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Instructor: Andr Ba er
Introduction
( Typical desi)n pro*lems in+ol+e t,e determination of:
- .+erall ,eat transfer coefficient/ e')' for a car radiator' - Hi),est "or lo0est& temperature in a system/ e')' in a )as tur*ine/ c,emical reaction +essels/ food o+ens' - Temperature distri*ution "related to t,ermal stress&/ e')' in t,e 0alls of a spacecraft' - Temperature response in time dependent ,eatin)1coolin) pro*lems/ e')' en)ine coolin)/ or ,o0 fast does a car ,eat up in t,e sun and ,o0 is it affected *y t,e s,ape of t,e 0inds,ield2
>nt,alpy e;uation
( In CFD it is common to sol+e t,e ent,alpy e;uation/ su*?ect to a 0ide ran)e of t,ermal *oundary conditions'
- >ner)y sources due to c,emical reaction are included for reactin) flo0s' - >ner)y sources due to species diffusion are included for multiple species flo0s' - T,e ener)y source due to +iscous ,eatin) descri*es t,ermal ener)y created *y +iscous s,ear in t,e flo0'T,is is important 0,en t,e s,ear stress in t,e fluid is lar)e "e')' lu*rication& and1or in ,i),-+elocity/ compressi*le flo0s' .ften/ ,o0e+er/ it is ne)li)i*le' - In solid re)ions/ a simple conduction e;uation is usually sol+ed/ alt,ou), con+ecti+e terms can also *e included for mo+in) solids'
Grid
Velocity vectors
Temperature contours
Example: Cooling flow over fuel rods
Q = q = k T A
0,ere k(x,y,z,T) is t,e t,ermal conducti+ity' ( In most practical situations conduction/ con+ection/ and radiation appear in com*ination' Also for con+ection/ t,e ,eat transfer coefficient is important/ *ecause a flo0 can only carry ,eat a0ay from a 0all 0,en t,at 0all is conductin)' temperature pro!ile hot all
dT dx
cold all
heat conduction in
( D 0e )et:
T c = k2T + q t
k = thermal di!!usivity c
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Conduction e4ample
( Compute t,e ,eat transfer t,rou), t,e 0all of a ,ome:
Tout & 68+ , -lthou#h sli#ht. you can see the /thermal *rid#in#0 e!!ect throu#h the studs
2x6 stud %&$.15 '/m2() shin#les %&$.15 '/m2() !i*er#lass sheathin# insulation 2 %&$.15 '/m () %&$.$$4 '/m2() sheetroc% %&$.4 '/m2()
1$
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Tw
T T
T
Tw
Tw
Tw Tw
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T . U
T2 1
t L
Tw
13 Tw
7atural con+ection
( 7atural con+ection "from a ,eated +ertical plate&' ( As t,e fluid is 0armed *y t,e plate/ its density decreases and a *uoyant force arises 0,ic, induces flo0 in t,e +ertical direction' T,e force is proportional to 2 1 g . ( T,e dimensionless )roup t,at )o+erns natural con+ection is t,e 6aylei), num*er: T T
= 2T 1
#ravity
gTL3 Ra = Gr.Pr =
( Typically: Nu Ra x
1 4
T .
<x<1 3
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( 9ro+ides faster con+er)ence for many natural-con+ection flo0s t,an *y usin) fluid density as function of temperature *ecause t,e constant density assumptions reduces non-linearity' ( 7atural con+ection pro*lems inside closed domains:
- For steady-state sol+er/ Boussines; model must *e used' Constant density o allo0s mass in +olume to *e defined' - For unsteady sol+er/ Boussines; model or ideal )as la0 can *e used' Initial conditions define mass in +olume'
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q
T*ody
Q = q A = h A 2T!od T 1 = h A T
h=
avera#e heat trans!er coe!!icient 2'/m2()1
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h T
<x<3
Tcold ( Forced con+ection: flo0 is induced *y e4ternal h= con"t means' ( Boilin) con+ection: *ody is ,ot enou), to *oil li;uid' 2 Thot
8$ ( 35.$$$
Tcold Thot
3$$ ( "$$.$$$
h T
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1"
Furface c,aracteristics
q 2'/m21
2incident ener#y !lux1
q 2re!lected1
q 2a*sor*ed1
translucent sla*
q 2transmitted1
1= + +
a*sorptance re!lectance transmittance
2$
q = T4
( T,is is Ftefan-BoltBmann la05 is t,e Ftefan-BoltBmann constant "J'==K<>-L H1m#I%&' ( T,e 0a+elen)t, at 0,ic, t,e ma4imum amount of radiation occurs is )i+en *y HienCs la0: max T = #'LKL> 3 MmIN ( Typical 0a+elen)t,s are max : 1$ m "far infrared& at room temperature and max : $'J m ")reen& at =$$$I'
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6eal *odies
( 6eal *odies 0ill emit less radiation t,an a *lac *ody:
q = T 4
( Here is t,e emissi+ity/ 0,ic, is a num*er *et0een $ and 1' Fuc, a *ody 0ould *e called @)rayA *ecause t,e emissi+ity is t,e a+era)e o+er t,e spectrum' ( >4ample: radiation from a small *ody to its surroundin)s'
4 4 Q = A 2 T T w 1 ( T,e net ,eat transfer is t,en: net
% % ( For small T t,e term 3 "Tw -T & can *e 4T 2Tw T 1 appro4imated as and Qnet = A hr T 0it, hr as an effecti+e
- Bot, t,e *ody and its surroundin)s emit t,ermal radiation' - T,e net ,eat transfer 0ill *e from t,e ,otter to t,e colder'
Qnet
T q qw Tw A
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6adiation
( 6adiation intensity transport e;uations "6T>& are sol+ed'
- Local a*sorption *y fluid and at *oundaries lin s ener)y e;uation 0it, 6T>'
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ext = emissi+ity of e4ternal 0all surface = Ftefan BoltBmann constant h f = fluid side local ,eat transfer coefficient
= normal distance fluid cell center to 0all
2"
3$
Fluid properties
( Fluid properties suc, as ,eat capacity/ conducti+ity/ and +iscosity can *e defined as:
Constant' Temperature-dependent' Composition-dependent' Computed *y inetic t,eory' Computed *y user-defined functions'
( Density can *e computed *y ideal )as la0' ( Alternately/ density can *e treated as:
Constant "0it, optional Boussines; modelin)&' Temperature-dependent' Composition-dependent' Oser defined functions'
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9,ase c,an)e
( Fystems in 0,ic, p,ase c,an)e occurs "e')' meltin)/ solidification/ and sometimes e+aporation& can *e modeled as a sin)le-p,ase flo0 0it, modified p,ysical properties' ( In t,at case/ t,e medium )ets t,e properties of one p,ase state *elo0 a certain critical temperature/ and t,e properties of t,e ot,er p,ase state a*o+e a second critical temperature' ( Linear transitions for and ' ( A @spi eA in cp is added/ t,e area of 0,ic, corresponds to t,e latent ,eat'
heat capacity
latent heat
density conductivity
viscosity
Temperature
A second spi e is added to t,e ,eat conducti+ity cur+e/ to eep t,e ratio *et0een ,eat capacity and t,ermal conducti+ity constant'
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7otes on con+er)ence
( Heat transfer calculations often con+er)e slo0ly' It is recommended to use underrela4ation factors of $'K or lar)er for ent,alpy' If lo0er underrela4ation factors are used/ o*tainin) a )ood solution may ta e pro,i*iti+ely lon)' ( If underrela4ation factors of $'# or lo0er ,a+e to *e used to pre+ent di+er)ence/ it usually means t,at t,e model is ill-posed' ( Deep con+er)ence is usually re;uired 0it, scaled residuals ,a+in) to *e of t,e order 1>-= or smaller'
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(
Injectors
.ri)inal desi)n:
Bundle of tu*es as s,o0n' 6epeated )eometry' 3 different *affles/ A/ C/ and D' 6eactant in?ectors *et0een *affles @AA and @DA'
ow Fl
cti ire
on
Baffle C
Baffle D
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Baffle A
(
&elocated Injectors
Desi)n modifications:
- F,orter *affles @ CC A' - 6elocated and rotated in?ectors'
ow Fl
Baffle D
3"
4$
Conclusion
( Heat transfer is t,e study of t,ermal ener)y ",eat& flo0s: conduction/ con+ection/ and radiation' ( T,e fluid flo0 and ,eat transfer pro*lems can *e ti),tly coupled t,rou), t,e con+ection term in t,e ener)y e;uation and 0,en p,ysical properties are temperature dependent' ( C,emical reactions/ suc, as com*ustion/ can lead to source terms to *e included in t,e ent,alpy e;uation' ( H,ile analytical solutions e4ist for some simple pro*lems/ 0e must rely on computational met,ods to sol+e most industrially rele+ant applications'
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