Microbiology, Allergies and Nutrition

Andreia Couto
Microbiology, Allergies and Nutrition
2013/20114

Escola de Hotelaria e Turismo de Lisboa lecture n 1

 Course Contents
Introduction to Microbiology
Bacteria, virus and fungi Foodborn pathogens Factors Affecting Microorganisms Growth and Growth Rates Identification of the major foodborne pathogens Foodborn pathogens - their physiology and pathogenicity

Food preservation
The keys for safer food

 Course Contents
Food allergies Signs and symptoms

Causes
Food allergens Non-food protein allergens Toxins Nutrition The weel of food and the food pyramid Major food groups

Types of nutrients
Essential and non-essential nutrients Metabolism The digestive system
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Bibliography
Madigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Prentice Hall, 11th Edition, 2006
Almeida, M. D., Afonso, C., Princpios de Alimentao e Nutrio, Universidade Aberta, Lisboa, 1997 Arajo, M., Segurana Alimentar Os Perigos para a Sade atravs dos Alimentos, Meribrica/Liber Editores, Lda., Lisboa, 1997 Breda, J., Fundamentos de Higiene Alimentar e Nutrio, Instituto Nacional de Formao Turstica, Lisboa, 1998 World Health Organization - http://www.who.int/en/ Autoridade de Segurana Alimentar e Econmica - http://www.asae.pt/
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Phylogeny

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Phylogeny

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
The cell is the basic unit of life. Based on the organization of their cellular structures, all living cells can be divided into two groups: prokaryotic and eukaryotic (also spelled procaryotic and eucaryotic). Animals, plants, fungi, protozoans, and algae all possess eukaryotic cell types. Only bacteria and archaea have prokaryotic cell types.

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Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

Human cell

Plant cell

Bacteria cell
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Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

Microbiology, Allergies and Nutrition

15-10-2010

aula n 1 9

How small is small?

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How small is small?

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Prokaryotes
Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are called prokaryotes (from the Greek meaning before nuclei). These cells have few internal structures that are distinguishable under a microscope.
Prokaryotic cells differ significantly from eukaryotic cells. They don't have a membrane-bound nucleus and instead of having chromosomal DNA, their genetic information is in a circular loop called a plasmid. Bacterial cells are very small, roughly the size of an animal mitochondrion (about 1-2m in diameter and 10 m long). Prokaryotic cells feature three major shapes: rod shaped, spherical, and spiral.
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Bacteria
Bacteria are the most abundant of all organisms, they are unicellular, are relatively small ranging in size from 0.5- to 5.0 m, and for the most part they reproduce asexually. Although there are bacterial species capable of causing human illness (pathogens) and food spoilage, there are also beneficial species that are essential to good health and the environment (examples: synthesize vitamins, digest plant cellulose, fixing nitrogen in plant roots, etc.).

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Bacteria

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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea.

Viruses display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Generally viruses are much smaller than bacteria. Most viruses that have been studied have a diameter between 10 and 300 nanometres.
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Virus
Viruses spread in many ways; plant viruses are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on sap, such as aphids, while animal viruses can be carried by blood-sucking insects. These disease-bearing organisms are known as vectors. Influenza viruses are spread by coughing and sneezing. The norovirus and rotavirus, common causes of viral gastroenteritis, are transmitted by the faecaloral route and are passed from person to person by contact, entering the body in food or water.

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Virus - Bacteria Differences

Viruses are the smallest and simplest life form known. They are 10 to 100 times smaller than bacteria. The biggest difference between viruses and bacteria is that viruses must have a living host like a plant or animal - to multiply, while most bacteria can grow on non-living surfaces.

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Virus - Bacteria Differences

Bacteria are intercellular organisms(i.e. they live in-between cells); whereas viruses are intracellular organisms (they infiltrate the host cell and live inside the cell). They change the host cell's genetic material from its normal function to producing the virus itself. There are some useful bacteria but all viruses are harmful.

Bacteria

Virus
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