Numerical Methods for Engineers FirtH Epition Steven C. Chapra Berge Chorin Compuing ond Engineering Tole Unver aifi ey McC lin it Te McC l Conte I, 172 Ave of he Amero [ew Yar 12 apg 200 by Th ow Ml Cope A ir ever pie ine i pao | {an ere an Nabe 050005 [tense iit we SNOT HS olen and Chester Canale‘ou1oeD TOUR xi ——anour ris auTHORS- PART ONE ‘MODELING, PTI Metron 2 COMPUTERS, AND #12 shone! Bacireand 5 ERROR ANALYSIS 3 F113 Onoson f "etal Madge oginenng bl eving 11 I) ASinpl eho Node 1 12 Comertan lowed gieing 18 feo 31 Le uapres 2 Programming and Seftwere 25 21 Feclage ord Pogrenming 25, 22 Sinead Programing 26 23 Noda egamming” 38: 24 bua 17 23 Mallat 41 2 Oth langnge ond ait 45 Pll 40 cuaprer 2 ‘Approximetions and Round OM Errors 50 31 Seriion fies 51 32 Aenwooy ond Peon 52 33 frorDeleton 5a Te tnndOB enor 57 Ptlene 72 contents ~coapren 4 “runction ror and the Yeyor Series 73 41 The TofS 73 42 ExorRepapaan 89 463 Tal Nomen Enc 93 44 thea, famuleson Er, and Coa Uncen 95 Preens 97 EPLOGUE: PART ONE 99 Fa Tadeots 99 . 1 wp lcm ad fom 102 FTG Advmead Methods on iol erences 102 PART TWO — ROOTS OF 72.1 Watiaon 105 EQUATIONS 105 1122 Haterstes Segyomd 107 °123 Orman 108 rocketing Methods 112 : TS crepe Wade 112 FA Theatr at 8 £2 Te Fobatetn hed 126 34 inl Sth ond Oring hil Gunsas 130 Prolene 13) \ chaprer 6 Open Methods 199 BT Sip Fd teafon 124 2 The Newlorophuan shed 139 = SEIN Seca abd Nes ‘8:4 Mapa Ro130 5 Spon f Neer Eqptons 159 Fbians 157 copter 7 Roots of Polynomials 160 7.1 Pimonic Eines ent Since 160, 72 Canpeing wih mls 168 73 Comertand Miho as 74 Mars Mahod 167 7.3 Boros Wend 17) 718 Ober iabods 1784 ‘cones PART THREE UNEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS 217 77 ft eatin with Uber ond ocoges 178 Fblome Tes cumrree a ose Studies: Roots of Equations 187 {Keak ond Noida Gos Le (Chaisl/o fgeing) 7 £2 OpenChonal row (Ch/Ervenrenal Eocene 83 Dug aon Ecc Cot cried Egiracig| “194 54 Vibro Anais choise Aegean 196 Prion 200 ePwocue: part wo 212 F124 teeth 212 F125 impvon aohops and fomeos 213, 126 Ravered Maes and ht floncs 213 °13.1 Maton 207 732 Matematica! tckgomd 219 7733 Onanoron 227 CHAPTER 9 Gauss flimination 291 91 Sching Seal Numbers uo, 231 22 Noi Go Eicon 258 23 Pll of inten Matos 244 24 Tacs or impo Shion 250 25 Canple puma 257 25 NenlnserSyaams Econ, 257 97 Gowen 259 98 Sanmory 261 \, Rebs 281 onanren 10 AU Bacompesiion an Matix iverson 268 10.1 WDecomposiion 264 102 Th Wartime 273 10.9 Erar Aral ond Sa Conon 277 Plans 200 ve ehapren 1 | Special Meties ond Gauss-Seidel 265 LI Space Maine 265 2G See 2097 ‘conmens 11.3 Ua Algebra Euan wih vai rd Fokoges 298 Fblant” 202 charter 12 oe Studios: Liner Algohrae Equations, 305 12.1 Stade Anji ofa ym of acs [Chemis Friel 206 122 Ars Seay Dann Ts [Ci/Emicometl Einar) 208 "23 Cures ond Wohges nant Creat oon ngeang ane 124 Springs Sa Machral/eronce Engg) Se Pblene "317 EPULOGUE: PART THRee_ 927 F194 TadeOty Ser 79.3 impo wsoentps al Formos $28 136 Achanad Mebods ond Asond Rlownene 308 OPTIMIZATION 931-141 Naivion Gai 7742 Maenatolacgrwd 305 P143 Oneanion 307 \-chaprer 13 One-Dimensonel Unchained Optimization 341 19.1 Gollensacon Search 342 132 Grotoicmerpion 123 NewsesMahed 331 tls 353 chapter 14 ‘Molidimonsionel Unconsained Optinization 285 141 Dee Mac 356 142 Grant Mets 340 Prien 373 ‘chapter 15 Constrained Optimisation 375 15. lnsar Posing 375 15.2 Noninw Contined Gpnizoson 386 153 Optnizson wis Pakage Pb 398contents cones _ ‘cnarrer 16 19:4 Feu Wag nd aon 521 {Case Stcies: Optimization 400 19.3 Dart Far oor OFT) 529 196 Fat Power Fandom FF) 525 197 The Pome Spc” S22 19.8 Carveiing wih ors od Focogee 529 11 teat Cae Dig fo Tk Charging) 400 182 tnstCo Tanne Waser Cv/Entonmar ngneing) 408 163 Naiman over Fonderforo Coe esi Engin) 409 1 Woon Bs Dnogn Pcheial/Aaarpace Engi 412 Feblons 2 164 Monin bBo V/aaeipaceEnieeg cnapren 20 EPocue: pant FOUR 422 Case Std: Carve Fiting 548 F144 Todos 472 20. lines teresion ond Popton Nal Chen Engienng] Sh PIAS Aol arecces 429 . 20.2 Usa Spies Ente et ona (hi/Emcnels Eapnigh 548 203 Fowa oa eae Enger 550 20.4 hoop Experimenta Uas Wacharcdl/ Apacs Egitig| SS ant rve aos CURVEFITING 42551 onc 45 ove 82 Need ged 27 smuooue; paar ve sea PT 5.3 Oriemation 436 : a 23 Wat onde dom F156 Adve Maho and Adios abrncs S86 | enueen v7 east Squores Regression 420 PART SIX 17. tn agesion 420 172 Pelyomiol Rogvsion 456 NUMERICAL P76.) Mosvaion 568 173 ile aor ogrnson 480 DIFFERENTIATION 7152 MchnsicaGocigoand. 578 17.4 Garr Une ne Saree 459 AND F163 Onenatan 581 17S eninos topeason tb INTEGRATION 569 [enapren a1 ‘cuapren 18 [Newion-Caeellegration Formulas $64 Inerpottion 478 he Topatsidel Re 8 TW 18, Newer Dido iene nepali 475 Diz Spon Re 596 - 2 lager nplongParoms 486 21. gion wih Urea Sagas 605 163 Cattows con rng Poni 491 21.4 Open iagson Foran 608 184 lr olin 491 215 Mg ngs 608 185 Rtn Come 2 Frblae 810 {8.5 Spe nepolon 495 cere 505 Vy starr a Integration of Equotions 618 Harter 19 221 NewooCou Algor for Equations 613 Fourier Approximation 807 222 Rombmghiegaice, 615 ~ 19.1 Coveiing wih Sia Factors 506 (EY Gana Gvoiie 620 19.2 Canna four Sees S12 22: proper ng 627 19.3 Freueny and Tie Dana 17 Prien) a Ses =corms PART SEVEN _ ‘ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 671 -cuapran 23 Numerical Diferentction 632 2 Hiphcoror DierristonFomelos 632 252 Rehorioneopton oa 223 Devote of Uma Speed Oot 637 2344 Deiter leg Dh or, 8 “Fig Neil yan ion wi ates od Fahge_ 9 Probleme 64 cnonen 24 ese Se Homeric negation end Diremltion eae 241 tegen Omi te Gant aera 242 Bathe Ma a Sen ncn oman 241 een Corby Nia poten a fring i 244 Nini goon Cont Wo Pace /Apec oer a8 Phin aa? EPocué: pant six 667 Fred Todas Ger 5165 inportRabonhip and Ferm 68 F168 Adored tithes ond hdr loos 669 F171 Mottin 671 7172 Maton Sosground_ 675 ‘chapter 25, BungeKute Methods 681 31 ears Med 682 252 Improvement ol Ears Matha 699 B.D ange Naheds FOr 254 Spam on 711 253 AdopveBngeKta Math 716 Probie 724 ee owen aren 26 ‘Sines and Mulistep Methods 726 25. Sites 726 262 Maliup Math 700 Probl 750 Le euAaprer 27 Boundary Value and figenvalue Problems. 752 (22: Samer Maths Boundary Plans 759 ( 222 tiemabe retene 759 {273 ©08s on gemcle wi Utara ond cages 771 \troblens 770 Geto Studies Ordinary DilfrentilEquetions 781 2711 Using ODE Arce Hin erporn of ao Chena Enieeting) 781 225 fey Md ond Choc (yi/EmomentEngoeig) 708 Fa nes oan Cre fon Ee Cancale 792 Mele wang Pecan Wack Rapes Capen ane Fblans 0 EPLOGUE:paRt sevEN 808 P7174 Yee 806 F175 ino Rls oned Ferm. 409 P17. ered Mabeds od hon Klos. 809 PART EIGHT PARTIAL 81 Nata ei DIFFERENTIAL 7782 Onenion B16 FQUATIONS 813, ‘cuapten 29 Fite Diferencs: lipic Eqvations 620 221 Tholeplae avon 820 292 Scliton acts B22 293 tendon Condos 828 Bi TheConailsine Appr 834 225 Slwcra te She flake Egon 837 Plone 638Finite Diforence: Parabolic Equations. 840 30.1 The Hot Conduction gion 610 302 bagich Mahe O41 303 ASiple tlh Wad 845 304 Te Crttcson Math 649 305 Perso Eaton fe Spt Dimensions 652 Freie 855 conten 3 Fintetlement Method 857 21,1 The Gano posh 58 31.2 Fie thamenSppicaonn One Dineson 862 313 FooDmansonel Moblens&71 314 Scing POEs wih ris nd Pacoges 875 Fell 881 ave Suds: Patol Difeential Equations 884 122.1 OneDinensonal Haw Elec of acs Chico Engrecrng| B84 322 Oalecto ofa om (l/Endronmentl Egos! 888 323 TwoDimersionel Beco Pblns lection) 890 532. Fn nme Slo lo Stes Spins Mache ecipace Engrs) 693 tle 397 sPUOGUE PART EIGHT. 599 P83 tadeOhe 297 F784 tne Rloinships and Frm 099 Fr8S ened Mata and hone Referee 900 APPEND Ac THE FOURIER SERIES. 901 APPENDIX Bs GETTING STARTED WITH MATLAB. 909, sistiocearHy 911 PREFACE Icha bez en yous since ne ublisbed he at edo of hisbook. Over tha ti, ‘our origina comeaoe xt mel Reta nd computes wold ie ave po ‘ey teenies cramer ety prt ben deat Cal bre ou Many siete now fr ess, sgn jer cous ‘od near cating nd numeri metic In ado, ary a clegors, te negating compater-oened ples no oer ores tal letel of tec Ju Thx is ne edn sl founded onthe base ie a stat sgn sould be provid wi ong and el inodeion fo mel mods. Cone ‘ley alfaugh we hve exnded our coverage nie ew ston, We fae ed ‘iin mary fhe eter ht mete ft ein scale bath owe aed Uppectevel undegrautes These cate + Problem Oration, Engicrng stents er est when hey are mae by prolens. This is parca uve fer mathemati and computing, Come. we ve speared umerl matte fom = probe olny perspective. ‘Student Oriented Pedagogy. We hve developed mute f fee 0 make hie ‘Sooke enya pubic. These ale the vel egniation, e inuoduetons nl eposusto aneie mares and hee wf waned ‘apes and case sts fe ll seis fener. We ve la eden © cspourexploatonsnihovard an ore pcs, “Clear Box" Approach. Altosh ve epi proble sving we bebe arcs selling orengines to approach uml ge stk bes Tha ‘lads ary oa aver ander ba cones te mah ‘ls npr westes tery aed errant imitans eet sateen mee + Personal Competing Orton. When we Hit wit this ik, tate wi 9 ge "hay Between he ich Wold of afte computers a the ete word of ca Talay at peoemance grows. dino sealing ay Thal sd it book sil engines viunlaaion anf imercivcluaions wich athe lias + Empowering Stadens. We bios intadice stents 0 he snd pin shoot probing eapaites of gacaze ke Eee nd MATLAB soft However tle ares shown fo to dv single, well rd prog So ete bas cpio the nines This Koc vets ard prosranmin lng sich Vd Bai Fart 9D and Clr. We Sele thatthe cane ig fom epee rogrmming ropes soneting obo down ofthe englnrng crcl Te tte etalon a caine rot conet be oo ite. hey wl eto wee code Onl now thy maybe ced "nacre" esha resigned erp he od th,retace Se ee Beyond hs five otal penile. te primary enhacement ince ifthe ing ‘jr ison nd expansion of the enact probit Mat of he pes tvebeer medi oth te yi feet ural salstons tmp oes Inabin. variety of pe prblrs have ea ld A wit pens ears, We Inca bt hentia pple olen aml ances png Ta ‘se, cur ines provi students with exes check ie wrung on 1 ‘hse how nual methods as help them become beter poien aers ‘Aly, cr perry iment in ing tis bon pode sent wth a ound Iinuoitesion omc! meas Webel th tv sade heey sant sled, compere thea wl nthe enna ter ener ot took Tots an enhsnim forthe tet we il comer ot els sooo ‘Ackoowledgmen’, We woul ke 6 hak ou ede a MEG ln pact, ‘Aseds Gree, Sanne Jens, nl Peggy Sele, who prove oie td spore ‘sphere forceting this edton. Asst, este Susan maser joka ‘sing the mane and Miche Ryder me major cobs dug he oa po ‘Gafean Kevin Mace (Vigna Tc and ProestThria Gard eas AN}. > ave cone poles oor bok ove the year Asin ps eto, David Chueh (Univers of Colorado) and Jory Stenger iver gees sare it nis nd suggestions. Usfl suggestion wera mse by Bl nips (Cera Ui ‘erp. Guy (Unies of Uh), Deal ea (Change Nena Unive. ‘Keres andRaymando Corso ad Kirin Mai (TESM, Meco The preset eon ‘elsbenefied om te eviews nd stanton pod hy fling collegues la M. Atkin, Unveiyof Maryn Bety Bar Univers of Hatton Fon Bar, Univers of Nebrask-Linca ‘en W.Hovwoth ase Sie Unversiy ‘Authony Cal Teas A&M Univesity ‘Raymond C.-C nna Unter) -Pet,Inlaspis Stson Cah, nie of Caio, Beceey Son ting, University of Noth Base ‘vote Demen Olé Dominos Uniesiy Cian Re Ole, Ono tof Techastogy Sibhaeep Gan Uiverty of Cis ‘Aaron: Gols, Vins Poems lasted Sine Univesity ‘Greaney L. Grin, Loita Sie Uerty Wier Haier Texas A&M Unter Dea HarscatiBapor Universy ‘Scot Henrich, Vezina Pye nsste and Ste Uivesty David Hom. New ey lst of ecogy “Tablcam Kandy, Universi of Azone yak Lee Cheon Univer Jiean Li Uv of Neat, La ep Ietfey Marta, Univer flv cory Novacy, Univer of Pisburgh Drs Patios, Meher Univers Siva Paanesuray, Tere Techie Unversity Gre Sera, Rashes int of Techy Sey Sergent. Fuld Univesity DipendaK Sia, San rc Sie Unvesty Seat A Secale), Test ABM Unive ober Spal Un St Univesity Jo. Sr, sive of Wins Maison Kasten E Tompsi, Lauistne Ste niery Koma: Vemagat,Usiversy of inst Peter Wolle Une of Mayland Ye Yor. Tear AEM Univeroy ‘Nader Zama, Unive of Wine iri olay, Tus Uabery snout etd tat alhogh we recived wf vce fom he afer Ingvidas, we ar esponise for an incre mises you a ae i on, eas con Steve Chips ema 00 sould detect ny eosin ths en Fal, me wuld ie © tank or fi. end, and student forth enng patenee a apport Un aici, Cynthia Chg nd Cite Carle soa te roving vodarsening pepe tnd love Stren C Chapa Mellor sacs seven capa @aiceds ReyiondP. Cae Late Lesa MicheGUIDED TOUR ‘Toprove ht ito numeral metas, we have guid het nar dps unying Information trough the Mian, Mathemateal ‘neh ground,Orcttnn ad pla ements Seo ofthe tnt wel soon problems tue ceva 1 lnplmenting url methods ‘it erst sel and The Mato In. MATLAB sotto. There 2 emgoeing ese tds oe eden omnes the rer mend mae (erte features aero worked expe io ove student witht yp stato ‘thow he nme meh implement Case Stdie: Portal Difforonl Equations ‘Our wet ota sonal sures fo oth Imteutors and stent AABOUT THE AUTHORS Steve Chap aces inte Civil and Envios Engiesing Deparment Ts ‘Unversity where he bd the Lous Berger Ch in Computing aa Egicting. His ther books ncloe Siice Weer Quality Mode and hyped Newer Meds sianaroan ‘De Chat eed ensnerng depres rm Monta College adhe Univeiy of Mitiga Before ig the acl Tut. he waked fore Elon rae tian Agency andthe Natars|Oceanc and tnosphese Adis nd fe at Texts ABM Univesity and te Univesity of Clpado, His general macach treet fees on sae watt dein ad advance pte pple i avin Hehus eaieda number ofawscs orbital cottons lung te 1993 Roda Hering Medal (ASCE) an th 1987 Mean Wey Desngishd Avtar ard (econ Soy for Ensnering Eda. He hl ren ecg ste eu standing teacher mong the ening faa t both Teas ABM Uaveniy (986 rth Unverity of Coad (192 Rahn Ave) ‘eee porns ie reso muthemac! nd emp lng of gcse "ens Hes abode bouored seer boos an ar paid ot 10 sci Des and reports as alo designe an develope penn! sant rae Fete engetingedcaion ad the slton of enginceng poems, He ar Seen ‘ven the Men Viey Ding Autor Ava by the Ameren Sok) fv En ecng Eouaon for hs books and tof td several awd fhe tech Profesor Case saw devoting bis orgs o spied poblems, whee he works with engtetng a and inty ad goverment ates es and np Numerical Methods for Engineersif On na MODELING, COMPUTERS, AND ERROR ANALYSIS ‘MOTIVATION "Numer metod ae tehiqes by which materia ocr ar formule 0 that they cane soled wit stn operon Although th ry kindof teri ‘ethos, hy bate one corn hrc: thy inary ive lage nombers of telus atime ealeltone I ie wonder twit th devel of ft ef ‘et ig ompet th ral america eto n engeaig poe sling at irceare rately in een yas PTI.t.1 Noncomputor Methods Beyond proving increases coepatin! epee dep ry of om puis personal comptes) od te yrtnenip with rape ets as nd spnicat iene om eal egies probing oes Inthe pe Compute thre were gently the diferent ways in which cogs aprated ‘oben sing 1, Solus were dest fo some problems ing slo exact, tds, These ‘laos were fen fl tnd provided erste iin te tear of some ‘ystems. Honever, anil solos can be Ged fo ol Tinted els of oben. Ths ica on at canbe apposite wet nl hse ‘ttre simple geome an low dimensional. Convent, arly stone ‘eo ited prt! vale eure mot rel oben esol nd inare empl shapes and roses, 2 Graphical soluionswereued ohare the behavior fre. These saps Solon sly tat he form f plato somos Akough egal igs fan often be wed to solve complex potems the reste te mt Wey eee, Fries api outa (wou the ad of emus) a excel ees indawwardtoinplenen Fly, arate ectniqtrae oe lado probes Iatcan be eee wing hee ene dinero {3 Caesars and de mie er wed t imple eum mas aru, ‘Ahogh ner such pyrene sul be perfety agua sling complet profes. in scuy seve icles we encod Mans! elton ie Slow ard tous. Furthermore, consist rete ae eusve base of Single ‘onder that ane when ues anal ae peor Davos the prompt esgic amounts of eeay wer expend on te 0 ue enquire defo ae egreton (PFT le. ‘This ufonuare sitios existed bene o mut ine nd dey were que twin aumerial answers wing peconpteresbniqus 3‘ MOOEING, COMPUTES, AND ERROR ANALYSIS M2 WAOEMATEA SACRO 3 tien wea acs o power comput peli. Thee seve ain Formuaron Formation Feous wy You shold Huy ae metas: fe gn mois 1. Nanette exe owe bling el They aca of ret nso wot Sanding lage sss of eqs, molnestes snd Selene! prmeties at seeps “om rosin una ‘ts ncomnon in egincing pice sn that oer mou tere oy toe ‘ena Asch they pel enene yor probs sl 2 Dring your exer, you may ofin Hav octon 1 tee commercial avtabe ep ncn pgs rrr ed Te ‘mele we fee prorat read on tow he souwren souunaw netyng eet cee |. Many poten ett be apposed sing cone pograns, Io ar coment ee Decent, teayaveee sh otmetl mates ad reap om rogaine out ee ees orga Se aus re pos wt bya concn eae seg rte ce seen hg 44 Name metas es effin shi fring 6 ue comms is wll crore onset owe tan eli way kam roping aval we Compt bearer tan| ae bora. Bec nner haere om sae feces fone hcoetelenld , — [omwmennon ‘nTEARAETATION Sncsmpu ty eel rhs pre Faery ae ey we se pring siral er chray oe: aes ieee pone a he isons of neers Whos you wc iene Inlerencon ton Ta ore snowenoice in tril oan emp sn hen sly Sethe acle cymeondtclow now | spring ain sade doce fbi yo wile pied wi raat demon of how cores on eelstta rat sat See er rst ee Abe nn tej ile Ste cope peti ‘aves ‘trove td contol ter of epoinaton a rl pe of ge Ender inepecton i a © o ‘esemmerc clone “olny, compote and manera! methods provide a aestive fr sch coma end clesltons. Us compute ower bt solos dtl, sce speech thee elclatos witnt rcaure 0 smpliingsarptns or ines tc igus. itoug nay! soaton ae il exenlyvlabe thon pol sl {ng and for proving sgh aerial tod eset sero the rete Inge youreapblier to cnfow adsl pole At sy marine eset forthe use of your ewatve il. Ths, more empha on be plone fo ‘lations saan nerpenio andthe Inspr lyst, o ole ‘acess Fig PTLIB) 'PT1.1.2 Numericel Methods end Engineering Practice ‘Sine he te 19408 he wdespran avi of pl compere ae vibe losin ie te we and evelopment of meme mathe At ft throu as Sot ited yt cost of mes ge aime comptes, onset, tay engloceseotned to aie simple aly sprsshes in agit orion thir work Nodes os the enn vl of nespensie petal compass ena '. Nome eis provide «veicle fr you to wife your undesanng of ‘thenates Basse one function of namereal meto 0 reduce higher "thematic ase withmee operation they lt he puts and bal sme Cherise chrare rpc. Enhncedencestndng and sign ca ea om erative pengestve MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND ‘very pin hs ook requis some material ackgrand, Coney tei stor seal ec alae seca toe jou eaing on ah tat backgroond Bectese Pat One el devoted bckgoved teal on ah iis and computes this Secon dosnt inves review of spec ater top: Hate, uke hippo to nuadie yout the es memati a Jeers covered inthis book. As summarized Fig PT. toe oe 1. ot of Equi Fig PT.2). These poles te conceed wth te vale of'= ‘arial ora frame Stes single monte ston, These poems te ‘pei valle ln egiserng dein coments whee it fea ips ‘lity sive sign eqns fx praters 2 Sens of Linear Algebraic Epos (ig. PT'.26, These problems ae sina in ‘sito os of eqatns in th sence at hy ae cnc wh ves at sySm ha naa fod ove sok _MODEUNG, COMPUTES, AND ERO ANALY (e)Pon Roe tuatione ‘caso (ypc nero geatont (pet Opinaatan ‘ecm at ges optimum (hres tare tea Feresin (onsen i ppe 10 1 me) (conde) FIL2_MSIMENMSICALEACKGEOUND z (pen rire err ection evened tar (pens Pel crt gutien see twee aco onsite gon ast erie "asians sates aso nen leta sunt Sach quae ic ‘ret of pblem cones andi all sisi feginering opal ie rig in the mathematics mating oF le systems of trons elements ich ar suet, clecie ches, al td newark. However fey asd {countered in oer aes numeri meds sachs ee fing an ifectal 3 Opinion (PPL 20, These problems ave deteminng ava or vas fam aden aa a eorespont tobe” or opt vale of fncion “Tha. ssn Fig PTZ, pinto vate neg asia td niin Sach robes oc tiny engieeing design cnet They oan umber ‘eter manele Were sh geen kel neat Splineton We ato debe coed epmzton mas paar engl 4. Chie Fin -PT.24) You il fen bee oss fi curves wo dat pis ‘Th tei eo fo prs cn ie nates neg ise td incon Revesan fr cmped whee ee sca ‘Ee of ese wie apn ene en st Pot ‘helo he rage apse ht ese gee el Sf te an via stuy ating ty vl pa coe Inelain ed whr he etn n ermie eresin ales bared Seyret ait Sa ly ewe eae Ft the stan he tg acne reg po ad ee ‘curve to predict che imermediote values. = 5 Integntion (ig. PTI20 AS depicted, physical inerewion of sumer! Jnegaton ithe detsmiaon ofthe tes ander carve ltpiog has mypris MODEUNG, COMETS, AND RO ANAS snpiaos in egieesng psc, rnpng om th etrninson te ena of iy stoped sesso te calelton ofa quotes bed oe eo cee Iesivemets nasi, nome ntti Torus pay sn moar rl in Tesolin of difeeil esnons 6 Orders Diet! Equtions (Fe. PT:20. Orda terete equtions we of fiat sgnitnose In enpneing pce Ths i eee many hel we re ouch interme of he rt of change ust er ane mapsitae of he Sethu Examples ange fom population forecasting mol gat of cane of Fepulnon othe aceainn aig bya of chang of eb Tweet robems are restau td bonito pate In itn, be Compan finales covered. 1. Ponial Diva Euan (Fe PU2). Pil ire equios ae xe 2 ‘fara engiecting syste where he eho ysl uy conch ie terms off te of change with rrp 9 two or mre Independent vale. cate hls ono wget nt as ‘Sata dincsin. Two fundamentally fire sppctes we enplayd 0 slve ai ferential eqns sme In he rset tet wl apie ie Eten thos ht ppoximate te soon na plea tn ig 1 29). However illo presen an ntocucion tit lemer mtd, ic ne = ‘ORIENTATION, ‘Some retain migh be bp before posting with ur inzodacion muna ‘meds The follwing is itendd sa oferview of he mtn PaO adatom, tone objets hve een clade fou your efforts when ain emt PT1.8.1 Scope ond Proview gue FTL.3 eases epeneninton ofthe tesla Fa One. We ave eed ‘le dagr provide you witha global overview a is parof ebel.We belie da tree hig pte” ei evelopig nih no numeri metho When "a you se singe i pcre, ctr ak to Pig PTI Soret yous. vey par ‘hs ook neler me Pipe PTL sso series a bl review ofthe mati covered Pat Ove Chap ter ide ove outa meri meted ado provide tation by én ‘tng bw thse ces an edith ngnesing esing pees heer? ‘Stn mrolucon sd reve of conpue ated ses of moneclnebods 1d ste evel of computer le yu soul seo fen apply cneting ior ‘ton. Chae Jn del with be porto eer aa ch use ‘eto fre sfc we of ure! meas. In onan ogee ncded ‘won of samen. m3 ovenumcn ° ttc Es ours P13 ‘Scheie i piston femal ot Os Madng. Camps, od Et Aasfete f Reeatcieeae rete esia {BSc irene omnia create, Sgpekienaeaeh cents er ¢ Bites ween 16 mengan terete cman en tao ccpe Siesta are coer vu fggaeeae seataeeereme sidsueecteaeaaticragcarcac tem pana cppecon he pb ol aiesen coma Ua fe ap mene a ee et tp coma lo, i Exivadatee neemanepioa. 17 Fania yun sah be tol ced aga ot Che rer PT1.8.2 Goals end Objectives Study Objectives. Up completing Fa On, you sul be adel peared wo bark on ou ste of numeral mtd. In seal yo hol ave ote ha ental usernding of be grace of campers inde lof apoio ar ine inplementatio and develope uel mas nests oa ‘oer sas, you shal have mastered ech of he pci stay sbceree hae ‘ler Comper Objectives. Upon completing Pat Oo, ou sul have mastered slot omput ils develop your owe star fore meal meted actos ee ‘soil sew develop welstuctied ad rele comp poner ore ek Feeaooi,Nowchns, roe forse algorithms: You shal hv esc bc, obit te document your poyrams wht they my be efscivey capes oy ace Fly in ado yor awn propa you ty bong nts get a is ook Pakage ke Excel The MaitWerks lc MATLAD® pope acres ‘sf ith stare Yu shuld become fair wth se packs targa mfr ing thn ose url bln er se bencme saree geese Mathematical Modeling and Engineering Problem Solving Keowlege an uterus ae pees ote eine ingleentson of aay too No mute how inpesiv your ta chest, you wilt har peed oe a do nt uncerstnd how it wt. ‘This sparc te when was computes fo sve eglneeig problems. Al ‘ough hy have set pot! wy, compute ue pal anes seers hy mena uodestandng of ow enginesting ems wrk ‘This understand snl ane by empl meam— by observation ad ‘pete However while such emprily derived informatio i even hea tale str. Ovec yea year of oben aneterneteeigieen ad ce ave id ta eran ase tr empl alos ear pets Ses ongedappoath of empcam andere sage ae he mat be sesh the wo proms aly ould As new xcemens are taken he geez may be mole ar ew nts develope Sanh oe ea ich consonant dawn From at ngaesing otemraahns poe a ‘femewo is most when is expres ihe fom ot muon eo Te pinay sje ofthis capers moe you to mathemati elie ‘sn rle in engorng problem solving We wl alo lastshow sneer, Faure inte proces A SIMPLE MATHEMATICAL MODEL ‘A matemais mode canbe tray dein! famulon or equation a cpr ‘he een fees phy system or process i nara nies nan lee itcan te eesned icone elfonstist cae Boum’ = (A. memes secon) onMACHEN ATICAL MODEUNE AND ENGNEEENG PRORIEM SOWING 12 sin pinion, oo — Tieng pene sling pose vee dependent ris christ tly elles he belie ste Ss uct neds bt ay eon chee se Song wehbe sens hr ng teri pronase tt ‘aro orcomplion nd he frcganton anes ing “7p eal ment expo (1) can ug fo simpler ‘snail os ef itn penn Pe cap ee Sagan Neen mis le tn, ase i ‘icofhange ef monet fab geo be oui eracngor Tee ‘repo mo ond lw tno eon Pome on whee Facing ot body orks mm = mas oe jh nd TThascloan 1.1_A.StvRe waTenanCn MODEL 2 ® [7 sce cn be cat in he frmat oF 1.) by melvin bot side bymtogre Q nk a3 sunton (1.3) hs sever charities that cl of mathe! motets of ae ysl wot 1 esrb satya peso sytem in mathe, | 2 Nets a alton ad sipliaion of lity, Ta the model ign ure 1.2 ee Erne when opti we cj ne es Ha nat one sen eas 1 elses an on see ble bmers hat fn Svcd Fly. it ls eprodae reat td consent, an be wed for pve Ceengee nee urposs. Fo expt, if he force onan objet ane tas an objet ar now pmo eh a s.(13)ean ese compe celta ‘Since, Beco i ipl gi fom, the ato of. (12 ca be oad es. Hower ter mathew eel pysel pene my temic nrc ee, niet lnc be Solved xorg mre sophsinied aentel aen es (te sole alae fo er soition To ilatate amore compen sel oa ea Newton's secon ow canbe edo determi i ial eens ove eins ay "eae car's sure. Or aling bay wl ea uch Pp 1). eae a, {ast canbe dived by expressing the strlen a eine it cha ae ‘year ant susan ine Ey 13) ld hae vlc os) ani. Ths he mas mpd by he ne of hange ftw ieal the et force acing on the by Ite ates nce et ial tis negive tie etl dere He ce tach ‘he’ veloc wil en scone ens ‘Net. wel exes thet foc a ems of essa ae an preter, ory ling wih be vii of tear (ig. 12), nef pee ee ‘rong res: th donna plo gravy Fate oper face acne se Fa fost as fe downward fe susie a postve sgn, he seco aan be wed of late fee doce previa Femme ws ihre ¢= te gig conta, rte alan dt gai, which pp. ely age 8 misAPES MATHENANEAL MODEING AND ENGINEERING FROBLEA SONING ‘ie eitance cn be format na yey of ways Asimle pon #10 ae ia heel popotina velo das 6 upward er 2 propationaliy cs Tea coy reste tupac ee i orpaperte be ling cbs Fee Feline psa cae e might te fonction fe tases by he pacts daring fe a ees beer be dwar and upward Fre Tees, ge {1a hough (1 Peon be cabin eld de _mg~ee am cr slyng he sie raion in on stn cll the dag cooing) Tus he rer “ies sie Th pramae saps orca osgoes hat fe pe of jump ore ie on ao aon (19) me it nest cern of falig st he re ‘seis ten nee of een aca Ingen tie diferent eqsion a reed ne ale ar yee ert oe etBio of New econ awn (13 ng Howevt econ © th env clton of (19) fort a ag puch cant oie sing singers arp. tcc more advan ehnigtes 2h Rat espa solon,Fo expe he prt is lar) carcass E(t bos of les, mast applied an ab i istly atest (= Oa uo ote hE (1.10) nt geal em of Ea (1) where ot) = he Snes (ot yh ¢ = independ fenton. ‘Analy Slaton he Flog ie and Porous rblem Problem Stolen. A parachs of as 8:1 kg amps oto sony hor tal Sky pie cpg cbt Te dg estes feon Us (110) compte ual oa ays Solon. sein th rameters it (110) ls 9568.) 75 we ‘wich an compute vos ain) = 539 ely maa aa ep 0) wey apne neni oh “peer eo one ° oa i on Acoiing 16 the motel, he parachutist aceetes rid (i Sg srt em on eit mee enn eo ele te trina eli of 3399s 19.4 mi secede SS eee eserves ‘resistance, Thus, the net force is zero and acceleration has ceased. ia tion (1.10 ced an aia ct ran th on feet, nyt a many masa ‘uot lel cy hay of exc, ete i eve teri slim tpn en ton ee "A eo pein, merical methods ie hse which the athens bles reaomaed ota ohed yates operon Tsconbeleaed fnouRe 1.3 Theor soon ae lag prt bien os aaah ‘mpd eple rein wy ‘ey nas th end Srnec mae% opporeae Fes domaine Teenage! MATHEMATICAL MODEING AND ENGINEEENS PRSLEM SOLVING for Newton's second aw yang ht he tine rte af change of ely can be ap povined by (1: de 2 AY lie wt) | wa a where Quand A= ils ie velocity nd ine epee comput ve fi teva = ely aa ili a i) = Vey oe er ne Notehnde/ar = A sppacinatebecune sine Remenbom essa en Ear ution (1.1 epesens he reves aces. gut (1) ale finite ded difrence aproxmsiono be dative st time ren be subtiaed oE1.) Be Wu) mr Set Ms “Tic equatin can en be earange oil Mow we Node arise ia backs te igh a sid of te lel euson tf (. (1 9) Tht provers means compute the tof hnge clap of» Ts, {he eel eqn ha bes anforned it eqn th an be ned ee ‘ine the velo algebra ty seg te ope nd previous ais of wand you {Se venom inal ae or velosyasane tne, youn ely emote vel a Ewafear-0 ay exAMRE 1.2 1.1_ASWE ATH ACAL MODAL w Interne This vl of veloc at ca nt be payed extend he compotion owl xs nT at any ie slong the New vale = ld alae +See ne Noe that this spree formal called Euler meth. Numercl Soliton othe Fling Porochitit Prom Problem Semen. Pefovte sme comput an Example. te (1.12) comput te velar. Employ 3 ep sie ofr telson. Solon, Alike tothe computation ( =) he velit of he parachi 50 ‘Using this informaton ul he eremeter ales rm Example 11, B 1.12} be ‘ocomput elt a) = 2 +f Bos . i260. 2060 compen mel i eet v=19i0+foa- 2%ena]2= 20008 ‘Te cleution comin in similar fehion a cin ions wales : mle Be ao ‘Terese plot Fig. Slang wt he ext slat, can be sen hat the mil hod apres beeen! fears oft east slon However bree Sree poy sili segrnts te aproximse sonny cing frton, There some dscepucytetwees the wo el Oe ayant sch seer ‘esto urea sleeps. er example plying (2) vas esl {salle er asthe sage pons tc or thee slo, Ung aed Seulsions th eft serine wit nag eller and sme sep Ss wuld male {och unreal soon impacica. However with he i of he comp, age mn ‘bes felts canbe performed ey Tos, you cn asarely moe eel) te aling pacts witht avng soe the diferent equaton eat Asn the previous xampis compton rice mat he psd fr amore acute ‘sumer resi Ect halving ae stup seo tan ne seccy edt angURE 1.5 Corgi be rms ‘noses soar he ‘Sling pode pen MATHEMATICAL MOOEING AND ENGINEERING FROBLEM SOMING “emia waey 1 fhe manteof computaions. Tha, we sth te std tween acy ad ‘oman efor. Sut tade-ofs ge prominent inane metbeds acs tues inpetant heme fis book. Consent, we ave eveed te Eplogse of ar (net annrecutonta mere fase def CONSERVATION LAWS AND ENGINEERING ‘Asie om Newtons eon aw hte eh ner raising pine meses ing Amon he mt ipo others rehome lug hy fr the esi for vary af comple nd povertlmahematil mod, get on on avs of see and egieeing ae coceptaly est understand Ty al ot (Cange = incre — decrees oy ‘This precy the oma tat we employed Wien ng Nevins awn develop fre alan rhe fling pst (18). ‘Altough snp (1.15) enbate oe of he max fundamental ways in which onervton les ee iene pet changer wih apc tine. eae t (1 emne noratiaot opin ‘Asie om edn changes, ante way fn which conservation Inve apes forces where Change enone chang ao 4 (13 becomes Incest = ders cute 2112 cONSEEVATON ANS AND ENGINEERING 19 ee, nbs ‘Thus. fo change ecu haces nd decreases stb in bce. hiss which ‘sab hen spell mete ead tere computations my spleen ine sig For eran, seadyste ical fail in pips the Mow ina [con must be tlaced yf slg cx in Forth juntion a Fp 1.6, he alae can be sed to amp hat he woof he oat pipe mse Fore fang parched ste condo woul comespond the xe whee he ne Fre was ero 8 with dor 9) ‘Toa, lates, he downward and upward fre en bln, nd (1.15) can esas och til vel ‘though 81.13) an (14) mig ager evil simple ty ebay he wo {use wap tht consereion vse employe in raring Asch ey wil Ferman porte pt fu fs in satguet chapters toa cnet be "wera oun methods nd eginesing. Ose par veils fr ang ts cone. ‘ona engnering pation tat spent thea ach puto ts ook ‘Tle | tummaries soe ofthe sipleengierng el an essa conse ‘ion st wl fm he sis fr many of tee ensnarng pls, Mast fhe ‘eric enpneigapliaons wil fc on mas tac fr mars Tes a toes ede fom the conserva of ss. apc hat he args ssc achen ‘alin ie ec depos on tsuneo aflame as owing eu Both thsi snd mechal easing applon wl fos on moos eve ‘ed fiom te coesnace of momentum. For cil egies. foe ane ae lize te anayee sacs sud the Sle Tal. Tesome pees ae eloed forthe mechanical eagietiog spear 0 anise te tion pan ‘down tn or bation stm0 MATHEMATICAL WOOGING AND ENGINEEHNG FROWLEM SOONG ante. —— ‘conervion of mae Mavs bles: = ‘ca engineering econ ent vie ond ype ol sone at acannon wed in formar area. ening Fey cv conraos iw upon wh he blanca ete spect ‘GrgmiigPiale Weta xpatn a. ap, Fer ern PROBLEMS TABLE 1.2 Sone proscl ssh lb xplred nh ering spans lib ert ech par hs bok 1. Nasi! ws net Much ol aul ngmeng dpc onion spo ccd ‘sta Aah dinero oe apne nga ante 2. Speen nap Who mpm ee an nih or ae ‘acc cng copa courte atom sa macnn os eee 2 Rosh cat on ery, lb end ha fee man de ra ops omen Nouns tel opseerc (nu aoc fected anon Siistapnuien escnaaniseonene 5 Roatan tema ptr dome eld Bed mins etd Nel eet odes pa ah Pally he deci englocringmpieatos employ both cen ad energy ba sce to model les ckcu Te erect laos wich efi coseeton cof chrgisimarin spit ke Now tnlace depict nF 16st flow ta net the jncon pipe, ect ureter the jcon flee ‘The ener ble sis tat te changes of vlage sun sy Toop of te cca tonal po 2. The egies appestions ar drghd ius how nea ‘nthe ctl employed in te einen ration sling proces hy il emit us expe pate ues Tale [2 ht ie na wel plein. Making tee conecon ete athena! echigus sch a uel ethos tod enanering race real ep epig e potetil Carel xan ton fhe engineerin aplstons wl lp yous tace psc. 14 uns oe 60% oa Doty wiht Asam ‘ea ph 12 ofthe by weve 28 he (ay we acne hone wa gy 738 tbody tea wl ny we emir oe ISS eh boy igh od clr 2 of arte a pn fy ht a he Irby Bm 3m Eh at hs so BS scone af nh ee Sop west ebay2 MATHEMATICAL MODEING AND ENGINEERING PROBLEM SOWING os Na a eth dear Ghbptetobowagrekeonni . enn [car otro eps ya 205 gh ad he Sagecoemn (Gated Baie Deposits ry 151838 on a” on Ue corain sh som bac 61-7 {/tsnd9/ Show exh ep ne ong ea Sticur anion conga? Ge me fw a teak ies ghen by =U UENoncscmy wie torte eared en pe Onto aa 0 ead Figure PIs 1 ram dn on pn i ee pone | Figure PLS ‘dy po Th tay wl soe 021402, an 038 Sr fy ste fe hg en ret {ae tg emi an ae poco ganda ogc fs a and Jerherscaconten a stg ssn of 1 gto Telenor ons the Tr ect ste (19) fhe ee we ea ‘eect Bema 15 roe Ease. Compete reo r= 1, th ysl nd) 08 Gm ya {Stine ee rani oy 0 ihe rec conned soc (a Ong ca han tr So frm sin fore ‘thet te pper nayarn (oO? = (0) Reet mete aan Emp 13 with Sse tl conic sd poner ve Use ale of 110 amp ely of + fe ing pre wing fest acs ie ns Wg Oe ee (na cn a scat pd vey ot owl eye ath genie ge SD 1 er ae he ewig paca we ‘eh ss Spoinain we ne texan igs ee et te in et we = pion zion ade am ‘hes pens Eomthe ets te) 0) = gan ‘Stlosions teers 28m} a hes ‘as 2657 10 Sen re ein (9 oe Sve sha camps pon (0 Force dna mie ee ce te © Foto mater sepa Om mohae te wal vce ins pw Cpr ith esa ‘ect ins ed rectors i ocr ‘een fy Te ana or ay Ey Uy smarter rnc be writen (=) (0) Un Ener me ve i tion fom? = 001 ‘t= 024' Eapny tp sue of = 0 Thea int = ie OB (eM nion on seme ep. ne yes ede emi lps You ‘Sh pat winnie 2 seem uo) wen they #89 agai 0 (CREE) = etn ct Ow comts Asane tu hentl edien y= ‘theo nected te og ar ‘iceman rh be ren Urs matte fre cept mt = D110 op aero 034, Tie pote wher we A= a0 ooh nd ae ton = 1 Sot ner et ig pat 2 yy Lb 2 eatyy —t re Vi ylme (em = tie (9 the vein Covi an Assure oa). Use Ele mdPa MATHENAICALMODEING AND ENGINEING FROMM SUNG ‘Soin ht ty ‘Senda a seni mon (eam eg), f= te get he yO =i ihe rset Some er min), one) Says of cle cigialy per ea 4°. Ose Ears med to cme he gee {om 0 min wing sep mini C= ‘heehee sleet oye al (8 Witerneesion dt wl dee hea of ngs ener (eRe yr ype mer enced 0 ion i a thecal enero nor ete he ‘pines neti) Deri ngs ere 118 A hi speed eh etn bw Fi LB :=08 004 Gy 0d, mt fy 03M damit z & cs os a a 2 a ea Figure P18 24 Programming and Software nite revi chapter, we sd et ose deel etl modelo edi he fal velo a prc Ths model ook he fr of ifr etic Wels fared th Soltiont tis equation could be inne bya siple esl proached Ene med, Giver anil copdon, is euton an epee repeat o compete eli fon fie Homer goo acu. yal see ast be taken This woul be extremely Iabosous ad ine conmuring time by han However nthe aif he compte ach lin an be peered ey So cr nest sks igure ot hw sd tis The presen che wil nee you ‘ohow te cratered ato sin sar saan PACKAGES AND PROGRAMMING “Tota. the ae vo ype a oftware rer. On oe han ewe ee who ike win they ar gien Tht they Hi hess wo tease oo nthe sates Standard mae a operon For etal stair poposion salvage ‘emf ier eutionso seer f plot of + ales ih er Exel or MATLAB fofvare Beco hl inves minum fe, mest ese oe ti ant" node af peaton In atin sine the designers the pkages ante ‘pcr pen any eg pls aa be led nti "Bul wat happens when robe is tte beyond the an calif ‘wo Unforutly. vowing up your hand nd sing "Soy bos oe 8a cept n nxt eagineering cles. nth se, ache fe raves is you ean lo for free pcane anda fi capa of sing he rb em Tint sae of he ressons We te ehoen to cove bth Excel nd MATLAB in the book As you wl sex nether oe Il encompassing al ear aw ifn segs 222 ROGRAMING AND SOFTWARE By bring convert with bot, ou wl peal increase th ange of problems you an ‘Second ou can radeon power wer” by lela owe Escel VBA! maior MATLAB Nefles Ang wis a these? They ne ohne mre han omer Progr tt slow you to ete te apis of eels Because egioess ld ‘ve content te ol ned ey wll whatever ear oe bk ro {En power way doth tolerate rogram nthe acl and MATLAB eo ‘rosin Fanbermor te pramig sls eguted for mos an Ms ete ‘Sine above awed tefl devel pgs in langangs ike Foran 80 ar “Fhe map gol of he pret che ose ou how tascam be ove, Howe, tne dose tat you hat ben expose tert of cpt prozaring “hee our eps Re tone of programing ht ety fet ue 2.1.1 Computer Programs Compare proranae mer «eof estan tht ret he compte to prom ‘ant ice any India wre propane os band ing of pets, mos Hebel compe nnuazes ie Foren 90 an Cate ch capes. Aap oneal might nop the il ng of hes capablies ot meee ‘he ly to peiform ensbewine oredr neato ‘Looked rm hs perpertve,we ca at down the ome 0 ew ro ramming ops. These we + Single infomation presentation entrails, ap elation {Advanced inrmationepesettin (ta ste, ys, nd 00). ‘aemat frminsGngnmen, pity les, dni eos. Inputs opal erence, een ad epeton Madar ogramiing scons ad rote). ec we astuetat you ave hl some pio errno programing we wll etapa othe es ot ots reas AUD we fer the 5 chee to {i tha you il eed to en fora the popes low. "Howeves we ml vt soe tne oth lt wo tops We emphasing ‘sean becae the Slagi ae tat me inleaes an lg’ coerene and oder We inlaemodelar programming bees aloconibts gel) 1 = powram'sepnzaton. neon, modules provide eas 1 civ usta alg ‘ts ina convenient ort fo subeaent pias, ‘STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING Inthe ea day comps, programmers uly ety much tenon 1 wheter Ui programs were car and es to undsin.Toe, i ecognzed ht here re ry otf owing orgnee, well raced code Aste or the cvs bene ‘frmoking sofa mck ase to str, alo Dep Beate much mare eflet 22. STRUCTURED mOGRUWMINS a rogram develoment Tha, weet iii ae lovary esr dtug des resign poems tikes shrine w Gv te sn pe Computer cents have tal sue he faces pected develop huis oases se pogonatng bt ‘ues tht pee ged spe abs rhe programe. hough sta prog tinge nop low coe ety sd pena execs ‘ngs enh esta wo ee erence fr sien ottied re sre heed pcs ae ag nd eae nde ‘eye behind acre proganming it sy mera gota can be cons in tr sada nl es tee lo te pe fo By liming canes the sur he eshing Compt ode wl ear Sndeaerotolow Ine flowing paragapts, we wil dese ac of hese stu. Tolpis de ssinion grow, we wil ensay Nowra aetecode. A oucho isl ‘raph epesnation oo sgt The ower ploy aere of Hoek an {ows cache which mpesen prc operson or pa sgoihs .21). ‘Beano pent en nih eon es Noteverore ile wit comptes proasaming ees at Newcaring sa po deste cadet. ofa sme epentd programmers do oot ovate Noch. However, we fl ht te ete po eon fr thing ems hey el se for eupesing and eammunisig iat Seond vei ea copoyed ‘nly her wile ies whe hy wl prove sel plesing waren oa {omic the bi of Your own soreness og aly an et got for our pups, te reel pedagogical nt Pom extng prec ey Sint ed wfc ee ‘iow gas oto. han ht an ars ion or dances, Irowouout Roos pt aus tana,tr ia vei or vrusning sme fhe anne antl taste ployed in empute ozs ‘haere aproch to express a litt ies the gap betwen Do in pace of he arpa! sels of he Nowchar. We have ape ome sje comes. ion flrth predecode in ths Bak Keyword ach a FDO, INPUT eae epta- [a whereas te condom processing Steps ards we ower Adon be processing steps are indented Thus th keyworts Frm sandwich” wound he ses ‘Oe advange of peudoode tn eat develop a page wit it han sx flowcart The pretncod eat casero modi nd shite wt oten, However, Die algrths the resem vert. ne wil we flowchart for pega prea ‘rocde wil be ur icp acl for smmenicng lai aed to ne Sequence. The sequence src express evident ness you iat tts compute code tte mole on asteton tai Avia Pg 22 the actre son exe geneily a lh ors reac Selection. In coast 10 te ep tyep setence sete, seston provides ets pi te props ow i ances bed os he one laps con os Fgwe 2 shows th wo most den wy for dig “Te ingle ateratve decision. orF/THEN nc (Fg? Mow for dete ‘nthe progr fw fogs omton te. i le reting tapped te po ‘Bum mone ety oe next seer allowing te ENDIF The oe-hertve e Ehhon or VTHEVELSE trace 23), even omens ors te con Siow However if the conn ae. be rogram implemen th cade been the ELSE and me ENDIF Ficure 2.2 (oom ond (Bh peta be (arrow. (8) Pedoade Fovehor nd rnc ‘inp lor cohase {el Sngectwnie wat neha dle ‘eras ton emma 22. 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