9/18/2012

Psychrometrics Theory and Applications

Dr. Murat Kacira, Associate Professor
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Controlled Environment Agriculture Center University of Arizona mkacira@cals.arizona.edu

Objectives Learn to answer these question at the end of Psychrometrics lecture session!!
What is Psychrometrics? What are thermodynamic properties of moist air? What is the Psychrometric Chart? How do we use the Psychrometric Chart?

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Applications:
HVAC systems, animal, plant and human comfort Air-conditioning devices Cooling towers Industrial processes requiring close control of the vapor content in air Food F d sciences i and d engineering i i Animal housing Plant systems (Greenhouses, growth chambers, plant based bioregenerative life support systems etc.) Evaporative coolers Mold problems & health related issues (Dew & Condensation!) Water harvesting in arid lands

What is Psychrometrics ?
The term derives from the Greek psuchron ()

(cold) and metron () (means of measurement)

Simple definition:

the study of moist air properties!

in Engineering terms:

the science involving thermodynamic properties of moist air.

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What are thermodynamic properties of moist air?

Properties that describe the state of a Psychrometric process . What is Moist Air?
A binary mixture of dry air and water vapor. vapor

- Each mixture component behave as ideal gases at the states

under present consideration.

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Dalton model (Partial pressures)

Each component is considered to act as if it existed alone in the volume V at the mixture temperature T while exerting a part of the pressure. pressure

(John Dalton, 1766 1844) E li h chemist, English h i physicist) h i i )

P = Pa + Pv
P = mixture pressure Pa = partial pressure of dry air Pv = partial pressure of water vapor

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Psychrometric definitions A ) Temperature

Dry Bulb Temperature (TDB; C or F) The temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture. It is the true air temperature we feel feel.

A ) Temperature
Wet Bulb Temperature (TWB; C or F) The temperature at which water, by evaporating into air, can bring b i the h air i to saturation i adiabatically di b i ll at the h same temperature. In other words, TWB is the minimum temperature that the moist air could achieve if enough water was added to achieve saturation (RH = 100%). TWB is often used to indicate how much water can be added to the air through evaporation. Also called the adiabatic saturation temperature.
Dry-bulb temperature (oC, F)

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Sling Psychrometer
One device that uses the wet/dry bulb method is the sling psychrometer, where the thermometers are attached to a handle or length of rope and spun around in the air for a few minutes
Wet wick Wet bulb thermometer

What does the reading tell you?

A. If the wet bulb temperature is lower than the dry bulb the air-vapor mixture is unsaturated. B. If the wet bulb temperature is the same as the dry bulb, the air-vapor is saturated.

Dry bulb thermometer

Assmann Psychrometer
Aspirated type portable hygrometer In the Assman psychrometer, the wet-

bulb thermometer is installed in a duct where the air is flowing at reasonable velocity (2.5 m/s wind into 2 lower pipes)

Richard Assmann (German name Richard Amann); (1845 1918), meteorologist and physician

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A ) Temperature
Dew Point Temperature (TDP; C or F) The temperature at which saturation is reached (RH = 100%) when the moisture content of the air (W) stays constant. In other words, TDP is the temperature at which water will begin to condense out of moist air. Condensation C d i occurs when: h TDP > Tair Dew point temperature is typically achieved by sensible cooling.

Dew Point Temperature

SODA T < TDP

T1

State 1

Tdp

State 2

When the temperature of cold drink is below the dew-point temperature of the surrounding air, it sweats.

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Psychrometric definitions B ) Water Content

Humidity Ratio/Absolute Humidity/Specific Humidity (W/AH; kg H2O/kg DA or lb H2O/lbDA) - The actual water content of the air. - Expressed as a ratio of water vapor content to total amount of dry air.

mv: mass of water vapor (kg H2O) ma: mass of dry air (kg dry air) P : Total pressure (kPa)

When the water vapor is added to the dry air, specific humidity or humidity ratio (W) increases. As we keep adding water vapor, the air becomes saturated and can not hold water vapor anymore. Any more moisture addition to saturated air will condense. The amount of water vapor in saturated air can be determined using:

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B ) Water Content
Relative Humidity (/RH; %) - The ratio of actual vapor pressure to saturation vapor pressure at the same temperature P m - Simply, it is a measure of how much water is = v = v 100 mg Pg in the air versus how much water the air can hold at the same temperature. Important: Relative humidity is relative Because it depends p on the air temperature. p The air can hold more moisture at higher Temperatures (TDB) than lower temperatures (TDB). Therefore, air at 20C and 40% RH will have a lower water content () than at 40C and 40% RH.

P Combining = v

Pg

and
=
0.622Pg P Pg

(0.622 + )Pg

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B ) Water Content
Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD; kPa or mm Hg or in. H2O)

vapor pressure at a given temperature. temperature - Like relative humidity, VPD is a measure of how much water is in the air versus how much water the air can hold at the same temperature. - Many plant scientists use VPD rather than RH because transpiration by plants depends largely on the gradient between water at the plant (PSat,plant) and water in the air (PAct, air).

- The difference between actual vapor pressure and saturation

or or

VPD = Psat. vapor Pactual vapor VPD = Pg Pv VPD = e* e

C) Energy Content
Enthalpy (h; kJ/kg dry air or BTU/lb air)

- This is the amount of energy contained in the moist air.

- Enthalpy represents the amount of sensible and latent energy contained in the moist air.

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Atmospheric air is mixture of dry and moist air, so enthalpy of air is expressed in terms of enthalpies of dry and moist air as:

Dry air 1 kg ha
Moisture kg hg

H = Ha + Hv H = mh H = ma ha + mv hv dividing by ma : h= m H = ha + v hv = ha + hv ma ma
(kJ kg dry air-1)

(1+ ) kg of moist air

h = ha + hv

Reference to steam table data or a Mollier diagram for water shows that the enthalpy of superheated vapor at low vapor pressures is very closely given by the saturated vapor value corresponding to the given temperature. Hence, the enthalpy of the water vapor hv , can be taken as hg at the mixture temperature. That is:

hv hg (T)

h = ha + hg

Example 1
Find: Given a) The partial pressure of dry air b) The specific humidity (humidity ratio) of the air c) The enthalpy per unit mass of dry air (specific enthalpy) d) The masses of dry air and water vapor in the room Solution: a) Pa = P Pv Pv = Pg = Psat@25oC = 0.75 x 3.169 kPa = 2.38 kPa Therefore; Pa = P Pv = (100 2.38) kPa = 97.62 kPa b) = 0.622

5mx5mx5m Containing air @ T = 25 oC P = 100 kPa = 75%

Pv 2.38 = 0.622 = 0.0152 kg H2O kg dry air-1 100 2.38 P Pv

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c) h = ha + hv h CpT +hg
h = 63.8 kJ kg-1

hg=h hsat@25 oC = 2547.2 kJ k kg k -1 from f Table bl

= [1.005 (kJ kg-1 oC-1) x 25 oC] + [0.152 x 2547.2 (kJ kg-1)]

d) Both dry air and water vapor fill the entire room. So, the volume of each element is equal to the room volume: Va = Vv = Vroom = 5 X 5 X 5 = 125 m3 PaVa=maRaT PvVv=mvRvT
PV 97.62kPa 125m3 = 85.61kg m = a a = a R T 0.287kPam3 / kgK 298K a PV 2.38kPa 125m3 m = v v = = 1.3kg v R T 0.4619 6 9k kPam am3 / kg kgK 298 98K v
The mass of water vapor could also be computed as : mv = ma = 0.0152 x 85.61 kg = 1.3 kg water vapor

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D) Volume
Specific Volume (; m3/kg dry air or ft3/lb dry air)

This is the volume of the moist air mixture (volume

occupied by both dry air and water vapor) versus the unit mass of dry air. At higher temperatures, the air molecules are more energetic causing the volume of the moist air mixture to expand and the density to decrease.

v=

V ma

v = specific volume (m3 / kg dry air)

The specific volume of air is the inverse of density

( = 1/)

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The Psychrometric Chart

What is a Psychrometric Chart?

A graphical representation of the relations between the thermodynamic properties of moist air
Charts are constructed for a single barometric

pressure If you know only two properties of the moist air air, you can determine all other thermodynamic properties of the moist air!!

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Example 2
Given: TDB = 25C, TWB =20C Required: (a) Relative humidity (RH) (%), (b) Dew-point temperature (TDP) (oC) (c) Humidity ratio (Absolute Humidity) (g per kg dry

air) (d) Specific S ifi volume l ( (v) )( (m3/kg /k d dry air) i ) (e) Specific enthalpy (h) (kJ/kg dry air)

h= 57.5 kJ/kg DA

TWT = 20 oC

RH = 63% W = 12.6 g H2O/kg DA

TDT = 17.6 oC

v= 0.862 m3/kg DA

TDB = 25 oC

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Example 2 (solutions)
Given: TDB = 25C, TWB =20C Required: (a) Relative humidity = 63 (%) (b) Dew-point temperature = 17.6 (oC) (c) Humidity ratio = 12.6 (g/kg dry air) (d) Specific volume = 0.862 (m3/kg dry air) (e) Specific enthalpy (h) = 57.5 (kJ/kg dry air)

Example 3
Based on given Find the thermodynamic properties of moist air at the two states. Draw the process line.

State Point 1 TDB,1 DB 1 = 40C TWB,1= 25C TDP,1= 19.1C RH1= 30 % 1= 14 g/kg h1= 76 kJ/kg v1= 0.907 m3/kg P1= 16.5 mmHg (2.23 kPa)

State Point 2 TDB,2 DB 2= 25C TWB,2= 12.5 C TDP,2= 0.67 C RH2= 20.7% 2= 3.9 g/kg h2= 35 kJ/kg 2= 0.85m3/kg P2= 4.8 mmHg (0.64 kPa)

to convert from mmHg, multiply by 0.133 kPa/mm Hg

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Example
State Point 1 TDB1 = 40C TWB,1= 18.5 C TDP,1= 2.66 C RH1= 10% 1= 4.6 gr/kg h1= 51.9 kJ/kg 1= 0.89 m3/kg P1= 5.5 mmHg State Point 2 TDB,2=22.1C T2WB,= 18.5C TDP,2= 17.1 C RH2= 70% 2= 12.1 gr/kg h2= 52 kJ/kg 2= 0.85 m3/kg P2= 13.98 mmHg
1 ) Find the properties. ) Draw the p process line. 2) 3) What is the process called?

How is the Psychometric Chart used?

We can determine property changes caused by a

system (process). (process) We can design HVAC systems based on heating/cooling needs to achieve the final (desired) state point. We can determine system efficiencies. We can determine energy changes related to moist air properties and the systems that change them (ventilation, evaporative cooling, heating, etc)

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AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES

Sensible cooling

Humidifying

Modeling air conditioning (AC) processes

Most AC processes can be modeled as steady-state. Apply:

Conservation of mass (both dry air and water vapor) Conservation of energy

Dry air mass Water mass Energy

Q W = me he mi hi

m m

a ,i w ,i

= ma ,e

= mw,e

or

Dehumidifying g

Sensible heating

a ,i

i = ma ,ee

i and e denotes inlet and exit states, respectively.

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Sensible heating
This process involves heat transfer of only sensible

heat (remember that thats s the heat we feel). We can determine the total energy added to the air by knowing the change of enthalpy from State 1 to State 2, as well as the total amount of air that is receiving the energy.

Sensible Heating and Cooling ( = constant)

Heating coils

Air

T1, 1, 1

T2 2= 1 2 < 1

ma1 = ma 2 = ma

1 = 2

Q = ma (h2 h1 ) q = h2 h1

1 1 2

= constant

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Example 4
Moist air (TDB = 45F, RH = 80%) enters a heating coil at 10 ft3 min-1 and exits the coil at TDB = 84 84F, F, RH=70%. 1. Find the psychrometric properties of moist air entering and leaving the coil. 2. What is the rate of heat transfer to the air? 3 If the coil is operated for 10 minutes, 3. minutes what is the total heat added to the air?

Solution 4
1) Properties 2) How much heat is added?

State Point 1 TDB1 = 45F TWB,1= 42 F TDP,1= 39 F RH1= 80 % 1= 0.005 gr/lb h1= 26 BTU/lb vin= 12.8 ft3/lb

State Point 2 TDB,2= 84F T2WB,= 18.5C TDP,2= 39 F RH2= 70% 2= 0.005 gr/lb h2= 16.5 5 BTU/lb /b

Sensible Heat Energy gy Balance

& a (h2 h1 ) Q12 = m

Mass flow rate of air

&a = m
=

FlowRate

in
10 f ft 3 / min = 0.78lb / min i 12.8 ft 3 / lb

Rate of Heat Added to Air

Q12 = 0.78(26 16.5) = 7.41 Btu / min Btu 3) Total heat added to air after 10 min Q12 = 7.41 10 min = 74.1 Btu min

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Heating with humidification

Heating coils

Air 1

1= 2
Heating section

3> 2

Humidifying section

(3- 2)

(3- 2)

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(3- 2)
where the left side of the equation represents the slope of the humidification process on a psychrometric chart. Thus the direction of the process can be determined from the enthalpy py of the steam added to the air stream and the enthalpy moisture protractor on a psychrometric chart.

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Example 5
An air conditioning system is taking in outside air at 30% relative humidity y at a steady y rate of 45 10 oC and 3 m3 min-1 and is conditioning it to 25 oC and 60% relative humidity. The outdoor air is first heated to 22 oC in the heating section and then humidified by injection of hot steam in the humidifying section. Assume that the processes take place at 100 kPa pressure. Determine: a) The rate of heat supply in the heating section? b) The mass flow rate of the steam required in the humidifying section?

Solution (Example 5)
Dry air mass Water mass Energy
Heating coils Air 1 1= 2
T1 =10 C 1 =30 % V1=45 m3/min

Q = ma (h2 h1 )

m m

a ,i w ,i

= ma ,e ma1 = ma 2 = ma = mw,e ma11 = ma 22

3=60%

3> 2
2 3
T3 =25 C 3 =60 %

1=30% 1 2
= constant

T2 =22 C

10 C

22 C

25 C

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a)

Pv1 = 1 Pg 1 = 1 Psat @ 20 C = 0.3 1.2276 kPa = 0.368 kPa R a T1 0.287 kPam 3 / kgK 283 K = = 0.815 m 3 / kgdryair Pa1 99 .632 kPa
V1 45m 3 / min = = 55.2kg / min v1 0.815m 3 / kg

Pa1 = P1 Pv1 = 100 0.368 = 99 .632 kPa v1 =

ma1 =

1 =

0.622 Pv1 0.622 0.368kPa = = 0.0023kgwater / kgdryair P1 Pv1 100 0.368kPa

h1 = C p T1 + 1 hg1 = (1.005kJ / kgC 10C ) + 0.0023 2519.8kJ / kg = 15.8kJ / kg h2 = C p T2 + 2 hg 2 = (1.005kJ / kgC 22C ) + 0.0023 2541.2kJ / kg = 28.0kJ / kg

1 = 2

Q = ma (h2 h1 ) = [55.2kg / min] (28 15.8)kJ / kg Q = 673.4kJ / min

b)

ma 22 + mw = ma 33 mw = ma (3 2 ) 0.6223 Pg 3 P3 3 Pg 3

3 =

0.622 0.60 3.169kPa [100 0.60 3.169]kPa

3 = 0.01206kgwater / kgdryair
So, mw = 55.2(kgwater / kgdryair ) (0.01206 0.0023) mw = 0.539kg / min

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Cooling with Dehumidification

This process involves both the removal of water vapor and heat from the moist air. Therefore, the energy balance equation will include a change in enthalpy as well as a term for the removal of moisture from the system, both in the forms of vapor and liquid condensate that will likely form on the cooling coil.

Example 6
Air enters a window air conditioner at 1 atm, 30 C and 80% RH at a rate of 10m3/min and leaves at saturated air at 14 C. Part of the moisture in the air which condenses during the process is also removed at 14 C. Determine: a) The rates of heat and moisture removal from the air

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Solution 6
Cooling coils Air

T2 =14 C 3 =100 %

m m m

a1 a1 w

= m

a 2

= m

Condensate removal at 14 C
a w

T1 =30 C 1 =80% V1=10 m3/min

1 = m a 2 2 + m = m a ( 1 2 )
=
a 2

Q W Q = m

m ehe
a1

m ihi
w

ha2 m

h a1 + m

hw

Solution 6 continued
In let and exit states are completely specified and the total pressure is at 1 atm, so we can use psychrometric chart to determine the properties of the air
St t 1 State TDB1 = 30 C 1= 80 % 1= 0.0216 kgH2O/kg dry air h1= 85.4 kJ/kg v1=0.889 m3/kg g dry y air St t 1 State TDB,2= 14 C 1= 100 % 1= 0.0216 kgH2O/kg dry air hw=hf@14C hw=58.8 kJ/kg St t 2 State TDB,2= 14 C 2= 100 % 2= 0.0100 kgH2O/kg dry air h2= 39.3 kJ/kg

2=100% 2 1

1=80% 1
= constant

ma1 =

Q = 11.3kg / min(39.3 85.4)kJ / kg + [(0.131kg / min)(58.8kJ / kg)] Q = 513kJ / min

mw = 11.3kg / min(0.0216 0.0100) = 0.0131 kg / min

V1 10m3 / min = = 11.3kg / min v1 0.889m3 / kgdryair

14 C

30 C

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Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative cooling is an adiabatic process, meaning there is no energy transfer to or from the system. However, the energy is transformed from sensible to latent. Conventional cooling systems operate on a refrigeration cycle, and they can be used in any part of the world. But they have high initial and operation costs!! In desert (hot and dry) climates, evaporative coolers can be used to avoid high costs of cooling.

Swamp coolers

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PAD-FAN system in Greenhouses

Example 7
Outside air enters a greenhouse pad at 95 F and 20% relative humidity and enter the greenhouse interior at 80% relative humidity. Determine: a) The exit temperature of the air from the pad. b) The lowest temperature to which the air can be cooled by pad-fan system.

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2 = 80%

T1 = 95 F 1 = 20% P = 14.7 psi

2=100% % 2 2=80% 2 Twb and h = constant 1=20%

Twb1@95 F and 20% = 66 F Twb1= Twb2 = 66 F T2@Twb=66 F and 80% = 70.4 F Tmin@Twb=66
F and 100%

1 Tmin T2 95 F

= T2= 66 F

Pad =
Pad =

TDB ,Out TDB , In TDB ,Out TWB ,Out

100

95 70.4 100 = 84.8% 95 66

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Adiabatic mixing of airstreams

1 1
h1
Mixing section

2 2 h2
Dry y air mass Water mass Energy
Eliminating ma3

3 h3 3

h2 h3 h1 h3-h1 1 3 h2-h3 2 2 3 1

ma1 + ma2 = ma3 ma11 + ma22 = ma33 ma1h1 + ma2h2 = ma3h3 ma1 2 3 h2 h3 = = ma2 3 1 h3 h1

Tmin

T2

95 F

Example 8
A stream of 3 m3/s of outdoor air at 4C dry-bulb temperature and 2C thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature is adiabatically mixed with 7.25 m3/s of recirculated air at 25C dry-bulb temperature and 60% rh. Find the dry-bulb temperature and thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature of the resulting mixture.

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The above figure shows the schematic solution. v1 = 0.789 m3/kg (dry air), and v2 = 0.86 m3/kg (dry air). ma1= 3 / 0.789 = 3.8 kg/s (dry air) ma2= 7.25 / 0.86 = 8.43 kg/s (dry air) ma3=ma1+ma2= 12.23 kg/s (dry air)

Line 3 2 m a1 or = Line 1 3 m a 2 Line 1 3 m a 2 8.43 = = = 0.69 Line 1 2 m a 3 12 .23

Consequently, the length of line segment 13 is 0.69 times the length of entire line 12. Using a ruler, ruler State 3 is located located, Line(1-2)=6 cm Line (1-3)=6*0.69=4.14 cm Tw1= 2 oC And, Tdb3 = 18.5C Twb3 = 15.0C T =4 oC
db1

2 = 60%

Tdb2=25 oC

Example 9
Moist air at 25C dry-bulb and 10C thermodynamic wet-bulb wet bulb temperature is to be processed to a final dew dewpoint temperature of 15C by adiabatic injection of saturated steam at 110C. The rate of dry airflow is 3 kg/s (dry air). Find the final dry-bulb temperature of the moist air and the rate of steam flow.

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From a sarurated water-vapor properties table, the enthalpy of the steam hg@110 C = 2691.5 kJ/kg g ( or hw) ). Therefore, according to the psychrometric equation, the condition line on the psychrometric chart connecting States 1 and 2 must have a direction: h/W = 2.691 kJ/g (water) State 2 is established at the intersection of the condition line with the horizontal line extended from the saturation curve at 15C (td2 = 15C). And, tdb2 = 27.5 Values of W2 and W1 can be read from the chart. The required steam flow is, 10 C

15C

W2= 10.5

W1= 2 25 C

mw= ma (W2 W1 ) = 3 kg dry air/s (10.5 2)g/kg dry air = 25.5 g/s (steam)

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