Map 63 Ancyra

Compiled by S. Mitchell, 1997 Introduction

The map covers the southern and eastern parts of Galatia, the treeless central Anatolian plateau (known as the Axylon), northern Lycaonia and the western part of Cappadocia. It includes three major cities: Pteria in the north-east; Ancyra in the north-west; and Caesarea in the south-east. Pteria, an enormous though short-lived Median city, founded by Alyattes c. 585 B.C. but destroyed by Croesus virtually within a generation, has now been convincingly identified with the vast Iron Age site on Kerkenes Da. Ancyra and Caesarea, by contrast, developed and flourished in Roman times and have remained major centers up to the present. The western part of the map covers the central Anatolian basin from eastern Phrygia to the Salt Lake (Tatta Lacus). This region of villages and large estates (Mitchell 1993 I, 149-58 with map) was explored above all by W.M. Ramsay, W.M. Calder and their associates (MAMA 1 and 7; Mitchell 1982); the inscriptions which they discovered contribute a substantial proportion of the toponyms located here. The ecology and geography of the region are the subject of H. Wenzels brilliant monograph, Die Steppe als Lebensraum (1937). The drainage systems in the south-east are internal, leading to the Salt Lake. The extent of this shallow lake is immensely variable, depending on the season and current rainfall levels. The eastern part of the map belongs to the basin of the R. Halys. Cappadocia, noted for its churches and cave refuges, came into its own in Late Antiquity and the Byzantine period. Most of its famous Byzantine sites are first attested by sources of the middle and later Byzantine periods, but three major centers of that date (Malakopea, Korama, Salanda) are marked because they have yielded some evidence for occupation in Late Antiquity. Much of the region west of Caesarea was occupied by a Greek-speaking population up to the beginning of the twentieth century, and the ancient toponymy has survived in modern place names. Apart from inscriptions and modern survivals of ancient toponymy, the principal information about the regions topography comes from Strabo, Pliny, Ptolemy and the itineraries. Strabo and Pliny, drawing on Hellenistic or early imperial sources, provide (inadequate) evidence for the settlements and regional divisions of central Anatolia before the construction of a road network during the Roman Empire. An understanding of the Roman and Late Roman topography depends on a grasp of how the Roman road system functioned. Major contributions to this understanding have been made by Calder in MAMA 7, Ballance (1958), French (1974; 1981) and Hild (1977), but numerous uncertainties remain to be clarified. Many places listed in Ptolemy, some of them repeated in the confused itineraries of TabPeut, have yet to be located. The routes followed by the ancient roads can often be fixed with more confidence than the location of the road stations along them. My policy has been to indicate the approximate locations of these road stations, even when a site has yet to be firmly identified. Two systematic attempts to reconstruct the ancient topography of central Anatolia have been published, by W. Ruge in his entries for RE, and by TIB. When Ruge wrote his articles, most of the locations were unknown. His discussions have therefore now usually been superseded by the corresponding entries in TIB Kappadokien (1981), Galatien (1984), Paphlagonien (1996) and Phrygien (1990), all of which incorporate the results of much recent field work. They are accordingly preferred as standard references in the Directory.

MAP 63 ANCYRA

977

Directory
All place names are in Turkey Abbreviations
TIB Galatien TIB Kappadokien TIB Paphlagonien TIB Phrygien K. Belke, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 4, Galatien und Lykaonien, DenkWien 172, 1984 F. Hild and M. Restle, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 2, Kappadokien (Kappadokia, Charsianon, Sebasteia und Lykandos), DenkWien 149, 1981 K. Belke, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 9, Paphlagonien und Honorias, DenkWien 249, 1996 K. Belke and N. Mersich, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 7, Phrygien und Pisidien, DenkWien 211, 1990

Names
Grid C2 B1 F4 A3 D2 B1 Name Aliassum Ancyra Andabalis *Andeira Andraka/ Andrapa *Androna Andros Aneros Androsia *Anzoulada *Area Aquae Saravenae *Aralla Archalla Argaeus M. Arg(ai)os M. Argeiopolis M. Argustana Arianzos Asiana/ Osiena Aspona Axylon Azapbal Bagrum [*Balbissa] [Bardaetta] Basilika Therma Bolecasgus Borissos Bulduk Caballucome Caena Caesarea = Mazaka anak Cappadocia Cappadox? fl. Period L HRL RL R R/ L R R R R L R L R L L L L R/ L RL H L L L L R L RL L L H Modern Name / Location probably at Avar Ankara Yeniky, formerly Eski Andaval near Sarkaya Keles Hyk probably at Topakl Reference French 1981, 31, 115; TIB Galatien 120-21 RE Ankyra 1; TIB Galatien 126-30 TIB Kappadokien 140-41 MAMA 7.373 French 1981, 30; TIB Galatien 126 Ptol. 5.6.11 Mitchell 1982.230 Ptol. 5.4.5; TIB Galatien 236 Ptol. 5.4.7 TIB Galatien 131 Mitchell 1982.295 TIB Kappadokien 143-44 TIB Galatien 135-36 See Map 64 See Map 64 RE Argos 6; TIB Kappadokien 136-38, 149 French 1981, 30 TIB Kappadokien 150-51 TIB Kappadokien 250-52 TIB Galatien 135 RE Axylos See Map 64 RE; Calder 1957 Fd TIB Kappadokien 156 TIB Phrygien 205 TIB Kappadokien 156-57 TIB Galatien 104-105 TIB Kappadokien 159 TIB Galatien 148 TIB Galatien 149 TIB Kappadokien 160; Schneider 1996, 20 Mitchell 1982, 27 See Map 64 See Map 86

C4 B2 E2 A4 G3 G3 E4 E3 E4 E3 C2 A2 H1 A2 F4 A4 G2 C1 E4 B3 B4 E4 A2 E4 E1

probably at Ouzeli Canmana Krehir Atland? Hasan Da Yeniyuva, formerly Nurgz probably at Sivrihisar perhaps at Gstesin Sarhyk Haymana district Yzkba? Yaylaky, formerly Valisa Sarayn Terzili Hamam Yeildere Yaylas? perhaps Sofular, formerly Sorsovu village site perhaps at Kulak Murat Han perhaps at Uluren Galatian stronghold, possibly Cuballum

978 Grid B1 D2 B3 F4 Name Cenaxis Palus Cham(m)anene Chanbeyl Chusa Claudia Archelais = Garsaura Claudiolaodicea = Laodikeia (Katakekaumene) Col. Claudia Archelais = Garsaura Comitanassus Congussus = Kongoustos Corniaspa Dasmenda/ [Dasmendron] Dilimnia = Delemna Diokaisareia Delemna/ Dilimnia Doara Ecobrogis/ Eccobriga Ekdaumaua/ Egdava Gdanmaa Enehil Euaissa Eusebeia = Mazaka Foroba? = Sibora B1 C2 B1 E4 D4 A1 B1 B2 F3 C1 B1 E4 Galatia Galea Gallograecia Garsaura/ Col. Claudia Archelais/ Koloneia Garsauria Garsauritis Girme Gorbeus Gzelce Kale [Hagios Prokopios] Halys fl. Hisarlkaya Iustinianoupolis/ Mokissos Iustinianoupolis Nova = Kamoulianai Kamoulianai/ Iustinianoupolis Nova Kampai? Kanotala HRL L HRL H/ R/ L R HL HRL HRL L H L/ L Period L HRL RL L

MAP 63 ANCYRA Modern Name / Location Macun iftlik? near Etimesgut estate center probably at Yazky Reference French 1981, 31; TIB Galatien 151 TIB Kappadokien 163 MAMA I, xvi; VII, xxii-xxvii French 1981, 30

C4 F1 F4 F4 B1 E4 D1 B3 G4 G2

L RL R/ L RL L/ L L R/ L R/ L L RL L

Ortakuyu E Yozgat Ovack, formerly Semendre Til, formerly Kaysar Glk? Duvarl area of Sorsovus emelisebil necropolis, churches perhaps at Younhisar

TIB Galatien 153 TIB Kappadokien 215-16 TIB Kappadokien 170 TIB Kappadokien 171 TIB Galatien 158 TIB Kappadokien 171 TIB Galatien 104-105 RE; TIB Galatien 166 TIB Kappadokien 174 TIB Kappadokien 176

central Asia Minor near Byk Byk Galatia Aksaray

RE TIB Galatien 165 RE Gallograeci TIB Kappadokien 207 TIB Kappadokien 207

Galatian and Byzantine stronghold SE Oulbey Galatian and Byzantine stronghold rgp Galatian fortress Vranehir

TIB Galatien 169 TIB Galatien 171 TIB Galatien 172-73 TIB Kappadokien 263 See Map 87 Mitchell 1982, 26 TIB Kappadokien 238-39

G3 G3 E4

RL/ L RL L

probably Emmiler near Kemer perhaps at Boazkpr Ayal, formerly Genedala

TIB Kappadokien 197-98 RE; French 1974 TIB Kappadokien 198

MAP 63 ANCYRA Grid E2 E4 H4 E4 A3 B2 H2 A4 C2 B4 F3 G4 E4 D4 G4 A4 F4 C4 C1 H3 F4 E4 F4 F3 G3 G3 H3 A1 E4 Name Karakurthamam Karbala Karmalas? fl. Keikalesi *Keissia Kerpi Kerpi *Kindyria Kinna Koloneia = Garsaura Kongoustos/ Congussus Korama [Korama] [Koron] Koropassos Kyzistra Laodikeia (Katakekaumene)/ Claudiolaodicea Limnai Lycaonia Magaba/ Mordiacus M. Makelle Malakopea [Malandasa] Mataza [Matiane] Mazaka Mazaka/ Eusebeia/ Caesarea Melas fl. Modicus M. Mokissos = Iustinianoupolis Momasson Mordiacus M. = Magaba M. Mo(u)rimene Moutalaske Myrikion/ Therma Nandianulus/ Nazianzos Nadiandos Neroassos = Nora Period HRL L HRL R RL RL RL R/ L L L L R RL HRL/ R L R/ L L L L L Modern Name / Location settlement with hot springs Gzelyurt, formerly Gelveri also known as ukurkent; stronghold, possibly ancient Argos? Kolu Kisa Demiroluk, formerly Kndras Karahamzl Altnekin? Greme Gereme Yayla mleki (Korunun buca and ba occur nearby) Akhan Zengibar Kalesi Ladik Glk perhaps Elma Da Derinkuyu, formerly Melegb Ovalba, formerly Karamelendiz Maziky, formerly Madazi Avclar, formerly Maan Reference TIB Kappadokien 199-200 TIB Kappadokien 200-201 See Map 67 TIB Kappadokien 167; Schneider 1996, 20 MAMA 1.302 TIB Galatien 188 See Map 64 TIB Phrygien 302 TIB Galatien 189 TIB Galatien 153 TIB Kappadokien 209-15 TIB Kappadokien 215 TIB Kappadokien 216 TIB Galatien 194 TIB Kappadokien 219-22 TIB Phrygien 327-28 TIB Kappadokien 222 See Map 66 RE See Map 64 TIB Kappadokien 227 TIB Kappadokien 228 TIB Kappadokien 230 TIB Kappadokien 231 See Map 64 See Map 64 See Map 64 TIB Galatien 207-208 TIB Kappadokien 239

979

L L

Abdssalam Da Gke, formerly Mamasun Halys valley from Nys(s)a to Ouenasa Yeilyurt, formerly Kadky regio Nenezigz

E3 H3 A2 E4

R L/ L R/ L

TIB Kappadokien 246 See Map 64 TIB Galatien 208-209 RE; TIB Kappadokien 244-45

980 Grid D3 E4 D3 B4 G3 A1 B2 B1 F3 A3 D3 Name Nitazi/ Nitalis Nora/ Neroassos Nanassos Nys(s)a Obizene Ochras Olympus M. *Orbana Orsologiakos/ Rosolodiacus Osiena = Asiana Ouenasa Ouetissos/ Ouetiston/ Vetissus Ozzala/ Ozizala Iogola Papira Parnassos Pegella Perta Phlabianai *Pillitokome *Pithoi *Plomma Praedia Quadratiana Proseilemmene Pteria Rosolodiacus = Orsologiakos Rmdiin Saccasena Sacoena Sadagolthina Salambriai/ Salaberina Salanda Saraouene Sarmalius Sasima *Senzousa Sibora/ Foroba? Skandos Skylax fl. Soanda Soandos [Sobesos] Tabia = Taouion R R L R/ L L R R RL L Period R/ L HR/ HRL R RL R R HR RL RL RL RL/ R/ L R/ L R HRL L RL R L R R R A

MAP 63 ANCYRA Modern Name / Location near Kabaklak possibly Gelin Tepe Harmandal area of Laodikeia (Katakekaumene) and Perta Kalkanck Hyk? ile Da Karacaren Deliler iftlii Avanos near Beikli near zengilik (contra RE) W Balkuyumcu Deirmenyolu, formerly Parlasan Azak? Gimir 3 miles W Insuyu probably Kadnhan Atkafas near Laodikeia (Katakekaumene) W Tuz Gl Kerkenes Da Reference French 1981, 32 RE 2; TIB Kappadokien 245-46; cf. Schneider 1996, 15-19 Ptol. 5.6.13 TIB Kappadokien 246-48 RE French 1974, 146 K. Strobel TIB Galatien 210-11 ItMiller 660; French 1981, 30; TIB Galatien 219 TIB Kappadokien 302 TIB Galatien 242 S. Mitchell

A1 D2 B3 C4 H3 B3 A4 B2 A4 A3 G1

ItMiller 659; Mitchell 1982, map TIB Kappadokien 252-53 TIB Galatien 212 TIB Galatien 213 See Map 64 MAMA 7.529 TIB Phrygien 362-63 Anderson 1899, 124 MAMA 1.24 Strobel 1994, 56 Summers 1997

H2 G3 F2 D3 E4 F3 E2 D1 F4 B4 G1 H3 H1 F2 F4 F4

See Map 64 Sksn perhaps at Kurubel Hyk perhaps at Karamollausa Kepez Tepe Salanda around Krehir perhaps near Krkkale Hasanky Toprakkale TIB Kappadokien 267 French 1974, 146 TIB Kappadokien 268 TIB Kappadokien 269 TIB Kappadokien 270 TIB Kappadokien 143 TIB Galatien 104-105 TIB Kappadokien 272-73 TIB Galatien 223 See Map 64 See Map 64 See Map 87 French 1974, 146 TIB Kappadokien 282-85 TIB Kappadokien 285

R RL L

perhaps Kuakl Hyk Soanl ahinefendi, formerly Suve

MAP 63 ANCYRA Grid F3 F1 C3 B1 E1 E4 A1 F2 E1 D4 F4 B2 F4 F4 B4 A4 F3 Name [Tamisos] Taouion/ Tabia Tatta L. Tectosages Therma = Myrikion Therma Tibernene Tolistoagioi/ Tolistobogioi Topakl Trokmoi Ubinnaca Vetissus = Ouetissos Villa Palmati Yaral Yarhisar Zeila *Zemruta *Zizima Zoropassos Period L R/ L R HR R L R/ HRL HRL HRL L L ARL RL HL R R R zlce, formerly Zile probably at Zulmandarhan, (15th century Solmanda) Sizma perhaps Arapsun Modern Name / Location Taknpaa Ky, formerly Damsa Byk Nefes Tuz Gl around and S Ancyra Yerky Kaplca? around Arianzos W and NW Ancyra around Taouion Malr Hyk? near Andabalis Reference TIB Kappadokien 290 TIB Galatien 229-30 RE; TIB Galatien 230-31 Mitchell 1993 I, 54 French 1974, 146 TIB Kappadokien 295 Mitchell 1993 I, 55-57 TIB Kappadokien 297 Mitchell 1993 I, 51-53 TIB Galatien 240 TIB Kappadokien 140-41 TIB Galatien 243; Summers 1992 TIB Kappadokien 304-305 TIB Kappadokien 307 TIB Galatien 246 TIB Phrygien 421 TIB Kappadokien 308-309

981

Bridges
Grid C2 G3 Location Kesik Kpr okgzkpr Period L L Reference TIB Kappadokien 205 TIB Kappadokien 166-67

Mine
Grid A4 Location near *Zizima Period RL Material Cn Reference TIB Phrygien 421

Roads
Itinerary Ancyra Papyra Map 62 Map 86 Ancyra Aspona Garsaura Andabilis Ancyra Bolecasgus Taouion Ancyra Kongoustos Caballucome Map 66 Orsolodiakos Aquae Saravenae Topakl *Pithoi? Laodikeia (Katakekaumene) Map 66 Laodikeia (Katakekaumene) *Pithoi? NW Period RL RL RL RL RL HRL R Reference Mitchell 1982, map; TIB Galatien 105-106 French 1981; TIB Galatien 95-97; Schneider 1996, 23 Mitchell 1982, map; TIB Galatien 104-105 TIB Galatien 108; D. French TIB Galatien 106-107; S. Mitchell TIB Phrygien 149-50, 155 TIB Phrygien 150-51

982 Itinerary Bagrum Salambriai Map 66 Andabalis Garsaura Comitanassus Map 66 Andabilis Mazaka Taouion Soanda Mazaka Roads E Mazaka and Taouion Andrapa Nys(s)a Ouenasa Mazaka Taouion Aquae Saravenae Mazaka Taouion Sibora Euaissa Taouion Euaissa Mazaka

MAP 63 ANCYRA Period RL RL RL RL RL HRL RL RL RL Reference MAMA I, xvi; VII, xxii; Ballance 1958 Ballance 1958; French 1976; TIB Galatien 103 TIB Kappadokien map French 1974 S. Mitchell; T.B. Mitford S. Mitchell French 1974 S. Mitchell Hild 1977

Unlocated Toponyms
Name *(...)pykena Agrizama Alassenses Ambitouti Comenses Cuballum Diktis Didienses Doudou(s)a Drynemeton Earsos Euagina/ Phoubagina Gadasena Garmias/ Karima Imrougarene Karissa Kelosina Kik[.]os Klaudiopolis Klintene Kouesseus Kristenos Landosia Laskoria/ Lassora Louloumnenos Mithridation Moustilia Odog(r)a Olenos Ouadata Period R R R H R H R R R H L L/ R R RL R R L R R R L L R R/ L R H R R R R Probable Location near Ouetissos settlement on Tectosagan territory people in Galatia Galatian tribe people in Galatia Galatian fortress, probably SE Gordion, perhaps at anak settlement on Tectosagan territory people in Galatia settlement on Trokmian territory Galatian religious centre E Ouestene E or S Taouion settlement in Cham(m)anene road station S Ancyra ethnic, near Laodikeia (Katakekaumene) settlement in Trokmian territory E Earsos village near Ouetissos settlement in Trokmian territory, but probably misplaced ethnic from Proseilemmene ethnic, probably of Lycaonian village village near Gdanmaa settlement in Tectosagan territory settlement in Trokmian territory ethnic from Proseilemmene Trokmian stronghold settlement near Caesarea settlement in Cham(m)anene settlement in Tectosagan territory settlement in Cham(m)anene Reference MAMA 7.486 Ptol. 5.4.6 Pliny, NH 5.147 Pliny, NH 5.146 Pliny, NH 5.147 RE Ptol. 5.4.6 Pliny, NH 5.147 Ptol. 5.4.7 Strabo 12.5.1 TIB Kappadokien 302 Ptol. 5.4.7; RE Euagena; TIB Galatien 39 (n. 4) Ptol. 5.6.11 Ptol. 5.468; ItMiller 661 MAMA 1.2 Ptol. 5.4.7 TIB Kappadokien 302 MAMA 7.374 Ptol. 5.4.7 MAMA 7.475 MAMA 1.170 MAMA 1.339 Ptol. 5.4.6 Ptol. 5.4.7; ItMiller 673 MAMA 7.441 Strabo 12.5.2 Ptol. 5.6.14 Ptol. 5.6.11 Ptol. 5.4.6 Ptol. 5.6.11

MAP 63 ANCYRA Name Ouanota Ouestene Ouinzela Oukena/ Oukaina Petenissos Phreata Posdala Rastia Saralius/ Saralos Scanatus S(e)iva Silandene Stabiu Tetradion Tetrapyrgia Timoniacenses Toutobodiaci Voturi Zama Period L L R R L R H R RL/ R R RL R L R R R H?R H RL Probable Location on R. Halys, in NW Cappadocia on R. Halys, E Nys(s)a settlement on Tectosagan territory settlement on Trokmian territory bishopric of Galatia Salutaris settlement in Garsauritis Trokmian stronghold settlement in Trokmian territory road station between Taouion and Caesarea, perhaps in Cham(m)anene between Sebasteia and Caesarea, Mourimene? road station, perhaps N Caesarea ethnic near Laodikeia (Katakekaumene) road station W Taouion settlement in Obizene settlement in Garsauritis people in Galatia, probably towards Paphlagonia Galatian tribe Galatian tribe road station between Taouion and Caesarea, perhaps in Cham(m)anene Reference RE Vanota TIB Kappadokien 302 Ptol. 5.4.6 Ptol. 5.4.7 RE; TIB Galatien 216 Ptol. 5.6.13 Strabo 12.5.1 Ptol. 5.4.7 Ptol. 5.4.9; French 1974, 147; TIB Galatien 39 (n. 4) RE French 1974 MAMA 1.2 ItMiller 673 Ptol. 5.4.8 Ptol. 5.6.13 Strobel 1994, 48-49 Pliny, NH 5.146 Pliny, NH 5.146 French 1974, 147

983

Bibliography
Anderson 1899 J.G.C. Anderson, Explorations in Galatia cis Halym, JHS 19 (1899) 52-134, 280-318. Ballance 1958 M.H. Ballance, Roman roads in Lycaonia, AnatSt 8 (1958) 223-34. Calder 1957 W.M. Calder, Note on A classical map of Asia Minor, British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara 1957, Anatolian Studies Suppl. to vol. 7. French 1974 D.H. French, A study of Roman roads in Anatolia: principles and methods, AnatSt 24 (1974) 143-49. French 1976 D.H. French, Roads and sites in Lycaonia, in H. von Aulock (ed.), Mnzen und Stdte Lykaoniens, IstMitt 16, pp. 91-95, Tbingen, 1976. French 1981 D.H. French, Roman roads and milestones of Asia Minor I: the Pilgrims Road, British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 3, BAR International series 105, Oxford, 1981. Hild 1977 F. Hild, Das Byzantinische Strassensystem in Kappadokien, DenkWien 131, Vienna, 1977. Mitchell 1982 S. Mitchell, Regional epigraphic catalogues of Asia Minor II: the Ankara district, the inscriptions of North Galatia, British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 4, BAR International Series 135, Oxford, 1982. Mitchell 1993 S. Mitchell, Anatolia: land, men and gods in Asia Minor, 2 vols., Oxford, 1993.

984

MAP 63 ANCYRA

Schneider 1996 E.E. Schneider, Classical Sites in Anatolia: 1994 Archaeological Survey in Cappadocia, XIII Aratrma Sonular Toplants 1 (1996) 15-33. Strobel 1994 K. Strobel, Galatien und seine Grenzregionen, in E. Schwertheim (ed.), Forschungen in Galatien, Asia Minor Studien 12, pp. 29-65, Bonn, 1994. Summers 1992 G.D. Summers, An aerial survey of evre Kale, Yaral, AnatSt 42 (1992) 179-206.

Summers 1997 G.D. Summers, The identification of the Iron Age city on Kerkenes Da in central Anatolia, JNES 56 (1997) 81-94. Wenzel 1937 H. Wenzel, Forschungen in Inneranatolien II. Die Steppe als Lebensraum, Schriften des Geographischen Instituts der Universitt Kiel 7.3, 1937.