Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hydrological Variables
Precipitation
Evaporation
Transpiration
Wind Velocity
Humidity Radiation Evapotranspiration
Precipitation
Precipitation is any form of water that falls to the Earth's surface. Different
guage Come in a variety of shapes and sizes Calculate the rainfall (in mm) by dividing the volume of water collected by the area of the opening of the cup.
and the gauge itself, therefore it is important to have the gauge located and positioned properly. 1m above ground level is standard. 2 to 4 times the distance away from an isolated object (such as a tree or building).
Rainfall Depth
The cross-sectional of measuring tube is 1/10 the crosssectional area of the outer tube.
So, 10 mm of rain falling into the outer tube looks like it fills the measuring tube 10 cm high.
Measurement is 10 mm!
Evaporation
Evaporation is the process by which water is
converted from its liquid form to its vapor form and thus transferred from land and water masses to the atmosphere. OR Process by which water is changed from the liquid or solid state into the gaseous state through the transfer of heat energy (ASCE, 1949).
Ee
Net long-wave radiation exchange between the atmospere and the water body- R1
Energy stored - Es
Ea
Rt
Rr
Ee
Hn
R1
function of the energy state of the water system). Difficult to evaluate all terms. Energy balance equation has to be simplified. Empirical formulas are used.
S t
P Q Qr
Qs
Q0 Qd
increases
Transpiration
Transpiration is the evaporation occurring
Capillary tube
Wind Velocity
Wind velocity can be measured by a device
Anemometer
Anemometer
Anemometer
The air flow past the cups in any horizontal
direction turning the cups. The no. of turns is proportional to the average wind speed. The needle show the direction of the wind.
Humidity
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the
humidity.
Sling Psychrometer
Hygrometer
Hygrometer is used for measuring relative humidity.
Radiation
Solar radiation
Radiation
Pyrheliometer
Pyranometer
Evapotranspiration
Combined loss of water
vapor from within the leaves of plants (transpiration) and evaporation of liquid water from water surfaces, bare soil and vegetative surfaces.
Evapotranspiration Measurement
Evapotranspiration can be measured by:
Lysimeter
Irrigation
Runoff Root Zone
Evaporation
Water Storage
Drainage
Lysimeter
Lysimeter
Lysimeter
Evapotranspiration Report
Weather Station
A weather station is a facility with
Precipitation
Weather Station
References
http://www.wikipedia.org/
Research papers
Thanks