Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud were two influential minds of the unconscious world with two very

differing philosophies. One believed that the unconscious had two layers, a personal unconscious which was located right under the conscious mind and a collective unconscious right under that which held the e periences of all humanity, while the other believed that the unconscious was a part of the mind under the conscious containing repressed se ual feelings and re!ected thoughts, events and e periences of the resenting conscious mind. "he first was Carl Jung, the latter was Sigmund Freud.

"he ironic thing about the two is that the student somewhat surpassed the teacher. Carl Jung was actually a student of Sigmund Freud at one time before he branched off and created his own theories, especially when it came to dream interpretation. Freud usually focuses on the ob!ect of a dream while Jung focuses on the sub!ect or sub!ective level. Jung believed that dreams reveal in a symbolic way a patient#s person transformation and individual growth $individualism%. Freud#s dream is retrospective, meaning that it mainly deals with past events from childhood $usually psychological trauma or se ual fi ations%, while Jung#s dreams were more prospective, again showing what the dreamer can grow into. Freud#s dreams usually were regarded as a manifestation of the repressed se ual urges of the unconscious. For e ample, if a patient dreamt about a long ob!ect, Freud would most li&ely say that it represents the phallus and ultimately se , while Jung may say that it has nothing to do with the desire to have se at all but rather the phallic ob!ect could refer to strength or fertility. "his is where Jung and Freud had their greatest disconnect. Jung didn#t believe that everything was based so much on se uality while Freud did. 'owever, this disconnect is not surprising as ultimately, all of

Freud#s students and most of his fellow peers didn#t agree with his strong emphasis on se uality ruling everything. Jung and Freud especially differ in that Jung ma&es humans seem li&e beings that can advance and grow together, while Freud ma&es human seem largely li&e barbaric beings whose only(main motivation is se .

Freud, originally an )ustrian doctor, is &nown as the father of psychoanalysis. *t is said that Freud always considered himself first and foremost a scientist endeavoring to e tend the compass of human &nowledge, and to this end he enrolled at the medical school at the +niversity of ,ienna in -./0. 'e initially studied biology and did research in physiology for si years under the great 1erman scientist 2rnst 3run&e, who was director of the 4hysiology 5aboratory at the +niversity, and later speciali6ed in neurology. 'e got his degree in -..7 and later set up a private practice in the treatment of psychological disorders which gave him much of the clinical material on which he based his theories and his pioneering techni8ues.

Freud#s colleague and friend, Josef 3reuer, made the observation that when he tal&ed with a woman who seemed to have hysteria, the symptoms went away. "he woman was e periencing e tensive hysterical symptoms after the death of her father $faintness, nervousness, insomnia, fluid retention, heaviness in abdomen, muscle spasm, shortness of breath, irritability, loss of appetite for food or se , and a 9tendency to cause trouble9%, and after hypnosis didn#t wor& long:term for her, 3reuer decided to tal& to her. She reminisced about various events from the past and about her daydreams, and as she

revisited moments from her past, which were associated with the onset of a particular symptom, each symptom seemed to disappear with each emotional outburst.

Freud and 3reuer published the case and others in their -..; boo& Studies in Hysteria and it was then that Freud#s philosophy of psychoanalysis was reali6ed. Freud stated that many neuroses $phobias, some forms of paranoia, hysterical pains, etc.% were deeply rooted in traumatic e periences that the patient went through in the past. "hese e periences were forgotten and hidden from consciousness. *n order to cure the patient, the patient must recall the e perience so much so that it comes up to the surface and the patient can then consciously confront their feelings and thoughts and etc. 3y confronting their repressed(forgotten feelings, the patient can finally cry or yell or whatever it is they need to do to discharge their feelings and thus, the underlying cause of the neurotic symptom is removed.

Freud went on to hypothesi6e that symptoms of hysteria were most li&ely to occur if the repressed feelings are related to traumatic childhood se ual e periences. "his theory was very unconventional at the time $early -<==s%, a time in which society shunned open se uality and especially didn#t li&e the idea of childhood se uality, and society labeled Freud as controversial and, for awhile, ostraci6ed him. Freud#s colleague, 3reuer, didn#t agree with his e cessive emphasis on se and neurosis and later left Freud, who continued to wor& on the development of psychoanalysis on his own.

*t is after Freud is somewhat already established that Carl Jung comes into the picture. Jung was attracted to the theory of the unconscious mind and psychoanalytic theory, but he too was put off by the e cessive emphasis on se . Jung thought that there was more to humans than !ust libido or se drive. 'ere is where Jung and Freud start to branch off from the same path> Freud concluded that the human mind is made up of the id, the ego and the super ego. "he id is our unconscious drives $mostly se %, and &nows nothing of morality or reality. *t e ists only to serve our pleasure principle. Following the id is the ego, which is our conscious perceptions, memories, and thoughts that enable a person to deal effectively with reality. "he ego serves our reality principle. "he super ego, or conscious, is always in conflict with the id and tries to partially fulfill id drives through socially acceptable behaviors.

For e ample, let#s ta&e the id#s biggest want> se . Freud believed that se ual pleasure began in early infancy $oral, anal and phallic stages, then Oedipus Comple by age five% and that humans go through sublimation, where you ta&e a want that can?t be fulfilled, or shouldn?t be fulfilled, and turn the energy into something useful and productive. Since humans can#t have se all the time as that would definitely interfere with our wor& schedules, we subliminate most of our desires for se ual pleasure and channel that energy into something else, such as playing a sport or wor&ing on a pro!ect for school. "his is our super ego partially fulfilling id drives through socially acceptable behaviors.

Jung also divides the psyche into three parts> the ego, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, however Jung#s interpretations are more positive and he draws a lot from 2astern philosophy(religion such as 3uddhism and 'induism. "o Jung the ego is the conscious, the personal unconscious includes both memories that are brought to mind and memories that have been suppressed for some reason, but do not contain the instincts that Freud spo&e of, and the collective unconscious includes our e perience as a species, &nowledge that we are born with(everyone !ust &nows such as love at first sight or d@!A vu. Be &now what#s happening indirectly, but we can never be fully conscious of it. Jung also developed his own principles which varied greatly from Freudian principles. "he principle of opposites states that every wish suggests the opposite. For every good thought you have, there#s also a bad thought inside of you. *n order to have a concept of good, you have to have a concept of bad. "he second principle is the principle of e8uivalence which states that the energy created from the opposition is 9given9 to both sides $good and bad% e8ually. ) person chooses which side they want $good or bad% and, for e ample, if a person decides to return the lost wallet they found instead of &eeping it and ac&nowledges that they did thin& about &eeping it and that they do have the capacity to lie, cheat, steal, etc., then the person#s psyche will be o&ay and they#ll grow from it. 'owever, if a person denies that they do have the capacity to do anything that is not good and thin&s that they are good all the time, then they may end up developing a comple and a shadow of your dar& side will develop and could lead to evil on your conscience or, an e tremity, multiple personalities. "his is how a person who is innocent and thin&s they can do wrong can end up turning into a party animal who does

illegal drugs. *f the evil within is never ac&nowledged, then eventually the repressed evil will want to be not only ac&nowledged but put into effectC )nyway, the third and final principle is the principle of entropy, that over time oppositions will come together, energy will decrease and everything will even out. "his e plains why children have so much energy and adolescents live at the e tremes $boys try to be macho, girls try to be feminine, can be wild and cra6y one moment and then finding themselves the ne t%, and why older adults are more centered, not trying to be super macho or feminine# or anything, but settle down and become more balanced. )nother big difference between Jung and Freud is that Jung believed that everyone had archetypes, an unlearned tendency to e perience things in the same way $part of the collective unconscious%. 'owever, it is &ind of similar to Freud#s instincts as they are both unlearned things we feel, but differ in that they are not biological li&e Freud, but more spiritual things. Jung says that there is no set number of archetypes, but some include the mother archetype, how everyone wants(relates to a mother figure, the father archetype, a guide or authoritative figure, the shadow which is the dar& side of the ego or rather more animalistic side where se and life instincts are, the persona, which represents our public image, what we put out there $whether it be the real us or not%, and the anima and animus, the male and female aspects that each person possess. "he anima is the female aspect present in the collective unconscious of men and the animus is the male aspect present in the collective unconscious of women and together they are referred as sy6ygy. +sually our roles are chosen by our gender, which is shaped by society, as before we were born, when we were fetuses, we were neither male nor female, and as newborns we didn#t &now how to actC 'owever, society depicts how

women should act and how men should act, and Jung thin&s that because of this, we will only develop half of our potential. "he psychoanalytic branch of psychology is one that is filled with different ideas and theories, and the unconscious mind is still one that cannot be mastered. )lthough Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud had very differing approaches to psychoanalysis and the unconscious, they both agree on one thing in regards to our anima and animus> we are all really bise ual in nature.

FREUD vs. JUNG

Though Jung's analytical psychology derives from Freud's psychoanalysis, there was strife, disagreement and disappointment shared between these two great thinkers, resulting in a rift between once great friends. Some key differences are presented below: JUNG postulated two layers of the unconscious ! a personal unconscious, right under the conscious mind, taking in personal psychic contents and down below the collective unconscious, containing the accumulating e"perience of all humanity.

FREUD depicted the unconscious as a receptacle underlying the conscious mind, whose task is to contain re ected and un! encountered events, feelings, thoughts and e"periences of the resenting conscious mind.

#ccording to FREUD the force of life is driven by sexuality and the underlying unconscious contains nothing but feelings, thoughts e"perience and frustrations of resulting unfulfilled se"ual desires$ hence the unconscious is a bag full of pathology and in fact, so is life in general.

There is much more to life than se"uality, which is but a part of a greater wholeness, which underlies the process of Individuation and constant search for meaning, according to JUNG. The unconscious has a compensatory regulating function, aiming at healing, growth and individuation.

For FREUD, a disturbance to the psychic balance is a pathology stemming from an unresolved se"ual conflict, a complex surrounding the person's se"ual energy %libido&.

For JUNG it is not necessarily a pathology, but rather a compensatory and regulatory inclination of the unconscious to strive and resolve the unbalanced e'uilibrium of the psyche as a whole.

#lthough there is much divergence between the (aster %Freud& and his e"!devotee %Jung&, there is much in common too. )ne may sometimes refer to psychoanalysis as *materialistic* and reductive, while taking Jung to be the *spiritualistic* and holistic.

"a&en fromD httpD((www.hypno!ung.co.u&(freud:!ung.htm

Jung ,s. FreudD ) 5oo& at the Clashing "heories of Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud of the 4sychoanalytical School of 4sychology
3y Eoberta O. Eoberts 4eriod F )4 4sychology Final 4ro!ect Gr. 4resswood

)4) Style Citations -.

httpD((www.hypno!ung.co.u&(depth:psyc.htm httpD((www.cg!ungpage.org(inde .phpH optionIcomJcontentKtas&IviewKidI/F0K*temidI;F httpD((www.carl:!ung.net(dreams.html httpD((encarta.msn.com(encyclopediaJ/7-;7L.;<JL(SigmundJFreud.html httpD((www.iep.utm.edu(f(freud.htm httpD((www.colorado.edu(2nglish(courses(2M15L=-LNlages(freud.html