ROMAN REPUBLIC the empire provided security under the good emperors with its centralized govt ROME

a small town located on the Tiber River; LATINS City in the Italian Peninsula - early settlers o! Rome - Fertile plains support a large population - borrowed !rom Greeks alphabet military techni$ues - River provided a route to sea opening opportunity and styles o! lit art % architecture !or !oreign trade - borrowed !rom the Etruscans practical s&ills in - "eing at the heart o! Italy allowed easy e#pansion sanitation road building architecture % pottery-ma&ing in many directions - The Forum ' a central public s$uare built between two hills Republic !orm o! government that is not a monarchy; in modern times a democratic govt in which citizens choose representatives to govern them Pillars( courage loyalty devotion to duty Patricians wealthy land owners come into leadership to !orm a )enate Plebeians common people who had little say in the govt - Twelve Tables Roman laws collected and written down giving the Plebeians protection against un!air decisions by patrician *udges C nsuls deal with military % daily a!!airs Senate +,, members deal with !oreign a!!airs % !inances )P-R .the )enate and the people o! Rome/ 0egacy( creation o! )enate veto chec&s % balances R !e as a !ilitar" p wer - Romans devotion to the city - Toughness o! character genius !or war!are % diplomacy - )uperior discipline in army; strong % loyal soldiers PUNIC #ARS con!lict in trade % control o! the 1editerranean world $irst( Rome won against Carthage - threateningly strong sea power Tunisia - gained )icily as !irst province - Pr vince a territory governed as an administrative or political unit o! a country or empire Sec n%& 2annibal led Carthages victory - "attle o! Cannae ' tric&ed trapped Roman army T'ir%& )cipio de!eated 2annibal - "attle o! 3ama - gained more provinces( Carthage 1acedonia 4reece entire 1editerranean $irst Triu!virate - 4naes Pompey - 1arcus 0icinius Crassus - 5ulius Caesar Civis R !anus Su! I am a citizen o! Rome Tiberius * Gaius Gracc'us gave grain land and rights to the poor !armers middle class; gained political power &illed + !estic issues rich vs poor Gaius Marius built private armies Lucius C rnelius Sulla rival commander restored )enate but &ept real power !or himsel!; earned title dictator ,ulius Caesar -+ictat r ) r Li)e. 4enius !or leadership and military strategy wrote The 4allic :ars stabbed by 1arcus "rutus % 4aius Cassius - 0owered ta#es - ;irect supervision o! governors in the province - 4ranted citizenship - 4ave land - Implemented 5ulian calendar accurate - )tarted public wor& !or *obless people ,uli 0Clau%ian +"nast" Tiberius good emperor Cali(ula loved horses; assassinated by imperial guard Clau%ius chosen by military Ner persecuted the Christians; watched them burn Octavian/Au(ustus Caesars adopted son 6ugustus .honored and ma*estic/ - Too& care provided land to army - )upervision o! govt in provinces - 4ranted citizenship - Provided low-cost grain - "uilt programs to provide *obs % promote trade - P6< R916=6 the Roman peace Sec n% Triu!virate - 1ar& 6ntony 7Cleopatra8 - 0epidus - 9ctavian

Crisis in A(riculture decline in agriculture su!!ering o! local trade decrease o! !armers income loss o! land *obless city dwellers creation o! lati)un%ias great landed estates deterioration o! Roman values increase in number o! slaves

Titus son o! >espasian who became an emperor; !ollowed by his brother + !itian Nerva introduced the adoptive system Tra1an height o! Roman emperor 2a%rian security !or empire Marcus Aurelius ended adoptive system, chose son

Commodus R !an S ciet" R !an Culture Pater!amilias had power over all Roman generals shipped libraries and wor&s o! art Change in !amily authority womens !reedom :ealthy Romans hired 4ree& teachers poets 4irls philosophers to live in their households - )hopping or visiting - )&ills in music % dance; !ormal groups read % wrote poetry Roman philosophy art lit % architecture had roots in 6ncient 4reece - 0itterator( reading % writing Romans added own - Calculator( arithmetic - 9rganizational s&ills ?ntertainment - )&ill in engineering - ?mperors used di!!erent !orms to entertain the masses - 4ovt and law 7chariot races theatrical % musical per!ormances wild beast hunts moc& sea battles public e#ecution8 +ECLINE O$ ROMAN EMPIRE un$uali!ied % ine!!icient leaders made the empire prone to barbarian invasions ;I9C0?TI6= C9=)T6=TI=? - Imposed strong one-man rule ' tightly controlled - "uilt a new imperial capital at Constantinople state - ;ivision( :est 7economic decay8 and ?ast 7economic - Forced !armers to stay on their lands growth8 - :or&ers artisans ta# collectors !or li!e Con!lict; west incapable without !inancial assistance - Imposed high ta#es - Restored order but put a heavy cost on citizens - ;elayed collapse o! empire 16I= C6@)? 9F ;9:=F600( 9ther Factors 4ermanic Tribes "arbarian invasions - @ncivilized barbarians 6rmy deteriorated - 6ttracted to the Roman climate !armland % Population declined wealth )ocial % economic problems - >isigoths 7de!eated the Romans in the "attle o! 0oss o! the citizens con!idence and loyalty 6drianople; set up &ingdom in )pain % 4aul; led by 6laric8 - 2uns 7leader 6ttila8 - >andals - 9strogoths 4?R16=IC R916= ?ducation !ocused on survival s&ills Formal education - < reading writing - Philosophy 1ath )cience 2istory - 9ral traditions 5ury )ystem Trial by 9rdeal - )et o! written laws by the )enate - The gods will protect the innocent - ;ue process 4overned by chie!tains 4overned by ?mperors - elders - 9!!icials 7)enate8 EARL3 MI++LE AGES governed by the barbarians; characterized by several &ingdoms and small units o! govt ;ecline o! learning 4ermanic customs PR?)?R>6TI9= 9F 0?6R=I=4 T'e % ric Aing o! 9strogoths; encouraged scholarship B et'ius translated 4ree& writings to 0atin; commentaries on 4ree& wor&s in music % math Bis' p Isi% re encyclopedia 4enerable Be%e 2istory o! the Church Pope Gre( r" t'e Great the Church served not only on spiritual matters but also political a!!airs 1on&s % =uns - Followed rules % guidelines set by )tB "enedict - Taught !arming % s&ills li&e carpentry weaving - Provided hospitals - Read % wrote manuscripts by hand - Finest e#ample o! Christian way o! li!e Cl vis !irst to be converted to monotheism; united Fran&s; wi!e Clotilda Ma" r ) t'e Palace &ings chie! o!!icer; in charge o! the maintenance o! the castle Pepin II reunited the Fran&ish lands C'arles Martel .Charles the 2ammer/ de!eated the 1uslims in the "attle o! Tours; halted the 1uslim advance into western ?urope Pepin t'e S' rt .Aing o! the Fran&s/ given papal blessing; &ing .by the grace o! 4od/ - Papal States region between Rome and Ravenna given by Pepin to the Pope C'arle!a(ne Carolus 1agnus; .2oly Roman ?mperor/ - 0arge strong stately and digni!ied - Family-oriented and devout Christian - Preserved % practiced Roman culture - Taught by Alacuin - "uilt a church at 6echun - )on( L uis t'e Pi us - 4randsons( C'arles t'e Bal%5 L t'air5 L uis t'e

Ger!an 7divided the empire with the Treat" ) 4er%un6

$eu%alis! a new political set-up birthed !rom the alliances o! the great landholders during the midst o! invasions; "ased on loyalty land and security 1utual bene!its since )ie) 7land8 is e#change !or protection and military aid S ciet"( 0ords C >assals C )er!s )er!s are !reed only i! they are &nighted 7ni('t Christian gentleman protector o! the wea& women children and Church; !ollows the Code o! Chivalry 4assal a medieval noble who pledged loyalty % services to a !eudal lord in e#change !or a grant o! land % ser!s Relati ns'ips& 0ord->assal >assal-0ord - Protect the land - 4ive gi!ts as an act o! homage - Provide lodging in travel - 2elp raise ransom in case o! hostage )er!->assal - Till the land ME+IE4AL EUROPE AT ITS 2EIG2T

Man rialis! basic economic system !ounded on the idea that everything economically can be !ound in a manor Man r sel!-su!!icient estate o! a medieval land; Church castleDmanor house !ields meadows pasture oven blac&smith shop mill village Castles serves as !ortress; situated on a higher ground with clearings around it a moat surrounding the stone walls and a drawbridge as the only way in; Ser)s the bac&bone o! the medieval manor Tw 0$iel% S"ste! employed by ser!s to preserve the !ertility o! the land; bene!its agriculture !ield 6( !allow !ield "( spring % winter crops

F6CT9R) 9F ?<P6=)I9=) 9F ?@R9P?6= ?C9=91E Clearing o! lands ' swamps % !orests cleared - Cultivation o! new land - Increase o! !ood production - Increase o! lords income - )er!dom to !reedom Increase in !ood production 7causes8 - 6gricultural chenes ' plows horses wheelbarrows - :ind mill water mill - Three-!ield system 7!ield 6( idle !ield "( winter wheat !ield C( spring8 Increase in trade 7e!!ects8 - 1ore people !ree to wor& at non-!arming tas&s li&e cra!ts - Increased demand !or goods - ;ecrease o! deaths !rom starvation % dietary diseases

Bankin( - 1oneychangers Guil%s - 9rganizations !ormed by merchants and master artisans - )et regulations to protect members Apprentice 7*ob training without pay8 , urne"!an 7labor with salary8 Master Artisan 7owns shop master cra!ts8 Mi%%le class new social class that emerged in the towns including merchants artisans

EUROPEAN NATIONS TA7E S2APE ?conomic prosperity F creation o! charters F power!ul &ings G central government ENGLAN+ Ruled by Celtics Romans 6nglos )a#ons 5utes and =ormans 0imited 1onarchy - Common law - 1agna Charta 7ta#ation with representation right to trial limits to power8 $RANCE/BRITAIN =ormans 7Fran&s8 6bsolute 1onarchy - ?states-4eneral 1uch o! the lands controlled by the ?nglish monarch

Parliament 72ouse o! 0ordsDChurch o!!icials 2ouse o! Commons8 =o complications H+ 6; Romans H,, 4ermanic Tribes I,, 6l!red the 4reat 7de!eated ;anish >i&ings8 J,,, :illiam the Con$ueror 7=ormandy8 - ;omesday "oo& 7lists properties and ta#es8 JJ,, 2enry I ' started the Common 0aw 2enry II ' e#panded the 0aw Richard I JK,, 5ohn ' !orced to sign the 1agna Charta J+,, ?dward I ' model Parliament J,,, JJ,, JK,, 2ugh Capet ' led the line o! Capetian &ings :illiam the Con$ueror 2enry I ' ruler o! ?ngland % France inheritance 2enry II ' ruler o! ?ngland % France marriage Philip II ' uni!ied France 0ouis I< ' system o! law % ta#ation

C9=F0ICT France vs ?ngland - Rulers o! ?ngland were originally !rom France who went to ?ngland to e#pand their control - 6c$uisition o! land in France was through con$uest inheritance % marriage JB )earch on the importance o! the conversion o! ?mperor Constantine to Christianity using PerryB The strength and organization o! the Christian Church provided a !eeling o! unity to ?uropeB 2e issued a law allowing Christians to practice their religion !reely and became a strong supporter o! the churchB KB ?#plain why rural areas became the com!ort zone o! the Romans right be!ore it declinedB 6s the empire declined the social economic and political li!e shi!ted to the countrysideB People were drawn to the rural li!e because o! the sa!ety it providesB 0oyalty was only obligated to ones own tribe and chie!tainB There is no written lawB +B Identi!y what role women played in 0ondon and Paris during the high middle agesB 5oan o! 6rc a young !emale peasant led French troops to victory at 9rleans serving as inspirationB ?leanor o! 6c$uitane -ueen o! France % ?ngland brought +,, women with her and her husband to !ight and help nurse during the )econd CrusadeLnow the most politically in!luential woman o! her timeB HB )earch on the accomplishment o! the !ollowing people( Aing 0ouis I< Pope 0eo III and )partacusB Aing 0ouis I< made changes in legal matters to strengthen royal powerB 2e drew up the !irst laws that applied throughout the &ingdom and outlawed private war!areB 2e also established royal courts to replace the courts o! !eudal lordsB Pope 0eo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman ?mperor )partacus most notable leader o! the slaves led a ma*or uprising against the Roman RepublicB MB )earch on the results o! the Punic :ars on the military veterans agriculture and citiesB NB )tudy the di!!erent !eatures o! manor and evaluate the strategic point o! the castle or manor houseB ?ncircled by massive walls and strong guard towers the lords castle stood high on a roc&y hill or by the bend o! a riverB There were no buildings near itB Trees and bushes were cut down so that loo&outs could easily see an approaching enemyB 6round the castle was a moat a wide ditch !illed with waterB :hen an enemy !orce approached the drawbridge across the moat was raised and the &nights de!ending the castle too& positions high on the castle wallsB republic ' a government without a &ing legion ' basic army unit o! Rome made up o! + ,,, to N ,,, in!antry soldiers and J,, or more troops on horsebac& province ' territory outside the Italian peninsula latifundia ' large estates created during the agricultural crisis in the decline o! the Roman Republic dictator ' position granted only in times o! crisis that carried absolute power but was supposed to be limited to a term o! si# months Papal States ' region between Rome and Ravenna that Pepin the )hort gave the Pope who ruled them in central Italy fief ' land granted by a lord to another noble vassal ' noble who received the land feudalism ' main political arrangement in ?urope; system o! relationships that grew out o! granting o! !ie!s serfs ' peasants who did not have !reedom to leave the land where they were born manor ' lords estate manorialism ' basic economic system guilds ' organizations !ormed by merchants and master artisans

apprentice ' serves as an apprentice to a master artisan in order to become a member o! a guild; receives little or no pay journeyman ' a day laborer who wor&s !or a master !or a daily wage charters ' a document in which the lord gave the people o! a town the right to set up their own laws and establish their own system o! ta#es middle class ' new social class made up o! master artisans merchants and their !amilies; their world was the mar&et rather than the church or manor and they had no obligations to a lord; their prosperity came !rom industry and trade common law ' helped unite people in ?ngland provided a !airer system o! *ustice and became the !oundation o! the ?nglish legal system parliament ' an o!!icial group o! representatives limited monarchy ' a government in which limits are set on the monarchs powers absolute monarchy ' a government in which the monarch has complete power