Map 68 Syria

Compiled by J.P. Brown (south) and P.-L. Gatier, 1997 Introduction

The map is divided into three geographic regions from west to east: the mountainous Jebel Ansariyeh between the coast and the R. Orontes valley; the so-called Limestone Massif of rocky hills and plateaus, ending to the south in the Jebel Zawiye; and the eastern steppe of basalt and limestone which turns to mountains, especially north of Palmyra. The Jebel Ansariyeh remains little known archaeologically. It was probably more heavily forested in antiquity than today, although to what extent remains unclear (Rey-Coquais 1974, 69). The Limestone Massif, divided between Antiochia (Map 67 C4) and Apamea, is crowded with many ruined villages, mostly built during Late Antiquity (fourth to sixth centuries). Here and in the adjoining parts of the steppe, extensive archaeological exploration started at the end of the nineteenth century (de Voge 1865; Butler 1903; 1907; Lassus 1935; Tchalenko 1953; Tate 1992). Except around Palmyra (Schlumberger 1951), less work was done in the more eastern parts of the steppe. New surveys have recently begun in this zone (Geyer 1998). Poidebard (1934) and Mouterde (1945) did pioneering research in aerial archaeology, surveying the eastern steppe. Unfortunately their work was not followed up with adequate ground survey and excavation. Thus many of their conclusions have been questioned, especially their proposed dating of the structures they discovered, and the nature of the complex network of roads they identified. Some sites that they identified as Roman forts, for example, have subsequently been dated to the pre-classical or Islamic periods (Kennedy 1990). On the issue of roads, see Thomsen 1917; Bauzou 1989; 1993. The main changes in natural features are water-related. Several dams have been built recently on the R. Euphrates (Tabqa), Orontes (Restan) and other smaller streams, creating reservoirs or lakes. Equally, modern drainage and irrigation have led to the disappearance of swamp areas (Orontes valley and coastal plains) and a reduction in the size of several lakes (Jabboul in E1, Lake of Homs in C4). See Calvet (1992) and Besanon (1995). The ancient dam of the Lake of Homs is hard to date (Roman, according to Seyrig 1959; or earlier, Calvet 1992; Gatier 1996). The supposed long aqueduct from Salamias to Apamea seems very questionable (Geyer 1998). Numerous water channels and qanats were created for agricultural purposes around Salamias and in the region between Jabboul Lake and the Palmyrene mountains (Geyer 1998); most were either made, or restored, in Late Antiquity. Canals for irrigation or transport, or both, are attested in the Euphrates valley (Lauffray 1983). Recent research has identified scattered traces of Hellenistic-Roman centuriation around (H)Emesa, Laodicea and Epiphaneia, as well as in the northern Jebel Zawiye, but many conclusions remain tentative (Dodinet 1990; 1994; Tate 1992, 235; 1994). Much attention has focused on the monasteries known from lists in Syriac sources of the sixth century A.D. The majority are situated in the Limestone Massif (see among others, Caquot in Tchalenko 1953 III; Mundell Mango 1983). South A unique feature of the map (extending into the northern part of Map 69) is the sole epigraphic documentation of a forest from classical antiquity. At some date under the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), two of his procurators, C. Umbrius and Q. Vettius Rufus, marked out the boundaries of the imperial forest in the Mount Lebanon range (no doubt including many stands of the cedar, Cedrus Libani) with the words IMP. HAD. AUG. DEFINITIO SILVARUM. Today their inscriptions stand in the living rock in the midst of barren, sun-baked shale. In 1969-70 Jean-Franois Breton, in dangerous political conditions, reviewed and republished them (Breton 1980); but he was

MAP 68 SYRIA

1043

unable to visit the northern Lebanon. The lines marked on the map follow the placement of the inscriptions, and offer an approximate lower boundary for the forest as it then existed. Within it stand three of the many Roman temples of Lebanon and Antilebanon, described by Krencker (1938). Along the Phoenician coast are the city of Byblos and the later one of Tripolis (although its Greek name predates Alexander). In the desert far to the east stands the caravan city of Palmyra, which for a brief period in the third century A.D. dared to rival Rome. To the south, it was linked to Damascus along a route marked by Roman forts and milestones, the Strata Diocletiana (Dunand 1931); to the northeast, a route attested by TabPeut continued to Soura. The map also marks a route northwest to Apamea (its course very doubtful, but attested by TabPeut), and another poorly attested one west to (H)Emesa. By its very nature the caravan route to the R. Euphrates is likely to have fluctuated considerably, and cannot be marked, despite the frequent mention of it in many Greco-Aramaic inscriptions from Palmyra. The road from Heliopolis (modern Baalbek, Map 69 D1) north to (H)Emesa must surely have been connected to the coastal route in the valley of the R. Eleutheros (Nahr el-Kebir); but only a solitary milestone at modern Semaqiyat attests to it. The great Crusader fortress Krak des Chevaliers (modern Qal'at al-Husn) appears only as the conjectural site of the road-station Carion.

Directory
All place names are in Syria unless otherwise noted Abbreviations
DCPP Honigmann I-II P.Cair.Zen. E. Lipiski (ed.), Dictionnaire de la civilization phnicienne et punique, Turnhout, 1992 E. Honigmann, Historische Topographie von Nordsyrien im Altertum, I: ZDPV 46 (1923) 149-93; II: ZDPV 47 (1924) 1-64 C.C. Edgar (ed.), Zenon Papyri, Catalogue gnral des antiquits gyptiennes du Muse du Caire, 5 vols., Cairo, 1925-1940

Names
Grid F3 G4 C2 A5 E5 C3 E2 F3 B2 A5 D2 D2 A4 A2 B5 Name Acadama Adada? *Adana Adonis fl. al-Basiri Amathe/ Epiphaneia Ammattha Amsareddi Amykes Pedion Amyun Anasartha/ Theodoroupolis Anatha = Aracha Androna/ Andarna Antarados/ Constantia Antikasion/ Thronos M. Antilibanus M. Apamea = Pella Period L RL L RL R C?HRL RL R?L H R R?L/ L L/ L RL/ L R/ L CHRL Modern Name / Location Qdeym Sukhneh; cf. Map 91 Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi southernmost Dana Nahr Ibrahim LEB Hama Hammam LEB Hanaser el-Anderin Tartous Kara Douran Da Jebel esh-Sherqi LEB / SYR Reference Dussaud 1927, 275; Mouterde 1945, 109-26 Dussaud 1927, 274; Kennedy 1990, 143-44 Butler 1920, 138-42; Feissel 1980, 329-30 RE; Honigmann I.15b Poidebard 1934, 47, pl. XXX Ploug 1985, 45-46; NPauly Amathe 2; NPauly Epiphaneia 2 Dussaud 1927, 276; Mouterde 1945, 85-86 Mouterde 1945, 106-109 Polyb. 5.59.10 Taylor 1969, 112 Honigmann I.37, 158; Mouterde 1945, 67-68 Butler 1920, 47-63; BE 1990.934 Rey-Coquais 1974, 49, 119, 196 Dussaud 1927, 421 NPauly Antilibanos

1044 Grid B2 A5 G4 A4 B4 C4 B3 F2 D5 B4 B4 A3 C2 F2 G2 B3 A2 D4 F4 A5 A4 A5 A5 Name Apameitis Limne Aphrodite Aphakitis, T. Aphaka Aracha/ Anatha/ Harae Arados Arca/ Herakleia en Phoinike/ Caesarea ad Libanum Areth(o)usa Asharne Athis/ Neocaesarea Aueria/ Euareia Bahluniye Baitokaike Balanea/ Leukas el-Bara Barbalissus Barbarikon Bargylus/ Emblonos M. Barlaamus Betproclis Bir Weshel Botrys Bruttus Byblos Bziza Caesarea ad Libanum = Arca Callinicum = Nicephorium *Cara/ Cehere/ Chonacara? Goaria Koara Carion Carne/ Karnos Cas(s)ius M. Cehere = *Cara Chalcis ad Belum Chalkidike Chalcidena *Chasa Cholle Chonacara? = *Cara Chrysorroas fl. Conna Constantia = Antarados Cunna? Dausara Danova Deleda Derkoush Period HRL RL RL/ RL/ L CHRL RL/ H/ R HRL R?L? RL R/ R?L L R RL L R?L L HR L L R HRL L C?HRL R

MAP 68 SYRIA Modern Name / Location Behiret et-Taqa temple and spring at Afqa LEB Erek Rouad Arqa LEB Restan Dibsi Faraj Hauwarin Reference Honigmann I.53; Bernard 1995 Krencker 1938, 56-64 Honigmann I.54a; Brown 1969, 67-69 Honigmann I.57; Starcky 1962, 132-39; Bowersock 1973, 133 Rey-Coquais 1974, 49; NPauly 1 DCPP Arqa MacAdam 1993, 343 Honigmann I.69a; CIL 3.183 Honigmann I.65 Mouterde 1945, 29 Harper 1980 Honigmann I.174; Dussaud 1927, 280; Devreese 1945, 205; IGLSyr 5.2696 IGLSyr 7.4054; Devreese 1945, 193 CIG 3.4474; Rey-Coquais 1974, 272 index Rey-Coquais 1974, 49, 63, 196 Tchalenko 1953 II, pl. 137-39 Ulbert 1989, 283-86 Honigmann I.96 Rey-Coquais 1974, 61; Bernard 1995, 359 Djobadze 1986, 1-56 NotDig Or. 32.12; Dussaud 1927, 270 Schlumberger 1951, 46-48, 86 DCPP Batroun; NPauly ItBurd 583.3; Dussaud 1927, 78 DCPP; NPauly 1 Krencker 1938, 4-8

Hosn Soleiman Baniyas Balis, Meskene district near Resafa Jebel Ansariye Jebel el-Akra TKY Furqlus Batrun LEB al-Abde? LEB Jebeil LEB LEB

C5

B4 A4 A2 C2 C2 G3 B3 B5 E5 G2 D5 C5 B2

RL/ L/ L R R L HR HRL HRL HR L RL R R RL RL L L H?R?

Qara

ItMiller 816; IGLSyr 5.2709; Dussaud 1927, 264-67; Devreese 1945, 203 Ptol. 5.14.19 Rey-Coquais 1974, 85-88 Rey-Coquais 1974, 65 Djobadze 1986, 3-6 Mouterde 1945, 4-9; Fourdrin, 1994 Honigmann I.135 Feissel 1980, 336 Honigmann I.143; Dussaud 1927, 253 Honigmann I.93; Rey-Coquais 1974, 65 ItAnt 199.8; Dussaud 1927, 396-97 NotDig Oc. 32.35; Kennedy 1990, 204-205 Dillemann 1962, 109; Lauffray 1983, 55 ItMiller 816; Dussaud 1927, 264-65; Devreese 1945, 203 ItMiller 826; Dussaud 1927, 278 Dussaud 1927, 163-64

Qal'at el-Husn? Tell Qarnoun Jebel el-Akra TKY 'Is, Qinnesrin Hass Khoulle Nahr Baniyas Ras Baalbek LEB Khan el-Qattar Qalaat Jaber Mehin? Hasya?

MAP 68 SYRIA Grid B3 B4 F5 Name Diokleion M. Eleutheros fl. el-Mleke Emblonos M. = Bargylus M. Emesa = (H)Emesa Enydra Epiphaneia = Amathe Euareia = Aueria Euphrates fl. Gabala Gennaes Gigarta Goba Hadrianopolis = Palmyra Harae = Aracha Harbaara Harbaqa Helela Alalis Heliaramia (H)Emesa Emisenoi Herakleia? Herakleia en Phoinike = Arca Hermel Houad Huarte Husn Sfiri Iammura Imperatoris Hadriani Augusti Definitio Silvarum Itouraioi Jerade Jiffa Juwal Kalamos Kaperkoraon Kaperlatinou Kapernagatha Karnos = Carne Kassiotis Khirbet ed-Douse Khirbet el-Beida Khirbet el-Bilaas Khirbet et-Tin Khirbet Semrin Period H?R HRL R? Modern Name / Location Jebel Zawiye Nahr el-Kebir LEB / SYR Reference Bernard 1995, 359 RE; Dussaud 1927, 91; Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 89 Poidebard 1934, 179, pl. LXIII

1045

A4 G2 A3 F5 A5 C2

Tell Ghamqe

Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 65 See Map 93

CHRL R HRL? L

Jebele Umm el-Amed Zgharta near Tripoli LEB Bgube

Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 66 Mouterde 1931, 107 CIL 3.183, Dussaud 1927, 82 Feissel 1982, 333-34

B4 E5 G4 E5 C4 A2

L R L R R?L H?RL HRL

LEB Hlehleh Qasr el-Heir el Gharbi Homs Ras Ibn Hani

IGLSyr 5.2650 Kennedy 1990, 70-71 NotDig Or. 33.32; Honigmann I.23; RE Syria, cols. 1665-66, 1703; Kennedy 1990, 155 ItMiller 816; IGLSyr 5.2552-53; Kennedy 1990, 217 Honigmann I.205; Seyrig 1959; PECS 302; Gatier 1996; NPauly Emesa Dussaud 1927, 415-17; Seyrig 1949, 69-70, 399-400; Leriche 1989, 273-75 Krencker 1938, 161-62 Donceel-Vote 1988, 138-45 Canivet 1987 Krencker 1938, 20-34 ItMiller 823; Dussaud 1927, 98; Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 62, 88 Breton 1980 Strabo 16.2.18; Schrer 1973 I, 565-67 Tchalenko 1990, 193-97 Poidebard 1934, 108 pl. CIII Taha 1991

B5 C3 B2 B5 B4 A5 A5 C2 G5 G3 A5 C2 C2 C2 B2 E3 E3 E4 C4 E4

R L L R L R HRL L R R?L? HR L L L HR R?L R?L? R L R

LEB LEB Qalaat Yahmour LEB LEB

Qara LEB near Mgara Kaferlatin Kafer Nagd district S Antiochia

Polyb. 5.68.8; DCPP Qalamoun, Hosn el BE 1996.474 Feissel 1982, 321 Feissel 1982, 323-24 Ptol. 5.15.16 Mouterde 1945, 99 Mouterde 1945, 92-93 IGLSyr 5.2549-51; Schlumberger 1939; Mouterde 1945, 51-53 IGLSyr 5.2611 Schlumberger 1951, 13-22

1046 Grid B5 Name Koile Syria/ Massyas Marsyas A2 C4 C3 Laodicea Laodikene Mazabda Laodicea ad Libanum Laudicia Scabiosa Larissa/ Sizara Leontopolis = Nicephorium Leukas = Balanea Leukos Limen Libanus M. Libo Heldo Liftaya Lithoprosopon Pr. = Theou Prosopon Lysias? *Magarataricha Makra(s) Pedion? Maqam er-Rab Maraccas Marathos Maratomyrton? = *Telmenissos Mariamme Marsya? Marsyas? fl. Mashnaqa Massyas = Koile Syria Nakle Nazala Nezala Nazerini? Neocaesarea = Athis Nicephorium/ Callinicum/ Leontopolis Nikertai Nymphaion/ Balaneion Tiberinon Occaraba Oriza/ Oruba/ Oresa Orissa Orontes fl. Orthosia Oruba = Oriza Otthara Otthura Ocurura Atera Period H/ HR C?HRL HR C? HRL L HRL/ C?RL

MAP 68 SYRIA Modern Name / Location Biqa' LEB / SYR Reference P.Cair.Zen. 59093; RE; Balty 1982a, 53-62; contra Sartre 1988 RE 3 RE 5 Sauvaget 1934; 1936; Will 1994, 21 RE Polyb. 5.45.7; IGLSyr 5.2678-89; Devreese 1945, 206 ItMiller 824 RE

Lattaqui Tell Nebi Mend Shaizar

A2 B5 B5 B4 B2 C2 B4 B4 A3 A4 B4 B3 B3 A5 B5 D5 B3 G2 C2 A1 D3 G3

CHL RL L L H L HR R L HR HRL RL R R

Minet el-Beida LEB Lebweh LEB

Stucky 1983 See Map 69 ItAnt 198.3; Dussaud 1927, 396, 409; Krencker 1938, 177 IGLSyr 5.2629-49; Devreese 1945, 206 Dussaud 1927, 152 Feissel 1980, 330 Strabo 16.2.17; Dussaud 1927, 91; Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 67 Krencker 1938, 102 Rey-Coquais 1974, 120 Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 131-36; Saliby, 1989 Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 109 Rey-Coquais 1974, 112 Rey-Coquais 1974, 112; Balty 1982a, 47 Taylor 1969, 108 See Map 69 ItMiller 816; IGLSyr 5.2697; RE Rey-Coquais 1974, 140; Balty 1982a, 47 HierSyn 715.1; Ulbert 1989, 291-92 Fourdrin 1993 See Map 67 Mouterde 1945, 49 Honigmann II.343; Kennedy 1990, 136

Bourzey Ma'ar Tarikh Buqeia plain LEB Khrab Maraqiye 'Amrit Mariamin Massyaf Wadi Tell Armid LEB LEB Qaryateyn around Massyaf Raqqa Deir es-Sharqi TKY 'Agerbat Tayibe

R?L R RL/ H?RL/ L L

R?L R/ L/ L L HRL L L L R

B2 A4 D5

SYR / TKY Khan ard Artui LEB Ghunthur?

See Map 67 1 Maccabees 15:37; RE 3 NotDig Or. 32.18; Dussaud 1927, 268 Ptol. 5.14.19

MAP 68 SYRIA Grid C3 D3 F4 A3 Name Oumm Harteine Oumm Harteine Palmyra/ Thadamora/ Hadrianopolis Paltos Paradeisos = (Tri)Paradeisos Parapotamia Pella/ Apamea Pharnace Chersonesos Pelleta? = Tell Soukas Phaidros? fl. Phoenice Phoenicium Mare Posideion Qadboun Qalaa Qasr el-Banat Qasr Ibn Wardan Qasr Naous Qastal Rabona? Raphaneai Rasm er-Rbeit Rasm es-Shaar Rayan Resafa/ Sergioupolis Ruweiha *Saarna Sabbatikon fl. Sabboura Sachama Saisaniye Salamias Sekla Seleukobelos? Semaqiyat Seremyn Sergilla Sergioupolis = Resafa Seriane? Sigata Sigon? Simyra? Sin? Sizara = Larissa Skenitai Soura Stabl Antar Strata Diocletiana Period R?L R?L HRL/ H/ RL HRL Tudmur Arab el-Moulk Modern Name / Location Reference Donceel-Vote 1988, 192-201 Donceel-Vote 1988, 192-201 PECS; Starcky 1985, 33-36; Bounni 1989; Will 1992, 30-46 Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 81; Riis 1988, 318-21 Strabo 16.2.11 Balty 1981; Bernard 1995 Strabo 16.2.10

1047

G2 B3

HR H/ HRL C? H?R? H?R ACHRL R R R L R R L RL R?L R L RL/ L L R R R?L R L L L RL R L RL RL L H HRL RL HR R?L R?L

district E R. Euphrates Qalaat el-Moudiq

A5 A5 A2 A2 B3 B5 B5 D3 A5 E3 C2 B4 D2 E4 C2 G2 C2 A5 B4 D3 C4 B4 D3 C2 B2 B4 C2 C2 E3 C2 B2 B4 B4 F2 G2 D2

Wadi Fedar LEB LEB Ras el-Bassit LEB LEB LEB Rbei'a Rafniye

Dussaud 1927, 69-70 See Map 69 Burr 48-49 Courbin 1986 Bounni 1997 Rey-Coquais 1972 IGLSyr 6.2908; Krencker 1938, 152-55 Butler 1920, 26-45; BE 1996.475 Krencker 1938, 8-19 Mouterde 1945, 99 Feissel 1980, 336 Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 100-111 Mouterde 1945, 80-81 Schlumberger 1951, 44-46 Donceel-Vote 1988, 261-67; Tchalenko 1990, 199-200 Sauvaget 1939; Ulbert 1989, 288-91 Butler 1920, 142-48; Tchalenko 1990, 183-92

Resapha

Abedat LEB Nahr en-Nab Zaidal Salamiye Bsaqla Jisr es-Shoghour Sermin Isriye Sighata Sahyoun Tell Kazel Chin Sourriya

IGRR 3.1060; Dussaud 1927, 70 Jos., BJ 7.99; Brown 1969, 69-70; cf. Rey-Coquais 1974, 87 Mouterde 1945, 44 IGLSyr 5.2560 IGLSyr 7.4050; Devreese 1945, 193 Honigmann II.402 Feissel 1980, 331-32; 1982, 333-34 Balty 1982, 287-89; 1982a, 68-69 IGLSyr 5.2676 Feissel 1982, 325-28 Butler 1920, 113-33 Dussaud 1927, 273; RE; Gogrfe 1993 Feissel 1980, 342 Rey-Coquais 1974, 73 Rey-Coquais 1974, 287 index; Sader 1990; DCPP Kazel, Tell; Badre 1994, 353-56 Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 105-108 Strabo 16.2.11 Ulbert 1989, 286-88 Butler 1920, 63-64; Mouterde 1945, 174-75 See Roads

1048 Grid F4 C2 B4 A3 C2 G2 D3 A2 A5 Name Tahun el-Masek Taroutia Emporon Tell Sarin Tell Soukas/ Pelleta? *Telmenissos/ Maratomyrton? Tetrapyrgium Thadamora = Palmyra Theleda Theodorias Theodoroupolis = Anasartha Theou Prosopon/ Lithoprosopon Pr. Thronos M. = Antikasion M. Trieres (Tri)Paradeisos Tripolis Veriaraca Beriarac Yaat Yammune Yanuh Zacchaeus?, Mon. Zebed Zophea Period R L L A/ RL RL/ L L R L HRL/ L HRL HR CHRL R?L R R R L L L

MAP 68 SYRIA Modern Name / Location Reference Schlumberger 1951, 48-50, 86-88 Butler 1920, 71-83; Feissel 1991, 299-300 IGLSyr 7.4053; Devreese 1945, 193 Rey-Coquais 1974, 82-83; PECS; Riis 1988, 321-22 Honigmann II.459; BE 1989.874; Feissel 1991 Poidebard 1934, 83; Ulbert 1989, 288 Dussaud 1927, 255 Rey-Coquais 1974, 121 Polyb. 5.68.8; Honigmann II.462b

Taroutin et-Tuggar (Kerratin)

Tell Menis Qseir es-Seile Tell 'Ade district E Laodicea Ras Shaqqa LEB

A5 C5 A5 F5 B5 B5 A5 G2 E2 B2

el Heri LEB Jusiye? Tarabulus / Tripoli LEB Khan el-Hallabat LEB LEB LEB Tell Bi'a Sfuhun

Polyb. 5.68.8; RE 2 Dussaud 1927, 112 DCPP NotDig 32.34; CIL 3.14177.4; Kennedy 1990, 203-204 Krencker 1938, 156-57 Krencker 1938, 38-39 Krencker 1938, 35-37 Krebernik 1991 Mouterde 1945, 162-68; Tchalenko 1990, 231 Feissel 1982, 336

Aqueduct
Grid E5 Location W Harbaqa Period R Reference Poidebard 1934, 55, 171, 187, pl. XXXI

Bridges
Grid A3 B2 B2 B3 G2 Location Paltos Derkoush Seleukobelos? Asharne Soura Period R? R? R? R?L? L? Reference Riis 1988, 318-21 Mouterde 1945, 27-28 Mouterde 1945, 27-28 Mouterde 1945, 29 Ulbert 1989, 286

Canal
Grid G2 Location S Nicephorium Period Reference Lauffray 1983

MAP 68 SYRIA

1049

Centuriation
Grid A2 C2 C4 Location around Laodicea N Kapernagatha NE (H)Emesa Period H?R? R R Reference Dodinet 1994; Tate 1994 Tate 1992; 1994 PECS 302

Dams
Grid C4 E5 Location SW (H)Emesa SW Harbaqa Period H? R Reference Calvet 1992, 27-39; Gatier 1996, 434 Poidebard 1934, 55, 171, 187, pl. XXXI

Passes
Grid B2 E4 Location W Seleukobelos? at Khirbet el-Bilaas Period H?RL R? Reference RE Syria, cols. 1655-56; Balty 1982a, 73 Schlumberger 1939, 41-73; Balty 1982a, 50-51

Roads
Grid E5 Name / Itinerary Strata Diocletiana (H)Emesa Palmyra along Diokleion M. Anasartha Seriane? Apamea Amathe (H)Emesa Laodicea ad Libanum Libo Apamea Occaraba Palmyra Apamea Raphaneai Orthosia Period RL RL R?L? R?L H?RL RL RL Reference Dussaud 1927, 266; Dunand 1931; Bauzou 1989; 1993 Thomsen 1917, 25-26 (nos. 37-38); Mouterde 1945, 60 Besanon 1995 Mouterde 1945 IGLS 5.2672-75, 6.2900; RE Syria, cols. 1662-63, 1676-77 ItMiller 826-27; Schlumberger 1939, 67; Mouterde 1945, 41-60; RE Syria, cols. 1672-73 ItMiller 822-23; Dussaud 1927, 93; Mouterde 1945, 29-31; RE Syria, cols. 1673-74; Rey-Coquais 1974, 89 ItAnt 196-97; Bauzou 1985, 139 Mouterde 1945, 1-63; RE Syria, col. 1677 RE Syria, cols. 1677-78 RE Syria, cols. 1677-78 Mouterde 1945, 136; Gatier 1995 RE Syria, cols. 1663-66 Mouterde, 1945, 26-29 RE Syria, cols. 1653-56; Rey-Coquais 1974, 70-77 RE Syria, cols. 1654-55; 1669-70; Rey-Coquais 1974, 70-80

Aueria Danova Map 69 Chalcis ad Belum Androna Seriane? Chalcis ad Belum Epiphaneia (H)Emesa Chalcis ad Belum Nikertai Apamea Chalcis ad Belum Anasartha Barbalissus Map 67 Barbalissus Soura E Map 67 Derkoush Seleukobelos? Apamea Map 67 Derkoush Seleukobelos? Laodicea Map 67 Laodicea (2 routes) Orthosia Byblos Map 69

RL RL H?RL H?RL RL RL H?RL H?RL H?RL

1050 Grid Name / Itinerary Map 69 Byblos Arca Map 69 *CaraPalmyra Palmyra E Palmyra Jiffa SE Palmyra Soura Seriane? Resafa Seriane? Salamias [ (H)Emesa] Soura Nicephorium Map 67 Soura Resafa Oriza Palmyra

MAP 68 SYRIA Period RL RL R?L RL RL RL RL RL RL Reference Goodchild 1949 ItMiller 815-16; Dussaud 1927, 264 Mouterde 1931; Gawlikowski 1983 Poidebard 1934, 108 (pl. CIII); Gawlikowski 1983 ItMiller 815; AE 1933.205 Mouterde 1945, 138-40 Mouterde 1945, 140-43; RE Syria, cols. 1677-78 Gawlikowski 1988; Ulbert 1989 RE Syria, cols. 1666-68, 1679-80; Bauzou, 1989; 1993

Unlocated Toponyms
Name Aegyption Teichos Agrippias Anastasia Apollonia Arra Bachaias Basiliscum mutatio Bethmisona Capareas Cattelas Centum Putea Charadrus/ Chaladropolis Charybdis Demetrias Derrima Diospolis? Gabeni Hylatae Iougaton Kapranana Kasianoi Lykos fl. Mammisea Mediana/ Meziana Megara Niaccaba Nogea Period HR L L HR? R L L L R RL R RL R L R HRL R R L L HR? HR R L HR? R L Probable Location N Bekaa distinct from Europos? Qalaat Jaber? chora of Apamea Mas'eran? Maaret en-Numan? S R. Nahr el-Kebir ? in Jebel Zawiye? Kafer Ra'a? Tell Mure? Khirbet Ramadan? Hweisis? Bir Jihar? Kara Douran? chasm of R. Orontes, near Derkoush or Shaizar? S Raphaneai Burdj es-Sleib? people of Ghab valley? people of R. Huleh, W Epiphaneia? chora of Apamea chora of Apamea chora of Apamea N R. Nahr el-Kebir? tetrarchy chora of Apamea chora of Apamea between Antiochia and Apamea chora of Apamea Reference Strabo 16.2.19; Ghadban 1981, 166-67 Honigmann 1925, 75, 83 GCyp 905H Strabo 16.2.10 RE Syria, cols. 1676-77 RE Syria, col. 1655 Rey-Coquais 1974, 89 Mundell Mango 1986, 228-30 RE Syria, cols. 1676-77; Mouterde 1945, 45 Dussaud 1927, 153; RE Syria, col. 1655 Mouterde 1945, 48-57 Dussaud 1927, 421-22 Bernard 1995, 360 Rey-Coquais 1974, 88, 113-14 Honigmann I.159 Dussaud 1927, 415-17; Seyrig 1949, 69-70, 399-400; Leriche 1989, 273-75 Dussaud 1927, 195-96 Dussaud 1927, 196; Jones 1971, 263 Dussaud 1927, 203 Feissel 1982, 332-33 Strabo 16.2.10 Rey-Coquais 1974, 74 Balty 1982a, 48 Feissel 1980, 330 Strabo 16.2.10 RE Syria, col. 1662 Honigmann II.332; Feissel 1982, 324

MAP 68 SYRIA Name Oraga Pasieria Phela Phisorou Rambaioi Saltatha Sascha Sinna Skenarchia Spelounka Spiclin mutatio Thapsacus Thorax *Tigranucometae Tripolis Phoinikon Zenodotion Period L R L L HR RL L HR L R L CHRL L R C RL Sadad? in territory of Epiphaneia Mount Lebanon district near Resafa? Tabbet el-Hammam? not between R. Sadjour and R. Khabour Syria Secunda near Ras Shamra? near Nicephorium Probable Location chora of Apamea between Laodicea and Posideion in Jebel Zawiye? chora of Antiochia Reference Feissel 1982, 328-32 Seyrig 1949, 70 Mundell Mango 1986, 231-36 Feissel 1980, 332-33 Strabo 16.2.10 NotDig Or. 32.20; Dussaud 1927, 269 Feissel 1980, 332 Strabo 16.2.18; Dussaud 1927, 88-89 HierSyn 713.8 Ptol. 5.14.13; Honigmann II.432 Rey-Coquais 1974, 89 Gawlikowski 1996 Honigmann II.464 Balty 1982a, 48 Rey-Coquais 1974, 77-78 Jones 1971, 217; RE

1051

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