DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SYSTEM TO THE BLOCK IV OF GRIET CAMPUS

Aishwarya Manasa Preethi Spandana Mrudula honey

ABSTRACT

The basic aim of the project is to provide drinking water supply and sanitation system by estimating the daily water requirement for the building. The study area considered is block IV of GRIET. For an effective water supply network, pipe network analysis is done. Pipe network analysis is the fluid flow through a hydraulics network containing several or many interconnected branches whose aim is to determine the flow rates and pressure drops in the individual sections of the network. Hardy cross method is the classical approach for solving the networks. However the problem can be addressed by using specialized software such as EPANET and LMNO in order to automatically solve the problems. Sanitation system is equally important to water supply system. Well planned sanitation system ensures good health of the people, i.e by putting all the health hazards at bay. Also improves the architectural beauty by not causing any inconvenience.

CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: literature review Chapter 3: Study area Chapter 4: Methodology Chapter 5: Analysis and interpretation Chapter 6: Results and discussions Chapter 7: Conclusion Chapter 8: References

LIST OF FIGURES

Name of the figure

2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.10.1.1 2.10.1.2 2.10.1.3 2.11 2.11.1 2.11.2 2.11.3 2.11.4 2.11.5 2.12.2 2.12.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Dead end system Grid iron system Circular system Radial system Gravity system Pumping system Dual system of distribution Sluice valve Check valve Air valve Post hydrant House water connection Stop cock Bib cock Pipe fittings Piping system using overhead tank Loss of head due to sudden enlargement Loss of head due to sudden contraction A view of block IV Plan of block IV Elevation of block IV Plan of terrace Plan of washroom in ground floor
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3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.3.1 5.3.2

Plan of washroom in first floor Plan of washroom in second floor Plan of washroom in third floor Plan of washroom in fourth floor Pipe network Pipe network Pipe network Septic tank Pipe line layout

Acknowledgement
It gives us immense pleasure to express our gratitude to professor Dr. G. Venkata Ramana, Head of the department of Civil Engineering for his esteemed guidance and able supervision during the course of the project. We would like to express our sincere thanks for providing us an opportunity to complete our industrial oriented main project successfully, which is a part of course curriculum. We are especially thankful to our principal Dr.J.N.Murthy for providing the necessary facilities to carry out the work successfully. This training would not have been successfully completed without the guidance and support of Mr.Nookaraju Professor of Mechanical engineering department. Mr.Venkat raju Incharge of Strength of materials laboratory. Mr. Prasad Sr. Plumber. We are deeply indebted to our project team members who were always ready to help us during project time.

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 General

Need for protected water supply Protected water supply means the supply of water that is treated to remove the impurities and made safe to public health. Pure and whole some water is to be supplied to the community alone can bring down the morbidity rates 1.2 Objectives of the community water supply system 1. To provide whole some water to the consumers for drinking purpose. 2. To supply adequate quantity to meet at least the minimum needs of the individuals 3. To make adequate provisions for emergencies like fire fighting, festivals, meeting etc. 4. To make provision for future demands due to increase in population, increase in standard of living, storage and conveyance 5. To prevent pollution of water at source, storage and conveyance 6. To maintain the treatment units and distribution system in good condition with adequate staff and materials 7. To design and maintain the system that is economical and reliable water

1.3 Wholesome water wholesome water is defined as the water which contains the minerals in small quantities at requisite levels and free from harmful impurities Chemically pure water is also corrosive but not whole some water. The water that is fit for drinking safe and agreeable is called potable water.

1.3.1 The following are the requirements of wholesome water 1. It should be free from bacteria 2. It should be colourless and sparkling 3. It should be tasty, odour free and cool 4. It should be free from objectionable matter 5. It should not corrode pipes 6. It should have dissolved oxygen and free from carbonic acid so that it may remain fresh

1.4 Various types of water demands While designing the water supply scheme for a town or city, it is necessary to determine the total quantity of a water required for various purposes by the city. As a matter of fact the first duty of the engineer is to determine the water demand of the town and then to find suitable water sources from where the demand can be met. But as there are so many factors involved in demand of water, it is not possible to accurately determine the actual demand. Certain empirical formulae and thumb rules are employed in determining the water demand, which is very near to the actual demand.

1.4.1 Following are the various types of water demands of a city or town i. Domestic water demand ii. Industrial demand iii. Institution and commercial demand iv. Demand for public use v. Five demand vi. Loses and wastes But, here we mainly concentrate on institutional demand.

1.4.2 Institution Demand

Universities, Institutions including schools, colleges etc. come under this category.
As per IS: 1172-1963, water supply requirements are as follows: In the case of schools, For DAY SCHOOLS, there will be consumption of 45 litres per capita per day For BOARDING SCHOOLS, there will be consumption of 135 litres per capita per day

1.4.3 Fire Demand Fire may take place due to faulty electric wires by short circuiting, fire catching materials, explosions or any other unforeseen mishappenings. If fires are not properly controlled and extinguished in minimum possible time, they lead to serious damage and may burn cities. As during the fire breakdown, large quantity of water is required for throwing it over the fire to extinguish it. Therefore, provision is made in the water work to supply sufficient quantity of water or keep as reserve in the water mains for this purpose. In the cities fire hydrants are provided on the water mains at 100 to 150 m apart for fire demand. The quantity of water required for fire fighting is generally calculated by using
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different empirical formulae. For Indian conditions kuichings formula gives satisfactory results. Q=3182 p Where Q is quantity of water required in litres/min P is population of town or city in thousands

1.5 Losses and wastes All the water, which goes in the distribution, pipes does not reach the consumers. The following are the reasons 1. Losses due to defective pipe joints, cracked and broken pipes, faulty valves and fittings 2. Losses due to, consumers keep open their taps of public taps even when they are not using the water and allow the continuous wastage of water 3. Losses due to unauthorised and illegal connections

While estimating the total quantity of water of a town; allowance of 15% of total quantity of water is made to compensate for losses, thefts and wastage of water

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sCHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 General 2.1 Distribution of water After treatment, water is to be stored temporarily and supplied to the consumers through the network of pipelines called distribution system. The distribution system also includes pumps, reservoirs, pipe fittings, instruments for measurement of pressures, flow leak detectors etc. The cost of distribution is about 40 to 70% of the total cost of the entire scheme. The efficiency of the system depends upon proper planning, execution and maintenance. Ultimate aim is to supply potable water to all the consumers whenever required in sufficient quantity with required pressure with least lost and without any leakage.

2.2 Requirement of a distribution system 1. The system should convey the treated water to consumers with the same degree of purity 2. The system should be economical and easy to maintain and operate 3. The diameter of pipes should be designed to meet the fire demand 4. It should safe against any future pollution. As far as possible, it should not be laid below sewer lines. 5. Water should be supplied without interruption even when repairs are undertaken.

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2.3 Layouts of distribution system Generally in practice there are four different systems of distribution which are used. They are: 1. Dead End or Tree system 2. Grid Iron system 3. Circular or Ring system 4. Radial system

Dead end or tree system This system is suitable for irregular developed towns or cities. In this system water flows in one direction only into submains and branches. The diameter of pipe decreases at every tree branch.

Fig 2.3.1 Dead End System

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Advantages 1. Discharge and pressure at any point in the distribution system is calculated easily 2. The valves required in this system of layout are comparatively less in number. 3. The diameter of pipes used are smaller and hence the system is cheap and economical 4. The laying of water pipes is used are simple. Disadvantages 1. There is stagment water at dead ends of pipes causing contamination. 2. During repairs of pipes or valves at any point the entire down stream end are deprived of supply 3. The water available for fire fighting will be limited in quantity

Grid iron system From the mains water enters the branches at all Junctions in either directions into submains of equal diameters. At any point in the line the pressure is balanced from two directions because of interconnected network of pipes

Fig 2.3.2Grid Iron Method

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Advantages 1. In the case of repairs a very small portion of distribution are a will be affected 2. Every point receives supply from two directions and with higher pressure 3. Additional water from the other branches are available for fire fighting 4. There is free circulation of water and hence it is not liable for pollution due to stagnation. Disadvantages 1. More length of pipes and number of valves are needed and hence there is increased cost of construction 2. Calculation of sizes of pipes and working out pressures at various points in the distribution system is laborious , complicated and difficult.

Circular or ring system Supply to the inner pipes is from the mains around the boundary. It has the same advantages as the grid-Iron system. Smaller diameter pipes are needed. The advantages and disadvantages are same as that of grid-Iron system.

Fig 2.3.3 Circular of Ring System

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Radial system: This is a zoned system. Water is pumped to the distribution reservoirs and from the reservoirs it flows by gravity to the tree system of pipes. The pressure calculations are easy in this system. Layout of roads need to be radial to eliminate loss of head in bends. This is most economical system also if combined pumping and gravity flow is adopted.

Fig 2.3.4 Radial System

2.4 System of distribution: For efficient distribution it is required that the water should reach to every consumer with required rate of flow. Therefore, some pressure in pipeline is necessary, which should force the water to reach at every place. Depending upon the methods of distribution, the distribution system is classified as the follows: 1. Gravity system 2. Pumping system 3. Dual system or combined gravity and pumping system

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Gravity system When some ground sufficiently high above the city area is available , this can be best utilized for distribution system in maintaining pressure in water mains . This method is also much suitable when the source of supply such as lake, river or impounding reservoir is at sufficiently higher than city. The water flows in the mains due to gravitational forces. As no pumping is required therefore it is the most reliable system for the distribution of water as shown

FIG 2.4.1 Gravity System

Pumping system Constant pressure can be maintained in the system by direct pumping into mains. Rate of flow cannot be varied easily according to demand unless number of pumps are operated in addition to stand by ones. Supply can be effected during power failure and breakdown of pumps. Hence diesel pumps also in addition to electrical pumps as stand by to be maintained. During fires, the water can be pumped in required quantity by the stand by units.

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Fig 2.4.2 Pumping System

Combined pumping and gravity system This is also known as dual system. The pump is connected to the mains as well as elevated reservoir. In the begining when demand is small the water is stored in the elevated reservoir, but when demand increases the rate of pumping , the flow in the distribution system comes from the both the pumping station as well as elevated reservoir. As in this system water comes from two sources one from reservoir and second from pumping station, it is called dual system. This system is more reliable and economical, because it requires uniform rate of pumping but meets low as well as maximum demand. The water stored in the elevated reservoir meets the requirements of demand during breakdown of pumps and for fire fighting.

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Fig 2.4.3 Dual System of Distribution

The water may be supplied to the consumers by either of the two systems. Continuous system This is the best system and water is supplied for all 24 hours. This system is possible when there is adequate quantity of water for supply. In this system sample of water is always available for fire fighting and due to continuous circulation water always remains fresh. In this system less diameter of pipes are required and rusting of pipes will be less. Losses will be more if there are leakages in the system. Intermittent system If plenty of water is not available, the supply of water is divided into zones and each zone is supplied with water for fixed hours in a day or on alternate days. As the water is supplied after intervals, it is called intermittent system. The system has following disadvantages: 1. Pipelines are likely to rust faster due to alternate wetting and drying. This increases the maintenance cost. 2. There is also pollution of water by ingress of polluted water through leaks during non flow periods.
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3. More wastage of water due to the tendency of the people to store more water than required quantity and to waste the excess to collect fresh water each time.

Inspite of number of disadvantages, this system is usually adopted in most of the cities and towns of India. In this system water can be supplied in the high level localities with adequate pressure by dividing the city in zones. The repair work can be easily done in the non-supply hours

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2.5 Pumps The function of pump is to left the water or any fluid to higher elevation or at higher pressure. Pumps are driven by electricity ,diesiel or steam power. They are helpful in pumping water from the sources, that is from intake to the treatment plant and from treatment plant to the distribution system or service reservoir . In homes also pumps are used to pump water to upper floors or to store water in tanks over the buildings.

2.6 Types of pumps and their suitability Based on the mechanical principle of water lifting, pumps are classified as the following

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2.7 Selection of pump horse power Basic data regarding the water availability like diameter, depth of the well, depth of the water table, seasonal variations of water table, drawdown duration of pumping and safe yield are to be collected accurately before selecting a pump.

The horse-power (H.P.) of a pump can be determined by calculated the work done by a pump in raising the water upto H height. Let the pump raise w kg of water to height H m Then work done by pump = w X H Kg m = WQH m kg/sec Where W density of water in kg/m3. Q water discharge by pump in m3/sec The water horse power = discharge x total head/( 75) WQH W.H.P. = WxQxH/75 Break Horse Power = W.H.P./Efficiency =W. H. P./(75 )

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2.8 Points to be observed in selecting a pump 1. Capacity and efficiency - The pump should have the capacity required and optimum efficiency. 2. Lift - Suction head from the water level to the pump level 3. Head It is also called delivery head. Generally the total head (suction and delivery head) should meet all possible situations with respect to the head. 4. Reliability A reputed manufacture or similar make pump already in use may give the failure rate and types of troubles. 5. Initial cost: The cost of the pump and its installation cost should be minimum. 6. Power Power requirements should be less for operation 7. Maintenance Maintenance cost should be minimum. Availability of spares and cost of spares are to be ascertained.

2.9 Pipes and their requirements Pipes convey raw water from the source to the treatment plants in the distribution system. Water is under pressure always and hence the pipe material and the fixture should withstand stresses due to the internal pressure, vaccum pressure when the pipes are empty. To water hammer and temperature stresses, when the valves are closed

2.9.1 Requirements of pipe materials 1. It should be capable of with standing internal and external pressures 2. It should have facility of easy joints 3. It should be available in all sizes, transport and errection should be easy. 4. It should be durable 5. It should not react with water to alter its quality
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6. Cost of pipes should be less 7. Frictional head loss should be minimum 8. The damaged units should be replaced easily.

2.9.2 Different types of pipes The following are the different types of pipes 1. Cast Iron 2. Steel 3. Prestressed concrete 4. R.C.C 5. A.C. Pipes 6. Galvanized Iron (G.I) 7. P.V.C and plastic pipes 2.9.3 Laying and testing Pipelines carrying water are laid 0.6m to 1m below the ground surface. Just before covering the trench with the earth, the pipe joints are to be tested for leakage. Joints are inspected visually during the test and relaid wherever required. Pressure of pumping mains are tested for 11/2 times the operating pressure in the pipe for 24 hours . The pressure is increased gradually at the rate of 1kg/cm2/minute. Loss of water by leakage is made up at not more than 0.1lit/mm of diameter of pipe per km per day for every 0.3N/mm2 pressure applied. Allowable leakage during test is calculated by a formula QL = NDp / 115

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Where QL Allowable leakage in lit/day N No. of joints P Average test pressure D diameter of pipe in mm The above value is applicable for C.I, A.C and concrete pipes. For steel and prestressed concrete pipes 3 times the above value is allowed. Gravity pipes are tested with hydrostatic head of 2.5m at the highest point in the pipe for 10minutes permissible leakage is 0.2 litres / mm of diameter pipe per day per kilometer length. 2.9.4 Maintenance of pipes: Hygienic quality and adequate flow in the pipe lines are to be maintained, maintenance of pipes includes the following 1. Detection of leaks in faulty joints ferrule connections, pipes and fittings inside the consumer premises, 2. Detection of corrosion in pipes, fractures and replacement of these portions 3. The wastage of water 15 to 25% of leakage through pipe joints should be brought down to the minimum possible extent by adopting suitable preventive measures 4. Cleaning of pipes by flushing and disinfection of pipes 5. Protection against pollution Water Supply Engineering 6. The records of regarding the lengths of pipe laid, length of pipe repaired or replaced, expenditure incurred, no. of fire hydrants , no. of service connections and all other relevant data in connection with the distribution system should maintained for ready reference.

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2.10 The various appurtenances in a distribution system The various devices fixed along the water distribution system are known as appurtences. The necessity of the various appurtenances in distribution system are as follows 1. To control the rate of flow of water 2. To release or admit air into pipeline according to the situation 3. To prevent or detect leakages 4. To meet the demand during emergency and 5. Ultimately to improve the efficiency of the distribution The following are the some of the fixtures used in the distribution system. (i) Valves (ii) Fire hydrants and (iii)Water meter 2.10.1 Types of valves In water works practice, to control the flow of water, to regulate pressure, to release or to admit air, prevent flow of water in opposite direction valves are required. The following are the various types of valves named to suit their function 1. Sluice valves 2. Check valves or reflex valves 3. Air valves 4. drain valves or Blow off valves 5. Scour valve

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2.10.1.1Sluice valve These are also known as gate-valves or stop valves. These valve control the flow of water through pipes. These valves are cheaper, offers less resistance to the flow of water than other valves. The entire distribution system is decided into blocks by providing these valves at appropriate places. They are provided in straight pipeline at 150-200m intervals. When two pipes lines intersect, valves are fixed in both sides of intersection. When sluice valve is closed, it shuts off water in a pipeline to enable to undertake repairs in that particular block. The flow of water can be controlled by raising or lowering the handle or wheel.

Fig 2.10.1.1 Sluice valve

2.10.1.2 Check valve or Reflex valve These valves are also known as non-return valves. A reflux valve is an automatic device which allows water to go in one direction only. The swing type of reflux valve as shown in fig is widely used in practice.

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Fig 2.10.1.2 Check valve When the water moves in the direction of arrow, the valve swings or rotates around the pivot and it is kept in open position due to the pressure of water. When the flow of water in this direction ceases, the water tries to flow in a backward direction. But this valve prevents passage of water in the reverse direction. Reflux valve is invariably placed in water pipe, which obtain water directly from pump. When pump fails or stops, the water will not run back to the pump and thus pumping equipments will be saved from damage. 2.10.1.3 Air valve These are automatic valves and are of two types namely 1. Air inlet valves 2. Air relief valves Air inlet valve These valves open automatically and allow air to enter into the pipeline so that the development of negative pressure can be avoided in the pipelines. The vacuum pressure created in the down streamside in pipelines due to sudden closure of sluice valves. This situation can be avoided by using the air inlet valves. Air relief valve Some times air is accumulated at the summit of pipelines and blocks the flow of

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water due to air lock. In such cases the accumulated air has to be removed from the pipe lines. This is done automatically by means of air relief valves.

Fig 2.10.1.3 Air Valve This valve consists of a chamber in which one or two floats are placed and is connected to the pipe line. When there is flow under pressure in the pipeline water occupies the float chamber and makes the float to close the outlet. But where there is accumulation of air in the pipeline, air enters the chamber, makes the float to come down, thus opening the outlet. The accumulated air is driven out through the outlet. 2.10.1.4 Drain valve or blow off valve These are also called wash out valves they are provided at all dead ends and depression of pipelines to drain out the waste water. These are ordinary valves operated by hand.

2.10.1.5 Scour valve These are similar to blow off valves. They are ordinary valves operated by hand. They are located at the depressions and dead ends to remove the accumulated silt and sand. After the complete removal of silt; the value is to be closed.

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2.10.1.6 Water valve These are the devices which are installed on the pipes to measure the quantity of water flowing at a particular point along the pipe. The readings obtained from the meters help in working out the quantity of water supplied and thus the consumers can be charged accordingly. The water meters are usually installed to supply water to industries, hotels, big institutions etc. metering prevents the wastage of purified water. 2.10.1.7 Fire hydrants A hydrant is an outlet provided in water pipe for tapping water mainly in case of fire. They are located at 100 to 150 m a part along the roads and also at junction roads. They are of two types namely. 1. Flush Hydrants. 2. Post Hydrants 1. Flush Hydrants The flush hydrants is kept in under ground chamber flush with footpath covered by C.I. cover carrying a sign board F-H. 2. Post Hydrants The post hydrant remain projected 60 to 90cm above ground level as shown

fig 2.11 post hydrant

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They have long stem with screw and nut to regulate the flow. In case of fire accident , the fire fighting squad connect their hose to the hydrant and draw the water and spray it on fire. A good fire hydrant 1. Should be cheap 2. Easy to connect with hose 3. Easily detachable and reliable 4. Should draw large quantity of water 2.11 Plumbing system in building It is necessary to know the following terms relating to plumbing, principles and the common practices used in the house plumbing 1. Water main: A water supply pipe vests in the administrative authority for the use of public or community 2. Ferrule: It is gunmetal or bronze screwed into the hole drilled in CI pipe mains. Communication pipe takes off from the ferrule. The pressure in the domestic supply and equal distribution among the house connection are effected by adjusting the ferrule opening. Normally the ferrule opening is equal in area to the area of flow in communication pipe. 3. Saddle: it is used in place of ferrule for mains of AC or PVC pipes 4. Communication pipes: It is a pipe taking off from the ferrule for the house connection. It is owned and managed by the water supply authority. Communication pipe terminates at the boundary of the consumers premises. 5. Service pipe : it is the part of the house connection beyond the stop cock. It is owned and maintained by the consumer . No pumps shall be installed on this pipe. 6. Watermeter: It is installed to measure the flow. It is an integrating meter that it records
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the total flow upto the time of measurement. Generally 12.5 mm to 18.75mm rotary water meters are installed either at the beginning or at the middle of the service pipe. A masonary pit is constructed around it. It has facility of sealing by the water supply authority 7. Residual pressure: It is generally measured at the ferrule and should be about 7m head of water 8. Goose Neck: It is the short bent pipe and allow for small changes in length due to expansion and movement of pipes due to soil settlements. It can also withstand stresses. 2.11.1 Plumbing systems in water supplies The following are the requirements of plumbing systems in water supplies 1. Plumbing of water lines should be such as not to permit back flow from eistern and sinks Water Supply Engineering 2. All joints shall be perfectly water tight and no leakage or spill at taps or cocks should be allowed 3. Pipelines should not be carried under walls or foundations 4. It should not be close to sewers or waste water drains. There should not be any possibility for cross connections. 5. When pipe lines are close to electric cables proper precautions for insulation should be observed. 6. plumbing lines should be such as to afford easy inspection and repair of fixtures and joints. 7. Number of joints should be less and the number of bends and tees should be less 8. It should supply adequate discharge at fixtures economical in terms of material and protected against corrosion , air lock, negative pressure and noise due to flow in pipes and in flushing

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The house water connections The house water connection is as shown in the fig

Fig 2.11.1 House water connection

2.11.2 Stop cocks It is a valve fitted at the end of communication pipe and it is under the control of water supply authority. The purpose of stop cock is to stop the supply of water. Temperory disconnections are made at the stopcock while permanent disconnections are made at ferrule.

Fig 2.11.2 stop cocks

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2.11.3 Water taps or bib cocks These are the water taps which are attached at the end of water pipes and from which the consumers obtained water. It is operated from a handle, the water comes out from the opening. The bibcocks may also be of push type and they operate automatic. The bibcocks should be water tight. The leaky bib cocks are the source of waste of water. Fig shows typical bobcock

Fig 2.11.3 bib cocks

table gives the idea of water lost due to leaky bib cocks in continuous system of water supply. Therefore it is advisable to repair or replace such leaky bib cocks as early as possible

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2.11.4 Pipe fittings In addition to the pipes, valves, tapes, various types of pipe fittings such as unions, caps, plugs, flanges, nipples, crosses, tees, elbows, bends etc are used during laying of distribution pipes The common pipe fittings are shown in fig

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Fig 2.11.4 Pipe Fittings

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2.11.5 Water piping system in building The following are the requirements of piping system in building 1. Plumbing of water lines should be such as not to permit backflow from cisterns and sinks. 2. All joints shall be perfectly water tight and no leakage or spill at taps or cocks should be allowed. 3. Pipelines should not be carried under walls or foundations 4. It should not be close to sewers or waste water drains. There should not be any possibility for cross connections 5. When pipelines are close to electric cables proper precautions for insulation should be observed 6. Plumbing lines should be such as to afford easy inspection and repair of fixtures and joints 7. Number of joints should be less and number of bends and tees should be less 8. It should supply adequate discharge at fixtures, economical in terms of materials and protected against corrosion, airlock, negative pressure and noise due to flow in pipes and in flushing. 2.11.6 Piping system using direct supply When the residual pressure at the ferrule is greater than 7m and continuous supply is available in the mains, water may be supplied directly from the service pipe for various fixtures for a single storey building. 2.11.7 Piping system using over head tanks If the supply is intermittent and residual pressure is low then, water is pumped to over-head tanks and then supplied to distribution pipes at required pressure by gravity

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Fig 2.11.5 piping system using overhead tanks If the supply is intermittent and residual pressure is low then a ground level storage tank and a overhead storage tank are built to supply water. Water from the overhead tank is drawn by down take pipes and then into the distribution pipes for fixtures. 2.11.8 Pumped systems When the residual pressure at the ferrule is less than 7m and continuous supply is available in the mains, water may be supplied by pumping from the service pipes.

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2.12 Intensity of pressure When a liquid is contained in a vessel, it exerts force at all points on the sides and bottom of the container. This force per unit area is called intensity of pressure. If p is the total force acting on the cross sectional area a Y then intensity of pressure p = P/a. The direction of this pressure is always at right angles to the surface, with which the fluid at rest, comes in contact. 2.12.1 Pressure head The vertical height of the free surface above any point in a liquid at rest is known as pressure H=p/w P = wh This equation shows that the intensity of pressure at any point in a liquid is proportional to its depth from the liquid surface. The pressure may be expressed as 1. Force per unit area in N/m2 2. Height of the equivalent liquid column in cm or m Units The pressure is expressed in pascal (pa) Loss of head due to friction When the water is flowing in a pipe, it experiences some resistance to its motion. This reduces the velocity and ultimately the head of water available. The major loss is due to frictional resistance of the pipe only. Darcys formula is used to calculate the loss of head in pipes due to friction; neglecting minor losses Hf = 4 f l v2 / 2g d where f frictional resistance
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l Length of pipe f frictional resistance v velocity of water in the pipe d diameter of pipe hf loss of head due to friction QL discharge through pipe

2.12.2 Loss of head due to sudden enlargement

Fig 2.12.2

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2.12.3 Loss of head due to sudden contraction

Fig 2.12.3

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Loss of head due to bends When the direction of a length changes such as at the bends in a pipe line, some of the liquid energy is lost. Loss of head due to bends = k V2 /2g Where k coefficient which depends upon angle and radius of bend K = 1 for 90 elbows V = Velocity of liquid in the pipe g = acceleration due to gravity Loss of head at the entrance The loss of head due to entrance in a pipe is actually a loss of head due to sudden contraction and depends upon the form of entrance. Loss of head at entrance = 0.5V2/ 2g where V = Velocity of liquid in the pipe g = acceleration due to gravity

Loss of head due to exit The loss of head due to exit in a pipe is actually a loss due to energy of head of flowing liquid by virtue of its motion. Loss of head at exit by experimentally = V2 / 2g where V = Velocity of liquid in the pipe g = acceleration due to gravity

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CHAPTER 3

STUDY AREA

The study area where the project work done is BLOCK-IV OF GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY(G.R.I.E.T) BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD. G.R.I.E.T is located in bachupally, 5km from jntu having an area of 65 acres. The engineering college comprises of four blocks besides a block for pharmacy, sheds for mechanical workshops and a vast playground. Our project is done on block-IV which is allocated for civil engineering, mechanical engineering and bio-technology engineering disciplines. Block-IV comprises of five storeys. Height of each storey is 13.5 ft. the total height of building is 67.5 ft. The population of the building is 946 The project work includes design of water supply and sanitation system for the block- IV. Design of water supply includes Calculation of pressure heads at bends, head losses in pipes, calculation of pipe diameters. Design of sanitation system includes the design of septic tank.

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CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted to solve pipe networks is HARDY CROSS METHOD. Hardy cross method is an effective and the most conventional method used to solve pipe networks. The Hardy Cross method is an iterative method for determining the flow in pipe network systems where the inputs and outputs are known, but the flow inside the network is unknown. The Hardy Cross method is an application of continuity of flow and continuity of potential to iteratively solve for flows in a pipe network. In the case of pipe flow, conservation of flow means that the flow in is equal to the flow out at each junction in the pipe. Conservation of potential means that the total directional head loss along any loop in the system is zero (assuming that a head loss counted against the flow is actually a head gain). Hardy Cross developed two methods for solving flow networks. Each method starts by maintaining either continuity of flow or potential, and then iteratively solves for the other. The Hardy Cross method assumes that the flow going in and out of the system is known and that the pipe length, diameter, roughness and other key characteristics are also known or can be assumed. The method also assumes that the relation between flow rate and head loss is known, but the method does not require any particular relation to be used. In the case of water flow through pipes, a number of methods have been developed to determine the relationship between head loss and flow. The Hardy Cross method allows for any of these relationships to be used.

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The general relationship between head loss and flow is:

where r is the head loss per unit flow and n is the flow exponent. In most design situations the values that make up r, such as pipe length, diameter, and roughness, are taken to be known or assumed and the value of r can be determined for each pipe in the network. The values that make up r and the value of n change depending on the relation used to determine head loss. However, all relations are compatible with the Hardy Cross method.

It is also worth noting that the Hardy Cross method can be used to solve simple circuits and other flow like situations. In the case of simple circuits,

is equivalent to . By setting the coefficient r to R, the flow rate Q to I and the exponent n to 1, the Hardy Cross method can be used to solve a simple circuit. However, because the relation between the voltage drop and current is linear, the Hardy Cross method is not necessary and the circuit can be solved using non-iterative methods

44

Method of balancing heads The method of balancing heads uses an initial guess that satisfies continuity of flow at each junction and then balances the flows until continuity of potential is also achieved over each loop in the system. Proof If the initial guess of flow rates in each pipe is correct, the change in head over a loop in the system, would be equal to zero. However, if the initial guess is not correct, then the must be applied. The new flow

change in head will be non-zero and a change in flow, rate,

is the sum of the old flow rate and some change in flow rate such that

the changed in head over the loop is zero. The sum of the change in head over the new loop will then be The value of . can be approximated using the Taylor expansion.

For a small

compared to

the additional terms vanish, leaving:

And solving for

45

The change in flow that will balance the head over the loop is approximated

by

. However, this is only an approximation due to the

terms that were ignored from the Taylor expansion. The change in head over the loop may not be zero, but it will be smaller than the initial guess. Multiple iterations of finding a new Process The method is as follows: will approximate to the correct solution

1. Guess the flows in each pipe, making sure that the total in flow is equal to the total out flow at each junction. (The guess doesn't have to be good, but a good guess will reduce the time it takes to find the solution.) 2. Determine each closed loop in the system 3. For each loop, determine the clockwise head losses and counter-clockwise head losses. Head loss in each pipe are calculated using . Clockwise head losses are from

flows in the clockwise direction and likewise for counter-clockwise. 4. Determine the total head loss in the loop, head loss from the clockwise head loss. 5. For each loop, find positive). without reference to direction (all values should be , by subtracting the counter-clockwise

6. The change in flow is equal to

46

7. If the change in flow is positive, apply it to all pipes of the loop in the counter-clockwise direction. If the change in flow is negative, apply it to all pipes of the loop in the clockwise direction. 8. Continue from step 3 until the change in flow is within a satisfactory range.

Method of balancing flows The method of balancing flows uses an initial guess that satisfies continuity of potential over each loop and then balances the flows until continuity of flow is also achieved at each junction.

Advantages of the Hardy Cross method

Simple math The Hardy Cross method is useful because it relies on only simple math, circumventing the need to solve a system of equations. Without the Hardy Cross methods, engineers would have to solve complex systems of equations with variable exponents that cannot easily be solved by hand. Self correcting The Hardy Cross method iteratively corrects for the mistakes in the initial guess used to solve the problem. Subsequent mistakes in calculation are also iteratively corrected. If the method is followed correctly, the proper flow in each pipe can still be found if small mathematical errors are consistently made in the process. As long as the last few iterations are done with attention to

47

detail, the solution will still be correct. In fact, it is possible to intentionally leave off decimals in the early iterations of the method to run the calculations faster.

48

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

A certain section of the pipe flow is taken and the network is solved using HARDY CROSS METHOD. The head losses and the corrected flows in various pipes of a distribution network shown in fig 1. The diameters and the lengths of the pipes used are given against each pipe. We used Hardycross method with Hazen-Williams formula. The corrected flows after two corrections are computed. Q=75 l/s A =300mm, l=500m B 22 l/s

=200mm,l=300m 10 l/s C =200mm, l=500m

=200mm,l=300m

15 l/s

=150mm,l=300m

=150mm,l=300m

3 l/s

=150mm,l=500m FIG 5.1.1

31 l/s

Solution: First the magnitudes as well as the directions of the possible flows in each pipe are
assumed keeping in consideration the law of continuity at each junction (i.e., input equals the output at each junction). These assumed flows are shown in next fig. The two closed loops i.e., ABCDA and DCFED are then analyzed by HARDY-CROSS METHOD.

49

75 l/s A 45 l/s, =300mm, L=500m B

22 l/s

30 l/s 10 l/s

=200mm, l=300m

23 l/s, =200mm, l=300m

D a=15l/s,=200mm,l=500m C 15 l/s =150mm 20-a=5 l/s l=300m E =150mm, l=500m 8 l/s F (8+a) l/s=8+15=23 l/s =150mm, l=300m FIG: 5.1.2

The analysis of the pipe loops will require computation of head loss (H2) in each pipe, which is to be computed by Hazens Williams formula as below1.85 HL = 1 Q . L

0.094 Where CH = 100 (assumed)

CH

d4.87

HL = 1 .094

Qa1.85. 100

L d4.87

L . Qa1.85 470 d4.87

K. Qa1.85
50

Where K = L 470 d4.87

Computation of K values for pipes of network of fig. 5.2 Table 1

Pipe

Length in meter

Dia in meter

K = L / 470 d4.87

For loop ABCDA AB BC CD DA For loop DCFED DC CF FE ED 500 300 500 300 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.15 2696.8 6568.4 10947 6568.4 500 300 500 300 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.20 374.4 1618 2696.8 1618

Now both the loops are analysed for Hardy Cross method procedure in table 2

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Table 2:

Table for loop ABCDA

Pipe

assumed l/s

Flow m3/s

K value

HL=

HL/ Qa=

corrected flowafter

from tb1 KxQa1.85 col5/ col3 1st correction Qa1= Col 2+ l (l/s)

1 AB BC CD DA

2 45 23 (-) 15 (-)30

3 .045 .023 (-).015 (-).030

4 374.4 1618 2696.8 1618

5 (+)1.21 (+)1.51 (-)1.14 (-)2.46

6 26.89 65.65 76.0 82.0

7 47 25 (-) 13.0 (-) 28.0

HL=-.88 250.54

then l =

(-)HL

(-)0.88 1.85 x 250.54

1.899m3/sec

x.HL Qa

Or 1=(+)1.90 l/s (say) (+)2 l/s

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Table for loop DCFED

1 DC CF FE ED

2 15 23 (-) 8 (-) 5

3 0.015 0.023 (-)0.008 (-)0.005

4 2696.8 6568.4 10947 6568.4

5 (+) 1.14 (+) 6.12 (-) 1.45 (-)0.36 HL=(+)5.45

6 76 266 181.3 72 595.3

7 10 18 (-) 13 (-) 10

Then the 1st correction for loop DCFED 1 =

(-)HL

(+) 5.45 1.85 x 595.3

(-) 4.95 x 10 -3 m3/sec

x. HL Qa Or 1 = (-) 4.95 l/s.

(say) (-)5 l/s.

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Then the corrected discharge after first corrections in various pipes are now given as

Pipe For loop ABCDA AB BC CD DA For loop DCFED DC CF FE ED

Corrected discharges after first corrections in l/sec.

(+) 47 (+) 25 (-) 13 (-) 28

(+) 10 (+) 18 (-) 13 (-) 10

Discharge in pipe common to both loops i.e. pipe CD = assumed discharge + 1 + 1= -15 + 2 (-)5 = -15 + 2 + 5 = (-) 8 l/sec. Since correction of (-) 5 l/s is in pipe DC and hence it will be equal to (+) 5l/s in pipe CD

These discharges are now again used to re-analyse both the loops for the second correction in table 3.

54

Table 3: Table for loop ABCDA

Pipe

assumed l/s

Flow m3/s Qa=Qa1

K value

HL=

HL / Qa= corrected flowafter

KxQa1.85 col5/ col3 1st correction Qa1= col 2+ 2 (l/s) 4 5 (+)1.31 (+)1.76 (-)0.36 (-)2.17 6 27.87 70.40 45.00 77.50 7 45.7 23.7 (-)9.3 (9.8) (-)29.3

1 AB BC CD DA

2 (+)47 (+)25 (-)80 (-)28

(+).047 374.4 (+).025 1618 (-).008 (-).028 2696.8 1618

HL=(+).54 220.77 Then 2= (-) 0.54 = (-)1.32 x 10-3m3/sec

Or 2 = (-) 1.32 l/s. (say) (-)1.3l/s.

For loop DCFED

1
DC CF FC ED

2
(+) 8 (+) 18 (-)13 (-)10

3
(+) 0.008 (+) 0.018 (-)0.013 (-)0.010

4
2696.8 6568.4 10947 6568.4

5
(+) 0.36 (+) 3.89 (-)3.55 (-)1.31 HL=(+)0.61

6
44.51 216.00 273.00 131.00 664.51

7
(+) 8.5 (9.8) (+) 18.5 (-) 12.5 (-)9.5

Then 2 = (-)

(-) 0.61 1.85 x 664.51

= (+) 4.96 x 10-4 m3/s

55

Or 2= (+) 0.496 l/s. say (+) 0.5 l/s.

Corrected flow in common pipe CD = (-) 8 + (-) 1.3 (+) 0.5 = (-) 9.8 l/s.

hence corrected flow after second correction are

pipe Corrected flows In l/sec

AB 45.7

BC 23.7

CD / DC 9.8

AD 29.3

DE 9.5

EF 12.5

CF 18.5

These flows are marked on the given pipe network in fig 5.3.

45.7 l/s

29.3 l/s 10 l/s D 9.8 l/s

23.7 l/s

15 l/s

9.5 l/s

18.5 l/s

E 3 l/s

12.5 l/s fig 5.1.3

F 31 l/s

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5.2 Calculation of discharge Calculate the discharge through a pipe of diameter 200mm when the difference of pressure head between the two ends of a pipe 500mm apart is 4m of water. Take the value of f =0.009 in the formula hf= (4 x f x L x V2) / (d x 2g). Given, Dia of pipe, Length of pipe, Difference of pressure head, d= 200mm = 0.20m. L = 500m. hf = 4m of water. F = .009 We have hf = (4 x f x L x V2) / (d x 2g) 4 = (4 x .009 x 500 x V2) / (0.2 x 2 x 9.81) Or V2 = (4 x 0.2 x 2 x 9.81) / (4 x .009 x 500) = 0.872. Therefore V = (0.872) =0.9338 = 0.934m/s. Q = velocity x area = 0.934 x (/4) x d2 = 0.934 x ( /4) x (0.2)2 = 29.3 lit/s. Here, the discharge is found out for cast iron pipe and galvanized pipe of same length and same diameter. This is done to select the best suited type of pipe. Where Difference in head levels h = 4m Diameter of pipe d = 200mm Length of pipe L= 500m Radius Ro= 100mm Roughness of cast iron pipe k= 0.3mm
57

Roughness of steel pipe k= 0.1mm 1st case. Cast iron pipe We should first find the value of friction factor using (1/f ) = 2 log10 (RO/k) + 1.74 = 2 log10 (100/0.3) + 1.74 = 6.78 therefore f = (1/6.78)2 = 0.02 local losses are to be neglected. This means head loss due to friction is to be considered. Head loss due tot friction is 4 = (f x L x V2) / (d x 2g) = (0.02 x 500 x V2) / (0.2 x 2 x 9.81) V = 1.25 m/s. Discharge Q1 = V x area = 1.25 x (/4) x d2 = 1.25 x 0.78 x 0.22 = 0.0392 m3/s 2nd case. G.I. pipe K = 0.1mm, Ro = 500mm Substituting these values in equation (1), we get . (1)

(1/f) = 2 x log10 (100/0.1) + 1.74 = 7.74 f = (1/7.74)2 = 0.0166 head loss due to friction, 4 = (f x L x V2) / (d x 2g) = (0.0166 x 500 x V2) / (0.2 x 2 x 9.81) V = 1.375 m/s Therefore discharge, Q2 = V x Area = 1.375 x (/4) x 0.22

58

= 0.0431 m3/s Percentage increase in the discharge = ((Q2 Q1) / Q1) x 100 = ((0.0431 0.0392) / 0.0392) x 100 = 9.94 % Calculation of head loss Diameter of pipe is 200mm Assuming water flows with avelocity of 3m\s For a length of 5m Kinematic viscosity of water as v = 0.01 stoke = 0.01 x 10-4 m2/s. the head lost due to friction is computed as follows: Darcy Formula is given by hf = (4 x f x L x V2) / (d x 2 x g) Where f = coefficient of friction is a function of Reynolds number, Re But Re is given by Re = (V x d ) / v. = (3.0 x 0.20) / (0.01 x 10-4) = 6x 105 Therefore value of f = (0.079 / (Re)1/4) = (0.079/ (6 x 105)1/4) = 0.00283 Therefore head lost hf = (4 x 0.00283 x 5 x 32) / (0.2 x 2 x 9.81) = 0.1298 m

59

5.3 Design of septic tank Design of septic tank for 946 users, assuming the rate of water supply as 66 litres/head/day. Solution: Assuming the detention period as 24 hours and the time of cleaning the sludge as 3 years. Space required for settling = (946 x 66) 1000 = 62.4 m3 Space required for digestion = (946 x 0.0425) = 40.2 m3 Space required for storage of sludge = (946 x 0.085) = 80.41 m3 Total space required = (62.4 + 40.2 + 80.41) = 183.01 m3 Providing depth as 1.2 m, Surface area = 25 m2 Now assuming L: B=1:1 Then (B x B) = 25 m2 Or B = 5 m, L =5 m. Providing free board as 30 cm Then overall depth =1.2 + 0.3 =1.5 m Therefore provide the septic tank of size = 5 m x 5 m x 1.5 m.

60

Fig 5.3.1 Septic tank

61

62

Fig 5.3.2 pipe line layout

63

CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The following are the results of project work done For fresh water supply, H.D.P.E pipes of 4 inch diameter are used to pump water from main sump tank to sumps of all individual blocks. 1h.p motor is used to pump water from the sump tank located at block.IV to the overhead tank. G.I. pipes of 1.5 inch dia are used for FOURTH AND FIFTH floors whereas G.I. pipes of 1 inch dia are used for THIRD,SECOND AND FIRST floors of the building Since there is a slope greater than 2 from overhead tank to staff washrooms, H.D.P.E pipes are used H.D.P.E. PIPES are laid from all the washrooms to septic tank. The other end of the septic tank is connected to S.W.C pipes of diameter to a length of m to drain off the waste into open area. For the same flow parameters and geometric parameters of the pipe, discharge is different for cast iron pipes and G.I. pipes. Since the discharge is more in the case of G.I. pipe, we employ g.i pipes to supply drinking water.

64

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION
For an effective water supply system, Initially, water demand is calculated based on the purpose of the building and the population of the building. Allowances are given as per the given codal provisions. For an effective water distribution system, Layout is prepared Diameters of pipes are calculated Pressures in pipe lines are calculated Loss in pressure head is calculated Discharge is compared for cast iron pipe and G.I. pipe Discharge in pipe network is calculated using hardy cross method Also, the discharge can be verified using softwares such as EPANET, LMNO, WESNET For sanitation purpose, Septic tank is designed.

65

CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES
IS 2065-1963 IS 1172-1963 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE (N.B.C.) A TEXTBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING BY G.S.BIRDIE and J.S.BIRDIE A TEXTBOOK OF FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY BY MODI &SETH SOFTWARES SUCH AS EPANET LMNO WESNET WIKIPEDIA

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