INTRODUCTION The eye has a wonderful function that we often take for granted.

Right now you are able to read these words on the screen. Through the eyes, you can also see colors, shapes, textures, and movement. Your eyes do all of this.This section will describe the process by which the eye turns light into sight. This process starts with refraction by the cornea and crystalline lens as the rays enter the eye.Through accommodation, the lens varies the amount of refraction, so that clear images are focused on the retina from objects near or far away.Finally, photoreceptors interpret the images falling on the retina, and change light into vision.Hearing, auditory perception, or audition is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations, changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the ear. Sound may be heard through solid, liquid, or gaseous matter. It is one of the traditional fivesenses. The inability to hear is called deafness.In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is performed primarily by the auditory system: vibrations are detected by the ear and transduced into nerve impulses that are perceived by the brain (primarily in the temporal lobe). Like touch, audition requires sensitivity to the movement of molecules in the world outside the organism. Both hearing and touch are types of mechanosensation.

OBJECTIVE To identify the latest gadgets that can be used to overcome yhe limitation of sight and hearing.

LIMITATION OF SIGHT Our sense sight has its limitations. For example: (a) We cannot see very tiny objects such as microorganisms and atoms with the naked eye. (b) We cannot see very distant objects such as the stars and the planets. (c) We cannot see the bones and organs inside our body. This is because we cannot see through opaque objects. Other limitations of sight include optical illusions and the presence of blind spots in our eyes. Optical illusion 1. Sometimes what we see may not appear to be the real thing. This is because the brain cannot accurately interpret what is actually seen by the eye. 2. this limitation of of sense of sight is known as optical illusion (confusion of the brain)

Blind spot 1. The blind spot is a point on the retina of the eye that cannot detect any images. 2. The blind spot does not have any receptors sensitiveto light and is found at the beginning of the optic nerve. We cannot see an object of its image as formed on the blind spot.

Devices to overcome the limitations of sight. Many devices or optical instruments have been invented to overcome our limitations of sight. Magnifying glass, microscope, telescope, binoculars, periscope, ultrasound scanning device, X-ray machine and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machine are afew examples of such devices. Devices to overcome the limitations of sight.

1. Microscope Instrument to magnify object such as virus. Objective lens and eyepiece magnify image.Types- light microscope, electron microscope

2. Magnifying glass Limited magnifying power-10 to 15 times Use to see small object. Magnifying glass is convex lens.

3. Telescope viewing distant objects -stars, planets , Moon. Consists of two convex lenses- objective and eyepiece lens. The image produced by the objective lens is magnified by the eyepiece lens.

4. Binoculars Binoculars provide a stereoscopic vision of distant objects. The parts of the binoculars and their functions are the same as those of the telescope. Binoculars are actually a pair of telescope. Use- watch horses running in a race

5. Ultrasound scanning device ultrasonic waves - create images -organ , fetus. Device shaped like microphone is pressed against the area being scanned. This device sends out very high frequency sound waves into the area being scanned. The waves bounce back upon hitting an organ and an image of the organ is then obtained on computer screen

6. X-rays X-rays can also be used to detect the condition of certain organs or detect fracture of bones.In medical X-rays, the X-rays penetrate the internal soft body tissues and form images on a film which can be examined by a radiologist 7. Periscope * A simple periscope consists of a tube containing two plane mirrors facing one another at an angle 45 degree. * The periscope used in submarines are larger and more complex. The submarines periscope consists of reflecting prisms, two telescopes and several lenses to give clear and magnified the image of objects. 8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machine * MRI is a technique that createsimage of the body using a powerful magnetic field. * It is very useful tool in medicine because it can create images of any cross section of human body, including head, heart, arteries and veins, from any angle and direction.MRI enables early diagnosis of many diseases.

LIMITATIONS OF HEARING

1. Our ears can only detect sounds within the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. We cannot hear very low or very high frequency sounds. 2. Different people have different ranges of hearing. (a) Childre have more elastic eardrums. They can hear better than adults. (b) As we grow older, our eardrums become less elastic. Thus, our hearing range become narrower. 3. We cannot hear sounds from a far distance clearly. We also cannot hear very soft sounds like our heartbeat. 4. We can use several devices to overcome the limitations of hearing.

(a) Doctors use stethoscope to listen to the heartbeat of patients. (b) Using a public address (PA) system, sounds casn be made laouder so that they can be heard over a grater distance. (i) A simple loudhailer consists of a microphone, an amplifier and a loudspeaker.

(ii)

A large one such as the one used in a music concert involves several powerful amplifiers and loudspeakers.

NAME CLASS DATE OF BIRTH ADDRESS

: NUR FARHANA NATASHA BINTI TAHIR. : 2 AL-BIRUNI : 11 JULY 1999 : BLOCK E8-16, APT FADASON PARK, JALAN 2/17, OFF JALAN KEPONG, 52000, KUALA LUMPUR.

PLACE OF BIRTH : HOSPITAL KUALA LUMPUR HOBBY AMBITION : SURFING INTERNET : DOCTOR

FATHERS NAME : TAHIR BIN ABU HASAN MOTHERS NAME : SARIDAH BINTI ISHAK @JAAFAR