PRESENT SIMPLE [has/have + past participle] Examples: You have seen that movie many times.

. Have you seen that movie many times? You have not seen that movie many times. USE 1 Unspecifie Ti!e "efore No#

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You C !!"T use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday# one year a$o# last wee%# when & was a child# when & lived in 'apan# at that moment# that day# one day# etc. We C ! use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever# never# once# many times# several times# before# so far# already# yet# etc. Examples: & have seen that movie twenty times. & thin% & have !et him once before. There have $een many earth(ua%es in California. People have travele to the )oon. People have not travele to )ars. Have you rea the boo% yet? !obody has ever cli!$e that mountain. : Has there ever $een a war in the *nited +tates? ,: Yes# there has $een a war in the *nited +tates. Ho# %o &o' (ct'all) Use the Present Perfect* The concept of -unspecified time- can be very confusin$ to En$lish learners. &t is best to associate Present Perfect with the followin$ topics: T+PI, 1 E-perience You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. &t is li%e sayin$# -& have the experience of...- You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is !"T used to describe a specific event. Examples: & have $een to .rance. THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF BEING IN FRANCE. MAYBE YOU HAVE BEEN THERE ONCE, OR SEVERAL TIMES. & have $een to .rance three times. YOU CAN ADD THE NUMBER OF TIMES AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE. & have never $een to .rance. THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE NOT HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF GOING TO FRANCE. & thin% & have seen that movie before. /e has never travele by train. 'oan has st' ie two forei$n lan$ua$es. : Have you ever !et him? ,: !o# & have not !et him. T+PI, . ,han/e +ver Ti!e We often use the Present Perfect to tal% about chan$e that has happened over a period of time. Examples:

You have /ro#n since the last time & saw you. The $overnment has $eco!e more interested in arts education. 'apanese has $eco!e one of the most popular courses at the university since the sian studies pro$ram was established. )y En$lish has really i!prove since & moved to ustralia.

T+PI, 0 (cco!plish!ents We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time. Examples: )an has #al1e on the )oon. "ur son has learne how to read. 0octors have c're many deadly diseases. +cientists have split the atom. T+PI, 2 (n Unco!plete (ction &o' (re E-pectin/ We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. *sin$ the Present Perfect su$$ests that we are still waitin$ for the action to happen. Examples: 'ames has not finishe his homewor% yet. +usan hasn3t !astere 'apanese# but she can communicate. ,ill has still not arrive . The rain hasn3t stoppe . T+PI, 4 M'ltiple (ctions at %ifferent Ti!es We also use the Present Perfect to tal% about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect su$$ests the process is not complete and more actions are possible. Examples: The army has attac1e that city five times. & have ha four (ui11es and five tests so far this semester. We have ha many ma2or problems while wor%in$ on this pro2ect. +he has tal1e to several specialists about her problem# but nobody %nows why she is sic%. Ti!e E-pressions #ith Present Perfect When we use the Present Perfect it means that somethin$ has happened at some point in our lives before now. 3emember# the exact time the action happened is not important.

+ometimes# we want to limit the time we are loo%in$ in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last wee%# in the last year# this wee%# this month# so far# up to now# etc.

Examples: Have you $een to )exico in the last )ear? & have seen that movie six times in the last !onth. They have ha three tests in the last #ee1. +he $raduated from university less than three years a$o. +he has #or1e for three different companies so far. )y car has $ro1en down three times this #ee1.

N+TI,E -4ast year- and -in the last year- are very different in meanin$. -4ast year- means the year before now# and it is considered a specific time which re(uires +imple Past. -&n the last year- means from 567 days a$o until now. &t is not considered a specific time# so it re(uires Present Perfect. Examples: & #ent to )exico last )ear. I WENT TO MEXICO IN THE CALENDAR YEAR BEFORE THIS ONE. & have $een to )exico in the last )ear. I HAVE BEEN TO MEXICO AT LEAST ONCE AT SOME POINT BETWEEN 365 DAYS AGO AND NOW. USE . %'ration 5ro! the Past Until No# 6Non7,ontin'o's 8er$s9

With !on8Continuous 9erbs and non8continuous uses of )ixed 9erbs# we use the Present Perfect to show that somethin$ started in the past and has continued up until now. -.or five minutes#- -for two wee%s#- and -since Tuesday- are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. Examples: & have ha a cold for two wee%s. +he has $een in En$land for six months. )ary has love chocolate since she was a little $irl. lthou$h the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to !on8Continuous 9erbs and non8 continuous uses of )ixed 9erbs# the words -live#- -wor%#- -teach#- and -study- are sometimes used in this way even thou$h they are !"T !on8Continuous 9erbs. (%8ER" PL(,EMENT The examples below show the placement for $rammar adverbs such as: always# only# never# ever# still# 2ust# etc. Examples: You have onl) seen that movie one time. /ave you onl) seen that movie one time? (,TI8E / P(SSI8E Examples: )any tourists have visite that castle. ACTIVE That castle has $een visite by many tourists. PASSIVE