UnitNo.

2
TransmissionCharacteristicsof OpticalFiber

TransmissionWindowsinOpticalFiber
1st windowisat850nm
Lowloss Silicafibers 10Kmrepeaterspacing Multimode M lti d fibers fib wereused d 140Mbps Higher Hi h attenuation i Shortdistance

TransmissionWindowsinOpticalFiber
2nd windowisat1310nm
Lowloss Silicafibers 40Kmrepeaterspacing Single g modeaswellasMultimodefiberswere used 2.5Gbps Comparativelylessattenuation longdistance

TransmissionWindowsinOpticalFiber
3rd windowisat1550nm
Lowloss Silicafibers 90Kmrepeaterspacing Single Si l mode d and dM Multimode lti d fib fiberswereused d Upto10Gbps lowest l attenuation i longdistance

AttenuationCharacteristicsofanOpticalFiber

FiberAttenuation
Lossorattenuationisalimitingparameterinfiberoptic systems Fiberoptictransmissionsystemsbecamecompetitivewith electricaltransmissionlinesonlywhenlosseswerereducedto allowsignaltransmissionoverdistancesgreaterthan10km Fiberattenuationcanbedescribedbythegeneralrelation:
dP dz = P

where isthepowerattenuationcoefficientperunitlength IfPin powerislaunchedintothefiber, fiber thepowerremaining afterpropagatingalengthLwithinthefiberPout is Pout = Pin exp( L )

FiberAttenuation
Attenuation A i i isconveniently i l expressed di intermsof fdB/k dB/km
(dB km

)=

Pout 10 Pin Pin e L 10 log 10 = P L in 10 ( L ) log 10 (e ) = L = 4 . 34 10 log L

10 mW P = 10 mW = 10 log10 1 mW

= 10 dBm

27 10 P = 27 dBm = 1 mW 10 = 501 mW

PowerisoftenexpressedindBm (dBm isdBfrom1mW)

Attenuation
Duetoabsorption
Intrinsic Extrinsic Atomicdefects

Duetoradiation
Duetoscattering Linear Li
Mie Rayleigh

Microbending Macrobending

Nonlinear
SRS SBS CPM FWM

Absorption
Absorption is caused by three different mechanisms: 1- Impurities in fiber material: from transition metal ions (must be in order of ppb) & particularly from OH ions with absorption p p peaks at wavelengths g 2700 nm, , 400 nm, , 950 nm & 725nm. 2- Intrinsic absorption (fundamental lower limit): electronic absorption b ti band b d (UV region) i ) & atomic t i bond b d vibration ib ti band b d (IR region) in basic SiO2. 3- Radiation defects 3

AbsorptionandScatteringLoss

ExternalLosses
Bendingloss
Radiation ad at o loss ossatbe bends dsinthe t eoptical opt ca fiber be InsignificantunlessR<1mm Largerradiusofcurvaturebecomesmoresignificantif th areaccumulated there l t dbending b di losses l overal longdistance di t

Couplingandsplicingloss
Misalignmentofcorecenters Tilt Airgaps Endfacereflections Modemismatches

Bendingloss
Macrobending g

Microbending
cladding core

23

Transmission medium performance p

z=0 z 0 z=L z L

Attenuation

z=0

z=L

Dispersion

 Dispersionofthetransmitted opticalsignalcausesdistortionfor bothdigitalandanalog transmissions alongopticalfibers. Indigitalsystems,thedispersion mechanisms h i causeabroadening b d i ofthetransmittedpulses asthey travelalongthefiber. Thisreducesthefiberbandwidth andcancauseintersymbol interference ( (ISI). )

Dispersion

Dispersive p medium:velocity yofpropagation p p g dependsonfrequency Dispersioncausestemporalpulsespreading

Pulseoverlapresultsinindistinguishabledata Intersymbolinterference(ISI)

Dispersionisrelatedtothevelocityofthepulse

Typesofdispersion
Intermodaldispersion(onlyformultimode fiber) Chromaticdispersion=intramodal dispersion
Materialdispersion Waveguide W id dispersion di i

Polarizationmodedispersion(PMD)

Dispersionmechanisms
Intermodal Intramodal / Chromatic material
Atomic resonances Electronic resonances

multimode fiber!

1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017

(Hz)

waveguide id

IntermodalDispersion

Higherordermodeshavealongerpathlength
Longerpathlengthhasalongerpropagationtime Temporalpulseseparation
= L vg

vg isusedasthepropagationspeedfortheraystotake intoaccountthematerialdispersion

Intermodaldispersion
L c n1 n2 X

Tmin

distance L n1 = = = L c velocity c n1 n1 Tmax = L c cos c

Ln12 = c n2

n2 cos c = n1

T max T min

Ln 1 n Ln 1 n LNA 2 = Ts = n2 c c 2 n1 c

[ns

/ km ]

1/Ts

Ts/2

Ts/2
T
s

time

p i ( t ) dt

= 1 =

p i ( t ) dt
s

T 2

rms pulsebroadeningduetointermodaldispersion

2 s

= m

m 12 m1 = 0 1 d dt Ts
2

zero mean
Ts

Ts
2

t2

2 s

1 Ts = 3 2
s

L ( NA ) = 2 n1c

Ln 1 L ( NA ) 2 = = 2c 3 n1c 4 3

Dispersionhaslesseffectinsinglemodefibers

BL = 20 MHz.km

BL = 1 GHz.km

BL = 100 GHz GHz.km km

1 BT = 2

Numerical
e.g.AMMGIFiberexhibitstotalpulsebroadeningof0.1sover adistanceof15Km.Estimate: 1. Max.possiblebandwidthonthelinkassumingnoISI 2 Thepulsebroadening/unitlength 2. 3. Bopt.L productforthefiber.

1) 5MHz 2) 6.67ms/Km 3) 75MHz.Km

Duetothedispersion,thereispulsebroadening
Bisthebitrate andTthebitduration. Togetanorderofmagnitudeofthedispersioneffect,oneuses thefollowingcriteria:thepulsebroadeningTmustbeless thanthepulsewidthT.

1*

1 T < T = B BL < a certain t i value l

Dispersion has two origins

Intramodal orchromaticdispersion:describesthepulse broadeningduetothefinitespectrallinewidthofthesources andoccursinalltypesoffibers: Materialdispersion (therefractiveindicesofthecoreand thecladdingchangewithwavelength) Waveguidedispersion (Echangeswithwavelength) Profiledispersion (indexprofilechangeswithwavelength) Intermodaldispersion:describesthepulsebroadeningdueto thepropagationdelaydifferencesbetweenthepropagation modesinmultimodefibers.

 The group velocity is given by:

d Vg = d

The group delay is given by:

l d g = = l Vg d

It is important to note that all above quantities depend both on frequency & the propagation mode

Materialdispersion
Itoccurswhenthephasevelocityofaplane propagating p g ginthedielectricmedium wavep variesnonlinearlywithwavelength.
c = n1 d c = vg = d N g
vp = 1 d N g = = Group delay = g = v g d c 1 dn = n1 1 d c dn 1 material dispersion delay m = n1 1 L c d d 2n 0 d2

Materialdispersion
Pulsebroadeningduetomaterialdispersion
m = L
c d 2 n1 d2

L d 2 n1 = L M 2 c d

Materialdispersionparameter
d 2 n1 M= c d2
ps / nm Km

Materialdispersiontendstobecome0 atlonger l wavelengths l h

250 200 150 dispersion 100 50 0 0.6 50 100 0.8 1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Overalldispersion
ChromaticdispersionandIntermodaldispersion

T = +
2 C

2 n

Polarization Mode dispersion

Intensity t Output light pulse z n1 y // y C Core Ex Ey Ey Ex = Pulse spread

n1 x // x t E Input light pulse

Suppose pp that the core refractive index has different values along g two orthogonal g directions corresponding to electric field oscillation direction (polarizations). We can take x and y axes along these directions. An input light will travel along the fiber with Ex and Ey polarizations having different group velocities and hence arrive at the output at different times
1999 S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics (Prentice Hall)

Kerr effect
Temporal changes in a narrow optical pulse that is subjected to Kerr nonlinearity in A dispersive medium with positive GVD GVD.

n = n0 + n2 I

Kerr nonlinearity in fiber, where I is the intensity of Optical wave wave.

Dispersionshiftedfiber
40 20

1.55 Dm SiO2 fiber

\ \

D (ps/n nm/km)

0 -20 -40 -60 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Dtot Dispersion-shifted fiber

Dw Dispersion-shifted fiber

n(r)

1.6

wavelength (m)
50

T-fiber (triangular)

Dispersionflattenedfiber
40
D 1.55

SiO2

D (ps/nm/km)

20

\
D tot DFF

0
D w DSF

-20

n(r)
-40 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

wavelength (m)

W-fiber
51