider in the field of renewable ener-
gies. As a marketing agency the company
supports project developers and operators
with the implementation and marketing of
their wind and solar farms.
GreenEnergyWorlds commitment
addresses all project stages from green-
Ewea.
Ewec.indd 84 30/12/08 16:04:42
An ideal opportunity to discover the latest developments in the wind energy sector, exchange
ideas and information, and generate new industry contacts and business opportunities.
Roland Sundn, CEO, LM Glasfber & Conference Chair
Ive attended the last fve EWECs... an unmissable event, giving you unrivalled insight into the
future of wind energy policy, technology and business.
Steve Sawyer, Secretary General, Global Wind Energy Council
The opening session of EWEC 2009 will feature leading political fgures, who will deliver their
vision on the future of wind power and renewable energies from national, European and
global perspectives. Confrmed speakers include:
ORGANI SER:
Andris Piebalgs
EU Energy Commissioner
Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet
Secretary of State for Ecology,
France
Mechtild Rothe
Vice President,
European Parliament
Nobuo Tanaka
Executive Director,
International Energy Agency
Waldemar Pawlak
Deputy Prime Minister,
Minister of Economy,
Poland
www.ewec2009.info Conference programme available online:
Parc Chanot, Marseille, France 16 - 19 March 2009
SUPPORTI NG ORGANI SATI ONS:
Key decision-makers confirmed for opening session
Register now to take part in the following tracks:
business, policy, fnance, scientifc, technical and grids
F/A ewec 21x29,7.indd 1 18/12/08 17:44:21
Ewec.indd 85 30/12/08 16:04:43
EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS
field, development, turn-key to opera-
tion and repowering. The online project
market www.green-energy-world.com
is an international exchange interface
for global investors and local project
developers. Projects are offered from a
variety of European countries. GreenEn-
ergyWorld provides their growing coop-
eration network and is in direct contact
with project developers and investors
across Europe.
Suzlon Wind Energy A/S
Suzlon is one of the worlds leading wind
turbine manufacturers and a pioneer in
providing end-to-end wind power solu-
tions. The company has come to the fore
of the business by combining innovation,
focused R&D and a vertically integrated
manufacturing strategy to deliver maxi-
mum value to the customer.
In 2007 Suzlon had a global market
share of over 10,5 %.
Visit us at Stand no. 2326-Hall 2 Bredskifte All
13 8210 Aarhus V-Denmark Tel.: +45 8943 8943
Fax.:+45 8943 8942 info-europe@suzlon.com www.
suzlon.com
Hansen Transmissions International nv
Hansen Transmissions is an established
global wind turbine gearbox and industrial
gearbox designer, manufacturer and sup-
plier, with a leading position (by MW sup-
plied) in the wind turbine gearbox market.
Hansen supplies gearboxes to four of the
five largest manufacturers of gear-driven
wind turbines and is increasing its wind
turbine gearbox manufacturing capabili-
ties up to 14,300MW, by 2012. It has 3
fully integrated state-of-the-art manufac-
turing facilities in Belgium, India and has a
large new plant under construction in Chi-
na. Hansen has strong R&D operations to
maintain its technological leadership and
employs nearly 2000 people worldwide.
Visit us at EWEC 2009 Hall 1, Stand 1640 Hansen
Transmissions International nv Gerard Mercatorstraat
40, 3920 Lommel. Belgium T +32 11 34 97 11 F +32
11 34 97 10 - info@hansentransmissions.com www.
hansentransmissions.com
Avanti Wind Systems
AVANTI is market leader when it comes to
supplying Service Lifts and equipment for
safe and fast ascent and descent in wind
turbine towers. The company focuses on
safety for service technicians working in
the wind turbine.
AVANTI Service Lift, Fall Protection and
PPE Equipment and Climbing Assistance
has been tested and approved according
to standards in Europe, USA and Australia
and are in use through out the world. Visit
us on EWEC 2009 Stand number 2557
and learn more about safe working in
wind turbines.
AVANTI WIND SYSTEMS A/S, Hoegevej 19, 3400
Hilleroed, Denmark. Telephone: +45 4824 9024 Fax:
+45 4824 9124 - info@avanti-online.com Web:www.
avanti-online.com
Avanti.
Suzlon. Hansen.
GreenEnergyWorld.
Ewec.indd 86 30/12/08 16:04:48
PV*express 3.0 PV System Design Made Easy
Version 3.0 of PV*express,
the quick and easy design and
simulation programme for
grid connected photovoltaic
systems, includes a new in-
verter conguration selection
as well as an automatic inter-
net update facility to ensure
that the module and inverter
databases are kept regularly
up to date. PV*express has
been developed for use by
sales staff and system install-
ers who need a reliable tool
to design grid-connected
systems quickly and precise-
ly. The programme is user-
friendly, with just a few clear-
ly laid-out dialogues, allowing
each project to be completed
quickly and reliably. The da-
tabases includes the required
technical data for around
2000 modules and approxi-
mately 700 inverters and, for
the rst time, has an auto-
matic internet update facility
to keep the databases up to
date. The databases can of
course be edited, so that new
modules and inverters can
be added by the user at any
time. With PV*express, users
can determine the generator
output through a two-dimen-
sional diagram of the avail-
able roof area. Users can en-
ter the measurements of the
roof and automatically cover
this with the maximum pos-
sible number of pre-selected
modules. The simple inverter
conguration selection pro-
vides automatic conguration
for two inverter types. Sorting
according to the total dimen-
sioning factor provides a clear
overview of the criteria for op-
timisation. Alternatively, three
types of inverters can be con-
gured by manual selection.
In either case, PV*express 3.0
carries out a system check to
guarantee reliable design. The
software also includes an eco-
nomic efciency prognosis for
the PV system, based on the
feed-in tariff.
PRODUCTS
Safety courses for wind
turbine technicians
Thermal evacuated tube
solar panel and Flat Plate
The worlds leading producer
of safety equipment for service
technicians in wind turbines, the
Danish company Avanti Wind
Systems, has just trained yet
another team of Safety Trainers.
And thus, Avanti Wind Systems
can offer safety courses every-
where in the world and in sever-
al languages, including English,
Spanish, German, Chinese and
Danish. Avanti Wind Systems
Training Programme covers all
safety aspects for the techni-
cians who work in wind turbine
towers. The courses comprise
theoretic and practical train-
ing. The service personnel who
are to work in the wind turbine
towers learn the techniques that
are necessary when climbing up
and down the towers. Moreo-
ver, there is also instruction and
exercises in rescuing an injured
person down from a tower as
well as evacuation of all person-
nel in the tower, such as in case
of re. Wind turbines are be-
ing built higher and higher, so
the demands on safety for the
service technicians who work in
the towers is even more impor-
tant than before. Avanti consid-
ers safety a high priority and in
order to provide our customers
with the best service, we have
developed these courses which
we can now conduct all over the
world and in one of the main
languages so that linguistic mis-
understandings do not occur,
says Avanti Wind Systems CEO,
Soren Midtgaard. Avanti was
founded in Denmark in 1885
and was originally a ladder fac-
tory. The company continues to
manufacture ladders but now
focuses mainly on the develop-
ment and production of auxilia-
ry equipment and safety equip-
ment for the service technicians
who work in the wind turbine
towers. Avanti Wind Systems
has developed a number of
products that make it easier
and safer to move up and down
in the towers. Products like
service lifts, ladders with built-
in fall safety rail and climbing
assistance are approved accord-
ing to the ofcial standards in
the EU countries, the USA and
Australia. Avanti Wind Systems
has ofces, factories and train-
ing centres in Denmark, Spain,
China, the USA and Germany
and in the near future in India
as well.
All Solar Limited, determined
to promote the concept of har-
nessing solar energy for daily
activities, has manufactured
thermal evacuated tube solar
panels, which are ideal for heat-
ing domestic water and water
in swimming pools. Ideal for a
family of four, the heating device
contains 20 panel tubes that are
sufcient for heating 160 litres
of water. However, there is al-
ways an option to multiply the
panels for heating a larger quan-
tity of water. Cost effective, the
thermal evacuated tube solar
panel has an efciency rating of
96 per cent. To offer advanced
products at economical rates is
the sole aim of the company.
Flat Plate Designed for All Solar,
the at plates are manufactured
in Europe to the highest speci-
cations. The plates sleek prole
and neat appearance makes it
ideal for domestic installations,
where design and aesthetics are
important. Complimenting per-
fectly to the All Solar range of
vacuum tube systems, the plates
can be mounted on rooftops.
The at plates are one of the
best collectors available in the
market.
Products.indd 87 30/12/08 13:12:44
PRODUCTS
Rolls solar series. Next generation batteries
In the Rolls Solar range there
are two options, the Series
4000 mono bloc range with
a 7 year warranty, and the Se-
ries 5000 dual container range
with individual removable 2 V
cells and with a 10 year war-
ranty. Rolls batteries have many
unique points that set them
apart from the rest, not just in
terms of technical performance
but also product design.
DUAL CONTAINER
No acid leakage: the new gen-
eration of batteries use a unique
dual container construction. The
individual cells are assembled
into a tough outer container
with removable lid. Even if the
outer container were to break,
the battery would still be usea-
ble without the harmful affects
of a sulphuric acid spillage. The
dual container also eliminates
any chance of stray current or
voltage.
INSTALLATION
The individual cells are bolted
together allowing the battery
to be assembled with ease in
remote locations. Battery in-
stallation can be accomplished
without special skills or tools,
the batteries can be placed di-
rectly on the ground with no
need for any metal racking.
VOLTAGES & CAPACITY
Rolls Solar batteries are avail-
able in 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 V con-
gurations ranging from 80 Ah
to 3,300 Ah. The congurations
can be simply connected up in
series using the supplied 95 mm
link leads to form a 12, 24 or 48
V system. The high Ah capacity
available with Rolls eliminates
the need to have long strings
of series parallel connections;
this solves charging problems
that many conventional battery
banks encounter.
CYCLE PERFORMANCE
Rolls offer an extremely high
cyclic rate against depth of dis-
charge. The Rolls 4000 series will
give 1,280 cycles at 50% depth
of discharge, whilst the 5000
series will give a tremendous
3,200 cycles at 50% depth of
discharge. These cycle rates are
the direct result of high quality
manufacturing processes and
the use of a very thick 6 mm
positive plate construction.
ENVELOPED POSITIVE PLATES
The positive plates are double
pocket insulated; this results in
the elimination of a traditional
sediment chamber and allows
the plates to sit lower within
the battery. This in turn creates
a larger liquid reservoir above
the plates, reducing battery
maintenance.
HYDROCAPS
Optional Hydro-caps are availa-
ble on all Series 5000 batteries.
They reduce battery gassing by
85% and limit battery mainte-
nance to a yearly uid check.
Rolls in the renewable
energy market
Distributed in North America
since 1935, the company
looked at the renewable en-
ergy market twenty years ago
and designed a product spe-
cically suited to this niche
market. Having gained an
enviable reputation in North
America, they are now look-
ing to expand into Europe via
a network of distributors. Rolls
continue to promote the brand
at trade shows around Europe
and through the website that
gives both product and techni-
cal advice. Rolls batteries offer
the reliability and performance
that todays consumers expect
from there electrical storage
systems. Built to last with a 15-
20 year life expectancy they of-
fer a fantastic energy return on
investment.
Photovoltaic Equipment
Boostsolar Photovoltaic Equip-
ment Co., Ltd is a high-tech
enterprise of producing Solar
Module Laminator, Solar Mod-
ule Tester, Solar Cell Tester and
Framing Machine. Boostsolar
has been manufacturing solar
module equipment since 2001.
Boostsolar has developed its
own advantage on research,
design production and sale.
Boostsolar is the pioneer of
the solar manufacturing equip-
ment industry and continues to
be the rst choice of more than
70% of the photovoltaic mod-
ule manufactures in China.
Boostsolar owns some talented
and professional engineers
who can devote to research
and develop more advanced
solar photovoltaic equipments.
Boostsolar offers a wide range
of solar manufacturing equip-
ment, on-site installation,
complete training and unpar-
alleled customer support. You
can purchase individual pieces
of manufacturing equipment
from Boostsolar, or an entire
product line that provides all
the equipments, supplies and
training needed to establish
a photovoltaic manufacturing
line.
The company has a strong
development technique and
may design solar module prod-
uct line according to different
requirements of customers. Our
Equipment has been approved
by CE Certication Systems. Our
Product has been exported to
Foreign Countries since 2005.
Products.indd 88 30/12/08 13:12:45
PRODUCTS
New Lapp Group Main Catalogue for 2008/09
with over 1000 Pages and over 40,000
Products Including All of Our New Innovations
The new 2008/2009 main
catalogue from Lapp Group
has an eye catching design.
The cover illustration
features seven em-
ployees from different
countries where the
Lapp Group operates
as they cheerfully roll
a huge LFLEX cable
drum over the Castle
square in Stuttgart.
Rising up impressively
behind the New cas-
tle building are the
Taj Mahal of India, the
Leaning Tower of Pisa
and the Statue of Lib-
erty of New York. The
picture is, of course,
a photomontage and
it is intended to sym-
bolise the success enjoyed by
the LFLEX brand of cable
around the world. After all,
LFLEX celebrates its 50-
year anniversary in 2009.
For this reason, the
theme of this anniversary
year at Lapp Group will be
LFLEX keeps the world
moving. This is also the
title of the Lapp Group an-
niversary catalogue. With
more than 1000 pages and
well over 40,000 individual
products, the catalogue is
by far the most extensive
product overview for highly-
flexible connection and con-
trol cables, data and fibre
optic cables, industrial con-
nectors, systems and acces-
sories. Along with interna-
tionally successful branded
products such as LFLEX
connecting and control ca-
bles, UNITRONIC data cables,
HITRONIC fibre optic cables,
SKINTOP cable glands, SIL-
VYN cable protection and
guiding systems, FLEXIMARK
marking systems, EPIC indus-
trial connectors and ETHER-
LINE components for active
network technology, the new
catalogue also contains all of
our new innovations
The Lapp Group cata-
logue comes out with a total
print run of 90,000 copies.
The catalogue is available on
CD-ROM.
The catalogue and CD-
ROM can be requested from
Lapp India by speaking with our
representatives or by e-mailing
sales@lappindia.com or by call-
ing +91 (0) 8110 - 414800.
ABB enabling the power of wind with reliable grid
interconnections
Wind power generation, from
large wind farms as well as a
number of small turbine groups,
now supply hundreds of mega-
watts to several regional AC pow-
er grids. Grid codes have existed
for decades, mainly as national
regulations for connecting all
types of large power generators
to AC grids. The grid manages the
reactive power supply to keep the
grid voltage within operational
limits and recover voltage imme-
diately after a fault. The interna-
tional harmonization of national
grid codes to accommodate the
growing contribution of renew-
able energy generated from wind
is ongoing. ABB provides wind
farms a variety of products and so-
lutions while participating in many
international groups addressing
grid code issues.
A selection of solutions from
the Flexible AC transmission sys-
tems (FACTS) family are available
which provide the functions of
connecting wind farms to the
grid and dynamic reactive power
compensation . These include the
PCS6000 and SVC Light based
on STATCOM technology and
SVC solutions.
STATCOM solutions i.e.
PCS6000 and SVC Light are
based on voltage source con-
verter technology and equipped
with pulse-width-modulated-
control. They are particularly well-
equipped to enhance grid compli-
ance of wind power applications
on a large scale. SVC is based
on Thyristor Controlled Reactors
(TCR), Thyristor Switched Capaci-
tors and / or harmonic lters.
All the above solutions of-
fer farm operators fast control,
continuous compensation, low
harmonics and low costs with in-
creased efciency.
ABBs HVDC Light under-
ground transmission system with
is a successful and sustainable
technology for power transmis-
sion systems for wind farms and
submarine cables. The polymeric
insulated HVDC light cables are
strong, exible and robust. The
low losses together with the pos-
sibility to connect asynchronous
networks make it ideal for con-
nections between mainland and
offshore wind farms.
ABBs Network Manager
SCADA (supervisory control and
data acquisition) is a solution for
the supervisory control of the en-
tire power system. It provides load
forecasts with a time horizon of
several days in advance as input
for several planning tools.
ABB also conducts system
studies like conducting initial fea-
sibility studies, interconnection
requirement studies and power
collection design studies.
Products.indd 89 30/12/08 13:12:46
CHINA POWER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
DEUTSCHE CELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
ECOCONSTRUCCION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
EGETICA-EXPOENERGETICA. . BACK COVER
ENERGETICA XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
EWEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
GREEN ENERGY EXPO KOREA . . . . . . . . 55
HIMOINSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COVER , 47
INTERSOLAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
LINDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
MECASOLAR . . . . . . . . . . . . INSIDE COVER
PHOTOVOLTECH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
POWER-GEN INDIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
PV KOLKATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
ROLLS BATTERIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
SNEC PV SHANGHAI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
WORLD ENERGY SUMMIT ABU DHABI. . 77
ADVERTISERS INDEX
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ew 0ea-8et F|zat - h|mo|asz/0oatro|
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