First National ToT To NDRF On MAE

FIRST NATIOnAL TRAInInG Of TRAInERS (TOT) fOR NATIOnAL DISASTER RESPOnSE FORCE (NDRF) On MAnAGEmEnT Of AnImALS In EmERGEnCIES
COURSE COnTEnT
December 09-21, 2013 Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai
COMPILED BY
Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai-7 Dr P Mathialagan, Dr A Yasotha, Dr Balagangadhara Thilagar World Society for the Protection of Animals, New Delhi-16 Dr Ashish Sutar, Dr Akash Maheshwari, Shri Hansen Thambi Prem.
ORGANIZED BY NATIOnAL DISASTER MAnAGEmEnT AUTHORITY (NDMA) TAmIL NAdU VETERInARY And AnImAL SCIEnCES UnIvERSITY (TANUVAS) WORLd SOCIETY fOR THE PROTECTIOn Of AnImALS (WSPA)
Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Session One : Introduction to Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry................................ 11 Session Two: Body Parts, Body Functions & Animal Behaviour..................................................21 Session Three: Concepts, Legal Framework and Stages in ADM...............................................46 Session Four: Emergency Animal Care (F,W,S & V)....................................................................49 Session Five: Animal Handling & Restraining .............................................................................78 Session Six: First Aid for Animals in Emergencies..................................................................... 113 Session Seven: Emergency Animal Transportation...................................................................133 Session Eight: Carcass Disposal in Emergencies......................................................................136 Session Nine: Management of Zoonosis and Public Health Issues...........................................140
10. Session Ten: Community Preparedness for Management of Animals in Emergencies.............. 168 11. Session Eleven: Identification & Legal Documentation..............................................................186
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Introduction
The MAE training is a three day event aimed at building capacities of the vulnerable communities and NDRF response teams. The aim of the training is to build capacity of NDRF teams to support the saving of lives and livelihoods among communities owning animals affected by disasters. Learning Objectives At the end of the training participants will be able to: Discuss about the basic concepts on animals, veterinary sciences and management of animals in emergencies. Train NDRF & SDRF personnel on all aspects related to the management of animals in emergencies. Create awareness and sensitize the vulnerable communities on preparedness measures focussed on the protection and management of animals in emergencies. Develop capacities of first responders in undertaking efficient rescue and first aid operations for rescuing animals during emergencies.
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Agenda - Training of Trainers (ToT)

Training on Management of Animals in Emergencies (MAE) for National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) Staff Venue: Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai
TIME (Hours) 09:00 to 09:30 Hrs 09:30 to 10:00 Hrs Day 01 (Mon) 09th Dec13 Day 02 (Tue) 10th Dec13 Recap of Day 01 Carcass Disposal in Emergencies T1 Emergency Animal Feeding T1 (TANUVAS) Day 03 (Wed) 11th Dec13 Recap of Day 02 FARM VISIT Animal Handling & Restraining Cattle P1
(TANUVAS/WSPA)
Date: 09th to 21st December, 2013

Day 05 (Fri) 13th Dec13 8.00 to 10.00 OPD VISIT First Aid and Emergency Care in Large Animals P1 (TANUVAS) Emergency Veterinary First Aid for Small Animals T1
(TANUVAS)
Day 04 (Thu) 12th Dec13 8.00 to 10.00 OPD VISIT Small Animal Handling & Restraining P1
(TANUVAS/WSPA)
Day 06 (Sat) 14th Dec13 8.00 to 10.00 OPD VISIT First Aid in Large Animal Surgical Patients Cattle - P1 (TANUVAS) First Aid in Large Animal Surgical Patients Horse - P2 (TANUVAS)
09:00 to 10:00 Registration of Participants
10:00 to 11:00 Hrs
10:00 to 11:30 Inauguration of the Training
FARM VISIT Animal Handling & Restraining Sheep & Goat P2 (TANUVAS/
WSPA)
First Aid in Small Animal Surgical Patients P1

(TANUVAS/WSPA)
11:00 Hrs to 11:15 Hrs - Tea Break 11:30 to 12:15 Tea Break Pre Evaluation Emergency Water Supply for Animals T1
(TANUVAS)
11:15 to 12:15 Hrs
FARM VISIT Identification & Legal Documentation P1

(TANUVAS/WSPA)
Human Animal Bondage & Interpersonal Skill for Animal Owners During Disaster T1 Emergency Animal Transportation T1
(WSPA)
Disaster Specific Disease Outbreak - T1

(TANUVAS)
12:15 to 13:15 Hrs
Introduction to Veterinary Sciences T1

(TANUVAS)
Concepts, Practices & Legal Framework in ADM T1

(NDMA)
Emergency Shelters for Animals P1

(TANUVAS/WSPA)
Disaster Specific Disease Outbreak - P1

(TANUVAS)
Psychological & Stress Management Approaches for All Personnel Involved in ADM (T&P) (TANUVAS) T1
13:15 Hrs to 14:00 Hrs - Lunch Break 14:00 to 15:00 Hrs Introduction to Animal Husbandry T1
(TANUVAS)
Disasters Impact on Animals T1

(WSPA)
Carcass Disposal in Emergencies Large Animals - P1
Emergency Veterinary Drug Checklist & Instruments T1

(TANUVAS)
Management of Zoonosis and Public Health Issues T1

(TANUVAS)
Management of Snake Bites & Poisoning T1

(TANUVAS)
15:00 to 16:00 Hrs
Body Parts (Anatomy) of Animals T1

(TANUVAS)
Emergency Veterinary Assessment T1

(WSPA)
Carcass Disposal in Emergencies Small Animal - P2
Emergency Veterinary Drug Checklist & Instruments P1

(TANUVAS)
Hygiene, Biosecurity and Disease Control T1 (TANUVAS)
Field Visit
16:00 Hrs to 16:15 Hrs - Tea Break General Body Functions (Physiology) of Animals T1
(TANUVAS)
16:15 to 17:15 Hrs
Small Animal Handling & Restraining T1

(TANUVAS / WSPA)
Animal Behaviour Studies T & P1

(TANUVAS/WSPA)
Emergency Veterinary Triage T1

(TANUVAS)
Treatment & Immunization of Animals in Emergencies T1

(TANUVAS)
Field Visit
17:15 to 18:00 Hrs
Evaluation of Day 01
Sessions on Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry
Sessions on Animal Centric Disaster Management
Sessions on Community Preparedness
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Sunday Holiday, 15th December 2013

TIME (Hours) 09:00 to 09:30 Hrs 09:30 to 10:00 Hrs Day 07 (Mon) 16th Dec13 Recap of Day 06 Introduction to Wildlife Sciences T1
(TANUVAS)
Day 08 (Tue) 17th Dec13 Recap of Day 07
Day 09 (Wed) 18th Dec13 Recap of Day 08
Day 10 (Thu) 19th Dec13 Recap of Day 09 Community Preparedness for MAE T1
(WSPA)
Day 11 (Fri) 20th Dec13 Recap of Day 10 VILAGE VISIT Simulation Exercise P1
(WSPA)
Day 12 (Sat) 21st Dec13 Recap of Day 11
LEGS P2
(WSPA)
LEGS P9
(WSPA)
MAE Training Action Plan
10:00 to 11:00 Hrs
Adult Learning Principles T1

(WspA)
LEGS P3
(WSPA)
LEGS P10
(WSPA)
Community Preparedness for MAE T2

(WSPA)
Simulation Exercise P2
(WSPA)
MAE Training Action Plan
11:00 Hrs to 11:15 Hrs - Tea Break 11:15 to 12:15 Hrs Principles & Practices in Incident Response System T1
(NDMA)
LEGS P4
(WSPA)
LEGS P11
(WSPA)

(WSPA)
(WSPA)
Post Evaluation
12:15 to 13:15 Hrs
Principles & Practices in Incident Response System T2

(NDMA)
LEGS P5
(WSPA)
LEGS P12
(WSPA)

(WSPA)
(WSPA)
Valedictory & Certificate Distribution
13:15 Hrs to 14:00 Hrs - Lunch Break 14:00 to 15:00 Hrs 15:00 to 16:00 Hrs 16:15 to 17:15 Hrs 17:15 to 18:00 Hrs Livestock Emergency Guidelines & Standards (LEGS) T1
(WSPA)
LEGS P6
(WSPA)
LEGS P13
(WSPA)
Group A & B
(PLS)
(WSPA)
LEGS T2
(WSPA)
LEGS P7
(WSPA)
LEGS P14
(WSPA)
Group C & D
(PLS)
(WSPA)
16:00 Hrs to 16:15 Hrs - Tea Break LEGS P1

(WSPA)
LEGS P8
(WSPA)
LEGS T3
(WSPA)
Group E & F
(PLS)
(WSPA)
Sessions on Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry
Sessions on Animal Centric Disaster Management
Sessions on Community Preparedness
Legend: T Theory; P Practical; TANUVAS Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University; WSPA World Society for the Protection of Animals; NDMA National Disaster Management Authority; PLS Participant Led Sessions; OPD Out Patient Department; DAH Department of Animal Husbandry; Coloured Text Black Text are Theory Sessions and Red Text are Practical Sessions.
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MAE Training of Trainers Course Sessions

Session 01: Introduction to Veterinary Sciences Session 02: Introduction to Animal Husbandry Session 03: Body Parts (Anatomy) of Animals Session 04: General Body Functions (Physiology) of Animals Session 05: An Introduction to Animal Behaviour Session 06: Emergency Animal Feeding Session 07: Emergency Water Supply for Animals Session 08: Concepts, Practices and Legal Framework in Animal Disaster Management (ADM) Session 09: Disasters Impact on Animals Session 10: Emergency Veterinary Assessment Session 11: Small Animal Handling & Restraining Session 12: Animal Handling & Restraining - Cattle Session 13: Animal Handling & Restraining Sheep & Goat Session 14: Animal Handling & Restraining - Pig Session 15: Emergency Shelters for Animals Session 16: Carcass Disposal in Emergencies Large Animals Session 17: Carcass Disposal in Emergencies Small Animals Session 18: Animal Behaviour Studies Session 19: Small Animal Handling & Restraining Session 20: First Aid in Small Animal Surgical patients Session 21: Human Animal Bondage & Interpersonal Skill for Animal Owners during Disaster Session 22: Emergency Animal Transportation Session 23-24: Emergency Veterinary Drug Checklist & Instruments Session 25: Emergency Veterinary Triage Session 26: First Aid and Emergency Care in Large Animals Session 27: Emergency Veterinary First Aid for Small Animals Session 28: Disaster Specific Disease Outbreak Session 29: Management of Zoonosis and Public Health Issues Session 30: Hygiene, Bio-security and Disease Control Session 31: Treatment & Immunization of Animals in Emergencies Session 32: First Aid in Large Animal Surgical Patients Cattle Session 33: First Aid in Large Animal Surgical Patients Horse Session 34-35: Psychological & Stress Management Approaches for All Personnel Involved in ADM Session 36: Identification & Legal Documentation Session 37: Management of Snake Bites & Poisoning Session 38: Introduction to Wildlife Sciences Session 39: Adult Learning Principles Session 40-41: Principles & Practices in Incident Response System Session 42-58: Livestock Emergency Guidelines & Standards (LEGS) Session 59-62: Community Preparedness for Management of Animals in Emergencies (MAE)
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Agenda for Master Trainers to Organize MAE Training

The training is divided into four blocks of 90 minutes each, for three days, as follows:
Block A Day One Session 01: Introduction to Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry Session 02: Body Parts, Body Functions & Animal Behaviour Lunch C Session 03: Concepts, Legal Framework and Stages in ADM Session 04: Emergency Animal Care (F,W,S & V) Day Two Session 05: Animal Handling & Restraining Day Three Session 09: Management of Zoonosis and Public Health Issues Session 10: Community Preparedness for Management of Animals in Emergencies Lunch Session 11: Identification & Legal Documentation Next Steps, Evaluation Closing session
Session 06: First Aid for Animals in Emergencies Lunch Session 07: Emergency Animal Transportation Session 08: Carcass Disposal in Emergencies
MAE Training Course Sessions Session 01: Introduction to Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry Session 02: Body Parts, Body Functions & Animal Behaviour Session 03: Concepts, Legal Framework and Stages in ADM Session 04: Emergency Animal Care (F,W,S & V) Session 05: Animal Handling & Restraining Session 06: First Aid for Animals in Emergencies Session 07: Emergency Animal Transportation Session 08: Carcass Disposal in Emergencies Session 09: Management of Zoonosis and Public Health Issues Session 10: Community Preparedness for Management of Animals in Emergencies Session 11: Identification & Legal Documentation Acknowledgements These MAE Training Materials (including the Training Outline, Slides and other resources) have been developed based on the inputs from various Government and Non Government stakeholders (NDMA, NDRF, BSDMA, BIPARD, BVC, TANUVAS) through the consultative meeting held on 02nd July 2013 in Patna, Bihar and on 09th November 2013 in Chennai, Tamilnadu. The team acknowledges the support and guidance from Shri. K.M. Singh, IPS (Retd.), Honble Member of NDMA, Major General (Dr.) J.K. Bansal, Honble Member, NDMA, Dr. A.K. Sinha SRO, NDMA, Miss. Emily Reeves, Director of Programmes, WSPA, Asia Pacific, Dr. Ian Dacre, DOMD, WSPA Asia Pacific, Shri Gajender K Sharma,
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Country Director, WSPA, India for developing the course content. The team gratefully acknowledges the use of reference materials from the LEGS and Sphere Projects. The MAE Training Materials have been produced with the financial support of the WSPA with overall coordination from NDMA, TANUVAS and other key stakeholders. This Training Outline is intended for use only by MAE Trainers who have been trained through an official MAE TOT course. A Training Pack for MAE Trainers accompanies this Outline and provides guidance on organising and running MAE Trainings.
National Consultation Core Group for the Formulation of Course Content and Agenda
1. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Shri Surjeet Guleria- DIG, SHQ East & North East Zone, Kolkata, West Bengal, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) Dr A K Sinha SRO, National Disaster Management Authority ( NDMA) Dr Ashish Sutar, DM Programme Manager, WSPA India Dr P Mathialagan, Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension and Entrepreneurship, Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS. Dr S Samantaray, Chairman, Professor and Head, Veterinary Parasitology, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar Dr Ravindra Kumar, Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. Dr Manoj Brahmbhatt, Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Anand Agriculture University. Dr Salil Jain, Director Extension Education, Professor and Head, Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics)Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madya Pradesh.
10. Dr Ditul Barman, Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary Science, Khanapara, Guwahati. 11. Dr A Y Yasotha, Assistant Professor, Department of Livestock Production and Management, Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS.
12. Shri Hansen Thambi Prem, DM Project Manager, WSPA India 13. Dr M Balagangatharathilagar, Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Madras Veterinary College,TANUVAS.
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Session One : IntRoduction to VeteRinaRY Sciences and Animal HusbandRY

Introduction to Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry for Disaster Management
Dean, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007 E-mail : deanmvc@tanuvas.org.in
Dr. S.A. ASOKAN, M.V.Sc., Ph.D,
The Role of Livestock Livestock plays a major role in agriculture and is an important source of income and employment in rural areas. Animal agriculture not only contributes to household income but also assists crop production besides full time occupation. In some cases, animal husbandry at the location itself act for better utilization of human and other resources. In India, as high as 70% of livestock is owned by 67% of small and marginal farmers and by the landless people. Living on edge, the small holders generate milk, meat, wool etc. for the community with virtually no capital resource or training; but they contribute significantly to the GDP of the developing countries. In India, these people contribute 62% of the total milk procured. 60% of livestock farming labour is provided by women and more than 90% of work related to care of animals is rendered by womenfolk of the family. In Tamil Nadu, the priority of farming community in breeding of cattle has clearly shifted in production of draught animals to milch animals, over 70% of farming community own milch animals and participate in the production endeavour which shows that the livestock sector in Tamil Nadu is the single major source of supplementary income for farming community. Various Veterinary institutions and other Government Units spread over the state provide, veterinary health services and play a major role in increasing the production potentialities of livestock and poultry. This is one of the major reasons why Tamilnadu is on the frontline dairy farming states in the country. Parameter Milk production Egg production Disaster Vulnerability Experience has shown, that vulnerability and impact of disaster is high, on the economically and socially marginalized sections of the community. Many developing countries are largely disaster prone. In India 22 out of 32 states and Union Territories are vulnerable to some disaster or the other. The cyclone in the state of Andhra Pradesh, of November 14 to 20, 1977, caused an estimated loss of 2,30,146 cattle and 3,44,056 other livestock, as against 8,515 human deaths. Similarly in Odisha cyclone (in India) during the 4th of June, 1982 there had been 11,468 cattle lost against 243 human deaths (loss of other animal are not being projected). Earthquake has comparatively less impact on animals; but in Uttarkashi earthquake (of India), 3100 cattle heads
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1990-91 33.75 LMT 2551 mill
2001-02 49.90 LMT 4223 mill
were lost as against 770 human lives. Between 1953-1990 we lost 1,02,905 cattle against 1532 human lives due to earthquakes. Disaster and Animals Several locations of the world are vulnerable to dangerous disaster with lot of earth quakes, floods etc., Every year, natural disasters challenge the lives of many, including those of animals. The weaker sections of the community and their livestock are usually highly affected by any disaster. Because in most developing countries sizable number of people largely depends on animals, for livelihood. It is apparent that even though animals are the main source of livelihood to the poorest of the poor, disaster management of animals do not figure anywhere in preparedness, mitigation or rehabilitation. Most people are not prepared for the arrival of a disaster, and once it strikes, they tend to get into panic mode and unknowingly neglect the presence of their livestock and pets, while trying to save their own lives. The weaker sections of the community and their livestock are usually highly affected by any disaster. Because in most developing countries sizable number of people largely depend on animals, for their livelihood. Role of animals in disaster management The Dogs can play a major role in all the components of disaster management in all developing countries. They are specifically used for search and rescue operations. Draught animals are the means of transport of injured and invalid people when no other mode of transport is possible and are also used for the clearance of debris in inaccessible areas. Livestock are movable assets of the farmer, which can be salvaged and used during response period or while victims live in shelters. Even in their death, food animals serve the community by providing material gains, with their hide, bone, lard and carcass. Damaged crops and grains unfit for human consumption can be used as animal feed and fodder. Animal Husbandry shall act as a source of livelihood for disaster victims and helps them to tide over their depression. During floods, duck rearing and fish farming help in clearing pests that can cause epidemics. Pigs and free living animals clear garbage & waste materials. Dogs (pets and community animals) keep wild animals and reptiles that stray into camps at bay. In war, a manmade disaster, animals play a key role in transport, reconnaissance, tracking, guarding, combat etc. Stray dogs consume discarded food, crows clear spoilt materials that is thrown around, vultures devour the dead animals, snakes control rodents and cats do the same. Disaster management plan for animals By considering the economic, political, social and environmental importance of animals and life system of the small holder who depend on them in the developing countries, one may have to consider animal disaster management. A disaster management plan for animals shall essentially include :(1) Epidemiological study: The epidemiological study includes, The epidemiological data collected from disaster areas are analysed and interpreted for some prediction Disaster mapping on the basis of incidence, frequency, magnitude, epicenter and vulnerable areas Herd profile: the total animal population (herd number), vulnerable animal population as per their species, breed, age, sex etc
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Community profile: Animals at risk; the nature of hazard, the intensity of impact and mortality rate (immediate or delayed). Risk factor analyses- is the analysis of type of risk (identification & analyses
(2) Action Plan: During any disaster, animals have to be rescued and gathered in relief camps, the immediate priority would be controlling & combating disease (3) Resources Planning: Assessment of available man power ie. Veterinary doctors, Paraveterinary staff and ancillary staff. Store and equipment include the medicine, surgical and medical appliances, diagnostics, life saving equipment etc. Logistical needs: that is the need for fuels, lighting equipment, tents, sheds, grass bedding, trolleys, material for sanitation, storage of feed and fodder and water. (4) Training Plan: Training veterinary personnel, paravets, attendants and other line Staff etc. Plan implementation include estimation of animals involved, damage assessment. One may make use of media to help locating remote areas where often organizers attention may not easily reach. Monitoring is a part of implementation. (5) Impact assessment of the past disasters, preparedness and mitigation measures Experience gained from similar hazards of nearby areas are positively helpful. This is especially useful in animal disaster management which is still in its infancy. (6) Post execution evaluation of plan Follow-up of disaster management especially that of animal management are valuable experience that need to be shared among disaster prone areas. Unfortunately this is not forthcoming. (7) Linking with allied agencies for uniformity in all regions is part of disaster management programme as unbiased and uniform measures help transparency and hence would instill confidence of the community in the system. DISPOSAL OF DEAD ANIMALS An important problem that has to be tackled during disaster management of animals is the disposal of the carcass. This poses serious threat during floods and cyclone, as the number of animals died would be enormous. Hence, it is necessary to create a consistent planning mechanism for animal carcass management during disasters to avoid further worsening of the situation due to zoonosis. The first priority of animal health officials in the aftermath of the natural disasters should be the collection and disposal of dead livestock and poultry following the strict biosecurity measures.
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Introduction to Animal Husbandry

Director of Distance Education, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai-51.
Dr D Thyagarajan,
Animal husbandry is an integral component of agriculture supporting livelihood of more than twothirds of the rural population. It is one of the rapidly expanding sectors, playing a significant role in the rural economy by providing gainful employment to a large number of small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers, raising their economic status. Livestock and Poultry population in India (2007) Species Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pigs Others (Rabbits, Horses, Ponies and Donkeys) Total livestock Total Poultry Benefits of livestock sector Livestock are components of systems with long term sustainability. For example, the keeping of livestock is essential for survival in divergent systems and on mountain ranges unsuitable for cropping. Animals are essential in sustaining crop yields in the infieldoutfield systems of India where dung and draught from wasteland grazing (outfields) are used for crop cultivation on the infields around the homesteads. In a more intricate way, animals help to sustain crop yields by increasing the rate of nutrient flows in the mixed croplivestock systems or by allowing farmers to include crops that fix atmospheric nitrogen, release phosphorus, or enhance soil organic matter. Contribution of Livestock sector Milk Production India ranks first in the world in milk production, which rose from 17 million tons in 1950-51 to around 127.9 million tons in 2011-12. The industry has been recording an annual growth of 4% during the period 1993-2005, which is almost 3 times the average growth rate of the dairy industry in the world. The per capita availability of milk has also increased from 112 gram in 1968-69 to 263 gram per day in 2009-10, which is lower than the worlds average of 285 grams per day. Population (in Million Nos.) 199.07 105.34 71.56 140.54 11.13 2.21 530.12 648.88
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Egg Production India produces 3.6 per cent of global egg production. The annual growth rate of egg is 8 percent. India has the lowest cost of egg production in the world at 2.55 US cents per egg. It is estimated that the egg production in the country is about 59.84 billion numbers (2009-10). The most notable growth among the livestock products has been recorded in eggs and poultry meat. Meat Production Meat production is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes (2012), standing in fifth rank in the worlds meat production. Buffalo contributes about 30% of the total meat production. The share of bovine meat in the total meat production in India is about 61 per cent against small ruminants (15 per cent), Pigs (10 per cent), poultry (13 per cent) and others (1 per cent). Livestock Farming Dairy farming Dairy cattle are reared for meat (called beef and veal), milk and leather and as draught animals (pulling carts, ploughing etc). The Indian subcontinent harbours a variety of cattle. Besides many nondescript breeds, there are 26 well-recognized cattle breeds in India and seven breeds of buffaloes. Some breeds of low producing animals are primarily used for the production of castrated bulls, which are used in agriculture, carting and transport. Buffalo is a multipurpose animal. It is a better source of milk than the cow; it also provides meat and works as a draught animal. The production of buffalo milk in the Asian-Pacific region exceeds 45 million tonnes annually, of which over 30 million tonnes are produced in India alone. Buffaloes are labour intensive and cost-effective. Housing for Dairy Cattle Improper planning in the arrangement of animal housing may result in additional labour charges and low productivity. During erection of a house for dairy cattle, care should be taken to provide comfortable accommodation for individual cattle. It is important to have proper sanitation, durability, arrangements, for the production of clean milk. Two types of dairy barns are in general use at the present time. The loose housing barn in combination with some type of milking barn or parlour. The conventional dairy barn
Floor space requirement for adult cattle and buffaloes is 3.5-4.0m2, bull and down calvers is 12 m2 and for young animals is 1.0-2.0 m2. Feeding management: New born calf should get enough of colostrums between 2 to 2.5 litters daily for the first three days. For calves below one year of age, it is always desirable to give sufficient concentrates in addition to good roughage. Feeding concentrate can be considerably reduced in the case of calves over one year of age fed on high quality roughage. A judicious mixture of roughage and concentrate are essential for obtaining optimum growth. Proper feeding of dairy cattle should envisage minimum wastage of nutrients and maximum returns in respect of milk produced. A concentrate mixture made up of protein supplements like oil cakes, energy sources such as cereal grains (maize, jowar), tapioca chips and fibre source such
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as brans (rice bran, wheat bran, gram husk) are generally used. Mineral mixture containing major and all the trace elements should be included at a level of two percent. Disease management Disease has been broadly defined, as any condition in which there is a deviation from health or normal functioning of any or all the tissues and organs of the animal body. Common diseases in dairy animals are anthrax, Black quarter or Black leg, Brucellosis, Calf Scours, Johnes disease, Haemorrhagic septicemia, Foot and Mouth disease, Tuberculosis, Babesiosis, Theileriasis, Trypanasomiasis and parasitic infestation and Mastitis etc. Goat Farming Goats are reared for milk and meat. Goat is a multi-functional animal and plays a significant role in the economy and nutrition of landless, small and marginal farmers. Goats can efficiently manage on available shrubs and trees in adverse harsh environment in low fertility lands. Goats have been an integral component of farming system and support a large rural population of landless and marginal farmers. Goat Breeds in India Goat is poor mans cow. Indigenous and Non descriptive and other graded goat breeds account for 26% and 74% respectively. There are 27 defined breeds under different Agro- climatic conditions. Goatproductionsystem of the country is highly diverse and has been broadly divided into four zones on the basis of agro-climatic conditions. Goats come under the species called Caprine. The male goat is called Buck and female is called Doe at 6 months of age. There is large genetic variability in goats. Tamil Nadu has three goat breeds of kanni Adu, Kodi Adu and Salem Black goat. These goat breeds are maintained in smallholder situation, integrated with crop farming. Other breeds in Tamil Nadu are Pallai Adu, Molai Adu and Sattai Adu and yet to be recognized. Housing It is enough if the goats are provided with a dry, comfortable, safe and secure place, free from worms, and affording protection from excessive heat and inclement weather. In Indian villages goats are mostly kept under widespread shady trees when the climate is dry. The kids are kept under large inverted baskets until they are old enough to run. Males and females are generally-kept together. Floor space requirement of adult sheep and goat is 1.0m2, for lamb and kid 0.4m2, and for Ram and buck 3.4m2. Feeding Goats are sensitive animals with peculiar feeding habits. They are fastidious about cleanliness and like frequent change in the feed. For this reason it is advisable to feed them in hay-racks or hang the feed in bundles from a peg in a wall or from a branch of a tree. In poor grazing condition animals may be supplemented with concentrate mixture at 150 350 g of concentrate / animal/day depending upon the age. Sheep Farming About five million households in the country are engaged in the rearing of small ruminants (sheep, goats and rabbits) and other allied activities. Tamil Nadu has been very generously endowed with sheep with its multitude of breeds and large population. The total sheep population in the state is 7.9 million
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(18th census). Sheep are generally located in arid zones having low rainfall which are poor in agriculture. Average wool yield of sheep is less than one kg per head per year. As for mutton, the average weight of Indian sheep varies from 25 to 30 kg. Breeds of sheep Sheep belongs to the Ovine species. India possesses 40 breeds of sheep out of which 24 are distinct. The sheep rearing tracts of India can be broadly divided into four, each being represented by different types of sheep. These are the temperate Himalayan region (Gaddi, Rampur, Bushair, Bhakarwal, Poonchi, Gurez, Kashmir Merino and Changathagi), the dry northern region (Chokla, Nali, Marwari, Magra, Jaisalmeri, Pungal, Malpura, Sonadi, Pattanwadi, Muzzafarnagri, Jalani and Hissardale ), the southern region (Deccani, Bellary, Nellore, Mandya, Hassan, Mecheri, Kilakarsal, Vembur, Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Ramnad white, Madras red, Trichy black and Kenguri ), and the eastern region (Chottanagpuri, Shahabadi, Balangir, Ganjam, Tibetan and Bonpala). Housing Management Normally sheep do not require elaborate housing facilities but minimum provisions will definitely increase productivity, especially protection against inclement weather conditions (sun, rain and winds) and predation. Exotic breeds should be provided 0.9-1.1 m2 and native and crossbred sheep 0.8-0.9m2 floor space per head Feeding Management It is an ingrained concept among sheep keepers that sheep can be exclusively maintained under grazing. There is no doubt, particularly with extensive systems of management, that the situation can be improved with increasing feed resources. Disease management of sheep and goat Goats in general are hardy and less prone to diseases. Common disease in sheep and goats are Enterotoxaemia, Anthrax, Johnes diseases, Brucellosis, mastitis, Foot and Mouth Diseases, sheep and goat pox, PPR , Blue tongue and internal and external parasite infestation, etc. Piggery Farming India has a population of about 11.034 million pigs, which is less than 1 % world population. Pig farming is adapted to both diversified and intensified agriculture. Pigs convert inedible feeds, forages, and certain grain by-products obtained from mills, meat by products, damaged feed and garbage into valuable high value foods. Pig grows fast and is a prolific breeder, farrowing 10-12 piglets at a time. It is capable of producing two litters per year under good management conditions. The carcass yield is high: 65 -80% of live weight. Housing of Pigs The house should give adequate protection against direct sunlight and rain. Pigs are sensitive to heat and cold. Concrete flooring is durable and easy to clean. Boars, pregnant and dry sows, gilts and growing pigs are usually kept in open yards with partially sheltered area. Farrowing sows are housed in completely enclosed houses or pens. Floor space requirement of boar 6.0-7.0 m2, farrowing sow 7.0-9.0 m2, sow/ gilt 1.8-2.7 m2.
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Feeding Management Pigs are monogastric animals and can utilize fibrous food only to a limited extent. Adult pigs can utilize fibrous food better than young stock. Fresh feed should be put for better feed efficiency. Pig rearing based on commercial pig feed is not economical and hence feeding based on swill is recommended. On an average, pig requires 4-8 kg swill per day. All categories of pigs can be given small quantity of fodder or may be sent to pasture. Disease of pig Pig diseases include Swine erysipelas, Hog cholera (Swine fever), Foot and Mouth disease, parasitic infestation and piglet anaemia. Rabbit Farming Rabbits are basically reared for meat, fur and wool. They have great potential to convert the absolute feed into quality food for human beings. Breed and description of rabbits The different breeds of rabbit are Soviet Chinchilla, Newzealand White and White Giant. Housing of Rabbit A good housing facility with adequate ventilation is important in rabbit house. Good house denotes proper cages or hutches and arrangement for feeding, watering and cleaning. There are several ways of housing rabbits. This depends on financial involvement and the climate of the place. In backyard rabbit farming locally available materials are used. Feeding Rabbits can be fed with high forage and low grain diet. Rabbits have high feed conversion efficiency with feed/grain rations (2.5-3.0 on high grain diet and 3.5-4.0 on high forage, grain free diet). Diseases of rabbits Myxomatosis, Pasteurellosis, Coccidiosis, Mucoid enteritis, Ear canker and Ring worm etc. Poultry Farming Chicken farming India has made considerable progress in layer and broiler production over the last three decades. With an annual output of 41.06 billion eggs and 1000 million broilers, India ranks fourth in the production of eggs and fifth in poultry broiler in the world. The broiler production has also sky rocketed at an annual growth rate of about 12 percent at present. Broiler is young chicken of either sex, which is reared primarily for meat purposes and marketed at an age of 6-8 weeks. The management of birds during 9-20 weeks or to the point of laying is referred to as grower period.The management of birds during 21-72 weeks of age for the purpose of laying eggs (egg production). Indian breeds and strains : Eg. Aseel (Fighting purpose), Chitlagong, Kadacknath (Resh is black in colour) Bursa, Naked Neck etc. Commercial Broiler strains: Eg. Cobb, Hubbard, Lohman, Anak 2000, Avian -34, Starbra, Sam rat etc.
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Commercial Layer Strains: Eg.BV-300, Bowans, Hyline, H & N nick, Dekalb Lohman etc. Basically two systems are commonly followed in our country 1. Cage system 2. Deep litter system I.Cage system: The cage system of rearing birds has been considered as a super intensive system providing floor area of 450-525 sq.cm. (0.6-0.75 sq.feet) per bird. In cage the birds are kept in one, two or three per cage, arranged in single or double or triple rows.
II. Deep litter system: Deep litter system is commonly used all over the world.
Backyard Poultry Units The main breeds of backyard poultry are Kalinga Brown, Mumbai Desi, Rhode Island Red and CARI Nirbheek. The methods of rearing chicken in the backyard differ greatly from place to place. Though the housing conditions are almost adequate, proper attention to feeding is practically not given. Also the production potential of desi flocks in such units may be greatly improved by introducing exotic breed. Feeding of Poultry Feeding is a major expenditure (60-70%) in poultry. More than 40 nutrients are required by the poultry. Japanese quail Farming The quails are small, plump terrestrial birds. Varieties Japanese quail and Bobwhite quails are the domesticated varieties of quail. Japanese quails are hardy, grow faster, have a short generation interval and is precocious. The meat is a delicacy. Specific lines developed for egg productions as well as meat production are available. Housing Management The floor space suggested is 75 cm2/chick under the hover and 75 cm2/chick as run space. The brooder temperature recommended is 100F at the beginning and this should be reduced at 5F per week until the chicks are 4 weeks of age, by which time the quails would have grown their feathers very well. During brooding, water should be given in shallow dishes filled with marbles or pebbles to prevent quail chicks from drowning. The marbles or pebbles can be removed when the chicks are about 2 weeks of age. Turkey Farming Turkeys are kept mainly for meat. Males are heavier than females. Mature males of all varieties have conspicuous black beards attached to the skin of the upper region. Dewbill or snood, a fleshy protuberance near the base of the beak, is relatively large, plump and elastic in males. It is relatively small, thin and non-elastic in females. In natural mating, a male female ratio of 1:5 is desirable. The average age at first egg is around 26 weeks.
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Varieties of Turkeys Turkeys are not classified into breeds, however seven standard varieties are available, Bronze, White Holland, Bourbon red, Narragansett, Black, Slate, Beltsville. Broad Breasted Bronze, Broad Breasted Large White and Beltsville Small White varieties are common in India. Rearing system Turkeys can be reared under free range or intensive system. Feeding Poults need to be force-fed for the first few days. Feed must be kept under bright light. Sometimes it may be necessary to put coloured marbles in feed and water to attract the turkey poults. As readymade feed for turkey is not available in the market, readymade broiler feed is given, as turkeys need high protein diet. Duck Rearing Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, mostly smaller than their relatives the swans and geese, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water. Most ducks have a wide flat beak adapted for dredging. They exploit a variety of food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluses.
Breeds
Khaki campbell for egg production and White pekin for meat are the other popular breeds. Housing Ducks do not require elaborate houses. Under semi-intensive system the house should have easy access to outside run as the ducks prefer to be outdoors during the day time and even during winter or rains. Generally the proportion of night shelter to outside run is 1/4:3/4. Disease management in poultry Most economically important diseases of poultry are infectious and contagious. Common diseases are Colibacillosis, Fowl Cholera, Infectious Coryza, salmonellosis, Fowl Typhoid, Chronic Respiratory Disease, Avian Influenza, Fowl pox, Infectious bronchitis, Bursal Disease, Infectious Laryngotrachetis, Mareks Disease, Aspergillosis, Coccidiosis, parasitic infestation etc. To conclude livestock are a natural capital that can act as living banks with offsprings as interest. It provides nutrient-rich food products such as milk, meat, egg, draught power, dung as organic manure and domestic fuel, hides and skin, and is a regular source of cash income for rural households.
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Session TWo: BodY PaRts, BodY Functions & Animal BehaviouR

Basic Body Points (Anatomy) of Domestic Animals (External Features)
Professor, Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600007.
S.Usha Kumary
Every species in the animal kingdom has its own anatomical features in both internally and externally. Basic morphological differences among the domestic animals are discussed in this chapter. MOUTH: Mouth designates not only the cavity and its walls but also the accessory structures that project (teeth, tongue) and drain into it. The mouth has as its main functions the prehension, mastication and insalivations of food. It may also play a role in aggression and defence. Diet and feeding habits also determine the form of the lips. In some species, such as the horse, the lips are employed in collecting food and introducing it to the mouth for this purpose they may be both sensitive and mobile. When other parts are more important in prehension the lips can be less mobile and reduced in size (eg: Cat). Lips of dog are extensive but thin and although they can be drawn back from the teeth .Lip posture is an important factor in communication in this species and can signal aggressive intent or submission. Modifications of the upper lip are more frequent. The extensive moist and glandular nasolabial plate of the ox and the rostral disc of the pig (snout) are good examples of this. The area of modified skin is often much narrower and may be divided by a median groove (Philtrum) as in the dog. A striking peculiarity in ruminants (cattle, sheep and goat) is dental pad, a tough but yielding cushion in the position generally occupied by upper incisors. Their dental pad acts as a counter part to the lower incisors in grazing. TEETH: Upper incisors are absent in cattle and small ruminants like sheep and goat .Canines are also not present in these animals. Canines are well developed in dog to inflict a deep wound. Dental tissues of canine teeth of pig continuously grow and they are with curved form allowing them to assume a very striking form particularly older boars .They are also called as tusks. NOSE: The form and size of the nostrils, their orientation and the nature of the surroundings integument all show considerable species differences. The integument around the nostrils is naked and sharply demarcated from the unmodified skin in all domestic species other than the horse. The nostril is round in the pig, but in most other species it is prolonged laterally by a slitlike extension. The form of the nostril may be altered, principally by raising the lateral wing, achieved by certain facial muscles. These changes can be very pronounced in the horse. EYE: The eye, the organ of vision, consists of the eyeball and various adnexa-accessory structures such as the ocular muscles that move the eyeball, the lids that protect it, and the lacrimal apparatus that keeps its exposed parts moist. The eyes of the domestic mammals protrude more from the surface of the face than do those of primates. Their position in the head is related to the animal environment habits
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and the method of feeding. In general, predatory species (cat, dog) have eyes set well forward whereas those that is the hunted (herbivores horse, ruminants and rabbits) carry their eyes more laterally. The former position of the eyes provides a large field of binocular vision. The eyes of many animals shine at night because of a peculiar mirror (tapetum lucidum), on the retina at the back of the eyeball, which reflects light; so that a cats eyes have a green glare .Pigs do not have the particular structure. In most mammals, the pupil of the eye is round but in many of the flesh- eaters such as the domestic cat, it becomes a vertical slit .In the eyes of the kangaroo and some hoofed animals, notably the goat and sheep, the pupil is a horizontal slit. EAR: The external ear consists of two parts the auricle and the external acoustic meatus. The auricle or external pinna is shaped like a funnel distally it is wide open to receive the sound and more proximally it is rolled upto form a tube that bends medially for connection with the external acoustic meatus. The auricle can be turned toward the source of sound: right and left auricles can move independently so that each can focus on separate sounds. The animal does not have to turn its head as we with our immobile ears are obliged to do. In dogs the cartilage is relatively soft, allowing the auricle to collapse: even so most dogs can prick their ears and make them turn when attention to sound requires it. HORN: The horns of domestic ruminants have osseous bases provided by the cornual processes of the frontal bones. Their shape is strongly characteristic of the breed and reflects the shape and size of the cornual process. Horn glands or musk glands are present in goats of both sexes in the horn base. They are larger and more productive in the breeding season those of males, stimulated by testosterone. They produce a secretion with an odour so pungent. HAIR: In most species a thick hair coat is spread over the body except about the mouth, and on the surfaces of the feet. But, in pigs, the covering is sparse. Wool hairs provide the soft under coat in sheep. A special sort of cutaneous sense is mediated by tactile hairs. They are long protruding from the head and are substantially thicker than the hairs forming hair coat. Cats whiskers are good examples but all domestic animals have them principally in their muzzles and eyes. The mane is the hair that grows from the top of the neck of a horse or other equine, reaching from the poll to the withers, and includes the forelock or foretop. It is thicker and coarser than the rest of the horses coat, and naturally grows to roughly cover the neck.
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Sweat glands: The horse is an obvious exception to the general statement since it not only sweats abundantly but also produces an especially albuminous sweat that froths when worked by movement of the skin and coat (lathering up). Among domestic species, dogs and cats sweat least although the skin of short haired individuals sometimes feels moist. Wattles: Both male and female goats have beards, and many types of goat may have wattles. Wattles or tassels are often suspended from the throat region in goats are cylindrical skin appendages and their significance is unknown. Foot pads: Foot pads are the cushions on which animal walk. They are covered by a naked dense cornified epidermis. Foot pads are best developed in dog and cat. Claws: Claw is a curved, pointed appendage, found at the end of a toe or finger. Claws are used to catch and hold prey in carnivorous mammals such as cats and dogs, but may also be used for such purposes as digging, climbing trees, self- defense, and grooming. TAIL: Tail of animals is made up of small bones called as coccygeal vertebrae. These bones are covered by thin muscles and skin. Blow by the tail of cattle will cause severe pain because of the bones. Hair in the tail of cattle is known as switch which will be seen at the end tail. The tail of the horse and other equines consists of two parts, the dock and the skirt. The dock consists of the muscles and skin covering the coccygeal vertebrae. The term skirt refers to the long hairs that fall below the dock. On a horse, long, thick tail hairs begin to grow at the base of the tail, and grow along the top and sides of the dock Pig has 20 coccygeal verterbra, of which last15 or so form curly tail. Some breeds of sheep and goats look similar, but goat tails are short and usually point up, whereas sheep tails hang down and are usually longer and bigger Limbs: Limb musculature is heavy in cattle and horse. Special structure called check ligament help horses to stand for longer duration. Special ligament called pubio femoral ligament in the hip joint of horse prevent side kicking. So, it is safe to stand on the side of horse. Digits: Ruminants have two digits and two dewclaws per limb whereas horse has
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only one digit per limb. In horse, rudimentary metacarpal and meta tarsal pads, ergots, embedded in a tuft of hairs behind the fetlock joint. In horse, vestigeal carpal or tarsal pads are present (chestnut). Dogs have five digits in forelimb and four digits in hind limb. Pigs have two chief digits and two accessory digits per limb. Testes: Testes are sperm producing organs which vary in size and position among the domestic species. They are small in cats but impressively large in sheep and goats. Their orientation also varies. They are carried with their long axes vertical in ruminants (necessitating a deep and pendulous scrotum), horizontal in horses and dogs and tilted toward the anus in pigs and cats. Penis: It is the male copulatory organ. In dog, glans penis (tip of Penis) contains a bone, namely os penis. In sheep and goats, a free thin filamentous urethral process is present. Mammary gland: They are milk secreting glands in female animals. There are generally five pairs of mammary gland in dogs where as cats have normally four pairs. In dog, two pairs will be in thoracic; next two in abdominal and last pair is inguinal in position. Pigs have mostly seven pairs of mammary glands. Four mammary glands of the cow are consolidated in a single mass, which is called as the udder and has four teats. Sheep, goat and horse have only two teats.
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Alterations in Physiological Functions of Animal Body During Disasters

Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai 600 007
Dr.K.Loganathasamy,
Natural disasters such as floods, draughts, extreme heat and cold waves, windstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes, tsunamis, thunderstorms and lightning, landslides, earthquakes, volcanoes, wild fire and space weather affect thousands of people and animal every year. Certain things can be prepared for the unexpected situations, such as assembling a supply kit and developing a family emergency plan, are the same for all types of hazards. However each emergency is unique and knowing the actions to take for each threat will impact the specific decisions and preparations. By learning about consequences of specific threats, suitable management plan can be taken to react in an emergency. In all types of natural disasters, the following environmental variables/climatic elements are severely subjected to change. They are1) Atmospheric temperature 2) Relative humidity 3) Wind 4) Rainfall 5) Radiation 6) Light and 7) Atmospheric pressure. Floods - Change in environmental variables High rainfall Low temperature High humidity High temperature High humidity High wind velocity High wind velocity Low temperature High humidity Alteration in light intensity
Draught - Change in environmental variables
Windstorm, hurricane and tornadoes - Change in environmental variables Tsunamis - Change in environmental variables
Thunderstorms and lightning - Change in environmental variables Landslides, earthquakes, volcanoes, wild fire and space weather - Change in environmental variables High radiation
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High temperature High humidity High altitude (Hills and Mountains) -Low atmospheric pressure Low altitude (Deep Sea) -High atmospheric pressure
Altitude change - Change in environmental variables
Effects of environmental variables on physiological functions in animals Air Temperature: The air temperature surrounding an animals body is important to its comfort and functioning of physiological processes. Heat normally passes by conduction from warm skin to the cooler air around it. As the air temperature rises above the comfort zone, the heat loss decreases and when air temperature exceeds skin temperature, heat will flow in reverse direction. This is a serious problem in hot, dry areas. When air temperature is lower than 5 C, heat flow from the animals body is accelerated leading to discomfort and lowered performance. Animal may also be heated or cooled by temperature of objects in the surroundings. Most important is the heat from the ground. In dry soil, by mid afternoon, ground surface temperature may go >40C and after sunset, the ground soil cools rapidly. Green vegetation or moist soils heat more slowly; speed, duration and source of wind affect air temperature. If an animal is grazing in a field where the temperature of air is 25 C, it will not experience discomfort, but by mid afternoon, if wind comes from passing over dry land whose temperature is 40 C, the animals heat load will be markedly increased. Altitudes also influence air temperature, which decreases by 0.65C/ 100m elevations. Air temperatures are measured as maximum and minimum and mean daily (average of these, two) temperatures. If the difference of maximum and minimum temperature is 8C but if the minimum is above 24 C, the animal is under heat stress for the entire 24-hour period; if the temperature difference is 22C or more, it indicates lower night temperature, which can allow the animal to restore thermal balance. Atmospheric Humidity It indicates water vapor content or humidity of air, rate of cooling by evaporation from skin and respiratory tract depends upon the humidity of air. Low humidity helps in rapid evaporation (sometimes lead to dehydration). In high humidity, evaporation is slow and reduces heat loss, thereby endangering the animals heat balance. Heat retention in hot humid climate is more acute than excessive water in hot dry climates. High humidity is conducive to diseases, lowers feed quality, and enhances mineral deficiency. In warm humid areas when air temperature is above 21C and relative humidity above 60%, it becomes difficult for the livestock to loose heat. In dry areas when temperature is above 32C with high wind velocity and low humidity (< 20%), it is hazardous for animals due to dehydration problem. Atmospheric humidity is expressed as relative humidity (RH), which is the ratio between the amount of water vapor present in air and the amount it would hold if saturated at the same temperature. The RH does not indicate the ability of the atmosphere to accept water vapor given out from the skin and the lungs of animals. Vapor pressure indicates the concentration of water vapor in the air and it is expressed as the fraction of total barometric pressure contributed by gaseous water
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vapor; it is a better measure of humidity because it gives a precise estimation of water content of the atmosphere. The RH can be measured directly with a hygrothermograph or indirectly as wet bulb or dew point temperature. Vapor pressure can be determined from meteorological tables using air temperature and wet bulb, dew point or RH. Dew point is the temperature at which the air could be saturated by the amount of water present in it. Daily maximum RH occurs in the early morning hours and minimum in the early afternoon; however the vapor pressure may be constant throughout the day. Wind movement The rate of air movement over the skin of an animal affects heat loss; increased airflow enhances heat loss by evaporation when moisture is present on the skin, but with low moisture, the effect on the animal is limited. At temperature of < 29C, faster air movement enhances heat loss; at temperature of > 29C the reverse is true i.e. there will be heat gain. Air movement aids in heat loss from the skin by conduction when air temperature is lower than skin temperature; when the air temperature is higher than skin temperature, there will be heat gain from the surrounding. Airflow is described as directional or turbulent (rotational). In hot dry area, air flows around 8 kmph or less during the day does not result in drying and heating the animal body. However, in hot dry climate, the rate of air movement is high, which requires providing protection. Airflow rates of 8 to 20 kmph do not produce serious problems. During dust storms of several days, sheep avoid grazing. Measurement: Wind vane is used to find wind direction and anemometer is used to measure the force of wind. Rainfall: Rainfall influences the livestock indirectly by influencing the food supplies. The amount of rainfall, its duration and condition of the soil all influences the amount of water going to the subsoil. The soil moisture available for crop production depends on total annual rainfall, its seasonal distribution, and intensity, condition of the soil, vegetation cover and rate of evapo-transpiration. The seasonal rainfall pattern determines the amount of feed that can be produced, grazing practice to be employed, and requirement for storage and type of feed preservation system to be followed. In heavy rainfall season, water content of the forage is increased, which limits nutrient availability to the animal. Rainfall also has direct effects on livestock; it helps in heat dissipation but interfere with feeding and health. Animals cease to graze during rain. In hot environment, rainwater may be trapped by the hair coat, which will reduce thermal stress. Rainfall increases humidity. Sheep can thrive in hot, dry climate but hot, wet climate limits sheep husbandry. Measurement: Rain gauge is used to measure rainfall. Day to day levels may vary within a small area due to movement of clouds, but monthly of annual totals are reliable for determining patterns of rainfall over a wide area. Radiant energy: Radiation from the sun, sky and the surroundings add to the animals heat load. Providing shades or shelters that cut off the direct solar energy can reduce it. An animal in the open field is exposed to (1)
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direct solar radiation from the sun, part of which is reflected according to color and proportion of coat and the remainder is absorbed as heat (2) solar radiation reflected from clouds and other particles in sky, part of which is reflected by hair coat (3) solar radiation reflected from the ground and surrounding objects; the first two contributes 50 % of heat load and the third contributes the remainder. The level of radiant energy is negatively correlated with humidity but positively correlated with maximum temperature. White surface reflects high proportion of visible radiation but little of long infrared; polished aluminum reflects very little of both and absorbs most of the heat. Longer wavelengths are absorbed through skin. The energy of radiation absorbed by the animals body is changed into heat, raising the temperature of the animal. Measurement of the source of radiation and the amount of radiation absorbed or reflected by the animal are complex process. When the sun is overhead in a clear sky radiation is high; the surface area of the animal presented to radiation varies among species. At noon, in man only a little more than the head is exposed. Due to posture, the greatest surface area exposed in man is between 8 A.M and 10 A.M.; in sheep it is from 10 A.M. to 12 noon. The intensity of radiation decreases with angle of the sun; thus man receives less direct radiation during a day than a sheep or cow. Measurement; Approximate estimate of the total radiation exchange of an animal exposed to a particular environment is by using Black Globe Thermometer, which is a sphere fitted with a thermometer, thermistor or thermocouple for recording temperature. The black globe temperature is about 6 C above atmospheric temperature and it is used to estimate the rate of heat gain by the animal in a particular environment. For 6 to 12 months in a year in N-S 30 C latitudes, the intensity of direct and reflected radiation results in the animal receiving a significant amount of heat for 5 - 10 hours/day. The radiant heat load is the greatest in the afternoon when the ground radiation and air temperature are high. But the duration of stress period from the radiant energy may extend beyond the day light hours. The animals body absorbs all the radiation coming from infrared radiation irrespective of skin color or hair coat. On the short-wave (visible) radiation, hair and skin surfaces affect reflectivity depending on the color. The type of instrument used for measuring radiation depends up on the kind of radiation to be measured - ultraviolet, visible, and infrared or total radiation. Two groups of instruments can be used (1) those dealing with the intensity of direct solar radiation and some of the reflected radiation (2) those dealing with ail the three components - direct, reflected and thermal radiation. Light: The period of light during the day is called photoperiod; it is the time between sunrise to sunset. Photoperiod varies with latitude and season and it is relates to the path of sun. Length of photoperiod near the equator varies only by few minutes; by 2 hours at latitude 30 and by 19 hours at latitude 60. The eyes in mammals and eyes and skull in poultry perceive photoperiod. The information is relayed to the hypothalamus and pineal visa superior cervical ganglion; the pineal encodes this information by producing more melatonin in dark than in light (circadian rhythm). Light intensity is measured by lux meter. Atmospheric pressure High altitude: High altitude refers to a height of 7500ft or more above the sea level. Animals living at this altitude suffer from a condition known as mountain sickness. The symptoms seen are distress and generalized fatigue, disturbances in the circulatory, respiratory and reproductive systems and acid
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base balance disturbances. Circulatory disturbances: Increase in blood volume, erythrocyte count (polycythemia) Increased heart rate and decrease in haemoglobin -02 saturation (73%), increased viscosity of the blood- heart has to pump very hard, decreased cardiac output. Increased rate and depth of respiration. In extreme altitudes Cheyne-stokes breathing is noticed. Acid-base disturbances Decreased C02 level in blood with increase in pH. Reproductive disturbances Generally in females fertility is not affected. Sheep are less susceptible to high altitude than cattle. Horses are more susceptible. Mules are best adapted to high altitude In rabbits and eats male reproduction is affected i.e., testicles become atrophied and germinal epithelium is replaced by connective tissue and spermatogenesis is inhibited. This process can be reversed if these animals are brought back. Species specific symptoms at high altitude:
Respiratory disturbances:
Dogs: more affected with mountain sickness, symptoms include sleepiness, vomiting, labored breathing, muscle weakness and unable to stand. These symptoms are reversed after acclimatization at high altitude. Cattle: Brisket disease (Right heart failure) Lower altitude The physiological changes at lower altitude occur in under water diving, in mines and in tunnels. There is high pressure in lower altitude and is called as hyperbarism. Physiological effects of hyperbarism Building up of C02, the levels may go up to 3% and in extreme cases may go up to 10%. This high level acts directly on the brain and causes narcosis leading to unconsciousness. 02 supply to tissues is reduced due to low atmospheric 52 content. High pressure on the body especially on the thorax. More of N2 gets dissolved in the blood, which acts at brain level leading to nitrogen narcosis. Initially there will be convulsions with seizures finally causing unconsciousness. This condition is seen when animals are taken from lower altitude to a higher altitude. Dysbarism
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Decompression sickness or dysbarism
is also known as Bends, Caissons disease and Divers paralysis. This is mainly caused by N2. .When the animals ascend to high altitude, N2 escapes from the dissolved state in the blood by forming bubblessmall N2 bubbles cause pain and nerve block where as large bubbles cause air embolism, pulmonary edema and brain damage. Bends is a condition of joint pain usually in the legs, arm and neck region. Measurement: Aneroid barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure. Conclusion Climate change cannot be totally avoided. Anticipatory and precautionary adaptation is more effective and less costly than forced, last minute, emergency adaptation or retrofitting. Climate change may be more rapid and more pronounced than current estimates suggest. Unexpected events are possible. Immediate benefits can be gained from better adaptation to climate variability and extreme atmospheric events by removing maladaptive policies and practices. Mitigationefforts should attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether, or to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur. The mitigation phase differs from the other phases because it focuses on long-term measures for reducing or eliminating risk. The implementation of mitigation strategies can be considered as part of the recovery process if applied after a disaster.
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Animal Needs and Behaviour

Assistant Professor, Department of Livestock Production and Management, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-7
Dr A Yasotha
Animal behaviour is the reaction of animals to certain stimuli or the manner in which they react to their environment. The study of farm animal behaviour has made major contributions in identifying and helping to solve some of the key problems in the welfare of farm animals, including cattle during disaster. Knowledge and observations of animal behaviour can both help to establish input-based welfare criteria and also serve as outcome-based criteria to protect the animals from disaster. Animal needs: A close look at animal during the recent disaster event particularly tsunami there is a revelation in terms of early warning signs of danger. Surprisingly, while the giant waves killed over 30,000 people along the Indian Ocean Islands` coast, they seemingly missed wild beasts. Wildlife officials in Sri Lanka reported that no elephants died. There was not even a dead hare or rabbit. There were no reports of animal carcasses. It seems, animals could somehow sense impending disaster. Both wild and domestic animals seemed to know what was about to happen and fled to safety. Along Indias Cuddalore coast in Tamil Nadu, where thousands of people perished, buffaloes, goats, and dogs were found unharmed. Flamingos that breed this time of year at the Point Calimere wildlife sanctuary in lndia also flew to higher ground beforehand.In deep, open-ocean water, tsunami waves are often less than a meter high and can travel at speeds up to 1,000 kilometers per Hour. Eyewitness accounts cite several events that happened just before There is anecdotal evidence the tsunami broke. These include elephants trumpeting and running about dogs barking or birds towards higher ground, dogs refusing to go outdoors, zoo animals rushing migrating before humans into their shelters, bats frantically flying away etc. Perhaps this instinct can sense the disaster. and attention to nature`s warning signals is what saved the indigenous peoples on the Andaman & Nicobar Islands from the wrath of the tsunami as they fled for safety at the first indications. Wildlife experts believe the more acute hearing (and other senses) of animals might enable them to hear or feel the Earth`s vibration, alerting them about approaching disaster long before humans can sense it. There is anecdotal evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. According to some scientists, research on both acoustic and seismic communication indicates that elephants can easily pick up vibrations generated from the massive earthquake tsunami. In Japan, where devastation due to earthquakes has taken countless lives and caused enormous damage to property, researchers have long studied animals in hopes of discovering what they hear or feel before the earth shakes. They hope that animals may be used as a prediction tool. However, the United States Geological Survey (USGS), a Chinese have long noted a government agency that provides scientific information about the strong correlation between Earth, says a reproducible connection between a specific behaviour irregular animal behaviour and and the occurrence of a quake has never been made. Authorities in subsequent seismic activity. Liaoning were successfully forecast an earthquake on 4 February l975, partially based on odd animal activity before the event. Although behavioural changes in animals
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could occur due to a variety of reasons, it would not be such a bad idea to look out for behaviour deviant from normal. It could just be enough to save the lives of those living near disaster-prone regions. Animal Clues Some animal signs that may help you look out for impending danger: Wild animals vacate areas and/or gather in groups. Wild animals that normally avoid humans voluntarily come in close contact with them, sometimes entering into dwellings or barns. Fishing improves in the local area and unusual (seabed) species are netted. Zoo and oceanarium animals will try to escape, and/or refuse to be confined. Cats will be jumpy. Warning signs such as hiding, running around frantically trying to escape to the outside, hanging on screens and meowing, or behaviour unusual for the pet should be heeded. Pacing, hissing, or growling can also be visible signs to look out for. Dogs will usually not hide. Behaviour exhibited before quake activity includes howling, whining, barking, restlessness, aggression, and increased devotion to owners. They will usually run around, and can bolt through gates, windows, or doors, or stick to you like glue. Some dogs will become more protective or aggressive while others will be fearful or act dejected. Hoofed animals, such as horses and livestock, often refuse to enter their barns or pens and often refuse to be tied. They tend to group together in open areas, act nervous, or pace restlessly. Caged birds may flap frantically or become abnormally quiet. . Breeding birds will often abandon their eggs or discard them. Some other unusual changes are that hibernating animals will emerge early (snakes, bears, etc.); spiders and ants will move indoors; Rodents will invade the house or if they are in residence will disappear; wild birds become quiet or are not visible.
{Source: author Diana L. Guerreros, animal disaster preparedness booklet} What is meant by animal environment? What factors are involved in environmental control? Environment may be defined as all the conditions, circumstances and influences surrounding and affecting the production, growth and development of animals. The branch of science concerned with the relation of living things to their environment and to each other is known as ecology. Livestock Producer especially Sheep and goat producers in this country are little concerned with the effect of environment on their animals since they resort to uncontrolled grazing on pastures or ranges. But rising feed, land and labour costs, along with concentration of animals into smaller areas due to increasing colonization and everenhanced demand for food for exploding human population is going to change all this in near future. In sheep, goats and other animals, environmental control involves space requirements, light, air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, wet bedding, ammonia buildup, odours and manure
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disposal. Control or modification of these factors offers possibilities for improving animal performance. In the present era, pollution control should be the most important requisite in locating a new livestock establishment or in continuing an old one. The location should be such as to avoid 1) complaints from neighbours about odours, insects and dust, and 2) pollution of surface and underground water. In addition, feed and nutrition, weather, health and stress are environmental factors of special importance and they should be considered in any discussion on animal behaviour. Significance of applied animal behaviour- Illustration with example Knowledge and understanding of behaviour must be put into practice to be of value. Livestock producers must make practical applications of animal behaviour e.g. training and adaptation. Training and Adaptation: Early training and experience are extremely important. In general, young animals learn more quickly and easily than adults do; hence, advance preparation for adult life will pay handsomely. The optimum time for such training varies according to species. Furthermore, stress can be reduced or avoided largely if animals proceed through a graduated sequence of events leading to an otherwise bitter experience. Behavioural Indicators of Fear Injurious behaviours are fairly straightforward signs of poor welfare. Other behavioural indicators of poor welfare are more indirect in that the behaviour can only be taken as a sign of some problem. For example, cattle in pain or frightened may express this in some way in their behaviour, and these behaviours would be a sign of poor welfare. The behavioural responses that animals make in any fearful situation will reflect the relative strength of a mix of different unfortunately, it is often assumed that behavioural responses to pain or fear can be easily recorded, and often purported behavioural signs of pain or fear are not validated. The main points that we wish to make can be summarized as follows: 1. The control of the behaviour of animals in response to frightening situations is complex and we cannot interpret behavioural responses, nor use them as indicators of fear, until we understand the underlying causes of the behaviour. This understanding can come from investigating the motivational controls on the behaviour. Behavioural responses to frightening situations are derived in part from predator avoidance behaviours, and studies on the functional significance of these behaviours can help us understand how animals respond under fear. Because the behavioural responses that animals make when frightened are done to help them deal with the situation, the types of responses are often specific to the particular source of the fear. Thus, there may not be general behavioural responses that animals will perform in response to fear, regardless of the specific cause of the fear.
2.
3.
Increasing fear
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The graph indicates that Vigilance is an important part of anti-predator behaviour of many prey species, increasing the chance that predators will be detected. Cattle are more vigilant in the presence of a dog than in the presence of a person. Cattle are also more vigilant in the presence of a handler who has handled them aversively compared to an unfamiliar person, or a person who has handled them gently. These results support the idea that measures of vigilance can be used to measure the degree of fearfulness of cattle (From results presented in Welp et al., 2004.) Communication and various modes of communication between animals Communication involves a signal by one sheep/goat, which upon being received by another sheep /goat influences its behaviour. Communication between sheep and between goats may be via sound, smell, touch and/or vision.
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Sound: Typically, if an ewe or doe is separated from her lamb or kid, both animals baa or bleat until they are reunited. Also, a sheep or goat will baa or bleat when separated from the flock. During the breeding season, rams and bucks will produce courting grunts as they approach females and ewes and does demonstrate an increase in nonspecific bleats during courting. Ewes frequently produce a low m-m-m when caring for their newborn lambs. A doe can identify her kid(s) by its voice after it is about 4 days old. Smell: Initially, it is primarily the sense of smell that ewes and does employ to find their young. Rams use smell to locate females that are in heat. The buck odour elicits oestrus behaviour in does. Touch: As part of the courting behaviour, ewes will rub against rams and rams will rub against ewes, paw them, bite their wool and nose them. While suckling, lambs nudge the udders with their noses. Goats will also show nuzzling behaviour during courtship. Vision: Sheep use vision to maintain contact with other members of the flock. As a flock grazes, each individual throws up its head at intervals, presumably to respond to the position of other members. Vision is also important for mother-offspring recognition in both sheep and goats. Interspecies relationships Social relationships are normally formed between members of the same species. However, they can be developed between two different species. In domestication this tendency is important because it permits several species to be kept together in the same pasture or a paddock and because of the close relationship that exists between people and animals. Such interspecies relationships can be produced artificially, generally by taking advantage of the maternal instinct of females and using them as foster mothers. For example, goats can be used to raise orphaned lambs. Leader-follower relationships Leader-follower relationships are particularly strong in sheep, for lambs follow their mothers from birth. In a naturally formed flock of sheep, the oldest ewes lead, followed immediately by their young lambs. Each is followed less closely by her descendents, with the females followed by their own lambs. Thus, the leader in the flocks is usually the oldest ewe with the largest number of descendents. This type of relationship is broken up in flocks where unrelated animals are brought together. Leadership in goats does not seem to be as established as that in sheep. Some leadership order is noted, but it is less likely to be closely related to age. Social behaviour and social organization Social behaviour is any behaviour caused by or affecting another animal usually of the same species, but also, in some cases, of another species. Social organization may be defined as an aggregation of individuals into a well-integrated and self-consistent group in which the unity is based upon the interdependence of the separate organisms and upon their responses to one another Importance of social structure in a flock The social structure in the flock is of great practical importance. Studies have shown that a group of sheep or goats of a single breed together in a pasture develop a flock or group identity so strong that when other sheep or goats of even the same age and sex are added to the pasture, it takes several weeks
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before the two groups integrate. Moreover, in a large pasture containing sheep or goats of several breeds, each breed may use different parts or areas and may never mix. When we restrict or confine animals and force them into spaces that bring them within the individual distance, we immediately create stress throughout the flock. Thereupon the dominants have to pay more attention to maintain their dominance and to protect their own field of territory. They will have to be more aggressive in their reactions. The subservients become far more nervous and their nervousness spreads throughout the flock Injurious Behaviours The least controversial behavioural indicator is one that results in injury. In cattle, the most obvious example of this is aggressive behaviour, or a behaviour known as bulling. Bulling is the term used to refer to cases when one or more animals repeatedly mount other animals. Bullers, which, ungrammatically, are the animals being mounted, can suffer from obvious injury and bruising and appear more likely to become sick and die from respiratory disease (Taylor et al., 1997b). Such behaviours are a clear threat to the welfare of the recipient animals, so measures of their occurrence are useful in assessing animal welfare. Abnormal Behaviour Cattle, especially calves, show a variety of sucking, licking, nibbling, and tonguerelated behaviours that are often considered abnormal and have figured prominently in attempts to assess welfare Stereotypic Tongue Rolling The most common stereotypic behaviour among adult cattle is tongue rolling, This behaviour occurs in association with bar biting and licking parts of the pen or stall equipment such as metal bars or chains. Tongue rolling is also seen in young calves (Redbo, 1998) and fattening bulls, where the incidence also can be high. Providing calves with objects that they can manipulate orally, such as a piece of rubber tire or a chain, reduces tongue rolling. Behavioural norms of sheep and goats The sheep and the goat producers need to be aware of the behavioural norms of sheep and goats in order to detect and treat abnormal situations especially illness. Many sicknesses are first suspected because of some change in behaviour such as loss of appetite (anorexia), listlessness, laboured breathing, straining to urinate or defaecate, unusual posture, reluctant or unusual movement, persistent rubbing or licking and altered social behaviour e.g. one animal leaving the flock and going off by itself. They are among the useful diagnostic tools. Given below are some of the signs of good health: contentment, normal feed intake, bright
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eyes and pink membranes, alertness, dense, clean, bright fleece or hair and pliable, elastic skin, normal face es and urine, no abnormal secretions from eyes, nose, mouth, normal temperature (102.3F/39.1C for sheep and 102F/39.0C for goats), normal heart rate (70 to 80 beats per minute for both sheep and goats), and normal respiration rate (12 to 20 breaths per minute for both sheep and goats). Abnormal behaviour in small ruminants. Abnormal behaviour of farm animals is not fully understood. However, studies of captured wild animals have demonstrated that when the amount and quality, including variability of the surroundings of an animal are reduced, there is an increased probability that abnormal behaviour will develop. Also, it is recognized that confinement of animals creates a lack of space which often leads to unfavourable changes in habitat and social interactions for which the species have become adapted and best suited to over thousands of years of evolution. Abnormal behaviour may take many forms. Abnormal sexual behaviour is particularly distressing because the whole of production depends on the animals ability to reproduce. Sheep in confinement may develop wool-eating habit. They may not inflict great harm since they only take small nibbles of wool from each other. The cause is unknown, but it does seem to be associated with an unnatural environment, lack of comfort and boredom Behaviour as an Outcome-Based Criterion for Animal Welfare It makes some inferences about the actual state of welfare of the animal. We discuss three types of behaviour. The first is behaviours that directly reduce the welfare of the animals. These include injurious behaviours, such as fighting. The second category includes behaviours that do not themselves reduce the animals welfare but that may be an indirect sign that the animals welfare is threatened. These include vocal signals, behaviours indicating fear or anxiety, and so-called abnormal behaviours, such as stereotypic behaviour. The third type of behaviour includes those like play that may indicate that the animals state of welfare is good. Signalling Behaviour Signals, such as vocalizations and displays, can provide information about the signallers state that is useful in welfare assessment. Since these behaviours are directed towards others, they are susceptible to eavesdropping, allowing us to listen in to animal conversations and potentially learn the animals view of its own condition.Griffin (1981) suggested that the study of communicative behaviour could provide a window on the minds of animals and animal vocalizations have been promoted as a means of assessing animal welfare (e.g. Manteuffel et al.,2004). Watts and Stookey (2000) have reviewed much of the work on the vocalizations of cattle, and argue that these behaviours can provide information about the animals emotional or affective state. Behavioural Indicators of Illness Animals respond to illness with a consistent and predictable pattern of behavioural changes, which typically include reduced feeding, increased rest and sleep,increased thermoregulatory behaviours and reduced social behaviour .Clinical diagnosis of illness often involves some objective assessments of these behaviours. These behavioural changes occur simultaneously with physiological and metabolic changes, most notably the fever response, and some of the behavioural changes serve to maintain the fever (Johnson, 2002). The physiological components of the acute-phase response to illness, such as fever, are now thought to be host defences, i.e. evolved, adaptive responses that help the animals
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recover from the illness Consequently, it seems likely that many of these behavioural responses to illness are adaptive responses, in that they help animals recuperate (Hart, 1988 & Johnson, 2002). The behavioural changes that occur when animals are ill are not simply a by-product of the debilitating effects of illness, but organized behavioural changes that help animals recuperate from the illness (Aubert, 1999). Interfering with the behavioural responses to illness, for example, by forced feeding or preventing sleep, will reduce the chance of the animal recovering (Johnson, 2002) so that the behavioural changes can be considered as part of the immune response. Most of the behavioural responses to illness can be stimulated by injections of bacterial endotoxin, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS2001), and cytokines from the immune system are now seen as the major controllers Some studies have documented how automatically detected changes in behaviour may help early detection of disease, especially in beef cattle in feedlots. Cattle in feedlots suffer from a variety of illness of which respiratory diseases and metabolic illness are the most prevalent. Changes in the amount of feeding, drinking,and activity are typical symptoms of all of these illnesses. Beef-cattle suffering from BRD show an increased number of drinking bouts, a reduced time spent feeding and a reduced number of visits to the feed bunk and these behavioural changes could be detected before the steers were diagnosed clinically. Recently, Huzzey et al. (2006) were able to identify dairy cows that developed metritis several days before calving by observing reductions in feeding time unweaned dairy or veal calves are increasingly fed with automatic milkdispensing systems that have the possibility of automatically collecting data on the sucking behaviour of the calves. This information may be useful as a means of detecting illness and hence serve in a welfare-monitoring system. Recent evident showed that the automated monitoring of feeding behaviour of calves in feedlots could detect calf morbidity several days earlier than the conventional methods employed in commercial feedlots. Svensson and Jensen (2007) found a number of changes in calves sucking behaviour 2 days before the calves were clinically diagnosed as being ill.This type of information is critical for developing procedures that minimize the risk of disease and minimize animal suffering and the automatic monitoring of early indicators of illness, including behavioural changes, is an important and growing area for research in animal welfare. Play Behaviour It is useful in detecting negative emotions or states in animals. Play
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sequences often consists of interactions that imitate the process, if not the end point, of more clearly functional behaviours like fighting. The occurrence of play has been proposed as a behaviour that may indicate positive animal welfare. Animals give the impression that they enjoy playing (top). The types of play behaviour seen among cattle have not been well described. Young cattle are often seen fighting in a playful manner (bottom). The difficulty is knowing whether this really is play or a form of aggression How animals benefit from play is not well known, but play could help animals improve social skills, especially for species that need practice to develop effective courtship, appeasement, or competitive behaviour. For example, pre-weaned dairy calves reared in groups (as compared to the more conventional individual housing) spend time playing (Jensen et al., 1998), and these calves are more likely to become dominant when mixed with animals that have been individually reared (Broom and Leaver, 1978). Play may also prepare animals for coping with unusual situations, such as maintaining balance on a slippery surface. Indeed, play sequences often involve some aspect of self-handicap, such as an ungainly body posture that make animals particularly likely to fall or move in unusual ways. Agonistic (combat) and gregarious behaviour Agonistic behaviour includes fighting and flight and other related reactions associated with conflict. Among all species of farm animals, males are more likely to fight than females. However, females may exhibit fighting behaviour under certain circumstances. Castrated males are usually quite passive, indicating hormones, especially testosterone, are involved in this type of behaviour. Rams fight by backing off and charging at each other headlong. The fight generally continues until one ram gives up, usually after both combatants have bloody noses. When fighting, goats will frequently rear up on their hind legs, come down, striking their opponents head-to-head. Gregarious behaviour refers to the flocking or herding instinct. It is particularly strong in sheep. It is reported to be more evident in some breeds than in others. This instinct facilitates their flocking on the range. Goats are less gregarious. The gregarious instinct of sheep diminishes to some extent when they are subjected to confinement (placed within fenced holdings). Investigative behaviour and shelter-seeking behaviour All animals are curious and have a tendency to explore their environment. They investigate strange quarters and objects, approaching objects in a heads-up-, ears-forward and eyes-fixed manner.
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Sheep, however, are much more timid than buffalo and cattle; thus, they will usually turn and run if an object moves or if something frightens them.Goats, too, are investigative and easily find escape routes in pens. They are easily frightened, but learn quickly. All species of animals seek shelter-protection from the sun, wind, rain, insects and predators. Sheep and goats seek shelter by moving into sheds or under trees, by huddling together to keep off flies, by crowding together in extremely cold weather and by pawing the ground and lying down. Like cattle, during a severe storm they turn there rear ends towards the wind. When there is no shelter, there is danger of their massing together and smothering during a very severe storm. References Aubert, A. (1999). Sickness and behaviour in animals: A motivational perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 23, 10291036. Fraser A.F and D.M.Broom.1990.Farm animal behaviour and welfare.CAB International Griffin, D. R. (1981). The question of animal awareness. New York: Rockefeller University Press Hart, B. L. (1988). Biological basis of the behaviour of sick animals. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 12, 123137. Huzzey, J. M., DeVries, T. J., Valois, P., and von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. (2006). Stocking density and feed barrier design affect the feeding and social behaviour of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 126133. Jeffrey Rushen Anne Marie de PassillMarina A. G. von Keyserlingk Daniel M. Weary.2008. The Welfare of Cattle. Published by Springer,P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands Jensen, M. B., Vestergaard, K. S., and Krohn, C. C. (1998). Play behaviour in dairy calves kept in pens: The effect of social contact and space allowance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 56, 97108. Johnson, R. W. (2002). The concept of sickness behaviour: A brief chronological account of four key discoveries. Veterinary Immunology and Iimmunopathology, 87, 443450. Kathirvelan.C., and Mayank Tandon,(2011). Tsunami-disaster management programs for livestock . Animal Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, india. Manteuffel, G., Puppe, B., and Schn, P. C. (2004). Vocalization of farm animals as a measure of welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 88, 163182. Redbo, I. (1998). Relations between oral stereotypies, open-field behaviour, and pituitaryadrenal system in growing dairy cattle. Physiology & Behaviour, 64, 273278. Singh,H.B ,(2005). Tsunami. National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (CSIR): 1-19 Svensson, C. and Jensen, M. B. (2007). Short communication: Identification of diseased calves by use of data from automatic milk feeders. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 994997. Taylor, L. F., Booker, C. W., Jim, G. K., and Guichon, P. T. (1997b). Sickness, mortality and the buller steer syndrome in a western Canadian feedlot. Australian Veterinary Journal,75, 732736 Welp, T., Rushen, J., Kramer, D. L., Festa-Bianchet, M., and de Passill, A. M. (2004). Vigilance as a measure of fear in dairy cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 87, 113.
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Human Animal Bondage and Desired Inter Personal Communication Skills for Effective Handling of Animal Owners During Disaster
Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension & Entrepreneurship, Madras Veterinary college, Chennai-7
Dr P Mathialagan,
Pets are an integral part of Indian society and economy; more than 25 per cent of households in India include pets. Pets not only include dogs and cats. Most of the individuals consider cow, horse, sheep and goats also as their pets. Even livestock and poultry producers toil with mental health issues before, during, and after a disaster. They, too, have a special bond with their animals. Many cannot separate what happens to their farm from what happens to their family (Heath, 1999). Clearly, the relationships that people have with animals are one of the few things that are not burned by bushfires or drowned by floods. The willingness of people to risk their own lives to save animals has been documented in a nascent field of research that characterizes pet ownership and animals as risk factors for early evacuation. There are so many instances that people wont evacuate their home without their cattle being rescued by the team. During times of disaster, people will risk their lives and the lives of others to save pets. For these reasons, it is critical that individuals have the know how to properly prepare themselves and their animals for disasters to save both human and animal lives. Hence there is need to answer the following queries: What we want to know is how prepared are pet owners for managing their pets during disasters? Have they considered what they will do? Which pets they will evacuate? Where they will go if they take their pets with them? How long an evacuation with pets would take? How to communicate with the people with pets? It offers some preliminary thoughts on how this might be achieved through the development of innovative communication initiatives based on theoretical and conceptual approaches to human animal relations that advocate the indivisibility of humans and animals and the need to address their relationship (Belk, 1988).
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There are so many stories about Human-animal bond considerations during disaster. Some of them are as follows [Thompson, K. (2013)]: One person flees his home with his pets as soon as a disaster warning is called. Another chooses to stay in his home with his pets. A disaster responder looks the other way as a person tucks his beloved pet under his coat. Another disaster responder threatens to shoot the persons pet if he will not leave his pet at home Why the differences? What makes some people cling to their pets and others not? Why do some risk their own lives to save a non-human animals life? The popular term human-animal bond which is really human-animal interdependent relationships helps explain the differences.
Human-Animal Bond The American Veterinary Medical Associations Committee on the HumanAnimal Bond defines the human-animal bond as, a mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship between people and other animals that is influenced by behaviors that are essential to the health and well-being of both. This includes, but is not limited to, emotional, psychological, and physical interactions of people, other animals, and the environment. (JAVMA, 1998) Edmonds & Cutter (2008) shows pet owners are less likely to evacuate than non-owners, and if they do evacuate, they are likely to return to try to rescue the animals. The desire to save animals could be leveraged to motivate people to develop better emergency preparedness. By educating people about the risk their animals face due to poor household preparedness for disasters, and by emphasizing the benefits of early evacuation for the chances of animal survival, people could be encouraged to engage in protective behaviour that increases their own survival. Recommendations for Residents with Pets Have all animals permanently identified (microchip, metal ear tag, unique brand or tattoo). Know ones neighbors and what resources they have. Work with neighbors on an evacuation plan. Ensure that trailers and other resources are in good working order in advance of wildfire threats escalating. Have an evacuation plan and a priority if one has more animals than trailer space.
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Identify evacuation sites in advance of an event. Never leave animals trapped in an enclosure. Open doors, cut fences, and pull apart panels if you cannot evacuate. Drive animals out of buildings (barns, swine houses, chicken coops) and prevent them from reentering. Know alternative routing. Know all routes in and out of ones area, as roads are frequently closed in disasters. Make sure livestock will readily load into trailers in any circumstances. Train pastured livestock to come to a signal (rattling feed bucket, truck horn) for food so you can load them faster in a disaster. Take obedience training for pets so they respond to your command. Keep cell phones charged at all times, not just during fire weather danger. Have a vehicle charger. Encourage animal organizations and associations to contact local emergency management and work together before the next wildfire or disaster occurs.
How to communicate with the people in disaster? In our day to day lives we make mistakes in communication because we are not perfect communicators. Our interaction with the clients is complex and for efficient communication one must break this complex and so we can all improve. For all types of response team consultation the Calgary Cambridge Observation guide can be made use of, to structure a client response team member relationship in a professional way. 1. Preparation: First one should prepare a safe and effective environment. Secondly appear appreciable to the animal and the environment which the animal is going to be evacuated. This could be a busy small animal clinic or a farm or home visit. Wherever it is we should familiarize with our client for a good consultation and to take appropriate history. 2. Initiating the Evacuation: An evacuation is initiated by having a good rapport with both the client and the animal. Our clients are often nervous, stressed and apprehensive having waited to meet us. So a response team member should always greet them with a hand shake to break the barrier. Breaking this barrier means one can get to know the clients or patients environment and history and better to tell about important facts which may be very necessary for making a correct decision. The reason(s) for this consultation is found by merely asking open questions and most important of all, the vet must allow the client to finish his version or complaint. He must not be interrupted. A client may take a maximum of three minutes to complete his speech. Till then we should be quiet and just
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listen to it. Once he is done with the talking we can ask him if he has any other issues that worry him. This form of questioning is repeated till the client says there is nothing more to tell. 3. Giving Information: The response team member should know the knowledge level of the client first and use his communication skills to break complex explanations into bits and also with the aid of visuals and nonverbal cues available so that the client can make informed decisions instead of just a decision. 4. Building a Relationship: During a consultation process a good relationship can be built between the client and the response team member by making good eye contact and good body language. Here eye contact is critical. By developing a good rapport with the client, he can be involved in the decision making process and make them feel that they, their animal and their concerns are central to the evacuation. Compassionate Communication Professionalism along with genuine care will help in developing a trusting working relationship between the owner and the professional which enables to understand the human companion animal bond (HACB) as in UK but referred to as Human Animal bond in USA. This is done by the applied use of illness trajectory mapping clinical communication tool, facilitating review of quality of the indicators during palliative care. It is essential to understand the facts needed to build the bond between the pets and the people and which may also be beneficial during the times of crisis and loss, or at conflict situations with diffusing and deflecting emotions. Caring and compassionate communication which may be verbal or non verbal are linked and is vital to practice as high quality veterinary care. Trust is the foundation of effective communication which also requires empathy and active listening to make it more effective. Empathy is the ability to understand another person. It involves both an intellectual and emotional understanding. Active listening is giving complete attention to another persons communication. Multiphased communication approach to extended disasters relating to hurricanes and flooding: The period immediately preceding the storm through the first 24 hours after the storm (e.g., hurricane readiness, preparation for power outages). One to three days after the storm (e.g., worker safety after a flood, keeping food and water safe). Three to seven days after the storm (e.g., preventing violence and looting after a disaster, infection control). Two to four weeks after the storm (e.g., rodent control after a flood, respiratory protection when re-entering flooded areas). One month and after (e.g., mold allergies and removal, issues with school-age evacuees attending new schools).
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Emergency Response Communications The ability of emergency responders to effectively communicate is paramount to the safety and security of our Nation. The natural or man-made disaster demands an efficient communication and coordination among first responders to save life and other community resources. Normally, the traditional communication infrastructures such as landline or cellular networks are damaged and dont provide adequate communication services to first responders for exchanging emergency related information. Wireless ad hoc networks such as mobile ad hoc networks, wireless sensor networks and wireless mesh networks are the promising alternatives in such type of situations. Conclusion Every disaster, whether it is large or small, natural or man-made, teaches lessons for the next disaster. As Attorney Alle Phillips wrote about Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, It took a horrific disaster to remind us that all life is precious and that no one, not even a pet, should be left behind (Phillips, 2006). Proper communication during disaster with the affected people with animals will definitely make the owners of the animal that their human-animal bonding would be intact and their pets or animals too safe during disaster. References: Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139168. Edmonds, A. S., & Cutter, S. L. (2008). Planning for pet evacuations during disasters. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 5(1). Heath, S (1999), Animal Management in Disasters. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. Mallick, D. L., Rahman, A., Alam, M., Juel, A. S. M., Ahmad, A. N., & Alam, S. S. (2005). Case study 3: Bangladesh floods in Bangladesh: A shift from disaster management towards disaster preparedness. IDS bulletin, 36(4), 53-70. Phillips, A, (Fall 2006). Establishing pet-friendly disaster shelters: The human-animal bond is important. State Bar of Michigan Animal Law Section Newsletter, 4. Statement from the Committee on the Human-Animal Bond (June 1, 1998). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 212(11), 1675. Thompson, K. (2013). Save me, save my dog: Increasing natural disaster preparedness and survival by addressing human-animal relationships. Australian Journal of Communication,40(1).
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Session ThRee: Concepts, Legal FRameWoRk and Stages in ADM

Animal Disaster Management NDMAs Policy & Strategy
Dr A K Sinha, Sr. Research Officer (CBRN) National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India New Delhi 110029 aks.ndma@gmail.com India is blessed with a tremendous livestock wealth. It has the largest population of cattle and buffalo in the world and its breeds are admired for heat tolerance and inherent resistance to diseases and ability to thrive under diverse climatic conditions. India ranks first with the average milk production of 112.5 million tons per annum. This has been the achievement of 70 million dairy farmers and also through the striated efforts of the animal husbandry practices, cattle breeding projects and cooperative dairy farming. We also produce59.8 billion eggs and 6.3 million tones of meat annually. It is evident from the above figures that the livestock sector occupies an important role in the life of the Indian population. Therefore, the livestock sector has emerged as one of the key components of agricultural growth in India. However despite these inherent strengths and growth potential our animal husbandry sector faces serious challenges including ever increasing incidents of both natural and manmade disasters. One of the environmental threats which our planet faces today is the global climate change. These changes are harmful to both human beings and animals as it could potentially lead to scarcity of water and food resources and may also cause spread of infectious diseases and heatrelated deaths. Therefore, the challenging task is to protect our livestock wealth through proactive mitigation and capacity building measures with regional and global cooperation. The repeated outbreaks of Bird Flu have impacted our poultry industry adversely. Besides the animal health consequences this may have adverse impact on food supply and also have negative economic consequences particularly in developing countries. In our country not only do livestock provide milk, meat draught power transport, hides, wool etc. animals also provide a relatively safe investment option and give the owner social security. Drought, earthquake, floods, wild fires, cyclone, tsunamis etc. create havoc with human and livestock population giving a negative impact on the infrastructure of our country reducing an important source of income in rural areas and hindering the distribution of food and goods. Animal Disaster Management holds special significance in present context. The severe drought in some parts of our country, particularly Maharashtra, is a matter of grave concern. The increasing occurrence of droughts, floods, epidemics and other natural disasters in India have underlined the need to find solutions to improve the protection and management of our animal wealth. NDMA has dedicated an exclusive chapter on Animal Disaster Management in their National Guidelines on Biological Disaster Management. However there is a critical need to take appropriate steps to ensure inclusion of animal disaster management guidelines in all districts, state and national disaster management plans. These guidelines are to be practiced and rehearsed through periodic table top exercises and mock drills. Countries around the world have been conducting joint Bird
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Flu Pandemic Management exercises; similar initiative to plan and conduct exercises in India is the need of hour. Inclusions of Animal Disaster Management training modules with national and state level administrative training institutes may go a long way in sensitizing and training local administration to prevent prepare and mitigate adverse consequences of disasters. These expertises may also be customized to local needs and propagated through participative engagements at all levels. There is a need to train and equip Veterinary professionals to augment our response capabilities and this should be integrated with all disaster management plans and operations. The training and capacity building of veterinary professionals may be developed and propagated on a regional basis. The expertise available with our Veterinary universities, colleges, research institutions and training institutes should be duly harnessed to disseminate these learning. Capacity building of all three tiers of Panchayats, local community and Voluntary Organisations are important force multipliers. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) play a vital role in the implementation of Animal Disaster Management policies and plans. They have been contributing immensely towards various development programs. They can mobilize people for constructive community work and often reach the most marginalized and vulnerable sections of society. NGOs can play a great role for Coordination, Collaboration and Networking amongst themselves Government and communities. Community Based Disaster Preparedness for all sorts of hazards is the key to preparedness plan. Animal husbandry and veterinary services is a state subject and falls within the purview of the state government. As a consequence, each state government and UT has its own department of animal husbandry and veterinary services. Although we have a strong network of primary, secondary and tertiary Veterinary care, however there is a strong need for improving their service delivery through periodic up gradation of professional skills and competencies. The sporadic occurrence of low gravity animal disasters will be managed primarily by the existing mechanism of response from central and state veterinary and agricultural services. In the current scenario, the private sector is well entrenched in the primary and tertiary agriculture care sector and is growing at a rapid rate. It would be mutually beneficial for both the private sector and the government if this infrastructure can be used for animal disaster management in a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) module. Initiation of PPP in livestock emergency management, especially in the field of medicines and vaccine production, will go a long way in combating animal health emergencies of infectious origin. The private sector has substantial infrastructure capabilities and is engaged in R&D for various products which are a part of animal health research. Government technical agencies like ICAR, ICMR and CSIR laboratories may collaborate with the private sector for developing more efficient detection tools, medicines and vaccines. The private sector has the potential to play a major role in the nations preparedness by integrating its capacities with governmental organisations. Whatever institutional mechanism we may put in place, whatever technology may be inducted, preventive measures have to be taken by the community and the local administration. The first response to disaster in the golden hour always comes from the community and the local administration. Therefore our focus on making the field organizations effective and empowering the community in all aspects of animal disaster management ranging from preventive measures to rehabilitation.
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CV Dr A K Sinha
Dr A K Sinha, a Veterinary Science Post Graduate is working as Senior Research Officer with National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). His current responsibility includes policy research, program planning and interagency coordination in the field of Biological Disaster Management including Animal Disaster Management. As core group member he has been associated with NDMA since its inception and has contributed in formulation of National Guidelines on Biological Disaster Management, Medical Preparedness and Mass Casualty Management, Management of Dead in the Aftermath of Disaster, Action Plan on Pandemic Preparedness Beyond Health and Plan to Counter The Threats to Municipal Water Supply and Water Reservoirs. Besides NDMA, he has been actively contributing in Biorisk Management capacity building programs of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR), National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) and State Administrative Training Institutes (ATIs). Dr Sinha is an Adjunct Faculty with National Institute of Advance Studies (NIAS) , Bangalore. Dr A K Sinha holds expertise in Biosecurity and Bioterrorism. As a technical expert from NDMA he has been associated with Disarmament & International Security Affairs Division of MEA and has also been member of Indian delegation to the United Nations Biological Toxin & Weapon Convention (BTWC) Geneva 2008, Biodefense Congress-BioSSD Kualampur (2011), BTWC Review Conference, Geneva (2011), ASEAN Regional Forum Workshop on Biorisk Management, Manila (2012). During his association with MEA and international exchanges he has contributed significantly towards strengthening of Indias foreign policy obligation to global Biorisk Management. Presently Dr Sinha is coordinating NDMAs Biological Disaster Management Programme including Animal Disaster Management and capacity building program on CBRN Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation for Police and Security Forces.
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Session FouR: EmeRgencY Animal CaRe (F,W,S & V)

Veterinary Emergency Triage During Disaster
Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-600 007
Dr A P Nambi, Ph.D.,
Triage is a French word trier, means to sort. It is a method of quickly identifying the animals which have life-threatening injuries/ disease conditions and which have the best chance of surviving. In other words triage refers to sorting of patients for treatment priority. It is an organized approach to multiple patients and ensures that most critical animals are identified and normalized first. During disaster, veterinary triage must be conducted with the purpose of doing the good to the large number of patients. Rapid examination followed by categorizing patients depending upon their treatment needs is critical. START: Simple Triage and Rapid Transport During rescue the animal should be triaged on the spot. The primary observations of the patients with regard respiration, perfusion and mental status (RPM) to assess patient in < 60 sec and classify the patient with color coding ribbon/bands on the neck. Start the emergency management at the point of triage. Triage Colour RED YELLOW GREEN BLACK Triage Category Immediate (Emergency) Delayed (Urgent) Minor Dead, Dying or Euthanize Explanation Might benefit from austere interventions Normal Walking wounded but likely to survive Dead, Dying or Euthanize
Transportation to the nearby Veterinary Hospital by Animal ambulance equipped with oxygen therapy, patient supportive care, drugs, intravenous fluids, dressing materials and stretchers. Triage includes prehospital and hospital triage Prehospital Triage Attention to the Call for help. Alerting the oncoming traffic. Rescue of animals from the spot Moving the animal to safe location. Check whether the airway is patent - Extend head and Neck; wipe mucus, blood or vomitus from the mouth. In unconscious animal, maintain head and neck stability.
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If there is no evidence of breathing or gum color is blue, begin mouth to nose breathing 15-20 / minute If there is no sign of cardiac function, begin external cardiac compression 80-120/ minute If any haemorrhage, apply firm pressure using a clean cloth, towel, paper towel, feminine hygiene product etc. Cover any external wounds using a bandage material soaked in warm water. If any obvious fracture, immobilize the area with home made splints. If there are burn injuries, place wet cool towels over the burned area. Remove and replace as the compress warms to body temperature. In case of shivering or shock, wrap the animal with available material to conserve heat. In case of heat stroke, cool the animal with room temperature wet towel (not cold) and transport to clinic. Call ahead for emergency veterinary service before reaching veterinary hospital Line upholstery. Move the animal patient carefully. Drive the vehicle/ambulance safely.
Preparation for transport:
Hospital Traige: Involves five steps Step 1 : Recognition of Life-Threatening Disease Step 2 : Be prepared Step 3 : Establish a Triage classification system Step 4 : Arrival at the Veterinary Clinic Step 5 : Patient stabilization Step 1 : Recognition of Life-Threatening Disease: Goal should be to select and triage the patients that have serious traumatic injury / acute illness. Without recognition of life threatening processes and their potential sequela, one cant effectively triage patients, which will inevitably result in increasing morbidity and mortality. Typically, life threatening conditions are associated with cardiac, pulmonary and neurological disorders, environmental injuries and intra abdominal disorders.
Step 2 : Be prepared : Education : Tutorials and conference education of the team members
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Practical training sessions on basic and advance life support techniques: endotracheal intubation, positive pressure ventilation, intravenous catheter placement, IV fluid set-up, ECG setup and preparing equipment for centesis. Locate in a central area. Equipments should be readily accessible including an oxygen supply, endotracheal tubes, anesthetic equipment, Ambu-bag, IV catheters, IV fluid pumps, needles, syringes, equipments for centesis, emergency drugs and good light source. Clear labeling of drugs and supplies Replinish the stock levels after each use or on weekly base. Minimum in-house laboratory for diagnosis
Emergency ready area
Team approach.
steps are not overlooked.

SOP (Standard Operating Procedures) aid in ensuring important diagnostic and treatment
Step 3 : Establish a Triage classification system: Based on urgency of needed treatment. Can change rapidly during first four hrs of admission. If there is a concern regarding a patient, place in more serious class. Ensure all staff is aware of your triage system. Traumatic respiratory failure. Cardiopulmonary arrest or airway obstructions. All unconscious animals.
Class I : Most seriously ill, should receive treatment within seconds. These include
Class II : Very seriously ill, critical patients require treatment within minutes (up to 1hr following the onset of severe symptoms). Multiple injuries. Shock or bleeding but has adequate airway and ventilatory functions. GI torsions. Burn victims. Penetrating wounds.
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Class III : Require definitive management within a few hours. No shock Ventilatory and cardiovascular function present. Superficial wounds. Minor trauma. Non trauma related. Vomiting, diarrhea, or lameness. Receptionist to be trained to recognize life threatening conditions. Evaluate within 1 min of arrival at the clinic. Initial evaluations- ABCDE and it should be completed in 30 60 sec A- AIRWAY B- BREATHING C-CIRCULATION D-DISABILITY E- RAPID WHOLE BODY EXAMINATION Patency of airway and adequacy of ventilation should be assessed. Respiratory noises - High pitched stridor / sonorous, wheezes suggestive of partial airway obstruction or bronchial constriction respectively. Commissures of mouth move with inhalation / exhalation? Exaggerated ventilatory effort ( open mouth breathing, flaring of nostrils ) Expiratory distress with an abdominal push on exhalation. Posture - Orthopnea (head extended & elbow abducted) Paradoxical chest wall movement (flail chest) Auscultate thorax bilaterally crackles, muffled , inspiratory wheezes. Color of MM pink, pale, cyanotic.
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Class IV : Less serious.
Step 4 : Arrival at the Veterinary Clinic :
Primary Survey :
A = Airway
B = Breathing Breathing? Eeupnea Normal ventilatory nature and rate. Tidal volume should be 10-20ml/ min , rate ( 8 20 /min.) Tachypnea hypoxia, hypercapnea, hyperthermia, pain and metabolic acidosis. Bradypnea & apnea intracranial space occupying lesions, drug induced, hypo or severe hypercapnea and medullary respiratory centre dysfunction. Auscultation for breathing sounds -- absent or diminished breath sounds suggestive of pleural filling problem Assess chest wall integrity- crepitus indicate s/c emphysema Look for blood or secretions from mouth or nares Observe for gag or swallow reflexes Breathing patterns Rapid and shallow, deep and slow with respiratory distress. Apnea shows medullary dysfunction Chyne-Stokes breathing is characterized by cyclic hyperventilation and is attributed to greater than normal delays in the medullary response to changing carbon dioxide levels Biots breathing is characterized by cyclic hypoventilation and apnea and is a sign of a serious medullary disturbance. Apneustic breathing may be associated with brainstem disease. C = Circulation What is the circulation status? It is assessed by visualization, palpation and auscultation. Heart rate, rhythm and quality? Tachycardia (>160 beats / min.) : hypovolemia, fever, pain,excitement , exercise Bradycardia (< 60 bpm) : high vagal tone, severe electrolyte disturbances, AV conduction block. Rhythm: Common arrhythmias: PAC, PVC, atrial fibrillation & ventricular tachycardia. All pulse abnormalities should be confirmed by ECG.
Quality? Muffled? hypovolemia, pleural or pericardial effusion, pneumothorax, diaphragmatic hernia. Murmurs? Pulse strong, regular, full and synchronous with heart beat? Thready, dropped pulse. Pulse deficit indicate arrhythmia.
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ECG? Normal ECG does not mean effective mechanical activity of heart. Check heart rate, rhythm, PQRST complex abnormalities. B.P? Arterial Haemorrhage? External wounds? Cool extremities are a result of vasoconstriction. Mucous membrane color? MM Colour Significance Normal Liver disease Blood loss, Anemia, Shock Sepsis, Polycythemia, Hyperthermia, Due to stagnation of blood Hypoxia , methemoglobinemia and peripheral stagnation of blood due to shock.. In anemia, cyanosis may not be seen. For cyanosis to occur 5g% un-oxygenated hemoglobin must be present.
Pink Yellow Pale / White Brick red / injected Grey Blue ( cyanosis)
CRT? It is an indication of peripheral perfusion. Normal 1-2 min. Prolonged CRT is due to vasoconstriction ( caused by hypovolemia, excitement, fear and pain).
D= Disability Levels of consciousness (LOC): 1. Obtunded: State of decreased responsiveness.
f
2. Stupor:
Less responsive to visual/tactile stimuli, quiet/dull. This may arise from a variety of complications and illnesses. Can be aroused only with painful stimuli. Is a sign of severe neurologic or metabolic derangement. Cannot be aroused with any stimuli. Coma and seizures are signs of abnormal cerebral electrical activity from primary neurological disease or secondary to metabolic derangements such as hepatic encephalopathy.
f
3. Coma:
f f
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Motor activity: 1. Ambulatory vs nonambulatory 2. Ataxia, hemiparesis, tetraparesis or hemiplegia 3. Decerebrate posture:
f f f
Opisthotonus with extensor rigidity of all 4 limbs. Mentation is stuporous to comatose. Indicates lesion of the rostral pons and midbrain. Opisthotonus with extensor rigidity of the thoracic limbs and either extension or flexion of the pelvic limbs is present. Patient should be responsive and have voluntary movement. Occurs with acute cerebellar lesions.
4. Decerebellate posture:
Pupillary Abnormalities 1. 2. 3. Unilateral mydriatic, unresponsive pupil loss of parasympathetic innervation to the eye. Can indicate increased intracranial pressure. R/O topical ophthalmic atropine or tropicamide Bilateral miosis May precede bilateral mydriatic unresponsive pupils. Can be seen with diffuse metabolic encephalopathies or diffuse midbrain compression with increased intracranial pressure. Bilateral mydriatic, unresponsive pupils: Fixed and dilated pupils. Severe bilateral compression or destruction of the midbrain or cranial nerve III. Typically from bilateral cerebral herniation
E= Rapid Whole Body Examination Perform a rapid whole body exam looking for wounds, lacerations, punctures, bruises, fractures, abdominal pain/distension and any other signs of debilitation. Secondary survey. A CRASH PLAN A = Airway C & R = Cardiovascular & Respiratory. A = Abdomen. Palpate for pain. Any penetrating wound? Reddening around umbilicus suggest intra abdominal hage. Fluid wave? Mass?. Examine inguinal, caudal thoracic and paralumbar regions. Clip the fur and look for bruises or penetrating wounds. Ausultate for borborygmi.
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S = Spine Examine for symmetry, pain, swelling, fracture. Eyes : Examine for ulcers with fluorescent dye, anisocoria? horner syndrome? Examine Ear, Mouth, Teeth and Nose All cranial nerves. Examine perineum, rectum, genitalia, Perform rectal examinations. Examine for fracture, haemorrhage. Any open or closed fracture? Quickly splint to prevent further damage and help to control pain. Examine skin, muscles and tendons. H = Head
P = Pelvis
L = Limbs
A = Arteries Examine pulse, B.P. Blood pressure is a product of cardiac output, vascular capacity and blood volume. These 3 parameters are in a careful balance. Normals are Systolic 100- 120 mmHg Diastolic 50-100 mmHg Mean 70-120 mmHg [Systolic BP + 2( Diastolic BP ) / 3 ]
Use a Doppler piezoelectric crystal to aid in finding a pulse if thromboembolic disease is present. Hypotension ( < 80 systolic BP; < 60 mean BP ): Vasodilatation, hypovolemia, arrhythmia, anesthetic drugs. N = Nerves Consciousness ( normal, obtunded, stuporous and coma) Ancillary diagnostic evaluations : Haemodynamic techniques: ECG, B.P, Pulse oximetry
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Imaging techniques: X ray of thorax & abdomen to rule pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion, diaphragmatic hernia, pleural or abdominal effusion or pneumoperitoneum.
Laboratory evaluations: To evaluate PCV, Total solids, Glucose, BUN, Urine scientific gravity, CBC, Peripheral blood smear for platelet count, morphology of R.B.C and W.B.C, Arterial blood and electrolytes, Coagulation parameters (ACT, PT, APTT), Serum biochemistry profile and Urinalysis. Invasive testing: Thoracocentesis. Abdominocentesis. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage. Repeated evaluation of the patient is an essential component of emergency medicine. Concentrate on the respiratory, circulatory and neurological systems. Complete physical examination. Animals that do not respond to initial resuscitation usually have severe ongoing or preexisting physiological disturbances that contribute to continued instability. Internal hemorrhage, Pneumothorax Coagulopathies disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Bowel and gastric rupture Central nervous system (CNS) edema and hemorrhage Sepsis or septic shock fever, pain, hypovolemia, abnormal patterns of ventilation, abnormal levels of consciousness, tachycardia, tachypnea, and lowered blood glucose levels Rupture of the urinary bladder, Oliguria and Acute renal failure.
Step 5 : Patient stabilization :
The rapidly decompensating patient
The most frequently seen clinical problems associated with decompensating patients are:
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Set of procedures designed to increase oxygen delivery to the heart and the brain during cardiac arrest. Ultimate goals of CPR are To restore spontaneous, effective cardiac and respiratory efforts
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Once agonal breathing or LOC is identified First step is to intubate. Initiation of breathing, Confirmation of cardiac arrest, efforts at cardiac compression should be initiated Right lateral recumbency to facilitate venous return to the heart. In small dogs compression of the heart - 70-90 compressions/min. In small breed dogs more effective cardiac compressions can be achieved using one hand on either side of thorax In large breed dogs both hands are placed higher on the chest wall and the chest and heart are compressed between the table and the hands. Interposed abdominal compressions are an adjunctive CPR procedure. In cats the heart can be stabilized and compressed using single hand with the thumb on one side and three fingers on the other side of the chest. Successful CPR - femoral or lingual arterial pulses. If pulses are not identified CPR efforts should be evaluated and adjusted. Administration of epinephrine and or vasopressin, Administration of crystalloid or colloids Open chest CPR for manual cardiac compression.
Closed chest CPR
MOST COMMONLY USED DRUGS Atropine: Dose: 0.04mg/kg: IV or intra-tracheal. Can repeat q 3-5 mins x 3 doses. Indication: slow heart rate or no heart rate (vagolytic) Epinephrine 1:1000: Low Dose: 0.01mg/kg IV. Can repeat q 3-5 mins: If no effect dose or use vasopressin. High dose : 0.1mg/kg IV. Intratracheal dose: 0.03-0.1mg/kg IV Indication: Asystole/no heart rate: Increases coronary and cerebral perfusion (alpha2agonism). Lidocaine 20 mg/ml: Dose: 2mg/kg. Indication: Ventricular premature contractions
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Less Commonly used: Sodium Bicarbonate 1 mEq/ml: Dose: 1 mEq/k Indications: Severe metabolic acidosis Calcium gluconate 10%:100mg/ml: Dose 50mg/kg (0.5-1.5ml/kg) SLOW bolus Indications: Hyperkalemia (ie blocked cat, Addisons disease), low calcium (i.e., eclampsia, calcium channel blocker toxicity). Magnesium 4 MeQ/ml Dose 0.2mEq/kg slowly over 10 minutes Indications: Refractory ventricular arrhythmias, prolonged CPR Vasopressin 20 units/ml. Dose 0.2u- 0.8u/kg (IT:0.4-1.2u/kg) Indications: Ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, PEA 1 unit: 0.25mcg so 0.1-0.2mcg/kg IV. Amiodarone 50mg/ml: Dose 5mg/kg over 10 minutes Indications: Ventricular fib after defibrillation, atrial fibrillation, Ventricular tachycardia Naloxone 0.4mg/ml: Dose 0.04mg/kg. Indications: Overdose of opioid, reversal of opioid medications Conclusions: Sound understanding of life threatening conditions. Astute observation of the patient. Good support staff: knowledgeable, work well under condition of stress. Well-organized treatment ready-area. Well-defined set of guidelines for identification and management of emergency patients. Constant re-evaluation of patients. TEAM WORK
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Disasters Impact on Animals

Disaster Management Programme Manager, WSPA, New Delhi - 16
Dr Ashish Sutar
People are not the only victims of natural disasters. Although most animals can sense the onset of these types of events they do not always manage to come out of them unscathed. This includes bothwild animal that cannot escape the danger and domesticated animals that are lost or left behind during a disaster. The animal welfare which is a complete state of physical, mental and social well being where the five freedoms are ensured such as freedom from hunger & thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury and disease, freedom to express normal behavior and freedom from fear and distress. The animal welfare often gets compromised as animals are exposing to the disaster impact. When catastrophe strikes and chaos ensues, animals are often abandoned and left to fend for themselves. The result is usually tragic-death and extreme suffering. Unlike people, animals have nowhere to go to escape the impacts of natural disasters. The impacts of climate change-related disasters such as hypothermia, dehydration, starvation, physical injury, disease, and drowning threaten the lives, and cause the suffering, of many individual animals, and may also push endangered populations towards extinction. An important concern during natural disasters is the potential for outbreaks of diseases in animals. The animal diseases or its impact for which there is concern may be classified broadly into two categories, infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases. Frequently discussed non-infectious hazard caused by water, heat ,fire, cold and wind which causes drown ,hypothermia, burns and trauma ,hypothermia, frostbite etc and other non-infectious diseases of animals during natural disasters include traumatic injuries, aspiration pneumonia, and toxic and sewage-related gastroenteritis. The progressive impact leads to starvation, debility, stress and make the animal susceptible to diseases due to fragile immune status, the management practices are disturbed. As the feed and water supply for animals often seen as the issues at the forefront during disaster management however shelter and veterinary care (basic and advance) are equally important welfare needs arise during and after disaster. Other than these direct impact animals have psychological impact on animal because of disruptions of animal human bond during disaster. In addition to the direct consequences of climate change-related disasters, animals lose their lives and suffer from indirect impacts of these natural hazards. These biological disruptions include aggravated disease, disrupted migratory patterns, and increased strandings. Another direct impact of disaster or climatic change placing additional pressure on ecosystem as animals are forced to immigrate to new areas, many animals will find themselves in conflict or competition with people and livestock that inhabit the urban and agricultural landscape that surround current wildlife habitats. In many cases, further complications will arise from the complexity of species interactions and different sensitivities to changing conditions between species. Those animals that remain in the same place may have to evolve to match their new environment, through either a behavioural response (such as shift in the time of breeding) or a genetic response (such as an increase in the proportion of heat tolerant individuals). Climate-related hazards such as droughts or floods can create conditions in which diseases that are tolerated individually may converge and cause mass deaths of livestock or wildlife. Extreme climate conditions may alter normal host-pathogen relationships and cause a perfect storm of multiple infectious
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outbreaks that could trigger epidemics that would lead to catastrophic mortality. As extreme weather events become increasingly frequent, the consequent synchronization of infections (or their carriers) may result in diseases becoming a significant threat to populations that were historically immune. Other impacts of disasters include increased severity of disease and decreased host resistance, mainly due to increased susceptibility to infection because of changes in host behaviour For example, as a result of increased drought and the resultant decrease in water availability, higher concentrations of individuals may congregate around water resources, increasing interactions between animals of both the same and different species, and increasing the risk of infection contraction.
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Emergency Veterinary Assessment

Dr Ashish Sutar,
By the end of this session we will be able to,
Explain what is a disaster assessment. List the elements of an assessment. Describe the steps in conducting disaster assessment. Explain what is an operation plan and its structure.
Disaster Assessments Is the process of determining: The impact of a disaster The animal welfare needs Prioritisation of response operations Responsible decision making
It is conducted in a shorter period of time than usual assessments in order to facilitate timely delivery of relief aid Elements of an Assessment
Steps in Disaster Assessment 1. Remote Assessment A desk activity which gathers information to establish what to expect at the emergency location. It sources and evaluates information on the following:
Location of emergency Human and Animal population demographics Epidemiology Governmental/veterinary infrastructure Pre-existing logistical resources Sources, resident contacts DLOs, Stakeholders
Time: Completed within one day! 2. Disaster Assessment & Needs Analysis (DANA)
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To assess damages and analyse both acute and chronic population needs, providing a current detailed analysis to aid the decision whether to intervene
DANA field work assesses and establishes: Aim Remote assessment Scope and capacity to respond Do they need or want help? Animal Welfare need Proposed actions and their practicalities Exit Strategy
Time: Completed within 2-3 days Prioritisation of Needs Prioritisation is the way in which both acute and chronic needs are categorised into priorities. First priority Second priority Third priority Fourth priority - Needs with a high urgency and high importance, eg.volcanic eruption - Needs with a low urgency but high importance, eg.subacute infections - Needs with a high urgency but low importance, eg.certain supplies - Needs with a low urgency and low importance, eg.usually ignored
Practicalities of Assessments The importance of a thorough assessment undoubtedly has benefits to the overall success of a response operation, identifying areas of vulnerability, the animal welfare needs and the capacity of a population. However, there are practicalities to the assessment process and its overall feasibility in the field, It is only a snapshot in time Timing is essential Work to create a benchmark Efficient assessment encourages efficient planning
Efficient assessment leads to rapid recovery! Outcome of Assessment If Approved the work begins!!
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Time allowance
The ideal time period for a response intervention is 7- 9 days DANA should be completed within 5-7 days of initial information and within 72 hours of the team reaching the country Operation plans should be developed within 24 hours, usually being developed as the DANA is being written
This model is built on a humanitarian timeframe Characteristics of a good plan Strong organisational structure Available community resource inventory Coordination rather than control Substantial facts and valid assumptions Simple language
Planning is a team effort!
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Situation What has happened?
1 Husband & 5 Wives? Mortality and morbidity rates Displaced people Affected infrastructure and communication Public health concerns Mortality and morbidity rates Description of affected populations e.g. species, numbers etc. Animal disease concerns
Human situation
Animal situation
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Feeding Management of Livestock During Disaster

Professor and Head, Dept. of Animal Nutrition, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai 600 007
Dr.V.Balakrishnan,
Introduction
India has a strong livestock production-oriented economy in the world. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry have been inseparable and both contribute to the sustainability of rural economy in India. Livestock sector is an important component of Indias economy in terms of income, employment equity and foreign exchange earnings. Livestock play a major role in the livelihood of millions of farmers. According to 18th Livestock census, the total Indian bovine population is estimated as 304.42 million comprising of 199.08 million cattle and 105.34 million buffalo. Natural calamities are common every year in India. Livestock population is the first to be affected in the precarious situations due to natural disastersviz., flood, drought, cyclone, earthquake, Tsunami etc. In such situations saving of human life is considered on priority basis and thus rescue, relief and rehabilitation is more directed for the people of affected areas. Little or meager help is extended towards the livestock population. Most of the Government and voluntary organizations remain busy for thewel fare of human beings. Thus, situation is aggravated for livestock population, there is occurrence of epidemic, particularly during post disaster period, causing large number of casualty and huge economic loss to farmers. It has been estimated that 43% of the total livestock in India are perpetually affected by drought. Hence, necessary attention has to be given to livestock management with special reference to feeding during and post-disaster period to minimize the losses.
FEEDING STRATEGIES DURING DISASTER In the calamities, there are acute shortage of feed, fodder and drinking water for livestock. Transportation of feed and fodder for animals becomes more difficult to the affected areas. However, this has to be done on top priority for saving of animals life. The feeding strategies can be developed with the following objectives: a) b) To feed animals for maintenance that ensures survival of animals. To feed productive stock, such as pregnant and lactating cows preferentially.
In such conditions, livestock are to be fed with the locally available industrial waste, different tree leaves or improving the coarse roughage which will be able to support the life of the animals. It is useful to produce complete feed for use during calamities. Biologically the use of complete feeds with an appropriate balance of roughage and concentrates may lead to better utilization of locally available crop residues agricultural by-products and waste. The transport of complete feed is easy and low in cost. Animals maintained on malnutrition condition for prolonged period are supposed to suffer from different diseases and immunity of animals goes down. So immediately, when during Disaster the scarcity period is over, animals should be adequately fed taking care of supplementation of different minerals and vitamins. Uromol, urea-molasses bagasse or ureamolasses diet should be preferably offered to animals on the same day to avoid fermentation and infections through flies.
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FEEDING STRATEGIES DURING SCARCITY PERIOD Livestock producers generally have three main options for meeting the nutrient requirements of animals during drought or fodder scarcity periods. v v v
The first is to provide supplemental feed to ensure that the animals have adequate energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals. The second is to reduce the nutrient requirements of the animal to a point where the requirements can be met with available feed. Reductions in stocking rate.
PROVIDING SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDS DURING A DROUGHT Energy: During drought conditions, energy may be the most limiting nutrient for grazing animals. Several options are available for supplying energy to animals on drought stressed pasture. Hay, grain, and crop processing byproducts such as molasses can be used to supply energy. Low quality forages can be processed suitably increase their digestibility and protein content. Protein: Pastures under drought conditions may be deficient in protein. If these conditions occur during the breeding season, reductions in pregnancy rate can occur. This can be corrected by providing supplemental crude protein in the form of soybean meal, sunflower meal, safflower meal, ground nut oil cake or NPN sources. Minerals: The same salt and mineral mixture should be provided during drought as during normal conditions. However, during drought phosphorus supplementation is even more critical. A mixture of 50 percent trace mineralized salt and 50 percent dicalcium phosphate supplied free choice to the herd will meet the phosphorus requirement. The salt mixture should be placed close to stock watering locations. Vitamin A: Lack of vitamin A may become a problem when animals are grazed on drought affected pastures during the summer. Vitamin A is lacking in forages growing under drought conditions. Animals should receive vitamin A and D supplements. Available crop residues such as straws, stovers, and other by products of crop production can be used for stretching tight feed supplies during drought conditions. Top feed resources such as tree leaves, pods, bark etc play an important role during drought conditions. REDUCING NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF THE HERD Lactation represents the greatest nutrient demand for animals during a production cycle. Lactation increases demand for energy, protein, and other nutrients. One of the simplest ways to reduce nutrient requirements is to wean the young ones. This practice can cut nutrient requirements by one-third to one-half depending on milk production of the animal. Early weaned animals can achieve adequate rates of growth if given access to a high quality ration. Dry animals will eat less than lactating animals further reducing demand on feed. By removing the nutrient requirements for lactation, growth and reproduction will receive a greater proportion of the nutrients available.
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DRY LOT FEEDING If pasture conditions are extremely poor, producers may consider feeding animals in dry lot. This may be more cost effective than supplementation. UREA MOLASSES LIQUID FEED Liquid molasses containing 2% to 3% uniformly mixed urea fortified with minerals and vitamins is called as urea molasses liquid feed. Preparation procedure v v v v v
Urea is completely dissolved in water Molasses is taken in a wooden container Urea solution is poured with simultaneous mixing into the container containing molasses Salt and mineral mixture are sprinkled over the molasses and mixed thoroughly to ensure uniform mixing. During winter heating of this liquid is required prior to feeding Undiluted urea molasses liquid feed contains 65% and more of dry matter and can be stored for quite a long period.
Example of rations for feeding during scarcity CARRY HOME MESSAGE In order to minimize the economic losses due to disaster, the following steps has to be taken with reference to the feeding management of livestock v v v v
Maintenance of buffer stock of straw and feeds in drought and flood prone areas under local administration. Urea molasses blocks or complete feed block with straw could be used as reserve for scarcity and can also be transported to far off places Efficient utilization of locally available agro industrial by products and tree leaves Creation of fodder banks in the disaster affected rural areas to stock agriculture and vegetable crop residue in airtight conditions, which can be easily transported and stored during flood due to being low in volume.
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Provision of Emergency Water, Shelter and Settlement for Animals

Dr. Thanga. Thamil Vanan, M.V.Sc.,Ph.D
Professor and Head, Department of Livestock Production and Management Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-7
The Disaster which cause Emergency: A disaster can be either natural [rain, flood, cyclone, storm, landslide, earthquake, volcano] or man-made [wars including biological, arson, sabotage, and riots, accidents including , air, and ship, industrial accidents, fires (forest fires), bomb explosions, nuclear explosions, and ecological disasters]. The discussion here is confined to the natural disasters. Droughts and famines were the biggest killers in India. Floods, cyclones, droughts, landslides, avalanches and earthquakes are some of the major natural disasters that repeatedly and increasingly affect the country. Every year, natural disasters challenge the lives of many, including those of animals. The truth is, most people are not prepared for the arrival of a disaster, and once it strikes, they tend to get into panic mode and unknowingly neglect the presence of their livestock and pets, while trying to save their own lives. The first step in planning for a disaster is to determine what type of disaster could occur on the farm and how often. It would be useless to spend time and money, for example, to plan for severe winter weather if the farm is located in a tropical environment. If the premises are near a nuclear power plant, even though the risk of an accident occurring is slim, the owners would want to consider how to protect themselves with their animals from radioactive fallout. If the farm is near a major highway, one might want to consider a hazardous material spill from a road accident in their planning. Living next to a river or stream would put planning for flooding or a barge accident in the forefront. The individual farm owners should consider their risks due to the natural disasters and decide what priority of planning, money, and resources they wish to allocate to each. Plan is most desirable in all hazards; however, it should be customized for specific situations. Once the risks are known, decisions can be made about what actions can be taken in advance, and what actions would be required when the disaster occurs. Generally avoiding the disaster, mitigating its effect if it cannot be avoided, and sheltering the animals lessens the effects of a disaster on livestock. The approach taken would depend upon the type of disaster anticipated. Sometimes only one approach may be appropriate such as sheltering in safe place. In some instances combined approaches such as mitigation and sheltering may be required. In other events such as floods or firestorms sheltering may be the wrong thing to do. Impact and vulnerability on animals The weaker sections of the community and their livestock are usually highly affected by any disaster. Because in most developing countries sizable number of people largely depends on animals for livelihood. It is apparent that even though animals are the main source of livelihood to the poorest of the poor, disaster management of animals do not figure anywhere in preparedness, mitigation or rehabilitation. How do animals help in handling disaster emergency? In fact animals can play a major role in all the components of disaster management in all developing countries. They are specifically used for search and rescue operations. Animals are the means of transport
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of injured and invalid people when no other transport is possible. Animals are also used for clearance of debris in inaccessible areas. Animals are movable assets of the farmer, which can be salvaged and used during response period or while victims live in shelters. Even dead animals serve the community by providing material gains with their hide, bone, and lard. Damaged crops and grains unfit for human consumption can be used as animal feed and fodder. How animals help in alleviating disaster stress and epidemics? Animal rearing is a major diversion from shock for disaster victims and helps them tide over their depression. In flood duck-rearing and fish farming help in clearing pests that can cause epidemics. Pigs and free living animals clear garbage & waste materials. Dogs (pets and community animals) keep wild animals and reptiles that stray into camps at bay. In war, a manmade disaster, animals play a key role in transport, reconnaissance, tracking, guarding, combat, etc. Animals affected by natural disasters In the past few years, many numbers of natural disasters have been recorded in several places. When a natural disaster happens to a community, it can cause suffering not only to people, but also to livestock and pets they love and care for. When mitigations are carried out some pets or farm animals may end up stranded when their owners are not allowed or unable to return to their homes. Eg. After Hurricane Katrina, many dogs were trapped on rooftops by the flood waters, suffering from hunger and exposed to the elements. More recently, Hurricane Sandy struck hard in the New Jersey and New York areas, separating people whose homes have been destroyed from their beloved pets. The basic needs of any animals are air, water, food, shelter, and social interaction They need clean air and water in order to maintain bodily functions. Without these, the animals would become dehydrated and organs would begin to shut down. Food is needed in order to have energy to live and to fight against infections. The shelter is needed to protect an animal from inclement weather, elements, and to keep it safe from predation. Social interaction is needed with other animals in order to procreate its species. Ways to help animals who have suffered so much Fortunately, there are several ways to help in these situations. Shelter is needed for livestock and pets whose families are forced to relocate to temporary housing. For pets provide a foster shelter until the pet can be reunited with the family, that is the ultimate gift of caring. For larger animals, such as horses or cattle, that need foster housing can be provide with emergency housing or in open land. Rescue groups can always be permitted to use volunteers through rescue hotlines, collect and organize donated supplies, and care for sheltered animals.Arrange donation for beddings, blankets, pet food, litter pans, food and water dishes and pet toys for shelter expenses, veterinary fees and much other expenditure. Shelter for animals in disaster management If the custodian of the animals is being to remain on their property during an emergency, they will need to decide whether to confine large animals in an available shelter or leave them outdoors and it will depend on the integrity and location of the shelter being used and the type of disaster. Hence information of the available property for the best location for animal sheltering should be applied.
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Ensure that their animals have access to high areas in case of flooding, as well as to food and clean water. Eg. During Hurricane Andrew, some horses left outside suffered less injury than those placed in shelters. This was because some shelters selected did not withstand the high winds. Horses were injured by collapsing structures and flying objects that may have been avoided on the outside. Another reason for possibly leaving animals unsheltered is because floodwaters that inundate around a barn could trap animals inside causing their drowning. If available pasture area or other open land meets the following criteria, their livestock may be better outside in the pasture than being placed inside the shelter. A safe pasture or other open land has:

Native tree species only (Exotic trees uproot easily). No overhead power lines or poles. No debris or sources of blowing debris. No barbed wire fencing. Woven wire fencing is the best. At least one acre (0.4 hectares) of open space. Livestock may not be able to avoid blowing debris in smaller spaces.
Ensure that custodian of the animals should have enough food and essentials supplies for their family and animals at least for minimum of 72 hours (three days).If the available land or property does not meet these criteria, then consider evacuating the animals, but only on the advice of veterinarians or local emergency management officials. During severe winter weather shelter animals from icy wind, rain, and snow. Generally, if the structure is sound, the animal should be placed indoors. Once they are inside, secure all openings to the outside. As mentioned previously, the sheltering should be ordered and completed before similar action is taken for humans. Farm cats and dogs should either be placed in a disaster proof place or turned loose as they generally will stay close to their home in the immediate period following a disaster. If they are loose, however, attempts must be made to immediately catch them again after the threat is over to prevent those animals from becoming feral and a public health hazard. Some farm dogs are dangerously aggressive, and under normal circumstances should be kept chained. If an inside shelter cannot be found then the only safe and humane thing to do is to euthanize those dogs as a last measure before evacuation. Plan for evacuation

Contact the local emergency management authority and become familiar with at least two possible evacuation routes. Familiarize all family members, animal keepers and employees with evacuation plans. Arrange in advance for a place to shelter the animals. Plan ahead and work within the community to establish safe shelters for farm animals, such as community land, fairgrounds, other farms, racetracks, and exhibition centers. Ensure that sufficient feed and medicine supplies are available at the destination.
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Prepare to be ready to leave as soon as an evacuation is ordered. In a slowly evolving emergency, like a hurricane, plan to evacuate at least 72 hours before anticipated landfall. Once the emergency hits, roads may be restricted to emergency service vehicles and not opened to traffic. Set up safe transportation. The custodian of the animal will need to have access to trucks, trailers, and other vehicles suitable for transporting each type of animals, along with experienced handlers and drivers. They also may need access to a portable loading ramp to load or unload animals. If animals are evacuated to a centralized location such as a fair grounds for shelter and will co-mingle with other animals of unknown health status make sure the animals have sufficient identification (e.g. ear tags or brands) to be able to tell them apart from others. Minimize the contact among animals from different premises. Protect feed and water from contact with wild animals and birds. Verify the health and vaccination status of animals which must be co-mingled. Handle any mortality in a manner to minimize the possible spread of contagious diseases. Monitor the health and well being of the animals on a daily basis, whether sheltered in place or evacuated. Seek appropriate veterinary advice and services on suspicion of an animal disease problem. Accommodation will need to include milking equipment for dairy cows (as applicable). Milk may need to be stored separately from cows of other herds. Milk pickup companies should be notified where to pick up the milk.
Whether evacuate or shelter the animals in a place, make sure that they have adequate and safe fencing or pens to separate and group animals appropriately. While leaving the livestock farm Ensure that the electricity on the farm (typically on a power pole into the farm) is turned off.Every practical effort should be made to leave animals with sufficient food and water for their survival. Feed enough for 48 hours should be left. Usually within that time the initial effects of the disaster will be over. During the recovery phase the decision can then be made as to the best way to mount a rescue effort. Preparation to face emergency

Make sure every animal has durable and visible identification with proof of ownership for all animals. Reinforce the house, barn, and outbuildings with hurricane straps and other measures. Perform regular safety inspections on all utilities, buildings, and facilities on livestock farm. If possible, remove all barbed wire and consider re-routing permanent fencing so that animals may move to high ground during flood and to low-lying areas during high winds. Identify alternate water and power sources. A generator with a safely stored supply of fuel may be essential, especially for milking equipment or other electrical equipment necessary to the well
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being for animals. Generators should be tested regularly to make sure that they will work when needed.

Install a hand pump and obtain enough large containers to water the animals for at least a week. Be aware that public water supplies and wells may be contaminated during an emergency. Properly plug any abandoned water wells on the site. Regardless of method, the intent is to prevent contaminated water from entering the groundwater. Production wells should also be checked to see that they are secured from flood waters. It may be necessary to decontaminate wells after a flood. Secure or remove anything that could become blowing debris; make a habit of securing trailers, propane tanks, and other large objects. Fill the feed troughs or other large containers with water before any high wind events to prevent them from blowing around and also to provide an additional supply of water. Make sure the heating lamps, any heat source or other electrical machinery with the wiring is safe without flammable debris. Label hazardous materials and place them all in the same safe area. Provide local fire, rescue and emergency management authorities with information about the location of any hazardous materials on the property. Remove old buried trasha potential source of hazardous materials during flooding that may leech into crops, feed supplies, water sources, and pasture. If there is a threat of flooding, ensure that in-ground manure pits or cisterns are kept at least half full of water of other liquid to ensure that they are not damaged or floated by rising groundwater. Chemicals should be stored in secured areas, preferably on high ground and/or on shelving off the ground. These areas should be protected so that chemical spills will not result in any runoff or seepage. Keep materials such as halters, cages, blankets, and appropriate tools for each kind of animal. Include bolt-cutters to quickly free animals in an emergency. Water, feed, and buckets, tools and other supplies needed for sanitation. Emergency equipment such as a cell phone, flashlights, portable radios (with weather radio band) and/or weather audio, and batteries are to be kept in place for use on need basis. Know the weather radio broadcast frequencies and local weather information telephone numbers. Keep other safety and emergency items for vehicles and trailers. Keep food, water, and emergency supplies for your family.
Special considerations of feeding and watering in disaster management Some management practices that may be followed while planning for disasters especially during the flood, winter and other type which require a special alert. During cold weather it is common to use
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portable heaters, gritty substances or bedding materials on the floor to prevent slipping and antifreeze. When using these heaters, be sure they are working properly in an area where there is adequate ventilation. Fuel used heaters not working correctly could be a source of carbon monoxide, a deadly odorless colorless poison. Antifreeze used in vehicles is a deadly poison. Animals seem attracted to it and will readily consume it because of its sweet taste. Take care to properly label all containers. Do not use containers previously filled with antifreeze for other purposes especially feeding watering. Promptly clean up all leaks and spills. Water supplies should be checked for freezing. Many animals have died of thirst during the cold weather even with abundant water sources, because they could not drink the water as it was frozen solid. If gritty material is spread on floors to prevent slipping, use only approved non-toxic materials. Recently a farmer mistakenly used Furadan, a fungicide for this purpose by mistake. Several cows that had licked it off the floor died. Drinking water for animals in disaster management Providing enough quality water is essential for livestock during any disaster .Because water makes up 80% of the blood, regulates body temperature and is vital for organ functions such as digestion, waste removal and the absorption of nutrients. he daily water needs of livestock varies significantly among animal species. The animals size and growth stage will have a strong influence on daily water intake. Consumption rates can be affected by environmental and management factors. Air temperature, relative humidity and the level of animal exertion or production level are examples of these factors. The quality of the water, which includes temperature, salinity and impurities affecting taste and odour, will also have an effect. An adequate supply of quality water for affected stock is extremely important. It is better to provide animals with free access to water and feed as per the requirements as mentioned below. Cattle and Buffalo Cattle and Buffalo calves (1-4 months) heifers (5-24 months) Milking Dry Swine Swine Weaner Feeder pig Weight Range (kg) 7-22 23-36 36-70 Water Requirement Range (L/day) 1.0-3.2 3.2-4.5 4.5-7.3
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Water Requirement Range(L/day) 4.9-13.2 14.4-36.3 68-83 34-49
Average Typical Water Use (L/day) 9 25 115 41
Average Typical Water Use (L/day) 2.0 4.5 4.5
Swine Gestating sow/boar Lactating sow -
Weight Range (kg) 70-110
Water Requirement Range (L/day) 7.3-10 13.6-17.2 18.1-22.7
Average Typical Water Use (L/day) 9 15 20
Horses Horses typically consume 2-3 kg of water per kilogram of dry feed. They drink more in hot weather and while doing heavy work. Frame size (weight) Small Medium Large Sheep Grazing sheep, particularly in the cooler seasons of the year, can require relatively little additional water beyond what they receive through forage. Hot, drier weather, however, will result in increased water intake. Animal Type Feeder lamb Gestating meat ewe/ram Lactating meat ewe unweaned offspring Gestating dairy ewe/ram Lactating dairy ewe Chicken If air temperatures exceed 30C or (87F), the expected water consumption can increase by 50% above normal consumption rates. Poultry are unable to sweat as a means of regulating body temperature. plus Weight Range(kg) 27-50 80 80+ 90 90 Water Requirement Range(L/day) 3.6-5.2 4.0-6.5 9.0-10.5 4.4-7.1 9.4-11.4 Average Typical WaterUse (L/day) 4.4 5.25 10 5.75 10.4 Water Requirement Range (L/day) 13-20 26-39 39-59 16.5 32.5 49 Average Water Use (L/day)
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Chicken Broiler Age (weeks) 21C 1-4 5-8 Winter, fall, spring Summer Chicken Type Laying hens Pullets Broiler breeders Turkeys 50-260 345-470 280 450 Weight Range (kg) 1.6-1.9 0.05-1.5 3.0-3.5
Water Requirement (L/1,000 birds/day) 32C 50-415 550-770
Water Requirement Range (L/1,000 birds/day) 180-320 30-180 180-320
Average Typical Water Use (L/1,000 birds/day) 250 105 250
Water Requirement (L/1,000 birds/day) Turkey Age (weeks) 1-7 8-14 15-21 38-327 403-737 747-795 10C-21C 38-448 508-1,063 1,077-1,139 27C-35C
Includes spillage losses (typically 2% or less of total consumption). Turkey type Broiler turkey Heavy hens Turkey toms Rabbits, Mink and Alternate Livestock Animal Type Rabbit - gestating doe Rabbit - doe (with litter), prior to weaning Weight Range (kg) 4.5 kg 8.5 kgb
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Average Typical Water Use (L/1,000 birds/day) Fall/Winter/Spring 296 431 513 Summer 402 600 723
Estimated Typical Water Use (L/day) 0.35 1.02
Animal Type Rabbit - 6-wk fryers Rabbit 12-wk fryers
Weight Range (kg) 1.0 kg 2.3 kg 0.30 0.64
Estimated Typical Water Use (L/day)
Feeding Requirement for animals in disaster management Animals Dairy cows & buffaloes In production Dry Heifers Pregnant Calf ( one year) 2.50 -4.00 kg concentrate 1.50 -2.50 kg concentrate 1.0 -2.00 kg concentrate 2.00 - 3.00 kg concentrate 1.0- 1.50 kg calf concentrate 20 kg green fodder (if available) 18 kg green fodder (if available) 14 kg green fodder (if available) 18 kg green fodder (if available) 5-7 kg green fodder (if available) Swine Brood sow with litter Brood sow (pregnant) 60-70 kg gilt or boar Ewe with lamb Ewe, dry Weaning lamb 2.5 4.00 Kg swine feed ( or) 1.5 2.00 Kg swine feed ( or) 2.00 3.00 Kg swine feed ( or) Sheep 250-400 g concentrate 250-400 g concentrate 100-150 g concentrate + grazing if possible + grazing if possible + grazing if possible 1.00-2.3 kg dry fodder 1.00-2.3 kg dry fodder 0.500-1.00-2.3 kg dry fodder 3-4 kg grain feed 1-2 kg grain feed 2-3.5 kg grain feed 5-7 kg dry fodder 4-6 kg dry fodder 3-5 kg dry fodder 4-6 kg dry fodder 1-2.5 kg dry fodder Feed/day
Poultry Layers Boilers Turkeys All breeds 8 kg /100 birds 5 kg /100 birds 18 kg /100 birds Horses 3.00-4.00 horse ration 9 kg hay/454 kg
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Session Five: Animal Handling & RestRaining

Emergency Veterinary First Aid for Small and Large Animals (Emergency Veterinary Clinical Services During Disasters)
Director of Clinics, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai - 600 051
Dr S R Srinivasan, Ph.D.,
Disaster & Disaster Veterinary Medicine The subject of Disaster Management has grown many folds. Each episode of disasters taught us many lessons and helped us to pace our response as well as specialize in different fields of disaster management. One integral part of disaster preparedness is Disaster Veterinary Medicine (DVM). The evolution of the Disaster Veterinary Medicine and the Veterinarians role in the overall spectrum of disaster management had been highest since the last 10 years. Each country has specific veterinary organisations to deal with emergency and disaster preparedness. In USA a major role is played by the association of veterinarians (AVMA) while in France the veterinary response to disasters is based mostly on the activities of the Vetrinaires Sapeur Pompiers (Veterinary Fire Brigades). Emerging issues arising after 9/11 attacks and SARS experience, as well as environmental emergencies, and the implication concerning the role of veterinary medicine in disasters are increasingly being analysed and discussed. In India, no major Veterinary Organisation or Institute is specialising in such developmental agenda and that remains unfulfilled till date. Our Veterinary Universities and Colleges should help to fill the need through unique initiatives that require all of its students as well as staff to receive disaster training, providing a new generation of leaders in veterinary medicine and disaster response. Types of Disasters
Earthquakes Flood and Flash flood Hurricane Thunderstorms and lightning Winter storms Landslide and Mudslide Fires: Wild land fires Tornadoes
Emergency management in small animals
Oil spill Tsunami Automobile accidents Hazardous Materials Emergency Nuclear Power plant Emergency Terrorism Microbial warfare
Triage: Triage is a French word trier, means to sort. It is a method of quickly identifying the animals which have life-threatening injuries/ disease conditions and which have the best chance of surviving. Triage includes pre hospital and hospital triage
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Pre hospital Triage Attention to the Call for help. Alerting the oncoming traffic. Rescue of animals from the spot Moving the animal to safe location. Check whether the airway is patent - Extend head and Neck; wipe mucus, blood or vomitus from the mouth. In unconscious animal, maintain head and neck stability. If there is no evidence of breathing or gum color is blue, begin mouth to nose breathing 15-20 / minute If there is no sign of cardiac function, begin external cardiac compression 80-120/ minute If any haemorrhage, apply firm pressure using a clean cloth, towel, paper towel, feminine hygiene product etc. Cover any external wounds using a bandage material soaked in warm water. If any obvious fracture, immobilize the area with homemade splints. If there are burn injuries, place wet cool towels over the burned area. Remove and replace as the compress warms to body temperature. In case of shivering or shock, wrap the animal with available material to conserve heat. In case of heat stroke, cool the animal with room temperature wet towel (not cold) and transport to clinic. Call ahead for emergency veterinary service before reaching veterinary hospital Line upholstery. Move the animal patient carefully. Drive the vehicle/ambulance safely.
Preparation for transport:
Hospital Traige: Involves five steps Step 1: Recognition of Life-Threatening Disease Step 2: Be prepared Step 3: Establish a Triage classification system Step 4: Arrival at the Veterinary Clinic Step 5: Patient stabilization
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Step 1: Recognition of Life-Threatening Disease: Goal should be to select and triage the patients that have serious traumatic injury / acute illness. Without recognition of life threatening processes and their potential sequela, one cant effectively triage patients, which will inevitably result in increasing morbidity and mortality. Typically, life threatening conditions are associated with cardiac, pulmonary and neurological disorders, environmental injuries and intra abdominal disorders. Education : Tutorials and conference education of the team members Practical training sessions on basic and advance life support techniques: endotracheal intubation, positive pressure ventilation, intravenous catheter placement, IV fluid set-up, ECG setup and preparing equipment for centesis. Emergency ready area Locate in a central area. Equipments should be readily accessible including an oxygen supply, endotracheal tubes, anesthetic equipment, Ambu-bag, IV catheters, IV fluid pumps, needles, syringes, equipments for centesis, emergency drugs and good light source. Clear labeling of drugs and supplies Replinish the stock levels after each use or on weekly base. Minimum in-house laboratory for diagnosis Team approach. SOP (Standard Operating Procedures) aid in ensuring important diagnostic and treatment
Step 2: Be prepared : 1.
2.
3. 4.
steps are not overlooked.

Step 3 : Establish a Triage classification system: Based on urgency of needed treatment. Can change rapidly during first four hrs of admission. If there is a concern regarding a patient, place in more serious class. Ensure all staff is aware of your triage system. Traumatic respiratory failure. Cardiopulmonary arrest or airway obstructions. All unconscious animals.
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Class I : Most seriously ill, should receive treatment within seconds. These include
Class II : Very seriously ill, critical patients require treatment within minutes (up to 1hr following the onset of severe symptoms). Multiple injuries. Shock or bleeding but has adequate airway and ventilatory functions. GI torsions. Burn victims. Penetrating wounds. No shock Ventilatory and cardiovascular function present. Superficial wounds. Minor trauma. Non trauma related. Vomiting, diarrhea, or lameness. Receptionist to be trained to recognize life threatening conditions. Emotional support of the client. Continual update of the client. Evaluate within 1 min of arrival at the clinic. Acquire a full medical history by a set protocol of questions.
Class III : Require definitive management within a few hours.
Class IV : Less serious.
Step 4 : Arrival at the Veterinary Clinic :
The emergency conditions that require actual field treatment are limited to the most acute and lifethreatening types of emergencies. These include airway obstruction, pneumothorax, shock, and arterial hemorrhage. Orthopaedic injuries in small animals can be treated by shifting the animals to hospital. Crash Cart rollaway cart stocked with various emergency supplies includes Drawer 1 Airway (Forceps, endotracheal tubes, laryngoscopes) Drawer 2 Venous Access (Catheters, suture material, saline flush) Drawer 3 Emergency Drugs (Dosage chart, needles, syringes, drugs) Drawer 4 Respiratory (Tracheotomy tube, chest tubes) Drawer 5 IV Fluids (Fluid bags, infusor bags, pump sets) Miscellaneous Equipment blood pressure monitor, ECG, anethestic machine, ventilator, thermometer, etc)
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Resuscitation Procedures Air way obstruction Airway obstruction can result from aspiration of debris or trauma to the airway. Treatment of a complete airway obstruction requires emergency intubation or tracheostomy. The first approach is to pass an endotracheal tube. This is facilitated by use of a laryngoscope to visualize the airway and observe any debris that can be removed. Although the veterinarian should be able to quickly intubate an animal without the use of a laryngoscope, in critical situations one should have the equipment available to increase the likelihood of success; therefore, a laryngoscope should be part of a field medical pack. In cases with partial airway obstruction, oxygen therapy and rapid transport to a veterinary hospital is indicated. Field tracheostomies are heroic measures and should only be attempted in the most critical situations. In drowning, oxygen therapy is of utmost importance. The most effective treatment in reversing hypoxemia after a submersion injury is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP) Pneumothorax: Pneumothorax may develop from either blunt or penetrating trauma. Unless it is a tension pneumothorax, oxygen therapy should be provided. Use of a catheter allows repeated withdrawal of air during transport while eliminating the risk of lung laceration from repeated thoracocentesis. Small bore catheters may collapse due to pressure of the intercostal muscles and bending of the catheter. Fluid therapy: Dehydration can become so severe that it leads to hypovolemia; treatment of these cases requires intravenous fluid administration. Isotonic electrolyte solutions should be used for fluid resuscitation. Hemorrhage: The first rule in treatment of overt hemorrhage is to stop the bleeding. Direct pressure is the most effective means to control hemorrhage during transport to either the first aid station or veterinary hospital. Clean protective bandage material and an elastic wrap are helpful in emergency control of hemorrhage. When it seems to be ineffective, more padding and more pressure should be applied, with the original bandage left in place. Emergency drugs and supplies useful during commonly occurring disasters is given in the tables below Drugs used in Chemical restraint
Drugs Acepromazine Xylazine Butorphanol Action Sedative Sedative Opioid Sedative Dogs and cats 0.01 0.05 mg/Kg IM or SC 1-3 mg/kg IV 0.1 mg/kg im Cattle, Sheep and Goats 0.03-0.1 mg/kg IV/ IM / SC 0.05-0.15 mg/kg IV 0.02-0.04 mg/kg IV/IM Horses 0.044-0.88 mg/kg iv 0.5-1.1mg/Kg IV 0.02-0.03 mg/Kg IV
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Drugs mostly used for emergencies conditions Drugs Epinephrine Action increased peripheral arteriolar vasoconstriction -better coronary & cerebral perfusion Dogs and cats High dose (1:1000) 0.1 mg/ kg low dose (1:10000) 0.01 mg/kg Low dose is preferred @ 0.01 0.02 mg / kg IV Bolus. Repeat every 3-5 minutes if required 0.04mg/kg IV or intra-tracheal. Repeat every 3-5 mins x 3 doses. 1mEq/Kg, repeat every 5 minutes 2-6 mg/kg im,iv,sc 1-2 g/kg iv over 30 min 2-4 mg/kg as bolus CRI 50g/Kg/min 50mg/kg (0.51.5ml/kg) SLOW bolus 0.2mEq/kg slowly over 10 minutes Cattle High dose (1:1000) 0.01-0.02 ml/kg IM low dose (1:10000) 0.1-0.2 ml/kg IM Horses High dose (1:1000) 0.01-0.02 ml/kg IM low dose (1:10000) 0.1-0.2 ml/kg IM
Atropine
slow heart rate or no heart rate (vagolytic) Metabolic acidosis Diuretics Diuretics Cerebral edema antiarrythmic
0.06-0.12 mg/kg IV,IM,SC
0.01-0.22 mg/kg IV,IM,SC
Sodium bicarbonate Furosemide Mannitol Lidocaine
1mEq/Kg, repeat every 5 minutes 0.5-4 mg/kg IV 1-3 mg/kg IV -
1mEq/Kg, repeat every 5 minutes 0.25-3 mg/kg iv 0.25-2.0 mg/Kg IV 1.3mg/kg as a bolus 0.05 mg/kg min CRI 150-250 mg/kg IV
Calcium gluconate 10%:100mg/ml: Magnesium (4 MeQ/ml)
Hyperkalemia low calcium Refractory ventricular arrhythmias, prolonged CPR Ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, PEA Seizure
150-250 mg/kg IV 0.04 ml of 25% Epsom Salt Sol/ kg/min IV 0.08 mEq Mg2+/ Kg/min -
Vasopressin 20 units/ml. Diazepam
0.2u-0.8u/kg IV (IT:0.4-1.2u/kg) 0.1-0.2mcg/kg IV. 0.2-0.5 mg/kg IV
0.6-1.1 mg/Kg IV
0.04-2.0 mg/kg IV
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Drugs used in pain management Drug Meloxicam Phenylbutazone Flunixine meglumine Reversal Drugs
Drug Benzodiazepines Xylazine Medetomidine Narcotic Reversal Agent Flumazenil- 0.02 1mg/Kg IV Yohimbine- 0.1 1mg/Kg IV Atipamazole- 5 mgml IM Naloxone- 0.02-0.04 mg/kg IV
Dogs and cats 0.2mg/kg SC 2-20 mg/kg IV -
Cattle 0.5mg/kg Iv 4 mg/kg iv q24hr 1.1- 2.2 mg/kg iv q24hr
Horses 0.6 mg/kg iv q24hr 2-4.4 mg/kg iv q24hr 0.25-1 mg/kg iv q24hr
READY AREA CHECK LIST General: Small/medium and large backboards CPR: Oxygen administration: Crash cart with defibrillator Oxygen source Endotracheal tubes of various sizes Ambu bag or breathing circuit that allows Laryngoscope and assorted syringes and manual ventilation blades infant/pediatric and adult cone masks Key emergency drugs (Atropine, +/- PEEP valves and mechanical Epinephrine, Naloxone, Vasopressin, ventilator Magnesium sulfate, Lidocaine, Calcium gluconate) Fluid resuscitation: Miscellaneous: IV catheters of various sizes Doppler blood flow detector and BP cuffs Syringes Suction unit Replacement fluids (Saline, LRS, Warming device (water circulating Maintenance Fluid) heating pad or warm air flowing device) Hetastarch Clippers Blood collection tubes Portable US unit Vacuum 3 way stop cocks
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Wound management: Sterile towels to pack wounds Wet saline dressings/ surgical scrub Other dressing materials Vetwrap Splints
Emergency surgical procedures: Emergency tracheostomy kit, Emergency chest tube/surgical pack for CPR or chest tube placement Vascular cut-down tray Emergency thoracocentesis and abdominocentesis supplies Surgical gloves in a variety of sizes
Guidelines for Cattle During Emergencies This group of animals tend to be grazers and browsers and have herding tendencies. All large hoof stock should be considered dangerous. They may become disoriented and panic during the disaster. They will flee from perceived threats, disregarding obstacles, and are at risk of injuries during flight. Neonatal and geriatric animals are at higher risk of trampling and exhaustion. The most desirable restraint device is the portable cattle chute with a head restraint Permanent identification of dairy cattle is usually numerical by means of an ear tag, ear tattoo, brand, microchip, or numbered neck chain. Animals may be temporarily identified through use of livestock marking crayons. Many people and animals are injured because of a lack of understanding of animal behaviour. Police and other emergency personnel often make the mistake of chasing cattle An excited lone bovine animal can be very dangerous and may charge at people. A basic principle is to avoid chasing and keep the animal calm. Livestock can be moved easily by a handler who works on the edge of the flight zone The handler must avoid deep penetration of the flight zone To make an animal move backwards, the handler must move in front of the point of balance An animal will usually move forward if the handler moves from the head toward the rear Emergency conditions that lead to the gathering of animals from various operations increases the risk of infectious diseases caused by a multitude of enteric and respiratory disease.
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Livestock Behaviour
Health Concerns
Mass medication through the drinking water may be considered for treatment and control of infection. Large ruminants are frequently affected with bloat, diarrhea, and pneumonia during prolonged unusual events. Prevention of most bloat and diarrhea can be accomplished through nutritional management. Pneumonia can be partially prevented through vaccination against respiratory pathogens and providing rest and fresh air during the disaster. Severe traumatic injuries require individual examination and treatment. The lacerations can be treated but fractures are difficult to manage in cattle and euthanasia may be required. Aspirin, given orally at the rate of 3 to 4 boluses (240 mg) every 8 hours or flunixin meglumine (50 mg, IM or IV), can be used to provide analgesia. These animals may become disoriented during the disaster. They will flee from perceived threats and are at risk of injuries during flight. Neonates and juveniles are at higher risk of trampling, exposure, exhaustion, or maternal rejection. They re-group after the disaster, and may form mixed species groups. Males of most species are territorial and should be considered dangerous, both to other males and to humans who enter their perceived territory. Can often be lead to holding areas by shaking a bucket of feed or by a feed trail. A group of animals may be herded to the holding area by manipulation of a visual barrier such as opaque plastic sheeting or baffle boards. The key is to move SLOWLY and quietly. Fresh water and adequate shade for all members of the herd should be provided. Unsanitary conditions may develop with time. Enteropathogens (bacteria, especially Salmonella, viruses, and parasites) can be a problem. Since inadequate ventilation can lead to respiratory problems, totally enclosed environments are not recommended. Most small ruminants can tolerate low temperatures if adequate bedding and shelter from wind, rain, and snow are provided. Humanely destroy and dispose of animals that are moribund, have intractably painful injuries, or that endanger persons or other animals. Return animals to original facilities if intact or arrange for transfer to facilities outside the disaster area.
Orthopaedic Triage
Guidelines for Small Ruminants like Sheep and Goats
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Note to the farmers and pet owners Flash Floods: Flash floods usually occur in areas where the landscape cannot absorb all the water during excessive precipitation events, in steep gradient landscapes, or in zones that have been recently affected by drought or wildfire. Living downstream from a significant precipitation event is a danger zone. Livestock have a natural move away instinct to flash flood waters. They generally seek higher ground if possible. When purchasing or designing your livestock operation, it is important to allow livestock a way to reach high ground in each pasture. Without access, livestock will fight fences and be at a greater risk of drowning. Livestock will initially panic during flash floods. This complicates livestock handling. Large Floods: Since large-scale floods are more predictable and usually slower to develop than flash floods, you may have more response time. Livestock will move gradually away from rising floodwaters to higher ground. Unfortunately, the higher ground may not be high enough to compensate for the final flood level of large-scale floods. If you live in large flood regions, it may be useful to invest in a good boat to help manage your livestock under disastrous conditions. Hurricanes: Hurricanes usually become an issue for livestock when the storm reaches landfall. Hurricanes often generate coastal flooding and are accompanied with high winds and heavy rain. Advance warning is usually available. So, livestock can be moved inland prior to the storms arrival. Tornadoes: Tornadoes have extreme intensity wind speeds 2 to 3 times that of a hurricane, but they have a very short duration. Livestock hear and sense impending tornadoes. If your family or home is at risk, the livestock will be a non-issue. If your personal safety is not an issue, you may only have time to open routes of escape for your livestock. Do not cut your safety margin short since tornadoes can veer, change speed and change footprint width very quickly. Open the gate, if you must, and then exit the area in a tangent direction away from the expected path of the twister. Wildfires: Although the surface speeds of wildfires vary from 5 to 40 miles per hour, all wildfires generate smoke, heat and sound. Livestock are very sensitive and responsive to wildfire anywhere within their sensory range. Normal reactions vary from nervousness, to panic, to aggressive and resistive escape attempts. Livestock are often injured or killed by fleeing from a wildfire into fences, barriers and other fire risks. Once the flight syndrome kicks in, it is retained long after the smoke, heat and noise stimuli are removed. Some animal species such as alpacas, llamas and especially horses become virtually unmanageable in the face of oncoming wildfire. In situations like this, experienced handlers (as many as possible), proper equipment, and a firm and prompt evacuation approach is needed. If time is limited because of fire ground speed, open possible escape routes and recapture animals later. In the case of a fast moving fire, some landowners spray paint their phone numbers on the sides of livestock before setting them free. Others attach identification tags to animals. If you choose to leave a halter on your animal, consider attaching identification such as a luggage tag. Fire fighters may cut fences and open gates if time and safety concerns allow. Suggestions for animal safety Do not leave halters or headstalls on animals in holding pens or when released. They can catch the tack on trees, equipment and other obstructions.
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Do not tie animals together when releasing them. The connection creates a hazard for the animals and people trying to recapture them. Try to avoid releasing animals unless absolutely necessary to protect your safety. They may run accidentally towards other risks. Report the location, identification and disposition of your livestock to authorities handling the disaster; especially if your animals are aggressive or nervous by nature. Have EOC emergency numbers on your cell phone.
Development of Emergency Veterinary Services (EVS) at the District level Hospitals: The District Head Quarters Veterinary Hospital should be equipped with all infrastructure facilities and human resources for delivery of round the clock Emergency and Critical Care Services. Such Hospitals should have Triage Area, ICU, X-ray, Basic Ultrasound, Oxygen Therapy, Blood Transfusion Facilities and Round the clock laboratory services.
Trained Veterinary Technicians should be made available round the clock in such EVS Centers and upon arrival of emergency cases and based on the nature of the emergency case Veterinarians can be called in to attend to such cases. Development of State level Veterinary Emergency Referral Services (VERS) and Network Emergency Advisory Services (NEAS): A State of the Art Veterinary Emergency Referral Hospital (VERH) should be developed at the state capital, with all modern facilities, inclusive of advanced life support and advanced critical care facilities. Specialty Veterinary Human Resources should be made available in such centers round the clock. Veterinary Emergency Referral Hospital (VERH) should be networked with the district EVS Hospitals to enable real time consultancy services. Networked EVS enables timely reach of expert consultancy services to save patients in distress. References: 1. American Veterinary Medical Association, Disaster Preparedness for Veterinary Practices. Disaster Preparedness Series (Revised 08/08)
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
American Veterinary Medical Association, Emergency Preparedness and Response, Disaster Preparedness Series. April, 2012 American Veterinary Medical Association, Saving the Whole Family. Disaster Preparedness Series, 2011 Caring for Livestock during disaster, Fact sheet No. 1.815. Colarado State University Extension, Revised 12/10 Cynthia M. Otto et al., Field treatment of search dogs: lessons learned from the World Trade Center disaster. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical care 12(1), 2002, pp 33-42 Helen T Engelke, Emergency management during disasters for small animal practitioners. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 04/2009; 39(2):347-58. Lola C. Hudson et al., Disaster relief management of companion animals affected by flood of hurricane Floyd. JAVMA, Vol 218, No.3 Feb 1, 2001 Tess Sprayson. Taking the lead: Veterinary Intervention in Disaster relief. In Practice (2006) 28, pp 48-51 University of Florida, The Disaster Handbook 1998 National Edition, Section 2.12
10. W.E. Wingfield and S.B.Palmer (2009) Issues in Veterinary Disaster Medicine Department of Health and Human Services, NMRT Central USA
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Equipments required for management of emergencies
BLOOD GAS ANALYSER
VITAL SIGNS MONITOR
HOLTER ECG
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
ULTRASOUND SCANNER
AMBU BAG
HOME MADE SPLINTS FOR DOGS
LARYNGOSCOPE
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SLING FOR COWS
HOISTING THE INJURED COW WITH SLING
REHABILITATION WITH SLING
TROLLEY FOR SHIFTING INJURED ANIMALS
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TWITCHES
ROPE ADJUSTED FOR CASTING BY REUFFS METHOD AND ALTERNATIVE METHOD
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STIRRUP LEATHER
SERVICE OR COVERING HOBBLES
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Restraint and Handling of Domestic Animals (Large Animals)

Professor, Department of Livestock Production and Management, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 7
Dr N Kumaravelu
Domestic animals require transporting, medicating and handling for rescue operations in disaster situations. Knowledge on handling and restraining domestic animals enables disaster management team to execute the relief work in a satisfactory manner. Restraining means restriction of muscular activity of the animals comprising both physical and chemical methods. Four basic factors should be considered when selecting a restraint technique (1) will it be safe for the parson who must handle the animal? (2) Does it provide maximum safety for the animals? (3) will it be possible to accomplish the intended? Procedure by utilizing the suggested restraint method (4) Can constant observation and attention be given the animal following restraint until it is fully recovered from the physical or chemical effects? Handling and restraint techniques when properly used can safe guard both animal and operator. Considerations in restraint and handling animals Plan each restraint episode in detail Anticipate potential problems Provide equipments and facilities commensurate with the procedure Time is crucial get the job done fast
Tools of Restraint The animal handler must become acquainted with a wide variety of tools used for handling animals safely, humanely and effectively. Tools may make a job easier or more efficient. The tools have been placed into seven categories. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Psychological restraint understanding a certain biological characteristic enables more satisfactory manipulation of a given animal Diminishing sense of perceptions of animals Confinement Lending added strength to or extension of arms. Physical barriers used to protect us or closer scrutiny of animals Physical force used to subdue animals Chemical restraint used to sedate, immobilize or anesthetize animals
Rope work Rope is a basic tool required for many manipulative procedures on animals. Even though drugs and other devices are often used in restraint practices, fundamental knots, hitches and rope techniques have wide applications. The bowline is the universal knot of animal restraint. It is the base for many
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specialized knots and hitches. Temporary rope halters, casting ropes, slings, breeding hobbles and sidelines all require the bowline. The bowline is secure and easily untied despite excessive tightening. Approaching and handling dairy cows and buffaloes Procedure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Have the owner or attendant beside the animal Before touching the animal, try to call it or given vocal commands Approach the animal from behind and on the left side Start patting and scratching the back and sides of the animals as you go nearer it Handle the head and neck first Do not stand beside or behind the hindlegs Cotton rope 10 m long, 2-3 cm thick Cotton rope 1.5 m long, 1 cm thick Bull nose ring Bull pole Rope halter
Materials required
6. Trevis Restraining and handling head of cattle If no nose rope is attached to the animal, a rope halter is the basic tool of restraint Cattle have an unusually sensitive nasal septum. A routine restraint practice is to grasp the nasal septum between thumb and finger via the nostrils forming a nose tong. To minimize kicking, a short length of rope is tied around the flank of the animal. Pressure in the flank area inhibits kicking Milk mans rope:- With a rope of 1.5 m long and 1 cm thick apply a 8 figure knot around both the hindlegs above the hocks including the tail Four persons are needed for casting a cattle Make a noose at the end of a 10 m long rope Pass the noose around the base of the two horns and tighten them. Apply the noose around the neck if horns are not present
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Preventing kicking
Casting cattle This is to make animal lie down
Make one half hitch around the neck in horned cattle (skip this in polled cattle) Make a second half hitch around the chest, just behind the forelegs Make next half hitch around the flank just in front of the hindlegs Steady - pressure is placed on the rope by pulling backwards The animal will ultimately sink to its knees and lower on its sides After the animal is made to lie down, secure its legs properly A trevis or cattle crush can be made of wooden poles or metal A trevis can be established with following dimensions 1.5 m x 0.8 m Lead the animal into the trevis by the halter or nose rope or neck rope A trevis is a major on the spot restraint device for handling animals for various purpose
Use of Trevis or cattle crush
Restraint and Handling horse Horses can kick, strike, bite and press persons against wall. Approaching a horse Always speak to a horse before touching it. Approach from the left side and handle the head or neck first. Horses enjoy being stroked Handling a horse Horses are usually handled with a halter and lead shank. Halters are made up of a rope. Horse can be restrained for a short duration by lifting one of its forelimb. A stirrup leather strap is used for lifting fore limbs of horse Twitch The twitch is the most important manual tool used in equine restraint. The principle is based on reaction to pressure applied to the sensitive lip. The most satisfactory twitch consists of a short length of chain attached to a hard wood handle. Twist the twitch firmly to maintain the grip, but not so tightly that severe pain is felt. Never stand in front of the horse. ears. Note Some horses will fight a twitch but can be restrained by applying pressure to one or both Lip chain also can be applied between the jaws to restrain a horse. Casting a horse Different methods of casting horse are fallowed. Suitable ropes and hobbles are needed for casting a horse. Securing hind legs of horse A sideline is used to prevent a horse from kicking backward when an operator has to work at the rear. The sideline is placed by trying a large bowline loop around the neck. The running end is brought over the side of the shoulder and around the hind pastern. The rope is brought back up to the neck rope and secured by a halter tie.
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Sheep handling Sheep will not jump a 2m high barrier. Always handle a sheep in a flock and not alone Horned sheep are usually seized by the horns It is a bad practice to catch a sheep below the hock, as it may either kick free or break a leg while struggling When holding a sheep, stand on its left side and place the left hand under its jaw, keeping the right hand free to place behind it.
Portable sheep stocks A strong piece of wood is shaped like a Y, the branches of which are far enough apart to admit a sheeps head. Each branch is provided with holes through which an iron peg is passed to hold sheeps head. The bottom of the wood is fixed to the ground Goats Goats are better jumpers than sheep Place one arm around goats chest as the other hand grasps the dock (tail) area A group of goats can be herded into a corner to capture an individual If present, horns may be used to grasp the goat for a short duration The beard may be grasped to immobilize the head A goat may be restrained by holding one leg A bucket or blindfold over the head of the animal triggers backward movement A cane or a narrow flat stick is excellent for directing a pig. It is not used to inflict pain, but is merely tapped on the side of the head to indicate the desired direction A solid plywood shield is a safe structure to work behind a pig A rope harness, snout rope, a snout snare or a pig catcher are used to restrain a large pig.
Pigs Swine frequently have the habbit of moving in the opposite direction of the handler
Chemical restraint The use of drugs for restraint and immobilization has become routine for veterinarians. The lives of many animals have been spared by judicious use of drugs that minimize stress and trauma. An ideal drug should have a high therapeutic index.
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Animal Handling and Equipments-1 (Small Animals)

Dr.M.Balagangatharathilagar,
Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-600007
Handling small animals in rescue, emergency and disaster situations (like hurricane, tornado, storm, high water, wind driven water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, drought or regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion) is a team work and is a challenging task. The limitless emergency scenarios make it difficult to provide complete information. This chapter highlights some general handling techniques and concepts to be used when responding to emergencies involving small animals. Learning Objectives of this lesson Understanding team work knowledge of the equipments/ materials required for handling and restraining the dogs and cats Techniques of handling and restraining the dogs and cats Important points to be considered to develop an operational plan - - - - - - Establish a leader for operation Evaluate the scene and situation Check the equipments functions properly Confirm the capabilities of personnel Brief everyone who will be involved in the plan of operation and convey all pertinent information Establish how the captured animal will be released
Team: The team should consist of a Veterinarian and Veterinary Student Volunteer, two rescue personnel and two standbys. Things to be done to optimize safety are - - - - - Learn the behaviour of dogs and cats to facilitate movement, capture, handling, transport thereby minimizing the stress and risk of injury Develop a plan of operation and communicate the plan to everyone in the operation Before starting rescue operation, have proper equipments drugs and personnel ready and available Expect the unexpected and plan for contingencies Be careful do not get bitten
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Handling while the seizing animals
- - - - - -
If the case is believed to exposed to poisons/chemicals wear glove of personnel protective measures Try to prevent the animal injuring itself Remove other pets from the scene Seizure > 2 min call the veterinarian Temperature >106oF call the veterinarian Loss of consciousness call the vet and/ or begin the basic life support
Materials required for handling and restraining small animals Nylon canine muzzle for restraining Elizabethan Collars Size 10,15,20,25,30 Cat Bag for restraining Leather gloves for restraining cats and small exotic mammals Disposable Animal Stretcher Board (50 X 22) with restraint straps Self adhesive veterinary bandage wrap: 1,2,3,4 X5 yds y pole leash pole snare cat tongs Hazards: Bites/Lacerations Sprain/Strain Slip, trip or fall Disease Infection Stress Incorrect use of equipment Injury to the animal Ensure all unnecessary persons are well clear. Consider offer the animal a food treat to lessen its aggression.
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Identify Equipment, Safety, Quality and Performance Requirements Try, as reasonably practical, that the capture take place on a non-slip surface (unsure footing can also cause a dog to panic and react). Whenever possible handle without force. Placing a blanket over the animal may assist in calming it during handling. Consider using a muzzle such as a velcro muzzle (for ease of application) or a more secure basket muzzle. A double lead with 2 handlers may also be of assistance with a particularly troublesome animal. Maximum use is to be made of minimum stress measures When captured, the animal must be secured with appropriately (a dog must be secured with a lead) to minimise the risk of injury to itself and handlers. Always make notes on the spe Stop and stand still. Do not stand front on to the dog. Do not make direct eye contact but be aware of his position at all times. Remove sunglasses and hat. Talk gently and calmly. Where possible, use a physical barrier between you and the dog. Feed the dog a bite stick or whatever you are carrying at the time (an umbrella or torch etc. will also suffice. If the dog bites do not try to pull away as this may incite the dog to tighten his grip and you may end up with tear injuries or multiple bites. In the case of injury the Authorised Officer is to refer to The XX Councils First Aid Procedure. If you are knocked to the ground, roll into a ball with your chin tucked in; use your arms to protect the back of your neck and ears. Keep your knees pulled up tight. Play dead to encourage the dog to loose interest in the attack. In the case of an extremely dangerous animal consider contacting a local vet who may be able to assist with chemical restraint. Be constantly aware of your body language. Read the dogs body language to pre-empt an incident look for precursors. Do not make any sudden movements or speak suddenly or loudly.
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Managing an attacking animal
Precautions
Specific address where a dog or cat is captured, especially inside a home. If the animal is caught outside, note the nearest address or at least the nearest intersection of roads. This information can be used to help reunite owners with their animal family members. Always leave notice that an animal was captured and removed from a home, including the date, location, description of the animal, and the name and contact information for your organization and the location and contact information for the shelter or staging area where the animal will be taken. Transportation Animal transportation time must be kept to a minimum. Animals must be secured in such a manner so as not to pose a risk to themselves or other adjacent animals. Larger animals must be securely tethered and separated. Deliver a captured dog to the designated pound. Upon arrival open the car door and allow the dog to alight by standing to one side, holding the lead and guiding the dog to walk out Transportation of injured dog to the nearby Veterinary Hospital by Animal ambulance equipped with oxygen therapy, patient supportive care, drugs, intravenous fluids, dressing materials and stretchers. Transport apparently healthy dogs to the nearby shelter and kenneled after a veterinary examination to make sure that the dog is free from any infectious diseases.
Handling and Restraining Techniques The safety is important while handling dogs and cats in a disaster situation. It is important to consider your own safety, safety of those assisting you, the safety of the bystanders and safety of the animals. Three main risks of injury are being bitten, scratched or hit in the face by the head of a thrashing dog. A gentle well trained dog can also bite due to pain and anxiety. Muzzles: leather muzzle, wire caged muzzle and cloth muzzles are used to to tie the mouth of the dogs. The dogs can be restrained easily by grabbing the loose skin on the either side of the neck and remaining behind the dog to prevent being bitten To restrain the recumbent dogs position yourself on the back side of the dog. Place one arm over the neck of the dog and hold the forearm of the down leg. Place the other arm over the lumbar/ abdominal region and hold the tibial region of the down leg. Wash and clean hands and other skin having come into contact with the animal. Personal Protective Equipment and clothing must be regularly washed with appropriate detergent. Vehicles and equipment must be disinfected frequently to prevent transmission of disease.
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CLEAN UP
CAPTURE EQUIPMENT
Dual Release Pole
Cat Tongs
Leash Pole
Y Pole
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Materials used for restraining dogs
Cloth muzzling
Plastic caged muzzle
Elizabethan collar
Restraining Standing dogs

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Restraining recumbent dog
Restraining cats with turkey towel
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Large Animal Technical Rescue Slide 1

Dr Ashish Sutar
Introduction 2 Domestication and Encroachment of habitats* Domestication and the encroachment of human society on animal habitats have caused many animals to become dependent on humans for their existence and welfare. As a society, humans exercise great compassion towards animals and will even risk life threatening conditions to help them without regard for the consequences. Purpose of Technical Rescue 3
Save Animal Life Protection of Responders - while rescuing animal.- many untrained but well-intentioned rescuers are injured or lose their lives each year trying to help animals in need of assistance Perfect Rescue* Protection of bystanders. Extricating an animal successfully out of its predicament is not the perfect rescue- Getting it out efficiently and professionally with no injury to the animal victims or human rescuers is the perfect rescue. No two technical large animal emergency rescue incidents (TLAEAR) are the same, a successful TLAEAR plan consider factor unique to the animals, the situation, and the environment. Safety of humans Learn to use field resources* Safety of humans- the priority for professional responders should always be the safety of humans. Make a decision Ask the tough questions Coordination Documentation Maintaining public health standards Humane euthanasia
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Perfect Rescue* 4
Response priority 5
Judgment keys for response*6
Make a decision 7*- Many jurisdiction respond too late and with poor preparation and training. This increase the risk of death and suffering of large numbers of animals, injury to rescuers, higher carcass recovery cost, biological HazMat concerns, and possible compromise of public health and safety. Ask the tough questions 8* Scenarios? (Horse, cow, flood tornado) Basic training ? Availability of resources? Anticipated hazard? Secondary hazard associated with primary. Evaluate the emergency response plan for the state and country. What other resources are available, keeping in mind that professional emergency response personnel will be occupied with human issue during the disaster and probably will not be available. Introduction - Prevention includes all the efforts taken at the local level by the owner and the animal community to educate the animal industry, animal owners, and emergency responders about the issue related to technical large animal emergency rescue. Planning cycle - Owner and emergency management personnel identify potential hazard, perform risk and vulnerability assessments, and assess capabilities and resources.
Coordination 9*-
Prevention and evacuation planning 10
Note-(Planning cycle- the plan should evolve and change dynamically based on new information, review, and testing. The plan should also be updated regularly in response to change in staff, animal or other factor affecting the facility. ) Large animal behaviour in Rescue 11 Introduction the Psychological aspects of technical large animal emergency rescue should be taken into account for both the victim and the rescuers. A terrified large animal can injure or kill a human and should be approached with preparation and proper caution. Understanding their behaviour pattern and herd instinct and using calm and quiet handling are vital.
Senses of Animals 12 Receptors-* Thermo receptors- detects change in temperature Mechanoreceptors- detects changes in pressure
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Chemo receptors- chemical stimuli in the environment e.g . Taste buds other chemoreceptor such as the carotid and aortic bodies related to changes in carbon dioxide in blood stream Propriorecceptors - changes in the tension of the muscle and tendons and position of the joints Nociceptors- Pain receptors lead to reflex stimuli. Approach towards animal 13 The advance* Catching the animal Getting close enough to touch Handle the individual Reading body language **
The Advance- 14* Animals are more aware than humans of the pressure zones around their bodies, when a person advances towards an animal from the front, the animal may interpret the movement as an aggressive approach and may attack if concerned, or turn and runaway if it perceives the human as the aggressor. Catching the animal- 15 animal should speak to the animal gently, in a soft voice, and carefully observe the animals body language. Offering a treat or forage may facilitate the process. Predators tend to attack the back or hind legs of their prey, a human approaching from the rear may be regarded as a predator. Getting close enough to touch*16- if a responder must get close to the animal, he or she should approach at the shoulder. If possible, personnel should keep one hand on the animal, grooming it softly and feeling for any changes in tension. Should never get between a large animal and heavy immovable object. Handle the individual- 17 Animals are individual in their reaction, and two animals presented the same stimulus are not likely to react in the same manner. In addition, stressful situation may induce unexpected behavioural reactions. In a rescue situation, any breed or species of large animal can react in a way that is opposite of what might be expected under normal circumstances. Rescue scene management 18 Introduction* Emergency scene** A) Escape planning*** B) Knowledge of large animal behaviour C) Patient assessment Introduction- 19 There is tendency for animal incidents to become spectator events, and large numbers of untrained people may become directly involved with the rescue effort. Those working in
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TLAER incident must have excellent communication skills to deal with other agencies to promote effective relationship and be able to make sure rescuers, bystanders, and operational personnel are as safe as possible An emergency scene 20 can be defined as a location designated by the potential need for emergency medical care or extrication methods. This location is quickly indentified by emergency vehicle with flashing lights, rescue equipment, and emergency personnel. These scenes repents special hazards Escape planning*21- responders should remember that prey animal may respond as if the rescuers are predators. The escape plan should include the assignment of safety buddies, identification of clear escape route for the responders, and methods of dispersing group of people Knowledge of large animal behaviour*22- responders may become lulled into a false sense of security on the scene and seriously injured if they erroneously assume that the animal cannot move. Trapped animals will often begin to struggle violently as soon as someone opens a door or window. Patient Assessment 23 *- A thorough patient assessment should be performed. In a field environment especially following a disaster, those animals that have a minimal chance of survival should be triaged as expectant and humane euthanasia should be performed or an natural death allowed. Material and human resources should be conserved for victims that are more likely to survive. Restraining for rescue 24 Capture operations* Passive capture- The simplest, most economical, and least stressful method of containing large animals is to attract them to a central point with food and or water. Chemical capture- can be used to capture all species of prey animals, but it is not a preferred method.
Physical restraints* 25 Initially, the best restraint method may be to avoid approaching the animal until experienced personnel arrive on the scene. Physical restraints 26 Simple methods Halter and lead rope Shoulder twitch** Lip, nose and chin chain Ear twist** Nose tongs Barrel hitch
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Simple methods* 27- simple method should be used to allow the animal(s) to remain calm. A prey animal can often be calmed by allowing it to eat, responders should provide forage in the form of grass, hay etc. In addition, responders should encourage all personnel on the scene to talk in low tones and remain as quiet as possible. Halter and lead rope* 28- A halter is important for guidance and restraint of the animal victim, but it is never intended to be used as an anchor point during a rescue. An animal, like human should never be pulled by its head and neck because serious injury could result. Shoulder twitch*29- the shoulder twitch is a favorite for horse owners because it is simple, easily learned, and can be performed from a safe position near the shoulder. Not recommended in other animals- cattle skin too thick and grasping the skin of sheep or goats in this way will injure them. Ear twist* 30- the technique is often very effective in temporally immobilizing the animal but it is very painful for the animal. Nose tongs*31- nose tongs have been used for many year by the cattle industry to restrain the head while the animal is caught in a head gate or squeeze chute. They act by placing pressure on very sensitive areas inside both nostrils. Lip, nose and chin chain 32- lip chain consist of a piece of small gauge chain passing underneath the horses top lip at the gum line and from one side of the halter to other. When improperly applied these methods can be in humane and should be avoided by inexperienced personnel. Halter and lead rope- 33 A halter is important for guidance and restraint of the animal victim, but it is never intended to be used as an anchor point during a rescue. An animal like human should never be pulled by its head and neck because serious injury could result. Barrel hitch- 34 In cattle and other ruminants, a barrel hitch of rope, starting with a loop around the animals abdomen at the level of the sternum and the hips provides a method for recumbent restraint. Anchor points in rescue 35 Unacceptable anchor points a) Lower limb b) The head and neck
Rescue Anchor points on a large Animal 36 Regardless of the incident environment, freeing a large animal means that it needs to be moved up, down, forward, backward, or to the side. With the exception of an animal in dorsal recumbence, moving a large animal in any of these directions can be safely accomplished by attaching webbing around either the chest or posterior abdomen/pelvis, or both portion of the torso. Basic method of Manipulation 37 Flossing of webbing and its Procedure
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Forward assist and its ProcedureBackward drag and its ProcedureSideway drag (Hampshire slip) and its procedure Flossing of webbing* 38 in certain scenarios it might be easier to floss a segment of webbing underneath the animal to establish an anchor point. This can be accomplished from the hind end or the front end. Forward assist* 39- The forward assist method uses a rescue strap of webbing over the animals torso(behind the withers) and threaded between the animals front legs to allow humane rescuers to assist the animal forward movement. This technique can be used to on standing and laterally or stern ally recumbent animals, as well as on animals trapped in mud or tight space Backward drag 40*- This method allows the rescuers to emplace a web appliance around the hindquarter of an animal to drag it backward out of the entrapment. This technique can be used laterally and sternly recombinant animals as well as animals trapped in tight spaces without compromising the safety of rescuers. Sideway drag (Hampshire slip) 41*- this method allow rescuers to safely pull a large animal over the ground surface of mud on tidal flats. The sideway drag method uses the animals limb to provide pressure on the webbing, preventing the pulley action and maintaining the animal in a position with its limb facing away from the system; this allows rescuers to efficiently and safely pull animal. Trapped animals and manipulation 42 Hung of an obstacle Trapped in mud, unstable ground Animals trapped in confined spaces Trapped on steep terrain or cliffs General rules for manipulation* 43 Find a way to use the motor No ropes on the Legs No ropes on the head or neck Increase the surface area Find a way to use the motor* 44- a large animal needs freedom to move its head and neck to balance itself; the weight of the head and neck acts as a fulcrum and the steering axle. An animal that is healthy should not be prevented from using its legs or head and neck to climb a hill ,thus providing the drive axle or motor to rescue itself with only guidance from the humans No ropes on the Legs*45- tying animals legs compromise its ability to balance and move, prevents the animal from assisting in its own rescue, and increases struggling in its own rescue, and increases struggling and anxiety. The lower limbs are sensitive to pressure injuries and have
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minimal soft tissue underneath the skin, thus increasing the risk of iatrogenic injury associated with tying the limb. Increase the surface area 46*- one rule of large animal rescue is to maximize the surface area of the equipment or appliance in contact with the body of the animal to minimize the pressure placed by the webbing, ropes, or attachment points on the animals tissue and muscle. This can be accomplished using field-expedent padding (e.g. T-shirt, towel, flat piece f fire hose webbing) General rules for manipulation 47 Position and timing Reaction time Assisting animals
Position and timing* 48- contrary to instincts, the safest place responders can be is well out of the animal at its shoulder. Unless proximity to the animal is necessary, rescuers should remain out of range of the animals teeth. Reaction time* 49- the reaction times of prey species are faster than human reaction times. In terms to response to electrode stimulation, forelimbs were significantly faster than hind limb response. The strength of the stimulus required to elicit a response from a hind limb was more than twice the strength to elicit a response from a limb, but the behavioural reaction to hind limb stimulation is stronger than. Assisting animals* 50- large animal use their heads and neck to maintain their balance; these structure constitute 10% of the animals total body weight. Freedom of head and neck movement is an essential component of forward movements.
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Session Six: FiRst Aid foR Animals in EmeRgencies

Emergency Conditions Affecting Farm and Pet Animals and First Aid
Dr. A. Arun Prasad, Ph.D., and Dr. T. N. Ganesh, Ph.D.,
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology Madras Veterinary College, Chennai- 600 007
Emergency conditions encountered in farm and pet animals in variety of situations, including natural disaster, road traffic accidents, mob attack etc., however the same decisions or steps are required to assess the situation and determine the best course of action. The important criteria in attending to the situation depends on the assessment of situation, observation and transportation of patient. Assessment of situation: o Assessment of situation relays on the Whether the injury/condition can be ameliorated by on the spot or short term (<24 hrs) first aid treatment and is such that it is unlikely to cause significant ongoing pain and/or compromise the animals ability to heal naturally and survive. In the case of serious, life threatening injuries (those involving the head, chest, abdomen and limbs if it compromises their function), the decision to treat, seek veterinary/expert care, If an injury does not immediately compromise the survival of the animal and is likely to be able to heal naturally it may result in the animal being released with just immediate first aid care. An animal should only be removed from where it is found if the animal is expected to respond positively to care within 24 hours.
o o o
Observation Assessment Assess the animals health - level of consciousness, external injuries/abnormalities, body condition, bleeding, discharges, colour of mucous membranes, swellings, bruising, pain, response to sight/sound, respiratory rate, heart rate, temperature, paralysis, evidence of breeding (e.g. enlarged teats, pouch young). Body symmetry - Are there any obviously damaged or misshapen body parts (indicating fractures etc)? Mental status - Is the animal bright, alert and responsive or is it quiet and dull? Posture - Is the animal standing or up in its normal posture, or is it lying down? Is it balancing normally or it is using another part of its body to help it balance? Gait- If the animal can move, is it moving as it should? Respiration - Is the animal breathing with an open mouth or gasping for air?
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Is respiration loud? Is there any discharge from the nose? Body covering - Are there any obvious signs of damage to the animals coat? Wounds- Are there any obvious signs of injury (blood, wounds)?
Handling and transportation If the animal can be handled, safely confine it in a manner that is appropriate for a closer health assessment, treatment and/or transport (e.g. wrap it in a towel or handling bag, covering its eyes and place it in a cardboard box). Ensure the animal can breathe (clear airways and nostrils, and dont constrict the chest). Do not try to handle an injured animal if there is a chance you will be at risk (e.g. rabies, zoonotic pathogens). Handling should be brief and aimed at getting the animal into a warm, dark, quiet enclosed (with ventilation) space as quickly and stress free as possible. If possible obtain a weight for the animal to aid in later administration of drugs.
Common emergencies met with farm and pet animals and first aid management: Bleeding

Keep the animal quiet and calm Apply pressure to any bleeding are using a dressing or clean bandage. Use enough pressure to stop blood loss. If stopping the blood loss is not possible, at least reduce the rate of bleeding as much as possible, until help arrives. If blood is seeping through, apply another tight layer. For places you cannot bandage, press firmly onto the wound and hold it in place. Get to the vet straight away. Deal with serious bleeding but do not apply a splint - it is painful and can cause the bone to break through the skin. Confine the animal for transport to the vet. Smaller animals can be put in a box. Run cold water over these for at least five minutes, then contact the vet. Do not apply ointments or creams but if there is to be a delay getting to the vets, you can apply sterile dressing to the area. Keep the animal warm.
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Broken Bones

Burns and Scalds

Choking

Get quickly to the vet or you may be able to push the obstruction out bypushing on the throat/ neck from the outside. If the animal is turning blue or has collapsed, try the following:
o o o
You will need someone to help you. One person holds the mouth open, while the other reaches inside. Be careful not to get bitten. If you cannot pull out the obstruction lay the pet on its side. Push down suddenly and sharply on the tummy just behind the last rib. The person holding the mouth should be ready to grab the obstruction as it reappears.
Coat Contamination

If a substance such as paint or tar has got onto the coat or paws, prevent the animal from licking, as it may be toxic. Try to clip off the small areas of affected hair if you are able to. Never use turpentine or paint removers on your pet. You can sometimes remove paint and other substances by bathing the area in washing up liquid or Swarfega, but if a large area is affected, see the vet. Never put yourself at risk attempting to rescue an animal. Wipe away material from the mouth and nose. Hold the animal upside down by the hind legs until water has drained out. Give artificial respiration if breathing has stopped. Even if your pet seems to recover, always see the vet as complications afterwards are common. If a high voltage (non-domestic, for example, power lines) supply is involved, do not approach the animal. Call the police. In the home, turn off power first. If this is impossible, you may be able to use a dry non-metallic item, like a broom handle, to push the animal away from the power source. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. Call the vet immediately. If the eye is bulging out of the socket, apply a wet dressing, prevent rubbing or scratching and call the vet.
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Drowning

Electric Shock

Eye Injuries

If chemicals have got into the eye, flush with water (preferably from an eye bottle) repeatedly and call the vet. To stop a fight throw/hose water on the fighting animals. If your dog seems shocked, dull or distressed after a fight, call the vet. Otherwise, look at the wound. Puncture wounds on the head or body mean you should consult a vet right away. Injuries on the limbs may not need immediate treatment, unless severe or very painful but take the animal to the vet within 24 hours, as antibiotics may be required. If your pet is having a fit, do not try to hold or comfort the animal, as this provides stimulation, which may prolong the fit. Darken the room and reduce the noise. Move any objects or furniture which may cause harm. Ring the vet. If on a warm or hot day, your pet is panting heavily and distressed, and especially if the animal is short nosed (e.g. Boxer), overweight or has been playing or exercising, think heatstroke! Put the animal somewhere cool, preferably in a draught. Wet the coat with tepid water (cold water contracts the blood vessels in the skin and slows heat loss) and phone the vet. You can offer a small amount of water to drink. Try to find packaging from the substance swallowed and have it with you when you phone the vet. If chewing plants is suspected, try to find out the identity of the plant. Call the vet immediately. Do not make your dog sick unless the vet says to do so. Pull out the sting below the poison sac, then bathe the area in water or use a solution of bicarbonate of soda if available. Applying ice will help soothe. If the sting is in the mouth or throat, contact the vet as it may swell and interfere with breathing.
Fights

Fits

Heat Stroke

Poisoning

Stings

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Swollen tummy

If this happens suddenly, treat it seriously, especially if the animal is a deep chested breed such as a boxer or mastiff. There may also be gulping dribbling saliva and attempts to vomit. It could mean that there is a life-threatening twist in the stomach. Seek veterinarians help imm. Firstly get someone to telephone the nearest vet. Approach the animal from the front so the animal can see you. Avoid any sudden movements and speak gently, using the animals name if possible. Whats the danger to you and others? Direct traffic if you can. If the animal can walk gently coax into a car and help the animal get in. If the animal needs to be moved out of traffic and cannot walk, Large animals can be lifted on a makeshift stretcher, using a blanket, coat or rug. Small and medium animals can be lifted with hands underneath the hindquarters and the chest. Make sure breathing isnt obstructed. If the animal is very badly injured or you suspect spinal injuries, do not move unless advised by a vet. extra halter and lead rope latex exam gloves rectal thermometer 3 4 rolls of Vetwrap 4x4 gauze squares stethoscope flashlight veterinarians phone number triple antibiotic eye ointment
Traffic accidents involving animals

Assess the situation

Transport to the vet or move the animal away from traffic

Basic First aid kit for Pet and farm animals emergencies
o o o o o o o o o
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o o o o o o o o o
all-purpose antibiotic wound salve duct tape clean towels of various sizes (large, small) bottle of sterile saline wash bottle of povidone iodine or other surgical scrub tweezers scissors or pocketknife Mild soap for cleaning wounds pen and paper Pain relieving drugs Aspirin, flunixin, phenylbutazone (bute), or a tranquilizer Hypodermic needles and syringes will be needed if you use injectible products Thermometer - Digital thermometers are quick and easy to use . Plastic bags, plastic containers, and a toolbox for keeping supplies together and clean
Emergency medication
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Equine Restraining and First Aid Horses

Dr. B. Justin William1, Dr.M. Bala Gangathara Thilagar2 and M. Bharathidasan3
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology Madras Veterinary College
Horses have long been used by people for transportation,work, and recreation. While horses have served people well for all these uses, they can easily injure people. Whether employed as a worker on a horse farm or handling horses as part of a personal hobby, a person can decrease the possibility of injury through the use of safe handling techniques HONDLING When handling any animal, safety is paramount. You must take into consideration your safety, of the safety of the people assisting you, the safety of bystanders, and the safety of the horse. Evaluate the area and minimize hazards before addressing the hose. Decrease the number of bystanders, clear away obstacles, or move to a quieter, more secure location if possible. The main risks of injury to personal are being kicked, struck (kicked with a front limb), stepped on, jumped on, knocked down, or bitten. To minimize these risks, it is importance to communicate your intention and expectations verbally to your assistant(s) and to any bystanders who could be injured and to communicate by touch and demeanor with the horse. The horse should be held by a capable assistant then tied, and this assistant assumes a critical role in securing everyone`s safety. The assistant holding the horse should be on the same side of the horse as the medic. If the medic changes sides, the assistant should also change sides. Ideally, everyone, including bystanders, should be on the same side of the horse. Because this is not always practical, it is the medic`s and assistant`s responsibility to maintain an awareness of bystanders and to warn them to move out of a danger zone. Physical Restraint Most horses with which you are presented will have on a halter (and lead rope) or bridle (and reins). When holding the lead rope or reins, do NOT loop the excess lead rope reins around your hand. Rather, fold or flake the excess in your hand. This will allow you to let out some slack if needed while minimizing the risk of serious injury to your hands. Stud Chains (Stallion Chains) Stud chains are a type of lead rope with approximately 20 inches (50) of small link chains on the clip end .this lead rope is attached to the halter in various configurations (over the nose, across the gum, or in the month) to allow the handler a more severe method of control, experienced hands, stud chains can be effective. In inexperienced hands, they can be dangerous. Twitch A twitch can be a very helpful aid in restraining a horse for examination or treatment. They are applied to the upper lip of a horse as a method of acupressure and distraction. It has been suggested that this acupressure triggers the release of endorphins.
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Self holding twitch The person handling the twitch must stay to the side of the horse and apply the twitch with Goldilocks pressure not too much and not too little- to be effective. As with stud chain, twitches are best used by an experienced assistant as they can cause injury to the horse if excessive pressure is applied, and they should not be used for extended period of time. The handler is also at risk of being struck by the horse or handle of the twitch. Ear twitches and neck twitches are handholds that should not be used. Ropes The use of ropes to incapacitate a leg or restrict its motion is not an appropriate method of physical restraint in a first aid or disaster setting; as such, scotch hobbling tying a leg up, single side line, etc. should not be used for restraint. Chemical Restraint Chemical sedation is the cornerstone of restraint for horse. These drugs are much more effective when the patient is calm; in an excited or high- anxiety state, the horse will frequently override the sedative effects or these drugs. Minimizing commotion, removing the horse from a chaotic area, or simply allowing him to calm down before examining him can help make the use of sedatives more rewarding. Do not become complacent around a sedated horse. A tranquilized or sedated horse can suddenly jumped, bite, kick, or strike with lightning speed. VITAL SIGNS Expected Normal Values For The Resting Healthy Horse. Horse Value Rectal Temperature Foals during first few days Foals to 4th year Horses, Adult Horses, over 5 years Pulse/heart rate Foals, Newborn Foals, 1-2 days Foals, 2Weeks Foals, 3-6 Month Foals, 6-12 Month Foals, 1-2 year 128bpm 100-120bpm 80-120bpm 64-76bpm 48-72bpm 40-56bpm Up to102.70F (39.3oC) 99.5oF-101.3oF (37.5o-38.5oC) 99.5oF-101.3oF (37.5o-38.5oC 99.5oF-101.4oF (37.5o-38.0oC
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Adult Horses Stallions Geldings Mares Respiratory Rate Foals Horses, adult FIRST AID BANDAGING PRINCIPLES There are a variety of bandaging protocols, techniques, and preferences that are acceptable within the medical axiom of above all do no harm Understanding the purpose of various layers and types of bandage materials and the anatomical pitfalls of bandaging hours can help minimize adverse effects from bandaging. In terms of first aid, the purpose of a bandage is to control hemorrhage, prevent further contamination of a wound, and provide comfort in stabilizing a wound until definitive medical treatment can be obtained. First aid bandage components Include; Tape stirrups (2-inch[5cm] white or Elastikon tape) No-stick pads (Telfa) Roll cotton,1 lb 4-to 6-inch(10-to 15-cm) Conforming roll gauze ( Conform, Soft Kling, Kerlix) 4-inch (10-cm) adhesive elastic wrap(VetWrap, Coban, PetFlex, Flex-Wrap) 3- to 4-inch (7-to 10-cm) Elastikon Tape 14-15bpm 9-10bpm 28-32bpm 33.39bpm 40-56bpm
Leg bandaging If a wound does not prohibit tape stirrups from being used, for example, a circumferential de-gloving injury, they can help prevent a bandage from sliding down. Two strips of 2-inch white tape or Elastikon tape are placed on opposite sides of the limb and extend approximately 6 inches (15cm) beyond what will be the bottom of the bandage (Fig. 2.19). This extension will be doubled back onto. Two-inch tape stirrups applied to the medial and lateral aspects of the lower limb. The bandage and incorporated into the bandage on the (outer) rolled gauze layer or the VetWrap layer, thus creating the tape stirrup that helps hold the bandage in place. No-stick pads (telfa) are placed over the wound. No-stick pads prevent the exposed tissues of a wound from adhering to the dressing and help prevent the disruption of any clot formation. Some prefer to wrap conforming roll gauze as the next bandage layer to hold the no-stick pad in place, Because of the risk of wrapping this layer too tightly.having a crease or fold present that can became a pressure point, or having it shift from bandage motion and inadvertently creating a tourniquet
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type effect, it is preferred to place rolled cotton as the next layer. The rolled cotton will hold the no-stick pad in place, conforms well, and provides cushioning. This bulky layer allows the subsequent layers to be applied fairly tightly while minimizing the risk of crushing or constricting the tissues leading to Compromised circulation. After the rolled cotton layer, 4-to 6-inch (10-15-cm) Conforming roll gauze is used to compact and hold the rolled cotton layer in place. One should wrap this moderately tight layer from distal to proximal. In doing so, bandage compression is applied in the direction of venous and lymphatic. FIRST AID First aid can help minimise damage caused by disease or injury. Sometimes first aid performed by yourself will be all that is needed. Other times it may save your horses life until further help arrives from your veterinary surgeon. Whichever situation you find yourself in you must remain calm and efficient or you will not be in a position to help anyone. Horses are flight animals and may become excitable when they are frightened and confused from injury and/or pain. It will be your responsibility to keep him calm and safe. If you cannot approach him safely then dont, you will be of no use if you are injured yourself. Requirement; Roll of cotton wool Roll of gamgee Antiseptic cream Saline solution (ready made or ordinary salt to make your own - 1 tsp salt to 1 pint of boiling water - dont forget to let it cool before using!) Wound powder Poultice Blunt ended scissors Hoof pick Self sticking bandages Clean towels Roll of Elastoplast Antibacterial scrub Pen and pad (in case of notes for vet) Vets phone number and your phone number(s) Clear written directions to the yard - especially the name of the road. Make sure the yards name sign is viable from the road and at night Money to make a pay phone call or credit on your mobile phone
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Management Of Snake Bites & Poisoning

Assistant professor, Department of Wildlife Science, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai
K Senthilkumar,
Snake bite in animals generally occurs during disasters as the snakes also being pushed out of their hidings due to flood or hurricane. Most of the cases of snake bite have been reported in dogs and horses (Garg, 2000). Poisoning from snake venom in animals is an emergency which requires immediate attention or otherwise delayed and inadequate treatment may lead to untoward consequences. The Big Four There are almost 300 species of snakes native to India but only four are responsible for the majority of deaths due to snakebites. Known as the, big four, these snakes find themselves often in the middle of human life in homes, businesses and other places where it is unsafe for both the snake and humans. The big four are as follows. Common Cobra (Naja naja) The cobra is the most common poisonous snake in India. One can identify Cobras very easily as they raise their head and spread their hood in defense. The coloration varies from dark brown to jet black. Cobras are associated with Indian mythology and are worshipped across the country. Russells Viper (Daboia russelli) It is a thick set, ground dwelling snake with a small conical head and large nostrils. Its colour is dorsum-brown, with three rows of spots along the body and the belly is cream coloured. It lives in grasslands or scrub forest. They are only aggressive once threatened or disturbed. Once agitated, they produce a high pitched hissing sound which is audible from even a few meters away. Saw Scaled Viper (Echis carinatus) A small viper found across the Indian sub-Continent, even the slightest disturbance turns them aggressive. The snake makes noise by rubbing its scales together. The venom of this snake is hemotoxic, and very deadly. Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) The Krait is largely nocturnal in nature, so it becomes very alert during the nighttime. The body is glossy black with paired bands. Usually looking for a cool place to hide, they find their way into homes across the country. Their venom is said to be stronger than that of the cobra.
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Fatal snakebites are more common in dogs than in other domestic animals. Because of the relatively small size of some dogs in proportion to the amount of venom injected, the bite of even a small snake may be fatal. In dogs and cats, mortality is generally higher in bites to the thorax or abdomen than bites to the head or extremities. Because of their larger sizes, horses and cattle seldom die as a direct result of snakebite, but deaths may follow bites on the muzzle, head, or neck when dyspnea results from excessive swelling. Serious secondary damage sometimes occurs; livestock bitten near the coronary band may slough a hoof. Snakebite with envenomation is a true emergency. Rapid examination and appropriate treatment are paramount. Owners should not spend time on first aid other than to keep the animal quiet and limit its activity. The following commonly touted measures are ineffective and can be potentially harmful: use of ice, cold packs, or sprays; incision and suction; tourniquets; electric shock; hot packs; and delay in presentation for medical treatment (waiting until problems develop). In many instances, the bite has been witnessed, and diagnosis is not a problem. However, fractures, abscesses, spider envenomations, or allergic reactions to insect bites or stings could all potentially be confused with snakebite by the inexperienced eye. General Symptoms Nausea, vomiting, malaise, abdominal pain, weakness. drowsiness, prostration Cardiovascular (Viperidae) Visual disturbances, dizziness, faintness, collapse, shock, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary oedema, conjunctival oedema. Bleeding and clotting disorders (Viperidae) - bleeding from recent wounds (including fang marks venepunctures, etc) and from old partly-healed wounds - spontaneous systemic bleeding - from gums (Fig 30), epistaxis, bleeding into the tears, haemoptysis, haematemesis, rectal bleeding or melena, haematuria, vaginal bleeding, bleeding into the skin (petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses) and mucosae, intracranial haemorrhage (meningism from subarachnoid haemorrhage, lateralising signs andlor coma from cerebral haemorrhage) Neurological (Elapidae, Russells viper) Drowsiness, paraesthesiae, abnormalities of taste and smell, heavy eyelids, external ophthalmoplegia, paralysis of facial muscles and other muscles innervated by the cranial nerves, aphonia, difficulty in swallowing secretions, respiratory and generalised flaccid paralysis Skeletal muscle breakdown (sea snakes, Russells viper) Generalised pain, stiffness and tenderness of muscles, trismus, myoglobinuria, hyperkalaemia, cardiac arrest, acute renal failure Renal (Viperidae). Loin (lower back) pain, haematuria, haemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, oligurialanuria, symptoms and signs of uraemia (acidotic breathing, hiccups, nausea, pleuritic chest pain etc)
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Endocrine (acute pituitaryladrenal insufficiency) (Russells viper) Shock, hypoglycaemia How to Prevent a Snake Bite? 1. Any unknown snake is potentially dangerous; do not play, avoid any contact with any snake including those of small size, baby, lethargic, dead. A cut off head can keep poisonous activities for several minutes. Make yourself familiar with the description of poisonous snakes in the place where you live. 2. Attention!!! Use torchlight at night all local poisonous snakes are active in the evening and at night. Pay more attention in the forest, close to bushes, tall plants, etc. 3. Snakes usually dont bite you without alarm: - Cobra lifts vertically front part of the body (1/3), opens hood, makes hiss, rushes to the aim. - Vipers - make a spiral from a tail, bend like zigzag front part of the body, and make a strong hiss. 4. If you meet a snake, go back slowly, dont do sudden movements, do not turn your back to the snake, do not run, and give the possibility for a snake to go away First aid and Treatment Antivenom administration is the standard therapy for snakebite. Complications often occur following snakebite because of toxic hemorrhagic or neurotoxic effects with secondary bacterial infection. Snake venom is actually a kind of highly evolved salivary secretionwhich is used to both kill and digest prey. Venom was not made against man. There are two basic types of snake venom. One affects the nerves (venom of cobra and common krait); the other one blood (that of vipers). Polyvalent anti-venom serum is effective against the bites of the Big Four cobra, saw-scaled viper, common krait, Russells viper. If a venomous snake bites an animal, just remember two things: dont panic; go to a hospital and get anti-venom serum. Dont waste precious time on quacks remedies, tantra-mantras, jhar-phoons, herbal preparations, etc. In case of snakebite, a well-administered first-aid is vital. Intensive therapy should be instituted as soon as possible, because irreversible effects of venom begin immediately after envenomation. The bite site(s) should be shaved, and the wounds cleansed thoroughly with germicidal soap. Antivenom is the only direct and specific means of neutralizing snake venom. 10 ml of polyvalent anti-snake venom aniseruma along with 500 ml of 5% dextrose is administered intravenously (Kavitha and Sumathi, 2011). Tetanus antitoxin also should be considered, especially in horses, and other supportive treatment should be administered as needed (eg, blood or plasma transfusions in the case of hemolytic or anticoagulant venoms). Huang et al., (2012) confirmed that after antivenom therapy, 34 patients (28.1%) had secondary infection and among them, 24 (70.6%) patients needed surgical intervention (including wound incision, pus drainage, debridement, and fasciotomy for necrotizing fasciitis or compartment syndrome). Hence treatment for secondary bacterial infection is mandatory. After conducting Antibiotic sensitivity test, the specific antibiotic may administered to the affected animals. It should be kept in mind that the animal that is actually bitten by poisonous snake should only be treated with Antivenin as they will subjected to syndrome of antivenin-associated serum sickness [Berdoulay et al., (2005)] Prognosis
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The prognosis of snakebite depends on the type and species of snake, location of the bite, size of the victim, degree of envenomation, and the time interval between the bite and the institution of treatment. Animals that survive elapid bites generally make full recoveries, but crotalid bites can result in longterm sequelae due to tissue necrosis (amputation, loss of function, etc), depending on the severity of the bite and the promptness and aggressiveness of treatment instituted. Donts of Snake bite No ice or any other type of cooling action on the bite. Research has shown it to be potentially harmful. No electric cable, string or rubber tourniquets to be used, this cuts off blood flow completely and may result in amputation of the affected limb. No electric shock, this method is under study and has yet to be proven effective. It could harm the victim. No incision in the bite site. Such measures have NOT been proven useful and causes needless additional injury, loss of blood, infection, waste of time. Do not burn the wound, as it would not have any effect on the venom, which has already entered the bloodstream. Do not suck the wound with mouth. A suction device may be applied over the bite to help draw venom out of wound without making cuts. Potassium permanganate should never be used. Other Poisonings Some species of the Spiders, Scorpions and millipedes are the common species usually coming out from its hide out during Disasters. The poisonous bites of these insects can be handled very easily. The Rodenticide poisoning is common among cats and chicken. Lead poisoning in animals and people is a major concern worldwide. Poisoning in animal populations may serve as a sentinel to assess the extent of environmental contamination and human health problems related to lead. In veterinary medicine, lead poisoning is most common in dogs and cattle during disasters. Suitable antidote should be given after consulting the vet. Mobilization of lead at parturition, excretion of lead into milk, and lengthy withdrawal times in food-producing animals raise considerable controversy regarding the rationale for treatment from both public health and animal management perspectives. Conclusion The bitten animals should be given utmost care for safety and security that will help the animal to reunite with its owner. As we discussed earlier, snakes are not biting the human being to threaten him, but act as a self defence. Hence, the snakes should not be killed as theyre also in the endangered list of animals.
References
Berdoulay, P., Schaer, M., & Starr, J. (2005). Serum sickness in a dog associated with antivenin therapy for snake bite caused by Crotalus adamanteus. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 15(3), 206-212.
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Chen, C. M., Wu, K. G., Chen, C. J., & Wang, C. M. (2011). Bacterial infection in association with snakebite: A 10-year experience in a northern Taiwan medical center. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 44(6), 456-460. Garg, S. K. (2002): In Zootoxins. Veterinary Toxiciology, CBS publishers and Distributers 1st Edn New Delhi. Huang, L. W., Wang, J. D., Huang, J. A., Hu, S. Y., Wang, L. M., & Tsan, Y. T. (2012). Wound infections secondary to snakebite in central Taiwan. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 18(3), 272-276. Kavitha, G., & Sumathi, B. R. (2011). Critical care management of snake bite envenomation in a crossbred cow.Intas Polivet,12(2), 199-200.
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Emergency Drug Checklist and Instruments

Professor and Head, Department of Clinics, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-600 007
Dr P S Thirunavukkarasu, Ph.D.,
Emergency drugs and supplies useful during commonly occurring disasters is given in the tables below. These drugs, supplies and instruments have to be prepared and kept ready to use. Drugs used in Chemical restraint
Drugs Acepromazine Xylazine Butorphanol Detomidine Diazepam Action Sedative Sedative Opioid Sedative Sedative Sedative 0.5-1 mg/kg i.v. or intrarectally. CRI @ 1 mg/kg/h. 0.066-0.3 mg/kg i.v., i.m., s.c. or 0.2 mg/kg midazolam and 2 mg/kg ketamine i.v. Dogs and cats 0.01 0.05 mg/Kg IM or SC 1-3 mg/kg IV 0.1 mg/kg im Cattle, Sheep and Goats Horses 0.03-0.1 mg/kg IV/ IM / SC 0.05-0.15 mg/kg IV 0.02-0.04 mg/kg IV/IM 0.044-0.88 mg/ kg iv 0.5-1.1mg/Kg IV 0.02-0.03 mg/Kg IV 0.02-0.03 mg/Kg IV or IM
Midazolam
Sedative
Drugs mostly used for emergencies conditions Drugs Epinephrine Action increased peripheral arteriolar vasoconstriction -better coronary & cerebral perfusion Dogs and cats High dose (1:1000) 0.1 mg/kg low dose (1:10000) 0.01 mg/kg Low dose is preferred @ 0.01 0.02 mg / kg IV Bolus. Repeat every 3-5 minutes if required 0.04mg/kg IV or intratracheal. Repeat every 3-5 mins x 3 doses. 1mEq/Kg, repeat every 5 minutes 2-6 mg/kg im,iv,sc Cattle High dose (1:1000) 0.01-0.02 ml/kg IM low dose (1:10000) 0.1-0.2 ml/kg IM Horses High dose (1:1000) 0.01-0.02 ml/kg IM low dose (1:10000) 0.1-0.2 ml/kg IM
Atropine
slow heart rate or no heart rate (vagolytic) Metabolic acidosis Diuretics
0.06-0.12 mg/kg IV,IM,SC 1mEq/Kg, repeat every 5 minutes 0.5-4 mg/kg IV
0.01-0.22 mg/kg IV,IM,SC 1mEq/Kg, repeat every 5 minutes 0.25-3 mg/kg iv
Sodium bicarbonate Furosemide
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Mannitol Lidocaine Calcium gluconate 10%:100mg/ ml: Magnesium (4 MeQ/ml)
Diuretics Cerebral edema antiarrythmic Hyperkalemia low calcium
1-2 g/kg iv over 30 min 2-4 mg/kg as bolus CRI 50g/Kg/min 50mg/kg (0.5-1.5ml/kg) SLOW bolus
1-3 mg/kg IV 150-250 mg/kg IV
0.25-2.0 mg/Kg IV 1.3mg/kg as a bolus 0.05 mg/kg min CRI 150-250 mg/kg IV
Refractory ventricular arrhythmias, prolonged CPR Ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, PEA Seizure Management of heart failure and supraventricular tachycardias, particularly atrial fibrillation
0.2mEq/kg slowly over 10 minutes
0.04 ml of 25% Epsom Salt Sol/ kg/min IV 0.08 mEq Mg2+/ Kg/min -
Vasopressin 20 units/ml.
0.2u-0.8u/kg IV (IT:0.41.2u/kg) 0.1-0.2mcg/kg IV. 0.2-0.5 mg/kg IV Dogs: 2.2-4.4 g/kg i.v. q12h, 5.5-11 g/kg p.o. q12h (tab.) Larger dogs (>22 kg) a more accurate dosing regimen is 0.22 mg/m2. Cats: 1-1.6 g/kg i.v. q12h, 10 g/kg p.o. q24-48h, 1/4 of a 125 g tablet q24-48h. Dogs: 0.5-2.0 mg/kg p.o. q8h. The lower doses for heart failure. Cats: 0.5-2.5 mg/kg p.o. q8h, or one 10 mg tablet for cats of 3-6.25 kg p.o. q8h Dogs and Cats: 20 g/ kg i.v., i.m., s.c. q6h. Initially 2.5 mg/kg s.c. in several sites, then 1-2.5 mg/kg in divided doses p.o. q8-12h for 5-7 days
Diazepam Lanoxin (0.5mg/2ml)
0.6-1.1 mg/Kg IV
0.04-2.0 mg/kg IV
Diltiazem
Supraventricular Tachycardia
Buprenorphine Pain Vitamin K (Kaplin) Warfarin Toxicity
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Drugs used in pain management Drug Meloxicam Phenylbutazone Flunixine meglumine Reversal Drugs Drug Benzodiazepines Xylazine Medetomidine Narcotic Reversal Agent Flumazenil- 0.02 1mg/Kg IV Yohimbine- 0.1 1mg/Kg IV Atipamazole- 5 mgml IM Naloxone- 0.02-0.04 mg/kg IV Dogs and cats 0.2mg/kg SC 2-20 mg/kg IV Cattle 0.5mg/kg Iv 4 mg/kg iv q24hr 1.1- 2.2 mg/kg iv q24hr Horses 0.6 mg/kg iv q24hr 2-4.4 mg/kg iv q24hr 0.25-1 mg/kg iv q24hr
Drugs used for arresting bleeding: Cabazochrome (Stryptochrome) Injectable coagulants (Botropase) Vitamin K (Menadione Sodium) Latex gloves (2 pairs). 2-inch sterile gauze pads (46). 4-inch sterile gauze pads (46). Triangular bandages (3). 2-inch sterile roller bandages (3 rolls). 3-inch sterile roller bandages (3 rolls). Scissors. Tweezers. Needle. Moistened towelettes. Antiseptic ointments, creams (Vetbacin, Neomycin) Povidone Iodine Tincture Iodine Thermometer Tongue depressor (2). Tube of petroleum jelly or other lubricant. Activated charcoal (use if advised by the poison control center). Vitamins.
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Miscellaneous Supplies
Commonly Used Supplies- Check List in the Veterinary Emergency Service Center
General:
Small/medium and large backboards for shifting traumatized patients Oxygen administration: Oxygen source Ambu bag or breathing circuit that allows manual ventilation infant/pediatric and adult cone masks +/- PEEP valves and mechanical ventilator
CPR: Crash cart with defibrillator Endotracheal tubes of various sizes Laryngoscope and assorted syringes and blades Key emergency drugs (Atropine, Epinephrine, Naloxone, Vasopressin, Magnesium sulfate, Lidocaine, Calcium gluconate) Fluid resuscitation: IV catheters of various sizes Syringes Replacement fluids (Saline, LRS, Maintenance Fluid) Hetastarch Blood collection tubes
Miscellaneous: Doppler blood flow detector and BP cuffs Suction unit Warming device (water circulating heating pad or warm air flowing device) Clippers Portable US unit Vacuum 3 way stop cocks Emergency surgical procedures: Emergency tracheostomy kit, Emergency chest tube/surgical pack for CPR or chest tube placement Vascular cut-down tray Emergency thoracocentesis and abdominocentesis supplies Surgical gloves in a variety of sizes
Wound management: Sterile towels to pack wounds Wet saline dressings/ surgical scrub Other dressing materials Vetwrap Splints
Safe Drug Use after a Natural Disaster Drugs Exposed to Excessive Heat, such as Fire: The effectiveness of drugs can be destroyed by high temperatures associated with fires. Consider replacing the medications if there is a possibility that medication was exposed to excessive heat, such as fires. Lifesaving Drugs Exposed to Heat: In a disaster, it is especially important to assure the effectiveness of lifesaving drugs, and therefore these should be replaced as soon as possible. However, if the lifesaving medication in its container looks normal to you, the medication can be used until a replacement is available. Drugs Exposed to Unsafe Water: Drugs (pills, oral liquids, drugs for injection, skin medications) that are exposed to flood or unsafe municipal water may become contaminated. This contamination may lead to diseases that can cause serious health effects and should be discarded if they have come into contact with flood or contaminated water. In the ideal setting, capsules, tablets, and liquids in drug containers
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with screw-top caps, snap lids, or droppers, should be discarded if they are contaminated. Lifesaving Drugs Exposed to Water: In many situations, these drugs may be lifesaving and replacements may not be readily available. For these lifesaving drugs, if the container is contaminated but the contents appear unaffectedif the pills are drythe pills may be used until a replacement can be obtained. However, if a pill is wet, it is contaminated and should be discarded. Reconstituted Drugs: The drug should only be reconstituted with purified or bottled water. Liquids other than water should not be used to reconstitute these products. Drugs that Need Refrigeration: Some drugs require refrigeration. If electrical power has been off for a long time, the drug should be discarded. However, if the drug is absolutely necessary to sustain life (insulin, for example), it may be used until a new supply is available. Because temperature sensitive drugs lose potency if not refrigerated, they should be replaced with a new supply as soon as possible. If a contaminated product is considered medically necessary and would be difficult to replace quickly, you should contact a veterinarian for guidance. If there is any concern about the efficacy or safety of a particular product, contact the pharmacist, Veterinarian or the manufacturers customer service department. Equipments required for management of emergencies
Ultrasound Scanner
Defibrillator
Doppler Blood Pressure monitor
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Session Seven: EmeRgencY Animal TRanspoRtation

Livestock Transport
Dr Ashish Sutar
Introduction- commercial livestock liners are consistently present on roadways, transporting animals to farms, auctions, stockyard, or slaughter as part of the human food chain. Considering large number of animals they may contain, these trailers represents a significant concern when they involved in incidents. Commercial liners are loaded in accordance with animal transport standard, and special consideration is given to the distribution of weight; load size is normally determined by the animal size, species, age of animal, size and design of trailers, weather conditions ,condition of animals. A loaded commercial livestock trailer involved in a motor vehicle accident or overturn is one of the most challenging and dangerous incidents for responders. This type if incident requires special equipment and personnel to be brought to scene (e.g., secondary containment, cutting equipment, veterinarian, animal handlers). Handling skills by the on-scene personnel are crucial to preventing injuries when working with large animals. Specialized response Livestock liner accidents commonly require lengthy on-scene response (4-12 hrs) because the rescue of the animals tends to become complicated, requiring specialized equipments and personnel. Triage and field euthanasia of mortality injured animals is required on most scenes. The carcass of dead animal must be removed from the scne for proper disposal. Factor that increase the time and effort involved as well as the risk of injury include lack of preparedness and training, lack of resources, poor communication with animal-related resources in the local area and presence of too many people on the scene. Trailer design- understanding the design of the animal compartment of the trailer is crucial to an effective response, without this knowledge it can be difficult to effectively and efficiently cut access and egress opening. Communication challenges- noise from injured animal or excited animal hinders the communication inside the trailer. Tips for Livestock Transport Emergencies Crowd control is important to avoid injuries - to people and animals. Keep people away from the scene to prevent frightening the animals. Are the animals contained or loose? You will require a plan for both situations. Containing the animals is a top priority. Remain calm, quiet and safe - always keep an escape route open. Evaluate the livestock truck; try to identify damage extent, type and number of animals.
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All animals are unpredictable and dangerous, no matter how clam they may seem. Accidents, stress and injuries may alter behaviour significantly. You may need an expert! Rescue efforts require expertise, planning and coordination. Moving slowly with patience is always best when moving or handling farm animals. It is recommended that rescuers avoid entering the trailer whenever possible. A temporary containment facility should be located or created before animals are released from the trailer (i.e. paneled corral, directly onto another truck, or even police tape for certain species such as horses). A nearby fenced field may be used for containment. If you are presented with a situation where the trailer and/or bedding is on fire, do not release animals from the trailer until a plan for containment is established. Loose animals will pose a serious risk to passing vehicles etc. Live animals should be removed from the trailer before it is righted. The ideal way to remove an animal from a trailer is through the existing doors. To decide the optimum method of extrication, first evaluate the trailer and the condition of the animals. (a) (b) Position of trailer - on side, roof or upright, on right or left side Position of animals - lying down, pinned or trapped, tied or loose
EXTRICATION
(a) (b) (c) (d)
If the animals are uninjured and standing calmly in the trailer, leave them alone until it is necessary to move them. No person should enter a trailer to check or treat animals until a rescue plan is established and the trailer is stabilized. If unable to use existing doors, access to animals can be achieved through the roof. The structural integrity of the trailer must not be jeopardized or the trailer may collapse on the animals and rescue personnel: Ascertain the design of the trailer (i.e. Angle haul, multi deck, dividers, etc.) Determine what material the trailer is made of - most new trailers are a combination of fiberglass and/or aluminum with steel supports. Older trailers are usually all steel. Ensure that the trailer is, or has been stabilized before proceeding with any rescue attempt. Try to determine which direction gates will swing when opened. Animals may be held in place by a closed gate. To avoid injury, use caution when opening.
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(e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
Check to be sure the animals do not have any limbs trapped. Horses may need sedation before dismantling. This must be done by a licensed veterinarian. Ensure that animals inside will not be injured while cutting into the trailer. Cut the hole only wide enough for one animal at a time to get out. Dont cut the hole out completely, you may wish to use the attached metal as a wall, or door. Bend the cut edges out to prevent the animals getting cut while exiting the trailer. When entering the trailer always approach a downed animal from the spine side. Never approach via the belly, back or front legs. You will get hurt.
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Session Eight: CaRcass Disposal in EmeRgencies

Carcass Disposal in Emergencies (Preparedness and Measures to be taken to Protect the Livestock During Natural Disaster)
Associate Professor, Department of Livestock Production and Management
Dr S Meenakshi Sundaram, Ph.D.,
Preparing animals for natural disasters Whether you keep livestock or have a pet at home, preparing for a natural disaster will safeguard the welfare of your animals and assist with recovery after the event. All owners and carers have a duty of careto provide appropriate food, water, shelter and treatment for injury or disease for their animals. Remember that animals get jittery before a storm, and are more easily upset and spooked, so they need to be handled carefully. Before a natural disaster Having a contingency plan is vital. This may include taking the following actions: If you intend to evacuate your property and cannot take your animals with you, ensure they are in a safe place. Move livestock to higher ground if there is a risk that lower areas may become flooded. This may also mean opening gates and giving animals access to other paddocks or areas to escape rising waters or out of control bushfires. If possible, keep a map of where you are placing animals in case you are unable to return to your property and other people need to know where they are. Remove or clear flammable items - especially near where animals might be kept. Remove rugs and halters from horses as these can often burn or melt. Purchase emergency fodder supplies and store them in a safe place, preferably under cover. Ensure that pets have sufficient stocks of food, medication and water to last a period of emergency. Confine your pets in a safe place, preferably inside and under cover, and ensure they have access to plenty of water. Ensure that livestock and pets can be identified by a name tag or brand to help facilitate their return in case they become lost and displaced. Keep stock registers up to date and in a safe place. Secure loose objects around the home that may become airborne during high winds and cause damage to animals and property. Move animals to an alternative property if practical.
Evacuations: Contact your local council or other agencies about emergency animal shelters and yards that may be available for animal evacuations. Caring for animals in natural disasters
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There are some simple steps to follow when addressing the needs of animals in natural disasters: Make sure your animals have clean water and food. Be careful when handling animals, as they may be frightened or disorientated. Be aware of straying stock and wildlife, and be careful on the roads. Contact your local veterinarian regarding sick or injured animals, and contact the RSPCA or your local councilregarding lost and found animals.
Food and water The most important consideration in the short term is to ensure your pet or animal has access to suitable, good-quality water. Food supplies could be in short supply and, with damage to roads, resupply into an area could be delayed. Owners and carers of companion animals should ration any existing unspoilt feed until new feed can be accessed. You should first use suitable food items from the fridge, which could spoil due to interruptions in power supplies, and conserve any dry or tinned food. If food supplies are low or have run out, contact your neighbours, any local animal shelters, businesses and industry organisations to arrange food supplies. Primary producers should refer to information about fodder assistance. In the longer term, consider moving your pets or livestock to a friend or family members property if necessary. Animals found to be starving should not be allowed to suffer and should be humanely killed. Contact your local vet for advice if this is required. Disposing of animal carcasses Contact your local council for assistance with animal carcass disposal following declared natural disasters. Any deceased animals must be disposed of safely. Human health concerns, workplace health and safety precautions and environmental impacts must be considered. Bringing animals home after a natural disaster Livestock and pet owners should bring their animals home only when it is safe to do so. Consider the following issues before bringing animals home. Debris: Thoroughly search the property to find out the extent and nature of the debris. Large amounts of household goods and waste may have been deposited during the disaster. Before releasing any animals into an area, remove any potentially dangerous debris from the property that could injure your animals. Accommodation and security: Make sure all accommodation is clean, dry and undamaged so you can house your animals safely. You will need to disinfect hard surfaces, such as concrete pads, walls and other surfaces, if they have come into contact with any floodwater. All areas designed to contain animals (e.g. fences and compounds) should be checked and repaired if damaged. Noise and activity: Animals that have been affected by natural disasters may be traumatised and easily frightened. Where possible, return animals only after you have completed major cleaning and rubbish removal activities. To settle animals back into their environment quickly, try to avoid the high activity and noise levels caused by generators, bulldozers and power washers. Also avoid having large numbers of unfamiliar people around the animals.
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Food and water: Ensure that animals have access to suitable quality water. Keep animals away from any floodwater on the property. Additionally, do not allow animals to drink water that is stagnant and/or flood affected (including storage water that has been flood affected) as it could contain high levels of bacteria and other dangerous contaminants. Animals must not have access to debris, as it could contain spoilt food or dead carcasses, which could be harmful if eaten. Give the animals goodquality food or suitable pasture. You can use hydrated lime to disinfect grassed areas that have been inundated with contaminated water. Sprinkle the lime over the area, water in well and keep animals off the area for at least 7 days. Shade: Many structures may have been damaged or destroyed during the floods. Animals returning to properties must have adequate shade to shelter from the weather. Check the existing structures to ensure they are safe and secure. Also ensure that there is adequate shelter to accommodate the animals. Pastures should have safe and secure sheltered areas provided by either constructed materials or trees sufficient to provide shelter for all the animals in the paddock. Monitoring: Once you return your animals home, check them regularly to ensure they are settling in well. Initially, monitor them at least daily to ensure they are eating properly, have not sustained injuries from unobserved debris and are settling in. Make sure you can adequately access the areas where animals have been released so you can monitor them regularly and easily feed them if required. Disinfecting animal living areas after flood damage Before giving your animals access to any kennels or living areas, properly disinfect the area to protect your animals from potential sources of contamination. If floodwater has inundated the living area, try to keep animals away until you can effectively clean it because it may have high levels of contamination due to floodwater mixing with sewage and other material. Do not allow your animals to drink any remaining floodwater, or eat any carcasses or debris lying on the ground. If necessary, fence off an area that is safe to hold the animals until you have cleaned any contaminated areas. Disinfecting contaminated surfaces: It is important that you effectively disinfect any surfaces that have come into contact with floodwater. To do this, first remove loose dirt and debris from surfaces by thoroughly cleaning with detergent. A pressure washer, if available, can help remove stubborn areas of mud. You can buy commercial-grade products from your local hardware store or agricultural supplier that contain compounds designed to clean, disinfect and sanitise buildings and surrounding areas. For disinfectant to be effective, you must leave the surface wet and use the required dilution rate for the required contact time. Alternatively, washing down all surfaces with a suitable household-grade disinfectant solution can be an effective disinfectant. Most bleaches also act as disinfectants, so check that the product you use is a registered disinfectant. The solution helps prevent the spread of infection by killing common bacteria and viruses that could make your animals sick. After removing loose dirt and debris from surfaces, scrub the area with the bleach solution. Keep the surfaces wet for the required contact time and then rinse off. Ensure that the area is thoroughly dry before allowing your animal into the area. Note that organic matter, such as dung, hair and plant material, will inactivate the disinfectant effects of chlorine compounds. Ensure that you use a registered product and follow the manufacturers directions, including dilution rates, contact time and safety precautions as listed on the product label. Do not mix chlorine and ammonium compounds. Follow the recommended application safety precautions outlined on the label. Disinfecting bedding and containers: If bedding or food and water containers have been contaminated, thoroughly
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clean and disinfect them before use. You can usually clean metal and hard plastics effectively, though timber products can be more difficult to disinfect. You should use a suitable commercial- or householdgrade disinfectant. Note that the dilution rate may be different to the recommendation for disinfecting hard surfaces. Always follow the manufacturers dilution recommendations listed on the product label. If you are unsure whether you can disinfect some items effectively, safely dispose of those items and purchase new ones. Reference 1. 2. 3. 4. Disaster Preparedness. American Veterinary Medical Association Plain talk on protecting livestock. Domestic Preparedness Task force, New Jersey The Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS) 2009 Practical Action Protecting your business, crops and livestock from natural disasters. Emergency Management Australia and the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation
Publishing http://practicalaction.org/publishing
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Session Nine: Management of Zoonosis and Public Health Issues

Hygiene, Biosecurity and Disease Control Including Treatment and Immunization of Animals in Emergencies (Control of Diseases in Animals and Biosecurity Measures in Disaster)
Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai 600 007
Dr P I Ganeasan,
The WHO defines disaster as any occurrence that causes damage, economic destruction, loss of human and animal life and deterioration in health and health services which warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area. It is an event which causes social, economic, cultural and political devastation. It affects both individual people and communities. Impact of disasters in animal husbandry activities Disasters may be natural or man-made, out of which 80% disasters are natural. Sociallyeconomically weaker segment of the community suffer mostly by various disasters. This section largely depends on animals, for their livelihood. Both domestic as well as wild animals are exposed to the effects of disasters. Care of animals during disaster still scarce. Both domestic as well as wild animals are exposed to the effects of disasters. Heavy loss of livestock and birds leads to sever economic loss to the farming community, particularly in developing countries. Disasters affecting livestock can therefore have a negative impact on the infrastructure of a country and reduce the source of income in rural areas and affect the distribution of foods and goods. Disaster management plan for animals Retrospective epidemiological survey, herd and flock health management, prevention and control of diseases, treatment and rehabilitation activities should be included in the disaster management plan. Control rooms, temporary veterinary hospital, shelters for animals, feeding and watering facilities, monitoring, impact assessment and evaluation, equipment and other infrastructure are to be provided. Departments of Animal Husbandry at the State and district level should necessarily devise appropriate managemental and biosecurity measures. It should be coordinated through a community effort to protect, shelter and feed them during disasters and their aftermath. The disaster-prone States can develop disaster mitigation and management plans for livestock as preventive steps. Livestock relief plans can be developed well in advance as a part of preparedness activities in the areas concerned. The phases of disaster management of animals include preparedness, mitigation, rescue and rehabilitation protocols. Pre-Disaster preparedness 1. Formulation of an action plan of disaster management based on type of disaster by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary University in association with line Departments and local authorities.
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Dissemination of information through news papers, radio, television and other mass media regarding animal management during pre- and post disaster. Conduction of vaccination campaigns in villages before disaster. All animals should be moved to shelters protected from disasters Veterinarians and people volunteers should be kept ready. Stock necessary emergency medicines, vaccines, feed, water, shelters and other necessary materials for management of live animals and disposal of dead carcasses. A disaster kit should be available in the centre place and it should be known to all the people those who are going to be involved in the operation work. The disaster kit should have an up-to-dated list of all animals, including their location and records for feeding, vaccination and diagnostic tests, supplies for the temporary identification of animals (tags, markers and paints etc), first aid kit, handling equipment (cages, waterer, feeder, buckets etc), chemicals needed for sanitation, other safety and emergency items for vehicles (extra tyres, winches, tools, etc). The animal population statistics of disaster prone areas should be prepared to assess the economics loss during and post-disaster. Emergency meeting should be conducted regarding disaster preparedness to take off the work. Mobilization of veterinarians and assistants to the disaster hit areas. Live animals should be provided with proper shelters, feed and water, and they must be monitored routinely for any illness. Disaster hit animals and sick animals should be separated and treated immediately. Special medical camps for animals (vaccination, deworming and prophylactic treatment) should be organized in villages after disaster. Morbidity, mortality and economic loss should be assessed. Health status of live animals should be sustained by providing feed and water. Isolation of sick from healthy animal population. Treatment of sick animals.
7.
Post-disaster preparedness and action plan 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. Disposal of dead animals: Carcass/cadaver should not come in contact with healthy animals rehabilitated in sheds. 11. Disinfection and sanitation: Disinfect the premises of temporary sheds with the help of bleaching powder, phenol, carbolic acid etc. 12. Deworming of animals: Animals and birds may expose to contaminated feed and water during and after disaster and thus result in development of diseases. All animals should
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be dewormed with broad spectrum anthelmintics. This will enable the animals to regain proper health. 13. Vaccination before disaster: Mass vaccination of livestock and poultry against economically important endemic diseases should be organised and carried out to achieve herd immunity (at least 80% of the population should be covered). So, epidemics of disease events could be prevented in animals, and also the probability of spread of zoonotic diseases to human beings. Vaccination against diseases to be considered based on endemicity of those diseases in the geographical areas. 14. Animal waste disposal 15. Prevention of spread of communicable/zoonotic diseases to animals and human beings. 16. Health camp after the disaster to restore the normal health of livestock and poultry. 17. Duck rearing and fish farming aftermath of flood can help in clearing pests that can cause disease epidemics both in animals and humans. ANIMAL WELFARE IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT 1. Care of animals Disaster preparedness is important for all animals because of size of animals and the requirements needed to transport and shelter them. Stranded animals may be rescued and taken to safer places. The animals may be left there and be provided with feed, fodder and drinking water. Arrangements can be made so that veterinary and paraveterinary personnel can quickly reach all affected animals to perform treatment, vaccination and de-worming. Officials and other personnel can gather information on the extent of damage to individual farms and villages, so that appropriate relief measures can be implemented. Buildings of multi-purpose livestock shelters in flood/cyclone-prone areas may be constructed. The building may be useful in protecting animals during floods and cyclones. The technical experts can provide advice and training in animal management, vaccine awareness and disease prevention in these areas. Farmers should be aware of the simple but effective steps they can take to mitigate the effects of disasters, e.g. animals at the first sign of a storm, moving them to safer areas and then performing vaccinations, treatments etc against certain diseases and quickly disposing the carcasses. 2. Care of birds Birds need special care during disasters. The Emerging Management Institute (EMI) has made the following recommendations for birds: a. b. c. Birds should have sufficient supply of chlorinated water (ten drops of chlorine bleach per gallon of water) this chlorinated water should be stored in large containers, away from sunlight. Aviaries may be equipped with overhead sprinkler systems to provide cool air and to reduce the stress in hot days. Farms should have enough carriers to evacuate all birds during emergencies
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d. e. f.
Birds should not be left exposed to smoke and fumes, as they are very sensitive to them and succumb much more quickly than most of other animals. Birds should be checked for injury and chemical exposure and treated accordingly by the veterinarian. The birds may be moved to new surrounding using proper cages, as they may be frightened and may fly away. Keeping the birds in warm conditions in rainy days can reduce the stress. Heating should be provided or blankets may be placed over the cages to have a similar effect. Community participation in animal disaster management
RESPONSIBILITIES OF STAKEHOLDERS 1. Relief should reach the affected areas usually within hours after the disaster has struck. The relief operations should be organized properly. It is better to engage the local people by educating them. They must guide and take care of themselves until outside relief arrives. In regions where natural disasters are a common occurrence, the community should have inbuilt socio-cultural systems to deal with them. Some countries have developed alternate survival mechanisms to mitigate the impact of droughts and increase the chances of their own survival and that of their livestock. For example, they can rear two or more species of livestock as a buffer against the loss of animals in drought and they can offer some animals to the less fortunate members. In developing countries, local resources and expertise can identify common hazards and can plan to reduce the impact of disasters, by integrating with government help. Community-based disaster preparedness program helps to strengthen the capacity of local communities to cope up with emergencies arising from disasters by mobilizing the local and other resources that are possible. 2. Role of Veterinarians in disaster The role of Veterinarian is to ensure high standards of animal health and to reduce mortality among animals. They can play a major role in promoting local pre-disaster planning at community level, with priority on facilitating livestock, poultry and pet evacuation. Veterinarians have a role to play in all stage of disaster mitigation and management. During relief work Veterinarian can play a crucial role in increasing the survivability of animals and in rescue work. They can integrate their expertise with local, national and international groups and agencies involved in disaster management program. BIOSECURITY MEASURES Bio-security is an integral part of livestock production and expenditure on biosecurity should be considered as an investment. Biosecurity measures reduce the risk of introduction and spread of disease in livestock/poultry. It involves all cumulative measures that can be taken to keep diseases free from a farm and to prevent the transmission of diseases by humans, insects, rodents, wild birds/animals. The main objective of biosecurity is a team work and a shared responsibility. It can be an on-going process and be followed at all times. Optimum bio-security measures need to be developed and implemented to help disease prevention and control. The objectives of bio-security are increased health status of the livestock, decreased disease spread, to ensure the production and supply of clean products of animal origin. The advantages are prevention of diseases and their spread among animals and human beings (zoonotic diseases), improving over all animal health status and to minimize the economic loss. Mode of disease spread should be prevented to a maximum possible extend in which the economic loss due
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to the diseases is minimum. Movement of animals, birds, people, vehicles, fomites, introduction of livestock/birds of unknown health status, contact with vermin and wild birds/animals and poor sanitation play major role during pre- and post disasters. Bio-security measures include 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Moving of animals to the safer places Proving adequate feed and water Protecting from adverse climatic conditions Control of movement of animals and human beings Rodent and insect control Isolation of sick and healthy animals Treatment of sick animals Vaccination and deworming of healthy animals against common diseases which were prevalent in the disaster hit areas Disposal of dead animals Disinfection and sanitation of the environment Feed decontamination: Use of formalin @ l.5 to 2.5 L/tone of feed. The use of formalin is approved by EU food safety authority and other countries. Water sanitation: Acidified sodium chlorite, chlorine dioxide and per acetic acid are ideal water sanitizers. They food grade chemosterilants approved by national and international agents, without residues and resistance with broad spectrum activity and active against wide pH 4 to 10. Environmental sanitation: The environmental sanitation can be maintained by the use of Clo2, acidified sodium chlorite, per acetic acid + hydrogen peroxide. For every 1000 sq feet area of shed 75 L of spray can be used as a fine mist. Bio-security at the entrance: Use of acidified sodium chlorite is recommended. It acts within 30 to 60 seconds and spectrum of activity is broad. For personal hygiene/fomites/boots/dress materials etc. acidified sodium chlorite/acidified Clo2 can be used as a disinfectant. Monitoring of sanitary status of feed /water/environment at specified intervals is necessary for microbes. Disease surveillance can be carried out as per OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health). Control of livestock and poultry diseases by treatment, vaccination and deworming programmes with the help of Veterinarians.
13.
14.
15. 16. 17.
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PRACTICAL 1. 2. 3. Treatment of sick animals and birds Deworming strategy and protocol Vaccination programme for area-specific endemic diseases Diseases against which vaccination to be carried out Foot and mouth disease, Anthrax, Blackquarter and Haemorrhagic septicemia Foot and mouth disease, PPR, Bluetongue, Sheep/goat pox, Anthrax, Enterotoxaemia, Tetanus and Haemorrhagic septicemia Foot and mouth disease, Swine fever and Anthrax Rabies, Parvoviral enteritis, Canine distemper, Leptospirosis Newcastle disease, Infectious bursal disease, Infectious bronchitis, Infectious coryza
Animals type Cattle & Buffalo Sheep & Goat Pig Dogs Poultry
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Disaster Specific Disease Outbreak (Management of Disease Outbreaks in Disasters)

Professor, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College
Dr S Gomathinayagam,
Disasters are defined as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society. They involve widespread human and animal life, material, economic or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.There is no country that is immune from disaster, though vulnerability to disaster varies. There are four main types of disasters Natural disasters.These disasters include floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions Environmental emergencies.These emergencies include technological or industrial accidents, usually involving hazardous material, and occur where these materials are produced, used or transported. Complex emergencies.These emergencies involve a break-down of authority, looting and attacks on strategic installations. Complex emergencies include conflict situations and war. Pandemic emergencies or Biological disaster.These emergencies involve a sudden onset of a contagious disease that affects animal health but also disrupts services and businesses, bringing economic and social costs.
Disease outbreaks due to natural disasters The risk of a communicable disease outbreakfollowing a natural disaster is dependent upon The size, health status and living conditions of the population displaced by the disaster Disruptions to infrastructure Inadequate water and sanitation Poor access to health services
There are manypathways of animal disease introductionand state and federal governments have programs in place to decrease the risk. However, no prevention plan is failsafe. Thelines of defensemust include everyone involved with animal agriculture veterinarians, livestock producers, horse owners, and also veterinarians with small animal or exotic animal practices, zoologic park personnel and companion animal owners. If a serious animal disease is in the site of disaster, there would be many ways for the rapidspread of diseasethroughout other animal populations. Only through prompt recognition and quick containment can we prevent disease from spreading out of control. In Natural disasters, huge animal populations have to be displaced out of the areas of disaster. Increased risk of communicable disease transmission characteristic to sudden population displacement are
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a) Waterborne diseases Waterborne diseases are generally spread through consuming contaminated water but are also transmitted by skin and mucous membranes coming in contact with water, mud and damp vegetation contaminated byrodents in search of higher ground. e.g. Salmonellosis, Colibacillosis, leptospirosis, protozoan infections like Giardia and Entamoeba, soil borne helminth infections like Ascarosis Viral pathogens.: Hepatitis A andNorovirus. Parasiticpathogens: Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis,Entamoeba, soil borne helminth infections like Ascarosis andSchistosomes In wild animals: scrapie in sheep and goats, Toxoplasmosis, feline spongiform encephalopathy, transmissible Mink encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in elk and deer, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Flood-related diseases in poultry and livestock Blackleg, Anthrax, and Other Clostridial Diseases Malignant Edema Tetanus (Lockjaw) Foot Rot Mastitis Botulism Brooder Pneumonia Erysipelas GI nematodes Skin diseases : Transmitted from animal to animal and to man- e.g scabies Protozoans like Coccidiosis
b) Diseases associated with crowding -ZOONOSES

c) Vector-borne diseases Vector borne diseases are transmitted by insect and animal bites, most commonly by mosquitoes. After a natural disaster, animal health may become vulnerable to vector borne diseases due to increased exposure to mosquitoes and other vectors like ticks, changes in the habitat which promotes insect breeding and interruptions to routine vector anddisease control programme. e.g Haemoprotozoan diseases like Malaria , theileriosis and babesiosis. The prevention, detection, immediate containment, and eradication of emergency animal diseases are high priorities. Some animal diseases have human health implications, and all have an effect on production and marketability of livestock and poultry, therefore these functions
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contribute to a solid foundation for economic prosperity while decreasing human health risks. Activities to achieve these goals include outreach and educational services, performing routine disease surveillance and disease investigations to detect the introduction and spread of injurious animal pests and diseases, and, when necessary, implementation of animal quarantine to control the spread of disease.
NATIONAL ANIMAL DISEASE CONTROL CENTRE
Countries should establish a permanent national animal disease control centre to deal with an event of an outbreak of an emergency animal disease or disease outbreaks in natural disasters, the centre should be responsible to the Chief Veterinary Officer (CVO) or the Commissioner of Animal Husbandry for coordinating all emergency disease control measures in the country. The epidemiology unit should either be attached to the centre or should work in close collaboration with it. The CVO may delegate day-to-day responsibilities for implementing agreed policy to the head of the centre, who would normally be the director of field veterinary services at the state levels. The responsibilities of the national animal disease control centre in the emergency response would include: implementing the disease control policies decided by the CVO and CCEAD; directing and monitoring the operations of local animal disease control centres (see below); deployment of staff and other resources to the local centres ordering and dispersing vaccines and other essential supplies monitoring the progress of the campaign and providing technical advice to the CVO liaison with other groups involved in the emergency response, including those that may be activated as part of the national disaster plan; management of farmer awareness and general publicity programmes, including press releases;
The national animal disease control centre should be fully equipped with all suitable communication equipment for liaison with local animal disease control centres, veterinary laboratories, etc., by telephone, radio, e-mail and facsimile, as appropriate. The centre should also be linked with the emergency disease information system. LOCAL ANIMAL DISEASE CONTROL CENTRES During an emergency, one or more local animal disease control centres should be set up within easy reach of the disaster and the infected zones of the disease outbreak. Where distances are not great, these local centres could be established on a permanent basis in a regional or district veterinary or agricultural office. The local animal disease control centre should be fully equipped with maps, communication equipment to contact field personnel and the National Animal Disease Control Centre, vehicles and fully stocked central stores. Central cold-storage facilities for vaccines should also be located at or within easy access of the centre. The centre should have simple equipment that will allow it to process and dispatch diagnostic specimens, including serum samples.
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Each local animal disease control centre should be under the control of an experienced senior field veterinary officer like Joint Director of Animal Husbandry. All staff allocated to a centre for the period of the disease emergency should be under the command of this field veterinary officer for the duration of their attachment. The officer in charge of the centre should be given the authority to: designate a farm, herd or community as an infected premises, when necessary, after consultation with, and with the agreement of, the national animal disease centre; quarantine infected and dangerous contact premises; send surveillance teams to all places where there are susceptible livestock; deploy the necessary staff to infected premises to arrange valuation, slaughter and safe disposal of animals, cleaning and disinfection; advise on the delineation of infected, surveillance and control zones, and on the measures to be taken in them; impose livestock movement restrictions; suspend the operations of, or place zoo sanitary restrictions on, livestock markets, abattoirs and other risk enterprises; organize and implement vaccination programmes; carry out insect vector control programmes, if necessary; liaise with local wildlife authorities; carry out publicity campaigns;
The centre should also have a veterinary epidemiologist, who can provide specialized advice to the officer in charge and take care of disease reporting and the emergency disease information system. NGOs and their staff should be regarded as a valuable resource for assistance in implementing animal health programmes in difficult areas, including epidemic livestock disease control campaigns. Community animal health workers are another valuable resource. Their help should be enlisted and they should be suitably trained and equipped. A.STRATEGIES FOR DEALING WITH DISEASE OUTBREAKS IN DISASTER AREAS A number of basic approaches may be used to control and eliminate epidemic livestock diseases. They are usually used in combination. The weighting that is given to the different approaches will be determined by the nature of the disease in question, the epidemiological circumstances and their acceptability and cost. The approaches to be used are summarized below 1. Denial of access of the disease agent to susceptible host animals This may be achieved by: Applying good hygiene and sanitary practices when handling livestock Removing potentially contaminated materials from the environment, by disinfection, destruction and/or safe disposal. Preventing the feeding of contaminated materials to livestock e.g. Swill feeding
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2. Avoiding contact between infected and susceptible animals This is one of the most important approaches and may be achieved by: Quarantining of infected or potentially infected farms or areas Imposing livestock movement controls.
3. Removing infected and potentially infected animals Susceptible species on infected farms or in designated infected areas are immediately slaughtered on site and their carcasses disposed of safely, usually by burial or burning. Carcasses of all animals that have either been slaughtered or have died naturally of the disease are disposed of safely so that they no longer constitute a risk for further spread of the pathogen to other susceptible animals either by direct or indirect means. Ifin situdisposal is not practical it may be possible to transport carcasses to a common disposal point in sealed vehicles. Incineration is generally too expensive, except in special circumstances, e.g. for BSE. It may also be necessary to dispose safely of potentially contaminated animal products held on infected premises, e.g. meat, hides, wool, dairy products or eggs, depending on whether such products constitute a risk for transmission of infection. 4. Reducing the number of susceptible animals This is an important approach used in many countries. In emergency disease control, it is usually achieved by vaccination of susceptible animals. Vaccination may be done selectively (for example as ring vaccination around infected areas) or as blanket vaccination programmes in susceptible animal populations. Depending on the nature of the disease and of available vaccines, it may be possible to eliminate infection completely. Vaccination programmes are pivotal in the control of many emergency animal diseases, but should be carefully planned and targeted to meet a well-defined objective. 5. Reducing access of vectors to susceptible animals This may be appropriate for insect-borne diseases and, in some cases, may be achieved by reducing vector numbers in an area by treatment and/or elimination of potential breeding sites. 6. Infected premises. It is here that the disease has actually been detected and includes all areas where there are susceptible animals that could have become infected through contact with the diseased animals. The premises may be a single farm, household or herd/flock, but could also be an entire village, settlement, common grazing land or even livestock shandies. Premises must be decontaminated. This includes animal houses, sheds, pens, yards, water troughs, etc. Potentially contaminated materials such as manure, bedding, straw and feedstuffs should be removed and disposed of as for carcasses. Appropriate disinfectants must be selected for each disease. These may consist of soaps and detergents, oxidizing agents, alkalis, acids and/or aldehydes. Insecticides should also be used to prevent the transfer of contamination by flies. B. STRATEGIES FOR DEALING WITH SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES 1. Insecure or otherwise inaccessible areas Relative inaccessibility of areas as a result of natural causes (climate or topography) or insecurity resulting from civil unrest presents a major challenge to the successful control and elimination of
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epidemic diseases. They are remote, often inaccessible by road and distant from centralized services or they may be inhabited by people with a well established traditional way of life who are disinclined to change or they have been marginalized in that the inhabitants have relatively little development contact in terms of education, outside trade and government services, including veterinary services. Livestock cooperative organizations representing the interests of pastoralists and participatory animal health programmes involving community animal health workers have an important role in building confidence and cooperation as well as in undertaking many of the actions of disease control. 2. Wildlife or feral animal involvement in epidemic livestock disease outbreaks This situation complicates emergency disease responses. The actual role of wild or feral animals in the epidemiology of the disease should first be considered. In some diseases they may act as a reservoir for the disease and be a genuine threat for transmission of infection to domestic animals, but in others they may simply be acting as an indicator of infection that is already occurring in livestock in the area. Disease surveillance activities should be extended to wild and feral animal populations, in collaboration with wildlife authorities. The end game-verified freedom from infection This is often the most critical phase of the eradication campaign and occurs when the clinical disease has apparently disappeared. If the wrong actions are taken at this stage and undetected pockets of infection are left, many of the benefits that have accrued from the eradication campaign may eventually be lost. If disease control activities are prematurely wound down leaving undetected infection, the disease is likely to flare up into further serious outbreaks as immunity levels in animal populations decline. When the clinical disease appears to have disappeared from either a region of a country or the whole country it is time to take stock of the situation and to carry out a thorough epidemiological and economic assessment of future options.
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Psychological and Stress Management Approaches for All Personnel Involved in Animal Disaster Management
Dept. of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension and Entrepreneurship Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Chennai-600 007
Dr.P.Mathialagan, Professor and Head
Human beings have many biological, psychological and social needs. When these needs are not satisfied they experience stress besides the needs take and many challenges in human life and they are likely to produce stress. Stress, in general and occupational stress, in particular is a fact of modern day life that seems to have been on the increase. The increasingly demanding nature of our jobs has also increased pressure levels dramatically. Occupational stress has become one of the most serious health issues in the modern world Some of our army personnels of our Indian continent are working much below their capacity due to stress. Stress Mechanism The physical meaning of stress when applied to material is pressure. The term used in physics to mean stress, pressure or force on a system. When applied to human beings it indicates the pressure on muscles and its reaction. The internal pressure could create tension or relaxation of muscles depending upon the nature of pressure whether it is pleasurable while negative stress is painful. The application of pressure on the muscles of body is through a process involving body and mind. The emotional disturbance arising out of negative stress induced within the individual alters body chemistry. This chemical change results in emotionality induced illnesses. Negative stress which alters body chemistry initiates wearing out process within the body. This process also lowers the immunity levels in the biological system. Hence an attempt has been made in this paper to develop skills for identifying the strengths and weaknesses of self and others. Stress and stressors Stress is taken to mean a fairly predictable arousal of psycho physiological (mind body) systems which, if prolonged can fatigue or damage the system to the point of malfunction and disease. Any external events or internal drive which threatens to upset the organism equilibrium is stress. Stress is not itself an illness but it is a condition that can give rise to very real illness. Stress, in general, can be defined as the reaction of individuals to demands (stressors) imposed upon them. Occupational stress, in particular, is the inability to cope with the pressures in a job because of a poor fit between someones abilities and his/her work requirements and conditions. Integrated approach of Bio-psycho-social system is found to be necessary to fully utilize the capacity of Vets in organization. Stressors (job-related and extra-organizational) are objective events, stress is the subjective experience of the event, and strain is the poor response to stress.
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Micro-stressors Hundreds of different stimuli will be evolving responses every instant. Most of the stressor in daily life of armed personels is mild requiring little effort for adjustment. Usually we are unaware of many micro-stressors which confront us for a short period. For instance, sound, smells, tastes, temperatures, etc., do not call for grates effort for adjustment. However, if he is subjected to repeated exposure to these micro-stressors negative effect of their cumulative impact will be felt. Macro-stressors Macro-stressors may be acute stressors or chronic stressors. Acute macro-stressors are those which last for relatively short time, while chronic macro-stressors comfort the armed personel continuously over long periods of time. Intense pressure such as unexpected transfer from one place to other place is an acute macro stressor and living with unhappy family relationship is a chronic macro stressor. General Causes of Stress There are innumerable numbers of stressors and those can broadly be categorized into the following three general classes on the basis of the external nature of the stressor, i.e. upon the fundamental basis or cause of the stress reaction. Negative stress Even though scientific advancement had solved many problems, in turn it had also created its own problems. At present mankind is confronted by multitude of crises like over population, environmental pollution, food shortage, raw material shortage, continuing inflation, increased terrorism etc. The struggle to survive involves trying to maintain good health, emotional stability, a sense of identity and harmonious inter-personal relations. The sources of pressure are on account of social, economical, technological and psychological forces. Loneliness in big cities, frequent changes in employees, marital conflicts, feelings of rejection by group, a complex job with too many things to do every day are some of the examples. In fact, the potential danger arises from the accelerated changes that have taken place within the past 25 years is during the life span of single generation. Recent survey conducted by New York University covering more than 1000 men and women of ages between 18 to 80 years revealed that the greatest source of stress was on account of changing attitudes of society towards sex including sexual permissiveness and the new social roles of sex. 1. Psychological causes These stressors are a function of the complex interaction between social behavior and the way or senses and our minds interpret those behaviors. In other words, such of our societal stress is determined by the meanings that we assign to the events in our lives. Different individuals are likely to interpret differently, or to assign different meanings to the same situation. This explains why each persons pattern of societal stress is unique. 2. Bio-ecological causes These stressors basically are biologically related and may arise out of our relationship with our environment. This group includes biological rhythms, nutrition and noise as bio-ecological stimuli which are capable of contributing to the distress that a person experiences in day to day existence.
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3. Personality cause These reflect the dynamics of an individuals self perception and characteristic attitudes and behaviors which may somehow contribute to excessive stress. Personality traits and stress Distinct personality traits distinguish armed personels on the basis of their ability to handle their own stress. Psychologists have identified the armed personels with the following traits as A type. They have a tendency to do many things in too little time. They have free floating hostility They are irritated by trivial things They exhibit signs of struggle against time. They work longer hours and aim at perfection. They drive hard and strive to gain the respect rather than appreciation of others. They are always on time to keep up appointments They frequently respond as if they are in an emergency or in a threatening situation. They will be releasing more fat into their blood stream which is likely to be deposited around the heart leading to heart attacks. More fear of self expression An intensive sense of time urgency Dissatisfaction with the environment Lack of coordination with self Lack of cordial relations with others Expression of more boredom frequently Lack of clarity of goals More suspicion that they are not receiving their due for their efforts Lack of single mindedness of purpose More job insecurity A tendency to get involved in multiple and diverse type of talks at the same time More dissatisfaction with the process of job
The traits leading to high health risk of A type are indicated below:
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More dislike towards colleagues Aggressive in interpersonal behaviour Frequently taking more alcoholic drinks or tranquilizers to reduce their anxiety. Using sleeping pills regularly Heavy smoking Tendency to nag subordinates frequently They are not driven by the clock. They are not preoccupied by social achievement. They are patient They are able to take time to appreciate leisure and beauty They are in peace with themselves They understand the environment and live in harmony with the environment They are people oriented leaders They have clear goals. They have cordial relationship with subordinates, poors and superiors. They have a peaceful atmosphere in home front also. T They believe in the growth potentiality of self and others.
In contract to the above, B type will have the following traits:
B type is more suited to hold highest positions in the organization which require broader and more sensitive thinking. Sources of occupational stress Among life situations, the workplace stands out as a potentially important source of stress purely because of the amount of time that is spent in this setting. Common organizational and individual stressors could be classified into five groups: (1) organizational practices (performance reward systems, supervisory practices, promotion opportunities), (2) job/task features (workload, work pace, autonomy), (3) organizational culture/climate (employee value, personal growth, integrity), (4) interpersonal relationships (supervisors, co workers, customers), and (5) employee personal characteristics (personality traits, family relationships, coping skills). Consequences of negative stress An armed personel under the influence of negative stress will be frustrated and de motivated. He tries to protect himself from the effects of negative stress by refusing to meet the challenge of work
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situation as he is over taken by the distortions in his perception. There are serious consequences on account of his above defensive behaviour as listed below: Reduced productivity, Increased errors, High rate of turnover, Increased absenteeism, More number of accidents, Increased sick leave, Increased union activity, High rate of rejects in the production, Complaining of high standards set, Indiscipline, Heavy criticism about the management, Complaining of inadequate facilities, Complaining of improper tools, Complaining of much pressure from top, Complaining of improper leadership qualities of boss, In group formation, Feeling that the job does not provide stimulation and Carving for external stimulants to reduce his fear and anxiety. Consequences of occupational stress can be grouped into those on individual and those on organizational level. On the individual level, there are three main subgroups of strains 1) Unwanted feelings and behaviours such as job dissatisfaction, lower motivation, low employee morale, less organizational commitment, lowered overall quality of work life, absenteeism, turnover, intention to leave the job, lower productivity, decreased quantity and quality of work, inability to make sound decisions, more theft, sabotage and work stoppage, occupational burnout, alienation, and increased smoking and alcohol intake. 2) Physiological diseases (poor physical health) such as increased blood pressure and pulse rate, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol, high blood sugar, insomnia, headaches, infections, skin problems, suppressed immune system, injuries, and fatigue. 3) Psychological diseases (poor emotional (mental) health) psychological distress, depression, anxiousness, passiveness/aggressiveness, boredom, lose of self-confidence and self-esteem, lose of concentration, feelings of futility, impulsiveness and disregarding of social norms and values, dissatisfaction with job and live, losing of contact with reality, and emotional fatigue. On the organizational level, consequences of occupational stress can be grouped into two major subgroups 1) Organizational symptoms such as discontent and poor morale among the workforce, performance/ productivity losses, low quality products and services, poorer relationships with clients, suppliers, partners and regulatory authorities, losing customers, bad publicity, damage to the corporate image and reputation, missed opportunities, disruption to production, high accident and mistakes rates, high labour turnover, loss of valuable staff, increased sick-leave, permanent vacancies, premature retirement, diminished cooperation, poor internal communications, more internal conflicts, and dysfunctional workplace climate. 2) Organizational costs such as costs of reduced performance/productivity (lack of added value to product and/or service), high replacement costs in connection with labour turnover (increase in recruitment, training and retraining costs), increased sick pay, increased health-care costs and disability payments, higher grievance and litigation/compensation costs, and costs of equipment damage. Management of stress: 1. Adapting positive strategies The need for relaxation and adopting constructive and positive strategies for coping with the stress is increasingly recognized
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2. Having net asset of friends A sense of being in control of ones life, having a network of friends and relatives to provide social support, having a personality factors such as flexibility and hopefulness will be helpful to cope with the negative stress. In fact, it was noted that widows die at a higher rate due to lack of social support than married women. Even smokers with few friends or less number of relatives are dying at higher rates than others who had large circle of warm friends and close relatives. 3. Understanding stress and personal make-up In case of armed personnels understand how stress occurs what it does to them and how they can cope with it, the ill effects of stress related disorders can be greatly reduced. The understanding can be reinforced by training and practice. In fact, coping cannot be done by somebody else and it should be internationalized as a part each individuals personal make-up. Hence, stress management is essentially a personal skill which has to be developed over a period of time through training and practices. 4. Map their own stress profiles Once armed personnels are able to map their own stress profiles and learn to identify the negative stress-signals, they must act quickly to ease the tension by defusing it instead of bottling-up the pressures till they explode. Relaxation is one of the techniques to defuse the tension. This can be achieved by increasing their awareness about how and why they become tense and developing the skill for relaxation. The extent of any ones ability to deal with stress, is the sum total of what individuals total life experience and the coping behavior that was cultivated over the years. 5. Aware the degree of stress The organizations and their employees should become more aware of the degree to which stress is an unnecessary cost, and a cost which they must seek to eliminate if their organizations are to survive and grow. Naturally, this awareness must start at top management level where the estimated cost of stress is sufficient to generate organizational commitment to subsequent action (McHugh, 1993, 31). 6. Efficient organizational management Work-related stress should become an issue which increasingly features on the agenda of efficient managers (McHugh, 1993, 18). In an increasingly competitive and fast changing business world, efficient managers should feel compelled to address the issue of work-related stress through counting the costs and taking appropriate action so as to minimize its effects (McHugh, 1993, 19). Managers should expand their efforts in reducing the significant sources of stress (Blake et al., 1996), as this leads to a higher employee satisfaction, increases the productivity of the workforce and reduces negative consequences of stress, which at the end results in higher profits. 7. Action plan for coping with stress Action plan for coping with strategy is indicated below: Identify the behavior pattern requiring the change Prepare an action plan to overcome the defect. Aim for success
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Monitor the progress. Master the art of good interpersonal relations Recognize that other people too have feelings. You have a right to maintain your dignity by being assertive even if it hurts someone as long as you are not aggressive. You always have a right to make a request to other person as long as you recognize that the other person has a right to say No. You must realize that there are certain border line classes in interpersonal situation where rights are not clear. But you always have the right to discuss the problem with other person and clarify it.
8. Stress clinics Stress management clinics are helping many armed personnels, who are victims of stress. Most of the advice offered to patients in stress management clinics is just plain common sense, such as quit smoking, reduce your weight, cut down your salt in take, change of place, reduce sugar in take, take physical exercises, etc. Transcendental meditation also helps to reduce stress level as it produces relaxation response. The technique helps one to become passively unaware of outside world through alertful relaxation and rest. Other techniques like big-feed back, self-hypnosis, rhythmic breathing exercises and muscles relaxation can also reduce relaxation required for stress management. 7. Other methods: While the above techniques used for producing relaxation response are not a cure by themselves, they help the patients to gain positive feeling of being in control of themselves and increase their selfconfidence which is mainly required for stress management. For example, if a cancer patient is made to imagine that the cancer cells in his body are being devoured by white cells in the fight between cancer cells and white cells and he is being cured in this manner through drugs which produce the required white cells, the chances of his recovery are much more than allowing him to image in his own way. However, no single technique can be suitable for a person suffering from peptic ulcers. Similarly one person may need psychotherapy to get at the root of his A type behavior while another may need nothing more than regular exercise and vacation. Just as responses to stress vary widely according to age, sex, temperament and other personal factors, so do the requirement for treatment for curing the stress related illness. Holistic Stress Management Accepting the promise that many disease are psychosomatic there are several points at which intervention in the stress disease cycle are possible. Since stress reactions occur in various ways and on various levels, stress management should be holistic, i.e. be approached from numerous and varied perspective incorporating the mental, physical, spiritual, social and environment interactions. Intervention in the psychosomatic disease process may be accomplished by different techniques which can be categorized as follows: Techniques to minimize the frequency of the stress response (a) Social Engineering (b) Personality
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Engineering. Techniques to minimize the intensity of the stress response and reduce emotional reactivity (i.e. these are designed to allow one to become better prepared, psychologically and physiologically to withstand excessive stress (a) Meditation, (b) Bio-feedback, (c) Neuromuscular relaxation training (d) Autogenic relaxation training. Thirdly, training and employee assistance programs dealing with stress should be on employees disposal. Various workshops, seminars and conferences should increase employees awareness of the costs associated with employee stress, and should teach them how to cope with stressful situations and states. raining can have a positive impact on tacking stress in the workplace, as it helps employees become more resilient towards stress, enables them to tackle the root causes of any problems, and helps managers who not only need to manage their own stress levels, but are responsible for their direct reports. Considering the organizational and personal costs of high stress, there is certainly an implied payoff in training managers and employees to recognize organizational factors that contribute to stress, and to take steps to alleviate them Techniques to utilize approximately the by-products of expressive stress arousal. (a) Body awareness activities, (b) Ego-void physical exercise. Techniques to minimize the frequency of the stress responses:
I. Social engineering One of the easiest and most effective techniques of stress management is to identify stress promoting activities and to develop a life style which modifies or avoids these stressors. A change in lifestyle may be as simple as getting out of bed earliest or as complex as choosing a profession, or a life goal. Social Engineering is the technique of willfully taking command and modifying ones life. If one sense, it is the most conscious point of intervention; but as stress management becomes a way of life and begins unconsciously to modify ones position in relation to sources of stress by selecting a less stressful life style. Social Engineering Strategies 1. 2. 3. Adaptive Stress: (a) Establish routine, (b) Use time-blocking techniques; (c) Establish a mental health Stress from Frustration: Find new alternatives to your frustrated goal. Overload:(a) Practice time management, (b) Avoid over-loading situations avoid over commitments by learning to say no, (c) Enlist the aid/support of others, (d) Reduce the task into manageable parts (e) Delegate responsibility Deprivations: (a) Plan ahead, (b) Realize your vulnerability, (c) Find relaxing activities. Bio-ecological stress: Stress arousal resulting from our relationship with our environment.
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4. 5.
a)
Monitor your Bio-rhythms:
We have to balance work and recreational schedules. This is often accomplished at the expense of being out-of-phase with our natural biological rhythms. The consequences of that may be increased susceptibility to illness, increased irritability and emotional instability. By understanding your natural biological rhythm you can direct your activities to more closely coincide with these rhythms and this can be a technique of avoiding or minimizing the frequency of stress by having your social block (meeting time, plans time, bed time etc) tick in rhythm with your biological clock (temperature, metabolic energy and hormonal).
b)
Use nutritional engineer:
The conscious manipulation of diet as strategy for reducing stress is called nutritional engineering.
c)
Avoid exposure to noise Managing Noise can be performed by the following ways: Relocation
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Earplugs & sound-insulating earphones Distance from band/stage Moderate volume Drapes Carpeting White noise and relaxing sounds
II. Personality Engineering To a large degree the amount of stress caused by society and the environment depends upon what information is taken in and what is blocked upon how the information is perceived, evaluated and given meaning, and what effect this whole process has on mental and physical activity. Our attitudes the way we look at things, the meanings and values and give to various events in our lives in combination with our characteristic way of behaving (behavioral patterns), can be referred to as on individuals personality. The personality has the awesome capacity of transforming a normally natural aspect of life into a psycho-social stressor. Few events are innately stressful, but we make them stressful by the way in which we perceive them. A person may alter these stresses causing attitudes and then working to change the process through Personality Engineering. If personality engineering is effective, the way you perceive a particular event will be changed to the point where there will be little or no physical arousal. Personality Engineering Strategies 1) Poor self-esteem and depression: Verbalize your positive qualities Accept compliments Use the goal path model for planning Practice concentration Engage in thought-stopping
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2) Anxious reactivity: Engage in thought stopping techniques to minimize the intensity of the stress response and reduce emotional reactivity. The stress response, which is physical arousal, can be elicited by conscious, voluntary action or by subconscious, involuntary (autonomic) activation which keeps the body in a state of readiness. The constant state of readiness to respond with the fight or flight response when such a response is unwarranted is called emotional reactivity. If the body remains in this state for long periods, the organ system malfunctions. Relaxation training Although relaxation techniques can be useful by reducing the levels of stress response, the action is non-specific. Along with various other techniques meditation, biofeedback aided relaxation neuromuscular and autogenic relaxation helps reduce emotional reactivity. Not only does relaxation training promote voluntary control over some central nervous system activities associated with arousal, it promotes a quiet sense of control which eventually influences attitudes, perception and behavior. Relaxation training will foster interaction with your inner self and you will learn by actual feeling (Visceral learning) that what you are thinking influences your body processes and that your processes influence your thought processes. You will come to know you feelings and emotions as a part of your thinking experience. Your behavior will come more from what is within you rather than merely be responses triggered by the people and the environment around you. Although the relaxation techniques are geared to reduce the symptoms of stress (e.g. blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension) the mind and body cannot be separated and the mind benefits as well. Conclusion Physical arousal may be considered a symptom of potential malfunction, but is remains hidden, because most people do not know enough about new disease develops and are not sufficiently aware of their bodies. It is not until they have over symptoms of pain and dysfunction, our societys convention of disease, that they seek treatment our health care system is in reality a disease care system. The lease desirable alternative is treatment with surgery and drugs; unfortunately, that is where our society places most of its energies and resources. The emphasis is on treatment because of the fixed concept that disease is treatable only after symptoms of malfunction or damage are observed. Having these points in mind that individual Vets and also organization should give importance for stress management. If we change the basic concept from psychosomatic illness to psychosomatic health, we can take positive intervention steps and formulate educational experiences which bring us closer to optimal health. With good health only we can explore Vets full potential and better utilize for their development and also organizations.
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Introduction on Wild Fauna and the Strategic Rescue Measures for Wild Animals in Disastrous Events
Professor and Head, Department of Wildlife Science, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai- 600 007 (mgjayathangaraj@gmail.com)
Dr.M.G.Jayathangaraj, Ph.D., PGDWLMgt.,
The person engaging in the rescue activities of wild fauna in regions exposed to natural disasters or calamities need to understand about the general classification of wild fauna as a first step. In this regard, some important details on the grouping of wild animals have been presented in this, as a part of introduction about different species of wild fauna, in nut-shell. Evacuees at disaster or natural calamity affected region are generally more concerned with their pet animals only and virtually, there is less coordination existing in rescue of wild fauna in a proper manner during such catastrophic events. In this manner, the different grouping of wild fauna are given below for a quick-understanding and the conservation measures during the rescue measures often depend on effective understanding about the various groups of wild fauna and their biologic features in a systematic manner. EDENTATA This group comprises armadillos, sloths, Anteaters like Giant anteater PROBOSCIDEA Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus) and African elephants are grouped under this category. There are four sub-species in the Asiatic elephants (Indian, Ceylon, Sumatran and Malaysian) LAGOMORPHA This group comprises small to moderate sized animals like rabbit, hare and pikas. INSECTIVORA This group comprises hedgehogs, true shrews, elephant shrews, true moles etc. PRIMATES This group comprises old world monkeys, new world monkeys, apes (Only ape in India is Hyalobates hoolock) etc. MACAQUES (Bonnet macaque, Rhesus macaque, Lion tailed macaque, Assamese macaque, Pig tailed macaque, Stump tailed macaque etc.) LANGURS (Common langur,Nilgiri langur,Golden langur,Leaf monkey or capped langur) APES (Lesser apes comprise Hoolock gibbon in India and Greater apes comprise Orang-utan, Chimpanzee and Gorilla) LORISES (Slender loris and Slow loris are the examples under this group)
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CHIROPTERA Microchiroptera Small insectivorous bats like Desmodus and Rhindophus are grouped in this category. These mammals hang in tree branches or crevices with their head down. This order contains large sized bats like fruit bats or fruit eating bats which are commonly called as the flying foxes. The animals under this group are squirrels, gerbils, rats, porcupines, bandicoots, beavers etc. HYRACOIDEA This order contains small rabbit like mammals i.e. hyraxes that but have reduced tail in addition to the presence of short ears. TUBELIDENTATA This order comprises Aardvark which is the only representative of this order PHOLIDOTA This order comprises nocturnal animals eg. Scaly anteaters or Pangolins (Indian and Chinese Pangolins). CARNIVORA Felids (lion, tiger, cheetah, leopard, snow leopard, clouded leopard, jungle cat, golden cat, desert cat etc.), Canids(jackals, foxes, wolves and wild dogs), Ursids(slothy bear, Himalayan black bear, Himalayan brown bear etc.), Mustelids(Otter, weasels, badgers,martens etc), Red Panda, Giant Panda, Hyaena, Mongoose, Civets etc. come under the carnivora order. PERISSIODACTYLIDS (Odd toed) Asiatic wild ass, Tibetian wild ass, Great one horned rhinoceros, tapirs and wild horses fall under this group. ARTIODACTYLIDS (Even toed) This group comprises bovids (gaur, wild buffaloe, Himalayan tahr, Nilgiri tahr, antelopes like black buck, nilgai, four horned antelope and gazelle or chinkara etc.), suids (Indian wild boar) and cervids (Deer like spotted deer, swamp deer, hog deer, musk deer, mouse deer, barking deer, Barasingha etc.) DERMOPETRA Flying or gliding lemur which is also called as the Colugo comes under this order MONOTREMATA The monotremes comprise echidnas and the platypus.
Macrochiroptera
RODENTIA
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MARSUPIALIA This order of wild mammals are large in numbers and kangaroos, honey possum, wombats, Tasmanian devil etc. fall under this group. CETACEA The animals of this order belong to marine mammals group . The cetaceans comprise whales, porpoises and dolphins. PINNIPEDIA The animals of this order also belong to marine mammals group . The pinnipes comprise seals, sea lions and walruses. SIRENIA The animals of this order also belong to marine mammals group . This order comprises dugongs and manatees STRATEGIES RELATED TO NATURAL CALAMITIES/DISASTERS Catastrophes unite us in our courage, our challenges and our grief. But they also provide a blueprint for our future. Natural calamities include occurrence of hurricanes, opening up of volcanoes, occurrence of tsunamis, earthquakes, floods etc. associating the natural processes of the earth. There is considerable potential for veterinarians to play a role in responding to natural disasters. The areas of disease control, animal care, animal control, protection of the food supply, disinfection/ sterilization, and planning are all areas where veterinarians can take an active part. Inclusion of the veterinarian in the process of planning for and responding to natural disasters will yield significant public health benefits. Natural disasters or calamites create a multiplicity of complicated problems and hazards ranging from outbreaks of infectious disease to animal control problems. A multidisciplinary response is required to solve such problems. Natural calamities may be devastating to wild fauna of different species including the endangered and nearly extinct species of wild fauna. Hence, due to differences between domestic animals and wild animals, approaches always need to be in a strategic manner using maximum kinds of gadgets available for use in wild animals of different species. Before engaging any kind of rescue operations, one should first need to plan about the gadgets required for such rescue measures like selection of cage or container or place for temporary confinement in a safe manner. In this regard, safety for the wild animal species under rescue as well as safety for the rescuing personnel associated needs to be ensured, without any problems. Veterinarians in the proximity shall be immediately called, in order to undertake any health related measures that may be required on an emergency basis for the rescued wild animal species. Local veterinarian should be the part of this integral part of these processes of rescue of wild animals affected in areas with natural calamities or disasters. This ensures the survivability of the concerned wild animal species which is under the rescue operation.
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Rescuing a wild animal like a jackal or fox or any carnivore floating or swimming in floods needs adaptation of a safety based strategy, unlike the domestic dog or cat. Nets are of high use in this regard. Zoonotic disease related features need to be taken care of during any kind of natural calamities in any region and rabies, brucellosis, anthrax, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, H1N1 viral infection etc. are the examples for the zoonotic diseases. Hence, usage of gloves and proper protective covers or coverall including spectacles need to be emphasized for the rescue personnel associated with relief and rescue operations in such natural calamity affected region. Since natural disasters lead to a multiplicity of problems and hazards ranging from occurrence of multiple zoonotic diseases to death related events, trained veterinarians may be the better choice in handling the rescue measures pertaining to wild animals. Medical supplies have to be maintained continuously and adequate containers and safety related gadgets as well as modern communication related gadgets have to be kept ready in such occasions. Veterinarian engaging in rescue operations of wild fauna has important task after a natural disaster also, just like the case with before a disaster event. Rescuing an injured wild fauna of large sized one like a wild elephant first requires safety measures to the rescuing personnel as well as to this mega herbivore. Wild elephants are mostly aggressive when the animals are approached at a shorter distance for whatever reasons. It requires a team work rather than an enthusiastic single individual with sincere desire on welfare of the injured wild elephant. Rescuing a wild herbivore or carnivore with burn injuries due to natural calamities like volcanoes or extensive fire engulfing wider areas unexpectedly also requires basic precautions to be adapted. The unconscious or semiconscious wild animal if associated with such burn-injuries, need to be handled gently and rubbing or compressing the blisters arising out of burn injuries need to be avoided and immediate attention on prevention of infections has to be paid by consulting a veterinarian in this regard without wasting much time.
Rescuing a cobra or vipers or krait in a disaster area may cost your life itself, if you dont protect yourself from the bite due to aggression, thus necessitating the need for understanding about the king cobra esp. its biological features and scientific information about bites or venom of king cobra and the precautions that are required before handling of such highly venous species. Tongs are basically required, in addition to cloth or durable bags with ropes to tie, during the physical restraint of such species of serpentines. One should know that there are four poisonous snakes distributed in our Indian sub-continent and this poisonous group of snakes mostly comprises Indian cobras, Common krait, Russells viper and Saw scaled viper. Handling of snakes for clinical examination and during snake threats to public. Remember that the restraining of such poisonous snakes during occurrence of natural calamities or disasters in a region is perhaps an art and is a difficult task and little carelessness may lead to loss of life of rescuing personnel associated.
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Equal attention has to be given in removing of wild animal carcase if any is encountered by the rescuing personnel and this may help to avoid many zoonotic diseases affecting homosapiens. Post operative measures need to be paid maximum attention as for as concerned with the different species of wild fauna that are under rescue operations, during the occurrence of natural disasters or calamites affecting the whole or part of the regions. Strict control on visitors is highly required in order to avoid the capture based myopathy in wild fauna, since many species of wild animals esp. spotted deer, black buck, wild dogs etc. get affected rapidly by capture myopathy and death is more common in such incidences. Hence, if proper attention is not given to avoid excitement related events like allowing of more number of visitors to see the rescued wild animal or making of more sounds near the rescued wild animal species or chasing the wild animal that has been rescued for whatever be the reason within the enclosure or confined place Legal measures need to be paid equally more attention whenever any kind of rescue operations are carried out during occurrence of different kinds of natural calamities in an area(s). Features of wildlife protection act 1972 with amendments made shall be known to the team leader in this aspect.
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References Fowler, M.E., 1986. Zoo and Wild Animal medicine, 2nd edn. W.B. Saunders Company, HongKong. Hosetti, B.B.,2008. Wildlife Management. 3rd edn. Daya Publishing Company, New Delhi. Sukumar, R. 1989. Ecology of the Asian elephant in South India. 1. Movement and habitat utilization patterns. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 5: 1-18. Wallach,J.D., and W.J.Boever, 1983. Diseases of Exotic Animals Medical and Surgical Management. W.B. sounders company, Tokyo. Internet resources.
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Session Ten: CommunitY PRepaRedness foR Management of Animals in EmeRgencies

Community Preparedness for Management of Animals In Emergencies (Cpmae)
Disaster Management - Project Manager, WSPA, New Delhi - 16
Shri Hansen Thambi Prem,
Learning Objective: At the end of the session, participants will be able to Describe the concepts on CPMAE; Explain the steps for implementing CPMAE; Describe the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and its application for encouraging community participation; Describe the role of community for managing animals in emergencies;
Key Messages: At the end of the session, the trainer will have covered the following points Community Preparedness provides a platform to design effective, realistic, coordinated planning and increase the overall effectiveness of the local communitys disaster response efforts in managing their animals. The steps for CPMAE are 1.Risk/resource identification, 2.Participatory Response Identification Matrix (PRIM), 3.Implementation, 4.Monitoring & Evaluation The PRA tools used in CPMAE are Timeline and trend changes, Social resource mapping, Daily/ seasonal calendar, Venn diagram, Animal resource mapping, Gender analysis, Proportional piling, Ranking/scoring, If I were an animal, Traffic light chart, Wealth ranking Coordination within the community along with local government, humanitarian and development actors is vital to optimise the effectiveness and quality of the response by acting both internally and externally as decided by the community. Community Preparedness provides a platform to design effective, realistic, coordinated planning and increase the overall effectiveness of the local communitys disaster response efforts in managing their animals.
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Concepts:
Community preparedness is the ability of communities to prepare for, withstand, and recover - in both the short and long terms - from disasters. Community Resilience is about communities using local resources and knowledge to help themselves during an emergency in a way that complements the local emergency services. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Household Veterinary Survey Consultation with Stakeholders Risk/resource identification Participatory response identification Implementation Monitoring & Evaluation
Approaches for CPMAE:
Steps for Implementing CPMAE:
Steps in Conducting PRA: Setting up of a team comprising facilitator, documentor and observor. Checklist for obtaining information depending on the tool. Prepare materials essential for conducting the tool (Charts, sketch pens, papers, etc.) Availability of the community to spend time and discuss (date, time & venue). Representation of the participants (All areas, sectors, age, gender, religion, caste, etc.). Application of the tools initiated by the team leader (facilitator). Documentation of the findings and consultation with stakeholders Share a copy to the local community to regularly practice and update the document
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Basic PRA Tools: Use and Its Application
Transect Walk Historical Timeline & Trend Changes Social Mapping/Modelling Seasonality Calendar/Mapping Animal Resource Mapping Venn/Chappathi Diagram Household Veterinary Survey Daily Routine Charts If I Were A Cattle (PAWNA) Traffic Light Chart (PAWNA) Wealth Ranking Pair Wise Problem Matrix WSPAs experience in West Bengal Floods, June 2011, Odisha Floods, September 2011, Assam Floods, June 2012, Maharashtra Drought, March 2013 and Uttarakhand Flash Floods, June 2013 Application of International Standards and Guidelines: Sphere Standards; Livestock Emergency Guidelines & Standards (LEGS) for DM Plan Preparation.
Participatory Learning & Action (PLA) for CPMAE:
Examples of PRA Household veterinary survey The household veterinary survey was conducted to a 10% of the houses using random sampling method. The live weight of cattle was measured using Sheffers formula (L X G2/300 X 0.451) by obtaining the length and girth of animal in Inches to be measured in Kilograms (Kg). Purpose: To understand the animals health, productivity and economic value as per the communitys perspective to be compared during or after an emergency.
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HOUSEHOLD VETERINARY SURVEY

Description Age in years Number of calving Size (Length in Inches) Size (Girth in Inches) Live body weight in kg Selling price in INR Buying price in INR Milk (ltr per day) H. No. 23 C1 8 5 41 53 C2 5 3 44 54 C3 0 39 44 C4 C5 0 0 1.5 0.6 0.5 27 21 30 23 H. No 36 C1 9 5 46 53 C2 0.8 0 28 30 H. No 34 C1 3.5 1 39 51 C2 7 4 37 45 C1 3 1 43 49 H. No 34 C2 6 3 46 51 C3 3 1 39 47 C4 7 0 29 34 50 Cattle 4.22 1.77 36.85 43.38 Average Adult 5.30 2.30 40.30 48.10 Calf 0.63 0.00 25.33 27.67 30.37
173 193 114 37 17 194 38 152 113 155 180 130
118.85 145.39
6000 4000 3000 500 150 7000 800 8000 3000 7000 6000 7000 1000 4111.54 5200.00 483.33 6000 4000 3000 500 150 5000 600 6000 2500 6000 4000 6000 800 3426.92 4330.00 416.67
3 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 1.23 1.60 0.00 Body score 3 3 4 3 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 3 2 2.69 2.80 2.33 Survey conducted by WSPA, Department of ARD and Paramandapur Vivekananda Club NGO for cattle in 10% (4 out of 38 houses) of the total houses in Purba Dobandi (Middle) village using random sampling method on 17/11/11 between 1015 and 1200 hrs. LEGEND: The body score was ranked based on the following features observed, 1 - Emaciated animal; Prominent ribs, hide & bound condition; Sharp vertebrae tips; Prominent pin bone; Hollow thigh and buttock; Hollow anal area. 2 - Thin animal; Ribs are easily felt; Vertebrae are less sharp; Anal area is little filled. 3 - Average animal; Ribs are felt after applying some pressure; Round pin bone; Vertebrae are not sharply visible; Anal area is filled. 4 - Heavy animal; Rip cage area covered with fatty layer; Thigh and buttock fully filled. 5 - Fatty animal; Hip and buttock are convex; Rib cage covered by heavy fatty layer. NOTE: The formula used for measuring live body weight (in Kg) of cattle and goat is as follows: Length (L) X Girth (G)2 / 300 X 0.451 (i.e., 1 lbs = 0.451 kg).
Meeting with Bitrubudi Community, Bitrubudi Village of Digahpandi Block, Ganjam District Date: 16th October, 2013 Venue: Village Temple, Bitrubudi Participatory Animal Welfare Need Analysis (PAWNA) If I were a Cattle Facilitator: Amulya Nayak Documenter: Hansen Thambi Prem Participants: 35 This exercise is to understand the lifestyle practice of the community in managing their animals in usual times and also identify the cyclones impact on the animal. Time: 0100 Hrs to 1500 Hrs
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Social map illustrating vulnerable & safe areas in the village
16th Nov11, 1100 to 1400 hrs, Facilitator: Shankar, Documentor: Uttam, Participants: 20 (male-15, Female-5), Venue: In front of temple, MAP NOT TO SCALE
Participatory Animal Welfare Need Analysis (PAWNA) Traffic Light Chart Facilitator: Amulya Nayak Documenter: Dr Akash Maheshwari Participants: 10
This exercise is to assess the general animals health condition and also explore the cyclones impact on the animal in relation to the health using health indicators.
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BODY PARTS
HEALTH INDICATORS Twisted Legs Swelling Hind Injury/Wound Lameness Stiff Legs One Eyed Whiteness of Eye Tears Wound Cut/Broken Droppings from Ears Fever Flat Tongue Snake Like Tongue Cut Suffocation Wound Equal Back Broken Bone U Shaped Back Wound Fatty Maggots
CATTLE (Random Sampling) 01 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 02 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 03 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 04 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 05 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 06 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 07 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 08 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 09 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 10 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
LEGS
EYES
EARS
MOUTH
BACK
TAIL
Fallen Hairs Ribs Wounds Big Belly
STOMACH Legend: O Good O Medium O Bad
Low Fat
Conclusion: Most of the animals are country cattle and all seemed to be healthy except for three cases of fever, maggots and wounds which were observed by the team in the surveyed houses.
PAIR WISE PROBELM MATRIX Facilitator : Khetsen Documenter : Hansen Date : 04th June 2013 Time : 07:30 pm to 09:00 pm Participants : 19
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8-Unaware of management of animals in emergencies 6-Livestock attacked by wild animals

SCORE
7-Decreased productivity of animals

RANK
PROBLEMS
5-Water crisis
4-General animal weakness
3-Feed & fodder scarcity 1-Heavy Snowfall
2-Overcrowding of animals to share heat
1-Heavy Snowfall
8-Unaware of management of animals in emergencies 7-Decreased productivity of animals 1-Heavy Snowfall 1-Heavy Snowfall X 1-Heavy Snowfall 3-Feed & fodder scarcity 1-Heavy Snowfall 04a
III
2-Overcrowding of animals to share heat 7-Decreased productivity of animals 2-Overcrowding of animals to share heat X 2-Overcrowding of animals to share heat
8-Unaware of management of animals in emergencies 2-Overcrowding of animals to share heat 3-Feed & fodder scarcity
03b
VI
3-Feed & fodder scarcity 3-Feed & fodder scarcity X
8-Unaware of management of animals in emergencies 3-Feed & fodder scarcity 3-Feed & fodder scarcity 3-Feed & fodder scarcity
06
II
4-General animal weakness X
8-Unaware of management of animals in emergencies 4-General animal weakness 4-General animal weakness 4-General animal weakness
03a
[ 175 ]
7-Decreased productivity of animals 5-Water crisis X X 7-Decreased productivity of animals X X X X X X X X X X X
5-Water crisis
8-Unaware of management of animals in emergencies
01
VII
6-Livestock attacked by wild animals
00
VIII
7-Decreased productivity of animals
04b
IV
07
All the problems were analyzed pairing with another and prioritized as per the communitys perception. The reasons for prioritizing one problem after another is given below, First Analysis (Left to right): Unaware of the management of animals a bigger problem than the heavy snowfall as this can happen anytime and is not in our control Due to decreased animal productivity the livelihood is affected Heavy snowfall major problem faced by all and the attack by wild animals which is only sometimes and for few animals Heavy snowfall major problem faced by all and the water crisis which is an issue only for few families Heavy snowfall major problem faced by all and the animal weakness which is for few animals Feed and fodder scarcity a major issue faced by all compared to the heavy snow fall Heavy snowfall major problem faced by all and the overcrossing of animal can be controlled Unaware of the management of animals a bigger problem than the overcrowding of animals Due to decreased animal productivity the livelihood is affected Overcrowding of animals major problem compared to the attack by wild animals which is only sometimes and for few animals Overcrowding of animals a major problem compared to the water crisis which is an issue only for few families Overcrowding of animals a major problem compared to the animal weakness which is for few animals Feed and fodder scarcity a major issue faced by all compared to the overcrowding of animals Unaware of the management of animals a bigger problem than the feed & fodder scarcity Feed & fodder scarcity a major problem compared to decreased animal productivity Feed & fodder scarcity a major problem compared to the attack by wild animals which is only sometimes and for few animals Feed & fodder scarcity a major problem compared to the water crisis which is an issue only for few families Feed & fodder scarcity a major problem compared to the animal weakness which is for few animals which can be regained
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Second Analysis (Left to right):
Third Analysis (Left to right):
Fourth Analysis (Left to right): Unaware of the management of animals a bigger problem than the general animal weakness General animal weakness a major problem compared to decreased animal productivity General animal weakness a major problem compared to the attack by wild animals which is only sometimes and for few animals General animal weakness a major problem compared to the water crisis which is an issue only for few families Unaware of the management of animals a bigger problem than the water crisis Decreased animal productivity bigger problem than water crisis Water crisis a bigger problem compared to the attack by wild animals which is only sometimes and for few animals Unaware of the management of animals a bigger problem than the livestock being attacked by wild animals Decreased animal productivity bigger problem than livestock being attacked by wild animals Unaware of the management of animals a bigger problem than the decreased productivity of animals First ranked problem Unaware - Awareness activities on emergency management of animals from the heavy snow fall Second ranked problem Feed & fodder scarcity Early stocking of supplies in a feed bank for 6 months (Nov to April) Third ranked problem Heavy snowfall Construction of animal shelter enclosures in the winter settlement areas to protect from extreme snowfall Fourth ranked problem Decreased productivity - Awareness activities on measures to improve the productivity of animals during extreme winters Fifth ranked problem General animal weakness Support local govt with veterinary equipment to provide better service and improve animal health Sixth ranked problem Overcrowding of animals - Construction of animal shelter enclosures in the winter settlement areas to protect from extreme snowfall
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Fifth Analysis (Left to right):
Sixth Analysis (Left to right):
Seventh Analysis (Left to right):
The solution for the problems
Seventh ranked problem Water crisis - Awareness activities on measures to prepare for effective management of water during extreme winters Eighth ranked problem Livestock attacked by wild animals - Awareness activities on measures to protect their livestock from wild animals during extreme winters
Source: WSPA Disaster Response Activities in India http://www.ready.gov/community-preparedness http://www.americanhumane.org/animals/programs/emergency-services/community-preparedness/ http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/preparing-for-disaster/disaster-preparednesstools/community-preparedness/ http://www.scdf.gov.sg/content/scdf_internet/en/community-and-volunteers/community-preparedness.html http://www.cdc.gov/phpr/capabilities/capability1.pdf http://www.bviddm.com/document-center/Community%20Disaster%20Preparedness%20Guide.pdf
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Adult Learning Principles

Disaster Management - Project Manager, WSPA, New Delhi - 16
Shri Hansen Thambi Prem,
How adults learn Core Adult Learning Principles Learners Need to Know Why, What, How Self Concept of the Learner Autonomous, Self-directing Prior Experience of the Learner Life related, Developmental task Orientation to Learning Problem centred, Contextual Motivation to Learn Intrinsic value, Personal payoff Some characteristics of adult learners Adults need to know why they are learning something Adults are motivated when learning contributes to their quality of life, and self esteem Adults have greater knowledge and wider experience than younger learners Adults like to be able to evaluate, challenge and question Adults need to integrate new ideas with old ones if they are going to keep and use the new information Adults can find it more difficult to relate to, remember and recall if what they are learning is totally new Adults consider themselves independent Adults are concerned with immediate problems Adults enter learning situations with their own goals, motivations and needs Adults learn better by doing something rather than just reading or discussing Adults like clear hands-on instructions Adults prefer training programmes that deal with a single topic and focus on applying it to problems they are involved the goals and objectives are realistic and important to them
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Adults learn better when
materials are structured to meet their needs the subject matter is connected to their daily activities learning is experience-based and results from doing and exploring something learning is in informal but organised environments materials are presented through a variety of methods with practical examples subjects are explained and supported visually activities and tasks are structured and clearly related to specific subjects problem-solving real, simulated or case study experiences are used there are opportunities to apply and practise what they have learnt structured, helpful feedback is given learning situations are co-operative and in groups not pressured, tested or judged. there is time for reflection and short breaks between topics. Different learning styles Honey and Mumford (1992) described four main types of individuals, and their preferred ways of learning. The four learning styles are listed below and described in turn. Activists Reflectors Theorists Pragmatists
How adults learn
Activists Activists like to be involved in new experiences. They are open minded and enthusiastic about new ideas but get bored with implementation. They enjoy doing things and tend to act first and consider the implications afterwards. Activists like working with others but tend to hog the limelight.
Activists learn best when involved in new experiences, problems and opportunities working with others in games, team tasks and role-playing being thrown in the deep end with a difficult task chairing meetings and leading discussions [ 180 ] Activists learn less when listening to lectures or long explanations reading, writing or thinking on their own absorbing and understanding data following precise instruction to the letter
Reflectors Reflectors like to stand back and look at a situation from different perspectives. They like to collect information and think about it carefully before coming to any conclusions. Reflectors enjoy observing others and will listen to their views before offering their own.
Reflectors learn best when observing individuals or groups doing something they have the opportunity to review what has happened and thing about what they have learned producing analyses and reports doing tasks without tight deadlines Reflectors learn less when acting as leader or role-playing in front of others doing things with no time to prepare being thrown in at the deep end being rushed or worried by deadlines
Theorists
Theorists adapt and integrate observations into complex and logically sound theories. They think problems through in a step-by-step way. They tend to be perfectionists who like to fit things into a rational scheme. Theorists tend to be detached and analytical rather than subjective or emotive in their thinking.
Theorists learn best when they are put in complex situations where they have to use their skills and knowledge they are in structured situations with clear purpose they are offered interesting ideas or concepts even though they are not immediately relevant they have the chance to question and probe ideas behind things Theorists learn less when they have to participate in situations which emphasise emotion and feelings the activity is unstructured or briefing is poor they have to do things without knowing the principles or concepts involved they feel they are out of tune with the other participants, e.g. with people of very different learning styles
Pragmatists Pragmatists are keen to try things out. They want concepts that can be applied to their job. They tend to be impatient with lengthy discussions and are practical and down to earth.
Pragmatists learn best when there is an obvious link between the training topic and their work they have the chance to try out techniques with feedback, e.g. role-playing they are shown techniques with obvious advantages, e.g. saving time or money they have a role-model or credible expert Pragmatists learn less when there is no obvious or immediate benefit that they can recognise there is no practice or guidelines on how to do it there is no apparent pay back to the learning, e.g. no time or money saved the event or learning is all theory
Most of us have elements of more than one learning style. Knowing which are your strongest and weakest styles will help you identify how you best learn. As a trainer, having an appreciation of the different styles will help you to design stimulating and effective training sessions.
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How adults learn Your learning style can affect your training style As a trainer, be aware of how your own learning style may affect your choice of activity. Aim to appeal to all learning styles and pick a range of methods, not just those that you might naturally favour.
If you are an ACTIVIST you may be more likely to favour: A wide range of different activities Brainstorming Experiential activities Games and role-playing Group tasks Icebreakers and energisers Problem-solving activities Unstructured play-it-by-ear activities If you are an REFLECTOR you may be more likely to favour: Activities building on pre-course work Exchange of information Observing or using observers Presenting research and analysis Reviewing group activities to learn lessons Showing videos and DVDs Structured group discussions Using video to record activities or roleplays
If you are an THEORIST you may be more likely to favour: Analysis of information Handouts with detailed background information Presentation of theories, models, concepts, systems Question and answer sessions Relating the training activity to the relevant theory/model Structured situations If you are an PRAGMATIST you may be more likely to favour: Activities that have quantifiable endresult Anything with an immediate, practical application Case studies closely linked to peoples experience Demonstrations Practical exercises that give participants the opportunity to try things out Simulations of real situations
30 THINGS WE KNOW FOR SURE ABOUT ADULT LEARNING By Ron and Susan Zemke Innovation Abstracts Vol VI, No 8, March 9, 1984 A variety of sources provides us with a body of fairly reliable knowledge about adult learning. This knowledge might be divided into three basic divisions: things we know about adult learners and their motivation, things we know about designing curriculum for adults, and things we know about working with adults in the classroom. Motivation to Learn 1. Adults seek out learning experiences in order to cope with specific life-changing events--e.g., marriage, divorce, a new job, a promotion, being fired, retiring, losing a loved one, moving to a new city.
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2.
The more life change events an adult encounters, the more likely he or she is to seek out learning opportunities. Just as stress increases as life-change events accumulate, the motivation to cope with change through engagement in a learning experience increases. The learning experiences adults seek out on their own are directly related - at least in their perception - to the life-change events that triggered the seeking. Adults are generally willing to engage in learning experiences before, after, or even during the actual life change event. Once convinced that the change is a certainty, adults will engage in any learning that promises to help them cope with the transition. Adults who are motivated to seek out a learning experience do so primarily because they have a use for the knowledge or skill being sought. Learning is a means to an end, not an end in itself. Increasing or maintaining ones sense of self-esteem and pleasure are strong secondary motivators for engaging in learning experiences. Adult learners tend to be less interested in, and enthralled by, survey courses. They tend to prefer single concept, single-theory courses that focus heavily on the application of the concept to relevant problems. This tendency increases with age. Adults need to be able to integrate new ideas with what they already know if they are going to keep - and use - the new information. Information that conflicts sharply with what is already held to be true, and thus forces a re-evaluation of the old material, is integrated more slowly. Fast-paced, complex or unusual learning tasks interfere with the learning of the concepts or data they are intended to teach or illustrate.
3. 4.
5. 6.
Curriculum Design 7.
8. 9.
10. Information that has little conceptual overlap with what is already known is acquired slowly. 11.
12. Adults tend to compensate for being slower in some psychomotor learning tasks by being more accurate and making fewer trial-and-error ventures. 13. Adults tend to take errors personally and are more likely to let them affect self esteem. Therefore, they tend to apply tried-and-true solutions and take fewer risks. 14. The curriculum designer must know whether the concepts or ideas will be in concert or in conflict with the learner. Some instruction must be designed to effect a change in belief and value systems. 15. Programs need to be designed to accept viewpoints from people in different life stages and with different value sets. 16. A concept needs to be anchored or explained from more than one value set and appeal to more than one developmental life stage.
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17. Adults prefer self-directed and self-designed learning projects over group-learning experiences led by a professional, they select more than one medium for learning, and they desire to control pace and start/stop time. 18. Nonhuman media such as books, programmed instruction and television have become popular with adults in recent years. 19. Regardless of media, straightforward how-to is the preferred content orientation. Adults cite a need for application and how-to information as the primary motivation for beginning a learning project. 20. Self-direction does not mean isolation. Studies of self-directed learning indicate that self-directed projects involve an average of 10 other people as resources, guides, encouragers and the like. But even for the self-professed, self-directed learner, lectures and short seminars get positive ratings, especially when these events give the learner face-to- face, one-to-one access to an expert. In the Classroom 21. The learning environment must be physically and psychologically comfortable; long lectures, periods of interminable sitting and the absence of practice opportunities rate high on the irritation scale. 22. Adults have something real to lose in a classroom situation. Self-esteem and ego are on the line when they are asked to risk trying a new behavior in front of peers and cohorts. Bad experiences in traditional education, feelings about authority and the preoccupation with events outside the classroom affect in-class experience. 23. Adults have expectations, and it is critical to take time early on to clarify and articulate all expectations before getting into content. The instructor can assume responsibility only for his or her own expectations, not for those of students. 24. Adults bring a great deal of life experience into the classroom, an invaluable asset to be acknowledged, tapped and used. Adults can learn well -and much from dialogue with respected peers. 25. Instructors who have a tendency to hold forth rather than facilitate can hold that tendency in check-or compensate for it--by concentrating on the use of openended questions to draw out relevant student knowledge and experience. 26. New knowledge has to be integrated with previous knowledge; students must actively participate in the learning experience. The learner is dependent on the instructor for confirming feedback on skill practice; the instructor is dependent on the learner for feedback about curriculum and in-class performance. 27. The key to the instructor role is control. The instructor must balance the presentation of new material, debate and discussion, sharing of relevant student experiences, and the clock. Ironically, it seems that instructors are best able to establish control when they risk giving it up. When they shelve egos and stifle the tendency to be threatened by challenge to plans and methods, they gain the kind of facilitative control needed to effect adult learning.
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28. The instructor has to protect minority opinion, keep disagreements civil and unheated, make connections between various opinions and ideas, and keep reminding the group of the variety of potential solutions to the problem. The instructor is less advocate than orchestrator. 29. Integration of new knowledge and skill requires transition time and focused effort on application. 30. Learning and teaching theories function better as resources tha n as a Rosetta stone. A skill- training task can draw much from the behavioral approach, for example, while personal growth-centered subjects seem to draw gainfully from humanistic concepts. An eclectic, rather than a single theorybased approach to developing strategies and procedures, is recommended for matching instruction to learning tasks.
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Session Eleven: Identification & Legal Documentation

Identification of animals
Dr.A.YASOTHA
Assistant Professor, Department of Livestock Production and Management Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-600007.
Identification of animals is must as a requirement in the daily management to spot and identify a particular animal in a herd/group/flock. Reasons: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. To identify the affected animal during disaster/emergencies. For registration and recording of the parentage in breeding programme / birth For individual feeding of animals. During milking During sale, for participation of animals in the rally, show and exhibition. For treating the animal, heat detection etc. Neck chain/Neck rope Ankle band Brisket tag Tail tag Temporary methods: a. b. c. 5. 6. 7. 8. Chalk/grease marker Potassium permanganate Black/light coloured paints
Methods of identification system:-
Pictures/sketches Photographs Ear tattooing Ear Notching

[ 186 ]
9.
Branding a. b. Cold/freeze Hot iron
10. 11. 12. 13.
Ear tagging Aluminium wing band in birds Leg band in birds Plastic Wing Badges in birds
Ear tattooing: It is one of the permanent methods of identification system. Instruments Required:
Tattooing forceps, tattoo no/letters, Tattooing ink/paste
Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The required dies (Numbers and letters) assembled in the tattooing forceps. Locate the area in the ear to be tattooed. (above the cartilage equidistance between tip and cartilage of the ear). Clean the area with alcohol. Position the equipment. Check the Number / letter in a piece of paper before applying in the ear. Then squeeze the forceps for puncturing properly. Rub the tattoo ink / paste on the punctured area.
[ 187 ]
Tattooed ear of calf
Ear tagging: It is a most popular method of identification system.
Ear tag
Ear tag with tag applicator
Aluminium neck tag
[ 188 ]
Kids with ear tag
Calf with ear tag
Equipments required: Tagging forceps & tags Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the tag type (Single piece / Double piece). Use the contrasting ink and style based on the skin colour of the animal. Invert the ear tag into the appropriate applicator. Locate the area in the ear for tagging) (half the way between base and tip of the ear). Puncture the ear with applicator if the tags are non-piercing type. Apply the ear tag by puncturing the ear with the applicator.
Branding: is one of the permanent method. Hot Iron branding: A good hot iron branding should be visible and recognizable since it destroys hair follicles located under several layers of the skin and leaved a permanent bald scar on the skin of the animal. Required: Branding irons / Electric branders made up of iron or steel, squeezechute / Trevice (for restraining) Procedure: 1. 2. Assemble and keep the equipment ready Heat the branding iron
[ 189 ]
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Before branding, restrain the animal Check the temperature of branding iron. It should be grey ashes. Then press the iron and shake the handle against the skin for fixing the iron properly. Time of application usually 3-5 sec. The brand marks should be big enough to read identify at a distance and each letter separated 2.5cm to prevent sloughing of the skin. Apply an antiseptic for healing of wound.
Freeze branding: Application of cold iron to the skin of the animal causes destruction of melanocytes and white hairs grows on the branded area. Equipments Required:
Iron/copper branders, Liquid nitrogen / dry ice and alcohol.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Assemble the necessary cold branders / iron. Cool the branding irons in the liquid nitrogen or dry ice Before application, restrain the animal Clip the area of the branding site, clean and apply alcohol to the clipped area Apply the cold branders to the clipped area and apply equal pressure by pressing iron properly and evenly on the skin. Time of application 30 sec to 1 min.
Ear notching: This method is commonly used in pigs and in beef cattle.
[ 190 ]
Ear notcher Notching means making a V shaped notches at specific areas of the ear with the help of a sharp scissors or pincers. For e.g.: A notch in lower right ear is Litter number. and notch in lower left ear is Pig number.
Aluminium wing band, Leg band:- Used as identification system in birds attached to wing web and shank respectively.
[ 191 ]
Wing Bands
Chick with aluminium wing band
[ 192 ]
Livestock Emergency Guidelines & Standards (LEGS) Training Outline

LEGS training course sessions Session 1: Introduction to LEGS (includes the overall structure of the handbook, cross-cutting issues and remaining common standards) Session 2: Livelihoods, livestock and emergencies background Session 3: Preliminary assessment: Key tool 3 Assessment Checklists Session 4: Response identification: Key tool PRIM Session 5: Analysis of technical interventions and options: Key tools - decision trees, timing table, advantages and disadvantages tables, and standards and indicators/ guidance notes Session 6: Monitoring and evaluation: Key tools - standards and indicators/ guidance notes; M&E checklists The training is divided into four blocks of 90 minutes each, for three days, as follows: Block
A B
Day One
Introductions Session 1: Introduction to LEGS Session 1 (cont.) Lunch Session 2: Livelihoods, livestock and emergencies Session 3: Preliminary Assessment
Day Two
Session 4: Response Identification Session 4 (cont.) Lunch Session 5: Analysis of technical interventions and options Session 5 (cont.)
Day Three
Session 5 (cont.) Session 5 (cont.) Lunch Session 6: M and E Next Steps, Evaluation Closing session
C D
Learning Objectives and Key Messages for each session

Session Learning Objectives Key Messages at the end of the session, participants will be at the end of the session, the trainer will able to... have covered the following points... 1 o LEGS is a set of international guidelines and standards for the design, 2. List the aim and objectives of LEGS; implementation and assessment of 3. Outline the links between LEGS and livestock interventions to assist people Sphere; affected by humanitarian crises. 1. Describe the rationale for LEGS;
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4. Describe the structure of the LEGS o LEGS aims to support both the saving of handbook; lives and livelihoods, through providing rapid assistance to crisis affected 5. Distinguish between Minimum Standards, communities through livestock-based Key Indicators and Guidance Notes; interventions; protecting livestock 6. Identify the steps and tools of the LEGS assets and rebuilding livestock assets assessment and design process. of crisis affected communities. o LEGS reflects agreed good practice of livelihood-based livestock responses. o The structure of the LEGS handbook has been designed to be complementary to the Sphere handbook. o LEGS is intended for those who implement emergency interventions in areas where livelihoods are derived in part or in full from livestock, including NGOs, bi-lateral and multi lateral agencies and governments. o LEGS focuses on the overlap between emergencies, livelihoods and livestock and aims to bring a livelihoods perspective into livestock based disaster relief. o LEGS is founded on a rights based approach, in particular to a right to food and a right to a standard of living o The cross-cutting issues should be integrated into emergency livestock response: gender and social equity; HIV/AIDS; security and protection; environment; participation; preparedness and early response; coordination and advocacy and policy. o The LEGS process consists of four key stages: preliminary assessment, response identification; analysis of technical interventions and options; monitoring and evaluation
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Risk o A disaster is the combination of a hazard, poor disaster management and vulnerability 2. Describe the characteristics of disasters and complex emergencies and how they o Vulnerability is a function of exposure, affect the operating context for livestock susceptibility and limited capacity to cope interventions; o Emergency responses are based on 1. Describe the Disaster Management Cycle; and 3. Explain how livestock fit livelihoods; 4. Describe how livestock affected by disasters assets are the principles of disaster risk reduction, including preparedness, contingency planning and early response
o Different types of emergency affect livestock keepers and their livestock assets in different ways o Different types of emergency (rapidonset, slow-onset, complex) and their specific characteristics affect the type of response that is appropriate and feasible o Taking a livelihoods approach to emergency response helps to harmonise relief and development initiatives o Livestock constitute an important asset and play a significant role in the livelihoods of many people worldwide o Livestock owners vulnerability may be directly linked to their livestock assets and how well they can protect and rebuild them o Policies and institutions influence the ability of livestock owners to use their assets in support of their livelihoods (for example veterinary service institutions, marketing and export policies) o Appropriate support to affected households varies according to the phase of the emergency
[ 195 ]
1. Describe the importance of using participatory o Preliminary assessment according methodologies in assessments; to LEGS is the first step to enable decisions to be made regarding which 2. Describe the importance of the three technical interventions to explore parts of LEGS assessment process; 3. Locate and use the assessment checklist o Good assessment practice must incorporate participatory methodologies in the LEGS handbook (p. 32); (e.g. PRA toolkit) to ensure that all 4. Use/ apply a participatory method to stakeholders have a voice conduct an assessment on livestock o The LEGS assessment process is made up of three parts, each of which has a checklist o The three LEGS preliminary assessment checklists cover: the role of livestock in livelihoods; the impact of the emergency; the situation and context analysis o Ideally some of the baseline assessment information should have been collected before the onset of the emergency as part of preparedness planning and future monitoring and evaluation. o Assessment data is disaggregated to ensure integration of cross-cutting issues o [The assessment checklists are located in Appendix 2.1 (p32) in Chapter 2: Assessment and Response]
1. Describe the range of potential technical o Livestock interventions are response options; complementary to other humanitarian responses 2. Describe the need to involve stakeholders in the decision making process;
o The range of technical response options includes: destocking; veterinary services; 3. Select and use the PRIM to identify feed; water; shelter; provision of livestock livelihood -based livestock intervention that are appropriate, feasible and timely; o Participation is essential for effective decision making during response 4. Identify potential links and coordination identification and planning with humanitarian and development actors o The PRIM is a tool to identify appropriate, feasible and timely livestock interventions based on the information gathered in the preliminary assessment
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o The PRIM format varies (slightly) for rapid onset and slow onset emergencies o Livestock interventions need to be planned according to the different phases of the emergency o Coordination with other humanitarian and development actors is vital to optimise the effectiveness and quality of the response 5 1. Describe the implications and issues of o Each technical intervention has pros and cons, and implications with regard the different technical options (table P24 to meeting the LEGS livelihoods-based -25); objectives 2. Use the technical chapters in the LEGS
handbook to identify an appropriate o The technical interventions can be complementary livelihood based livestock response in a given situation ( using the decision trees, o Each technical chapter provides a number timing table, advantage and disadvantage of options within that intervention table etc); o Each technical chapter provides a 3. Use the relevant standards and guidance decision-making tree to help identify the notes and select and adapt indicators, to appropriate option(s) design an appropriate livelihood based o Standards, Key Indicators and Guidance livestock response; Notes give information and guidance 4. Describe how to integrate cross cutting on how to design and implement the issues (and relevant common standards) different technical options and subinto response; options 5. Recognise biases and how they can be o The cross-cutting issues (and relevant reduced common standards) need to be integrated in the response for all technical interventions, for example through the collection of disaggregated data, the designation of focal persons etc.
o Monitoring and evaluation indicators for both process and outcome need to be agreed at the design stage to facilitate effective monitoring and evaluation o Bias should be recognised and mitigated, through for example coordination, triangulation etc
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1. Discuss and contrast the key elements of o Monitoring and evaluation enable the timely identification of changes in needs monitoring and evaluation in the context or operating context in order to improve of livestock emergency interventions practice and impact 2. Use the technical chapter to design a simple M&E system to monitor indicators o Monitoring and evaluation (including impact assessment) of emergency and evaluate the intervention livestock interventions should use 3. Identify ways to integrate lessons learned participatory approaches and methods into the response. and include feedback from beneficiaries 4. Identify ways to share learning with to help ensure quality results external stakeholders. o If stated project objectives and indicators do not include changes to peoples livelihoods, evaluations may overlook the impact of the project on livelihoods
o Impact assessments should aim to understand the role of projects in increasing or decreasing livelihoods benefits.
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First National ToT To NDRF On MAE

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FIRST NATIOnAL TRAInInG Of TRAInERS (TOT) fOR NATIOnAL DISASTER RESPOnSE FORCE (NDRF) On MAnAGEmEnT Of AnImALS In EmERGEnCIES

Agenda - Training of Trainers (ToT)

Date: 09th to 21st December, 2013

09:00 to 10:00 Registration of Participants

10:00 to 11:00 Hrs

10:00 to 11:30 Inauguration of the Training

First Aid in Small Animal Surgical Patients P1

11:15 to 12:15 Hrs

FARM VISIT Identification & Legal Documentation P1

Disaster Specific Disease Outbreak - T1

12:15 to 13:15 Hrs

Introduction to Veterinary Sciences T1

Concepts, Practices & Legal Framework in ADM T1

Emergency Shelters for Animals P1

Disaster Specific Disease Outbreak - P1

Disasters Impact on Animals T1

Carcass Disposal in Emergencies Large Animals - P1

Emergency Veterinary Drug Checklist & Instruments T1

Management of Zoonosis and Public Health Issues T1

Management of Snake Bites & Poisoning T1

15:00 to 16:00 Hrs

Body Parts (Anatomy) of Animals T1

Emergency Veterinary Assessment T1

Carcass Disposal in Emergencies Small Animal - P2

Emergency Veterinary Drug Checklist & Instruments P1

Hygiene, Biosecurity and Disease Control T1 (TANUVAS)

16:15 to 17:15 Hrs

Small Animal Handling & Restraining T1

Animal Behaviour Studies T & P1

Emergency Veterinary Triage T1

Treatment & Immunization of Animals in Emergencies T1

17:15 to 18:00 Hrs

Sessions on Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry

Sessions on Animal Centric Disaster Management

Sessions on Community Preparedness

Sunday Holiday, 15th December 2013

Day 08 (Tue) 17th Dec13 Recap of Day 07

Day 09 (Wed) 18th Dec13 Recap of Day 08

Day 12 (Sat) 21st Dec13 Recap of Day 11

MAE Training Action Plan

10:00 to 11:00 Hrs

Adult Learning Principles T1

Community Preparedness for MAE T2

MAE Training Action Plan

Community Preparedness for MAE T3

12:15 to 13:15 Hrs

Principles & Practices in Incident Response System T2

Community Preparedness for MAE T4

Valedictory & Certificate Distribution

16:00 Hrs to 16:15 Hrs - Tea Break LEGS P1

Sessions on Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry

Sessions on Animal Centric Disaster Management

Sessions on Community Preparedness

MAE Training of Trainers Course Sessions

Agenda for Master Trainers to Organize MAE Training

Session One : IntRoduction to VeteRinaRY Sciences and Animal HusbandRY

Dr. S.A. ASOKAN, M.V.Sc., Ph.D,

1990-91 33.75 LMT 2551 mill

2001-02 49.90 LMT 4223 mill

Introduction to Animal Husbandry

Session TWo: BodY PaRts, BodY Functions & Animal BehaviouR

Alterations in Physiological Functions of Animal Body During Disasters

Draught - Change in environmental variables