Introduction to Computing

1. With a neat schematic block diagram of a digital computer describe its functional units. Central Processing Unit

Arithmetic Arithmetic and and ogic ogic Unit Unit Input Unit 'eyboard" mouse Output Unit rinter" #onitor

Control Unit

!emor" Unit

Main memory+ ,%#" ,$#

Secondary memory+ hard dis-

Input Unit: The user can enter the data or program (instructions) to the computer system. It converts the data into a suitable form that can be understood by the Computer. The converted data is stored in the form of 0s and 1s and then sent to Central processing unit The user can also interact with other devices such as C !" #! and output unit. Output unit: $ccepts the result or data from memory which are in the form of 0s and 1s. %utput the results or data to a form which is suitable for human understanding.
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Introduction to Computing

Central Processing Unit# The data received from the input device is processed in this unit. It consists of two functional units+ 1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) 2. Control Unit (CU) 1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU);o $n $/! consists of electronic circuitry which performs calculations with basic arithmetic operations such as addition (0)" subtraction (1)" multiplication (2)" division (3). o It also consists of logic circuitry which performs logic operations li-e true or false" yes or no. 2. Control Unit (CU):o The unit controls and co1ordinates all parts of computer system. o It e4ecutes an instruction by signaling to carry out the necessary data transfers and manipulations. o Identifies what action to be ta-en. (decoding) !emor" Unit $!U%:This is the storage device where the data and instructions fed by the user are stored. The computer memory is classified into Main memory+ This is the place where the data and instructions supplied by the input devices are stored. This is the temporary memory because the data and instructions are erased 5hen the power goes off. It consists of ,$# and ,%# main memories. Secondary memory+ This is the permanent memory and also called as bac- up memory. It stores a large about of information for a long time. Cache memory+ This is the high speed memory and placed between the C ! and the main memory. !sers cannot access it.

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Introduction to Computing

&. '(plain the different t"pes of computers.

7igital Computer )ased on technolog" $nalog Computer 8ybrid computer

TYPES

! C "PUTE#S

#icro computer #ini computer Computers for organi*ation #ain frame computer *uper computer

l. Com$%ter& 'a&ed on technolog(Digital computer+1Computers accept and process data in terms of digital data such as 0s and 1s *eries of 9 consecutive bits is called a byte *eries of bytes represent data or instruction :.g. ( ersonal 7igital Computer $ssistant) Analog computer+1They accept data whose values -eep changing with respect to time. 7ata may be in the form of continuous voltages" fre;uencies" temperature etc. rocessing is done on continuously varying signals. :.g. *peedometer Hybrid Computer+1It is designed to handle digital and analog computers and hence also called analog1digital computer. $ccepts analog signals and converts into digital form.

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Introduction to Computing

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2. Com$%ter& )or organi*ation: Micro Computer+1It is powerful" easy maintenance" low cost" unporable. It is the most common type of C and commonly called as des-top. They are small in si)e and do not have large storage capacities. The length of a microcomputer lines in the range 916. bits :.g.+ I=# C" *3. Mini computer+1Computers with capabilities intermediate of that between main frame and micro computers. 8ence called mid1range computers. 5ord length is 6. bits It is used by small and mid1si)e business organi)ations. Main rame computer!"It is more powerful than micro computers and their word length si)e is <9">0 or >< bits They have high processing speeds and can store large amounts of data They are used in research organi)ations" large industries" and large business and government organi)ations They consume more electricity :.g.+ I=# 6000 series" !(I?$C 1190 Super computer#+1Computers that are used for scientific and engineering applications. 5ord length is ><1@> bit. They can handle very large data bases or a great amount of data computation. They can perform one trillion operations per second. !sed in the field of science and defense" designing and launching missiles" weather forecasting" biomedical research 8ighest processing speed for at a given time. :.g+ C,$A16" 8IT$C *1600

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Introduction to Computing

+. What are the different kinds of memor" used in computers, '(plain -ith e(amples.

Cache memory C ! rimary memory *econdary memory

?olatile memory1,$# Primar" memor" (on1volatile memory1,%# "E" #Y .econdar" memor" Cache memor" Primar" memor": The memory is accessible directly to the C ! of the computer. The memory is very fast. This allows the C ! to store and retrieve data ;uic-ly. $olatile memory+ The memory that loses its contents when the computer is turned off. *ince the C ! can read the data from the memory or can write the data into the memory they are also called as read1write memories. : g. ,$# (,andom $ccess #emory)+ It is possible to read and write the data into the memory. It is temporary memory. %on &olatile memory+ The memory that retains its contents even after the computer is turned off memory. They hold the data permanently. :.g. ,%# (,ead %nly #emory)+ The information stored in it can be only be read. .econdar" !emor": Its is the permanent memory which stores large amount of information for a long time Its also called bac- up memory or au4iliary memory. It is connected to C ! and is made of magnetic material. :.g. Cloppy disc" hard disc
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Introduction to Computing

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Cache memor": Its a high speed memory and is placed between C ! and main memory. The data and instructions stored in it are accessed at a higher speed !sers cannot access this memory It stores data and instructions that are currently to be e4ecuted /. 0iscuss the applications1 merits and demerits of a computer. A$$lication&+ Science!"!sed by scientists to analy)e large ;uantity of data to analy)e the effect of earth;ua-e on buildings and dams for satellite launching and remote controlling. 'ducation!":1/earning is becoming popular. Computers are used as teaching aid in maDority of educational institutions. Medicine and Health+17iagnosing the illness to monitoring the patients status till his complete recovery. !sing the computer generated images and resultsE they can pin1point the cause of the disease 'ngineering(Architecture(Manu acturing!":ngineers and architects use the computers for planning" designing and drawing the layouts for house" roads" dams etc. Communication!"send and receive e1mails" e1shopping" e1ban-ing" e1commerce" e1 learning etc. )u#ine## and ban*ing+1Cor numerous administrative purposes" preparing salary bills !sed in ban-ing" insurance sectors and mar-eting for online payments and transactions" publishing etc. %nline business +o&ernment#!"!sed for weather forecasting" in military" satellite launching and controlling" communication" e1government etc. Cor police force to search for the information on criminals" crime scenes" driving licenses etc. 'ntertainment!"!sed in music industry" games etc. Computer animation and colorful graphics with multimedia effect. "erit&: Speed!"The computers can process data at very high speed. *peed is measured in terms in terms of #I * and =I *. Accuracy!"The results produced by the computer are very accurate. ,eliability!"It gives correct and consistent result always even if they are used in adverse conditions. Storage capability!"They can store large amounts of data and can be retrieved at any time in fraction of a second. $er#atility!"They can do variety of Dobs based on the instructions given to them. Diligence!"They can perform complicated wor- without any brea- for days togetherE even year together without committing any error. +e-merit&: %on"-ntelligent!"It Dust performs the specified operations.
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Introduction to Computing

It does not thin- whenever it finds a command" instead it wor-s accordingly. It does not possess any intelligent for analy)ing the problem. -nacti&e!"If the power supply is stopped then the computer ceases to wor-.

2. What are editors1 assembler1 compilers1 interpreters, 'ditors It allows the user to enter program and edit it Assembler The process of converting assembly language instructions to machine readable form is carried out by a programmable assembler 7ebugging is easy :.g"+ T$*# Compiler It ta-es entire high level language program as input and translates it into machine language Interpreter It ta-es one statement of a high level language program as input and translates it into machine language and e4ecutes it. 7ebugging is slow :g+ =$*IC

7ebugging is easy :.g.+ Turbo C

7ebugging is faster :.g. TC computer

3. What are the + primar" functions that an operating s"stem performs, a. #emory #anagement+1$llocating memory to the running program and reallocating when they are terminated b. rocessor #anagement+1 rocessing of Dobs" deciding on the Dob scheduling techni;ue and how a Dob to be processed longs. ,eleasing the processor when the Dobs are terminated. c. 7evice #anagement+1$llocating the input and output devices to the running processes and reallocating them when processes are terminated. d. Cile #nagement+ 1 #anging the file systems in terms of where the files are stored" their status and memory locations" opening and closing the files" providing access permission to the files. :.g. of operating system are 7%*" !(IG" 5I(7%5* (T" /I(!G 4. 0ifferentiate bet-een WI50OW. and I5U6 operating s"stems. ,-.+ ,S L-.U/ It is not free of cost It is available free of cost It supports H!I(Hraphical !ser Interface) It does not support H!I(Hraphical !ser Interface) (etwor-ing is possible (etwor-ing is not possible ,e;uires very high configuration 8igh configuration is not re;uired #ulti1media facility available #ulti1media support not available #obile computing is possible #obile computing is not possible !ser friendly (ot user friendly 7. What is soft-are, What are the different t"pes of soft-are, *oftware is a set of programs which direct the various hardware components.

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Introduction to Computing

Application #o t.are S !T,A#E Sy#tem #o t.are A$$lication &o)t0are; It tells the computer how to accomplish specific tas-s" such as word processing or drawing for the user. 5ord processing software for creating te4t based documents *preadsheet for creating numeric based documents such as budgets 7atabase management software for building and manipulating large sets of data resentation program for creating and presenting electronic slide shows Hraphics program for designing illustrations or manipulating photographs" movies or animation 5eb design tools and web browsers :ntertainment and education software Hames S(&tem &o)t0are: It is any program that controls the computer hardware or that can be used to maintain the computer in some way so that it runs more effectively It has 6 basic types 1%perating system tells the computer how to use its own components. It acts as an interrupt between the hardware application programs and the user 1$ networ- operating system allows computer to communicate and share data across a networwhile controlling networ- operations and overseeing the networ-s security 1$ utility is a program that ma-es the computer system easier to use or perform highly specified functions 10. =rief history of computers Aear 1F@1119F1 19.6 1@6@ 1@6@ 1@<6 1@<< 1@<B Invented by Charles =abbage /ady /ovelace $ugusta $da 'ing 'onrad Juse Kohn $tanasoff $lan Turing and his team $i-en ?on (eumann (ame of the computer $nalytical :ngine1 Cather of computers unch cards I #other of computers Cirst computer programmer Heneral urpose digital computer $tanasoff1 =erry computer ($=C) Colossus #ar- I *tored rogram concept

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Introduction to Computing

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Introduction to Computing 10

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