BASIC FLUID MECHANICS

(ECW 211)

NURAKMAL HAMZAH
BKBA 2.15
O13-5925330
EXT: 2637


CONTENT
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
COURSE SYLLABUS
COURSE OUTCOMES
LESSON PLAN
COURSE ASSESSMENT
PROGRAME OUTCOMES
PO1 - Ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge of science,
mathematics and engineering.

PO2 - Ability to communicate effectively with technical personal
and the public.

PO3 - Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering
problems.

PO4 - Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.

PO5 - Ability to function effectively as an individual and in a
group with leadership, managerial and entrepreneurial
capabilities.

PO6 - Understanding of the social, cultural, global and
environmental responsibilities and ethics for sustainable
development.

PO7 - Recognising the need to undertake lifelong learning and
possessing/acquiring the capacity to do so.

COURSE OUTCOMES


CO1 - Acquire and apply basic knowledge on various fluid
properties and problems related to fluid mechanics.

CO2 - Apply concept of hydrostatic pressure in determining forces
exerted by fluids on plane surfaces under static condition.

CO3 - Analyse concept of up thrust, buoyancy of objects immersed
in fluids in determining the stability of floating bodies.

CO4 - Formulate and solve problems regards to the concepts of the
continuity, energy and momentum equations and flow
measurement in fluid mechanics.

COURSE ASSESMENT
GRADING %
TEST 1 30%
SOFT SKILLS 10%
FINAL EXAMINATION 60%
TOTAL 100%
COURSE ASSESMENT
ASSESSMENT CHAPTER GRADING ROOM
QUIZ
Quiz 1
Quiz 2

Chapter 1 & 2
Chapter 3

2%
2%
DURING
LECTURE
CLASS
(ANYTIME)
ASSIGNMENT Chapter 4 & 5 6%

DURING
LECTURE
CLASS-LAST
WEEK
REMARKS
NO RE-QUIZ, ZERO MARK WILL BE GIVEN FOR STUDENT NOT ATTEND THE CLASS
WITHOUT MC/LETTER.
NEED TO SUBMIT AT THE END OF THE CLASS.
ASSIGNMENT IS COMPULSARY-WILL BE GIVEN AT THE LAST WEEK (1 hr LECTURE)
BEFORE STUDY WEEK.
COURSE ASSESMENT
QUESTION CHAPTER
5 Questions
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5

Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
REMARKS
DONT WRITE USING PENCIL, PLEASE WRITE USING PEN
PLEASE WRITE USING BALL POINT PEN RATHER THAN GEL PEN
BRINGS YOUR CALCULATOR DURING FINAL EXAMINATION SESSION
STANDARD MARKING ( BEWARE)
WRITE ALL UNITS/FORMULA.
1.1 FLUID AS CONTINUUM
1.2 UNITS AND DIMENSION USED IN
ENGINEERING FLUIDS
At the end of this topic student should:

Be able to explain the continuum concept of fluid. (CO1-PO1)
Be able to identify the units and dimension used in engineering
fluids.(CO1-PO3)


WHAT IS
HYDRAULICS
WHAT IS
FLUID
MECHANICS
?
Mechanics of fluids
Its that branch of engineering
science which deals with the
behaviour of fluid under the
conditions of rest & motion
Greek word HUDAR , means
WATER
Its that branch of engineering
science deals with water ( at rest
or in motion)
Or its that branch of engineering
science which is based on
experimental observation of
water flow.
INTRODUCTION
FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS is a study of the behavior
of liquids and gases either at rest (fluid
statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics).
The analysis is relate continuity of
mass and energy with force and
momentum.
FLUID is a substance which deforms
continuously under the action of shearing
force (however small it is may be)
IMPORTANT
OF FLUID
MECHANICS
TO
ENGINEER
To determine the
stability of floating and
submerged objects
pontoons, ships
To determine the
hydrostatic forces
dams
To determine flow and
energy losses in pipe
To design fluid
machines pumps
and turbines
To determine flow rate,
energy dissipation from
spillway and flow in
open channels such as
rivers
IMPORTANT OF FLUID MECHANICS
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLID AND FLUID
Have
preferred
shape
Hard & not
easily
deformed
Cannot
deformed
continuously
under shear
force
SOLID
Does not
have any
preferred
shape
Soft & easily
deformed
Deformed
continuously
under shear
force
FLUID
3 CONDITIONS OF FLUIDS
The study of
incompressible fluid
under static conditions
(hydrostatics)

That dealing with the
compressible static
gases- aerostatics
STATICS
Deals with the
velocities,
accelerations and
pattern of flow only

Force and energy
causing velocities and
accelerations are not
deal under this head.
KINEMATICS

Deal with the
relationship between
velocities and
accelerations of fluid
with the FORCES @
ENERGY causing
them.
DYNAMICS
CONCEPT OF FLUID
In FLUID:
-The molecules can move freely but are constrained through a traction force
called cohesion.
-This force is interchangeable from one molecule to another.
For GASES:
-It is very weak which enables the gas to disintegrate and move away from its
container.
-A gas is a fluid that is easily compressed and expands to fill its container.
-It fills any vessel in which it is contained. There is thus no free surface.
For LIQUIDS:
-It is stronger which is sufficient enough to hold the molecule together and can
withstand high compression, which is suitable for application as hydraulic fluid such
as oil.
-On the surface, the cohesion forms a resultant force directed into the liquid region
and the combination of cohesion forces between adjacent molecules from a
tensioned membrane known as free surface.
1.1 FLUID AS CONTINUUM
Continuum mechanics and its concept

It is a branch of mechanics that deals with the
analysis of the kinematics and mechanical
behaviour of materials modelled as a continuum.
(eg. solids and fluids), (eg. liquids and gases)

A continuum concept assumes that the substance
of the body is distributed uniformly throughout, and
completely fills the space it occupies.

Fluid properties is depends on their molecular
structure.However, engineering applications hardly
analyses fluids at molecular level.

It is the fluids bulk behavior of main concern in
engineering applications.
CONTINUUM CONCEPTS
Atoms are widely spaced in the
gas phase.
However, we can disregard the
atomic nature of a substance.
View it as a continuous,
homogeneous matter with no
holes, that is, a continuum.
This allows us to treat properties
as smoothly varying quantities.
Continuum is valid as long as size
of the system is large in
comparison to distance between
molecules.
Fluid as a
continuum
A continuous substance
where quantities such as
velocity and pressure can
be taken as constant at
any section irrespective of
the individual fluid particle
velocity.
PRESSURE
Pressure acts
perpendicular to the
surface and increases
at greater depth.
area
force
pressure =
Pressure is the force per unit area, where the force is perpendicular to the area.
A measure of the amount of force exerted on a surface area
1.2 UNITS AND DIMENSION USED IN
ENGINEERING FLUIDS
WHAT IS
UNITS?
WHAT IS
DIMENSION
?
Standardized system of
measurements used to
describe the magnitude of
the dimension
A properties that can be
measured
Measurable properties used to
describe a body/system
The standard element, in terms of
which these dimensions can be
described quantitatively & assigned
numerical values.
VARIOUS SYSTEM OF UNIT

Parameter
SI UNITS c.g.s system of unit
Imperial units ( British
Gravitational system; English
Units)
Length Meters (m) Centimeters (cm) Foot (ft)
Mass kilogram(kg) Gramme (g) Pound ( Ib)
Time Seconds (s) Seconds (s) Seconds (s)
Temperatur
e
Degree Celcius
(
o
C)
Degree Fahrenheit (
o
F)
The primary quantities which are also referred to as basic dimensions, such as
L for length, T for time, M for mass and F for force.
Student also expected to be familiar with the various systems of units used in
engineering. These systems include :
As any quantity can be expressed in whatever way you like it is sometimes easy to become
confused as to what exactly or how much is being referred to. This is particularly true in the
field of fluid mechanics.
DERIVED UNIT
1.3 DENSITY, RELATIVE DENSITY
SPECIFIC WEIGHT, SPECIFIC GRAVITY,
SPECIFIC VOLUME AND VISCOSITY
At the end of this topic student should:
Be able to apply basic knowledge of various fluid
properties.(CO1-PO1)
Be able to acquire various fluid properties in identify and solving
problems related to fluid engineering problem.(CO1-PO3)
Be able to formulate the relationship between shear, stress and
velocity gradient from the Newtons law of viscosity. (CO1-PO3)
1. DENSITY
Regardless of form (solid, liquid,
gas) we can define how much mass
is squeezed into a particular space
Density of a material is defined by
the amount of matter per unit
volume.
Density of material may be referred
to in many ways.
1.1 MASS DENSITY,
Definition
Density of a fluid, , is defined as the mass per unit volume
It is denoted by the Greek
symbol, .
==
V
m
3
kgm
-3

kg
m

water
= 1000 kgm
-3

air
=1.23 kgm
-3
1.2 SPECIFIC WEIGHT,
Definition
Specific weight of a fluid, , is defined as the weight of the fluid per unit
volume .
Force exerted by gravity, g, upon unit volume of substance
=
w
V
=
g
Units: N/m
3

= the density of the material (kgm
-3
)
g = acceleration due to gravity (ms
-2
)

Water =
9.81 X 10
3
N/m
3

1.3 RELATIVE DENSITY
@ SPECIFIC GRAVITY, SG
Definition
A ratio of the specific weight of a substance to the specific weight of
water at standard temperature (4C) and atmospheric pressure.
Units: dimensionless
C w
s
C w
s
SG

=
4 @ 4 @

Unit is none, since ratio is a pure number. SG is a dimensionless quantity
2. SPECIFIC VOLUME, V
Definition
The reciprocal of the mass density i.e. the volume per unit mass or the
inverse of density
Units: m
3
/kg


v = 1/ = V/m
Dynamic
Kinematic
3. VISCOSITY
3.1 DYNAMIC VISCOSITY,
Definition
Dynamic viscosity, , is defined as the Shear force per unit area
(shear stress, t) needed to drag a layer of fluid with a unit velocity past
another layer at a unit distance away from it in the fluid
Measure of internal friction of fluid particles
Molecular cohesiveness
Resistance fluid has to shear (or flow)
Units:
Water:
Air:
3.2 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY,
Definition
It defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density
v

=
= dynamic viscosity
= mass density
Will be found to be important in cases
in which significant viscous and
gravitational forces exist.

Typical values:
Water = 1.14x10
-6
m
2
/s;
Air = 1.46x10
-5
m
2
/s;

Units: m
2
/s or stokes (10,000 St = 1m
2
s
-1
)
NEWTON LAW OF VISCOSITY
When fluid moves, it generates shearing stress
If no movement between the moving fluid particles no shear
stresses developed
Fluid particles which in contact with solid boundaries will adhere to
these boundaries will have same velocities as the solid
boundaries
Movement of a fluid over solid boundary can be visualized as
layers of a fluid moving one above the other.
The velocity of fluid layers increases as the distance from the solid
boundary increases
y
v
Flowing passing over a solid boundary
TEMPERATURE VS VISCOSITY
(LIQUID AND GASES)
Liquids
Gases
Viscosity
Temperature
Viscosity is caused by the cohesive
forces between the molecules in liquids
and by the molecular collisions in
gases, ant it varies greatly with
temperature.
The viscosity of liquid decreases with
temperature, whereas the viscosity of
gases increases with temperature.
This is because in a liquid the
molecules possess more energy at
higher temperature and they can
oppose the large cohesive
intermolecular forces more strongly.
As a result, the energized liquid
molecules can move more freely.
In gases, the intermolecular activities
are negligible and the gas molecules at
high temperature move randomly at
higher velocity.






Viscosity in gases
Due to intermolecular collision
between randomly moving particles
For gas, temperature , amount of
intermolecular collision , viscosity
Viscosity in liquid
Due to intermolecular collision
between liquid particles
For liquid, temperature ,
intermolecular collision is weakened,
viscosity
VISCOSITY IN GASES & LIQUIDS
NEWTON LAW OF VISCOSITY

It is important to evaluate the magnitude of the shear
stress generated by the moving fluid


Newtons Law of viscosity:



t = shear stress
= viscosity of fluid
du/dy = shear rate, rate of strain
or velocity gradient
dy
du
t =
(1.1)
The viscosity is a function only of the condition of the fluid, particularly its
temperature.
The magnitude of the velocity gradient (du/dy) has no effect on the magnitude of .
NEWTONIAN &
NON NEWTONIAN FLUID
Fluid
Newtons law
of viscosity
Newtonian fluids
obey refer
Example: Air, Water, Oil, Gasoline, Alcohol, Kerosene, Benzene, Glycerine
Fluid
Newtons law
of viscosity
Non Newtonian fluids
not obey refer
NON NEWTONIAN FLUID
*The slope of a curve at a point is the apparent viscosity of the fluid at that point
EXAMPLE 1
1. The lower plate as shown below is fixed while the upper
one is free to move under the action of a mass of 50g.
Castor oil with absolute viscosity 650 x 10
-3
Ns/m
2

occupies the space between these two plates. The area
of contact of the upper plate with the oil is 0.7m
2
, find the
velocity of the upper plate when the distance separating
the plates is 0.5cm.

Hint:


Answer: du = 5.4mm/s

A
F
dy
du
= = t
= 650 x 10
-3
Ns/m
2 Ay =
0.5cm
m=50g
pulley
Stationary
2. A vertical gap 25mm wide of infinite extent contains oil
of relative density 0.95 and viscosity 2.4Pa.s. A metal
plate 1.5m x 1.5m x 1.6mm, weighing 55N is to be lifted
through the gap at a constant speed of 0.06 m/s.
Determine the force required.


Hint:



Answer: F = 110.4 N

0.06m/s
dy dy
F
W
25 mm
A
F
dy
du
= = t
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 3
3. Crude oil at 20C fills the space between two concentric
cylinders of diameters 150mm and 156mm respectively.
Both cylinders are 250mm in height. If the inner cylinder is
to be rotated at a constant speed of 12 rev/min while
keeping the outer cylinder stationary, calculate the torque
required. The fluid properties of the crude oil at 20C are:
i) specific gravity = 0.86
ii)kinematic viscosity = 8.35 x 10
-6
m
2
/s

Hint: Linear velocity,


Answer: T = 0.002Nm


r F T =
A
F
dy
du
= = t
e r v =
EXAMPLE 4
4. A vertical cylinder of diameter 180mm rotates
concentrically inside another cylinder of diameter
181.2mm. Both the cylinders are 300mm high. The
space between the cylinders is filled with a liquid whose
viscosity is unknown. Determine the viscosity of the fluid
if torque of 20 Nm is required to rotate the inner cylinder
at 120 rpm.


Answer : =0.696 Ns/m
2

5. 145 mm radius inner cylinder is placed in stationary of
outer cylinder with 150mm radius. Both cylinders are
250mm long. The inner rotates at an angular velocity of
1 revolution per second (rps). Torque of 0.75Nm is
required to maintain this velocity. Determine the
viscosity of the liquid that fills the space between the
cylinder.


Answer: = 0.120 Ns/m
2


EXAMPLE 5
1.4 COMPRESSIBILITY AND BULK MODULUS,
VAPOUR PRESSURE, SURFACE TENSION,
AND CAPILLARITY
At the end of this topic student should:
Be able to define the fluid parameters.(CO1-PO1)
Be able to apply bulk modulus, surface tension and capillarity in
solving fluid engineering problem.(CO1-PO1)
Be able to use the Newtons law of viscosity which are the
relationship of shear stress and velocity gradient in solving fluid
engineering problems (CO1-PO3)
4. SURFACE TENSION,

Surface tension
defined as the force acting a unit length of
a line drawn in the liquid surface
Surface tension
Surface tension tend to reduce the surface
area of a body of liquid
The internal pressure within the droplet, p
and the surface tension forces,o must be in
equilibrium.
o o
p
Surface tension
Taking vertical equilibrium of the forces acting
on the droplet
The magnitude of surface tension forces are
very small compared to other forces
Normally are neglected
2
2 r p r t o t =
r
p
o 2
=
2
pr
= o
Units : N/m
5. VAPOR PRESSURE, Pv
Vapor pressure
defined as the pressure at which a liquid
turns to vapour
the pressure exerted by its vapor in phase
equilibrium with its liquid at a given
temperature
The molecules which moves above the
surface of the liquid exert pressure in the
confined surface
Vapor pressure

Pvapour = P saturation
Units: N/m
2
or Pascal
6. CAPILLARITY
When a liquid comes into contact with a solid surface:
- Adhesion forces: forces between solid and liquid
- Cohesion forces: forces within liquid
If cohesive forces > adhesive forces, the meniscus in a glass tube
will take a shape as in figure (a) and (b).
Figure (a) and (b)
Capillary effect is
the rise or fall of a
liquid in a small-
diameter tube
gd
h

u o cos 4
=
gr
h

u o cos 2
=
d
h

u o cos 4
=
@ @
Units= m @ mm
where h = height of capillary rise (or depression)
o = surface tension
u = wetting (contact) angle
= specific weight of liquid
r = radius of tube
7. COMPRESSIBILITY &
BULK MODULUS
Definition
The change of pressure corresponding to frictional change
in volume of fluid where temperature remains constant
Gases are much more compressible compared to liquids
Liquids are considered incompressible
The compressibility of a fluid is expressed by its bulk modulus of
elasticity, K, which describes the variation of volume with
change of pressure, i.e.





Typical values : Water = 2.05x10
9
N/m
2
; Oil = 1.62x10
9
N/m
2

strain volumetric
pressure in change
K =
A
A
=
/
p
K
V dV
p
K
/
A
=
Units: N/m
2

6. 1 When the pressure exerted on a liquid is
increased from 550 kN/m
2
to 1000 kN/m
2
, the
volume is decreased by 1%. Determine the bulk
modulus of the liquid.

Answer: K = 45x10
6
N/m
2
EXAMPLE 6
6.2 Water at 20C has a bulk modulus of 21.8 x
10
8
N/m
2
. Find the increase in pressure that is
required to decrease its volume 1%.

Answer: dP = of 21.8 x 10
6
N/m
2
50
6.3 Determine the bulk modulus of a liquid if it
undergoes a 0.1% decrease in volume when
subjected to a pressure change from 100kPa to
6.5Mpa.

Answer: 6.4GPa
51
7. The pressure at a depth of 4.5km in the ocean is
50 MN/m
2
. The density of sea water at the surface
is 1040 kg/m
3
and its average bulk modulus is 2.4
x 10
3
MN/m
2
. Calculate the:

7.1 Change in specific volume
Answer: -20.03x10
-6
m
3
/kg
7.2 Specific volume at 4.5km depth
Answer: 941.51x10
-6
m
3
/kg
7.3 Specific weight at 4.5 km depth
Answer: 10.4 kN/m
3


EXAMPLE 7
for your attention