Worksheet - Gas Law Problems - AP level Problems 1 - 10

Problem #1:

A sample of CH4 is confined in a water manometer. The temperature of the system is 30.0 C and the atmospheric pressure is 98.70 kPa. What is the pressure of the methane gas, if the height of the water in the manometer is 30.0 mm higher on the confined gas side of the manometer than on the open to the atmosphere side. (Density of Hg is 13.534 g/mL).

1) Convert 30.0 mm of H2O to equivalent mm of mercury: (30.0 mm) (1.00 g/mL) = (x) (13.534 g/mL) x = 2.21664 mm (I will carry some guard digits.) 2) Convert mmHg to kPa: 2.21664 mmHg x (101.325 kPa/760.0 mmHg) = 0.29553 kPa

3) Determine pressure of enclosed wet CH4: At point A in the above graphic, we know this: Patmo. press. = Pwet CH4 + Pthe 30.0 mm water column kPa 5) Determine pressure of dry CH4: From Dalton's Law, we know this: Pwet CH4 = Pdry CH4 + Pwater vapor 98.70 kPa = x + 0.29553 kPa x = 98.4045

(Water's vapor pressure at 30.0 C is 31.8 mmHg. Convert it to kPa.) 98.4045 kPa = x + 4.23965 kPa x = 94.1648 kPa

Based on provided data, use three significant figures; so 94.2 kPa.

Problem #2: A mixture of nitrogen and neon gases contains equal moles of each gas and has a total mass of 10.0 g. What is the density of this gas mixture at 500 K and 15.0 atm? Assume ideal gas behavior. 1) Let x = moles N2 and y = moles Ne. Therefore, from the problem: 2) However x = y, therefore: total moles in mixture = 0.416 48x = 10 x = 0.208 moles N2 28x + 20y = 10 y = 0.208 moles Ne

"molar mass" of mixture = 10.0 g / 0.416 mol = 24.0 g/mol

3) Manipulate PV = nRT as follows: a) replace n with g g mol1 c) PV (MM) = gRT b) PV = gRT / MM (MM is the molar mass) (g/V is the unit for gas density.)

d) P (MM) / RT = g/V

4) Insert values and solve: (15.0 x 24.0) / (0.08206 x 500) = g/V density = 8.8 g/L

Comment: using 28.014 and 20.18 rather than 28 and 20 (and carrying some guard digits) should refine the value a bit better. The book answer to this problem is 8.81 g/L.

Problem #3: Three 1.00 L flasks at 25.0 C and 1013 hPa pressure contain: CH4 (flask A), CO2 (flask B) and NH3 (flask C). Which flask (or none) contains 0.041 mol of gas? Three important points: (a) All three flasks are at equal pressures (by the way, 1013 hPa is not usually seen. It is the same as 101.3 kPa, which is 1 atmosphere). (b) All three flasks are at the same temperature. (c) All three flasks have the same volume. The above satisfies Avogaro's Hypothesis: equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of pressure and temperature, contain equal number of molecules.

Therefore, all three flasks either all contain 0.041 mol or none does. We will check flask A, using PV = nRT: (1.00 atm) (1.00 L) = (n) (0.08206 L atm mol1 K1) (298 K) n = 0.0409 mol All three flasks contain 0.041 mol of the different gases. Problem #4: What is height (in mm) of a column of ethanol if the pressure at the base of the column is 1.50 atm? (The density of Hg is 13.534 g/cm3 and ethanol is 0.789 g/cm3.) (1.50 atm) (760 mmHg/atm) = 1140 mmHg (x) (0.789 g/cm3) = (1140 mmHg) (13.534 g/cm3) x = 19,555 mmC2H5OH Problem #5: What is height (in mm) of a column of methane if the pressure at the base of the column is 1.50 atm? (The density of Hg is 13.534 g/cm3 and methane is 0.717 kg/m3.) 1) convert atm to mmHg: 2) convert kg/m3 to g/cm3 (1.50 atm) (760 mmHg/atm) = 1140 mmHg kg/m3 x (1000 g/kg) = 1000 g/m3

1000 g/m3 x (m3/106 cm3) = g / 1000 cm3 In other words, to convert from kg/m3 to g/cm3, you divide by 1000 0.717 kg/m3 = 0.000717 g/cm3 3) convert mmHg to mmCH4: (x) (0.000717 g/cm3) = (1140 mmHg) (13.534 g/cm3) x = 2.15 x 107 mmCH4

Problem #6: 1.0 L of liquid nitrogen is kept in a closet measuring 1.0 m by 1.0 m by 2.0 m. Assuming that the container is completely full, that the temperature is 25.0 C, and that the atmospheric pressure is 1.0 atm, calculate the percent (by volume) of air that would be displaced if all the liquid nitrogen evaporated. (Liquid nitrogen has a density of 0.807 g/mL.) 1) calculate grams, then moles of N2: 807 g / 28.014 g mol1 = 28.8070 mol 2) Calculate volume of N2 at stated pressure and temperature: V = nRT / P V = [(28.8070) (0.08206) (298)] / 1.00 V = 704.44 L 2.0 m3 = 2000 L 0.807 g mL1 x 1000 mL = 807 g

3) Calculate volume of closet in liters:

1.0 m x 1.0 m x 2.0 m = 2.0 m3

Note: see here for short video on how to convert between m3 and L. 4) Assume N2 displaces 704.44 L of air: 704.44 / 2000 = 0.3522

35.2% of the air gets displaced.

Problem #8: A humidifier is used in a bedroom kept at 22.0 C. The bedroom's volume is 4.0 x 104 L. Assume that the air is originally dry and no moisture leaves the room while the humidifier is operating. a. If the humidifier has a capacity of 3.00 gallons of H2O, will there be enough to saturate the room with water vapor (vp of H2O at 22. C = 19.83 mmHg)? b. What is the final pressure of water vapor in the room when the humidifier has vaporized twothirds of its water supply? Solution to part a: 1) Determine the mass of water vapor in the room (when saturated with water vapor): PV = nRT; n = PV/RT n = (0.0261 atm) (4.0 x 104 L) / (0.08206) (295 K)

n = 43.11373 mol (I kept all the digits on my calculator. I skipped the units on R.) grams = (43.11373 mol) x (18.0152 g/mol) = 776.7 grams of water 2) Determine the grams of water in 3.00 gallons: One US gallon equals 3.78541178 L; 3.00 gal = 11.35623534 L (We'll use 11.356 L) 11.356 L = 11,356 mL. The density of water is 1.00 g/cm3 and 1 cm3 = 1 mL. 11,356 mL of water weighs 11,356 g.

The humidifier has sufficient capacity to saturate the room to the vapor pressure of water at 22.0 C. Solution to part b: 1) Two-thirds of the water supply is 7570.8 g of water. 2) Determine the pressure in the room: PV = nRT; P = nRT/V

P = [(420.246 mol) (0.08206) (295 K)[ / (4.0 x 104 L) P = 0.254 atm (or 193.3 mmHg)

Problem #9: The vapor pressure of solid iodine at 30.0 C is 0.466 mmHg. a. How many milligrams of iodine will sublime into an evacuated 1.00 L flask? b. If 2.00 mg of I2 are used, what will the final pressure be? b. If 10.00 mg of I2 are used, what will the final pressure be? Solution to part a: 1) Determine moles of I2: PV = nRT; n = PV/RT n = 2.46603 x 105 mol

n = [(6.1316 x 104 atm) (1.00 L)] / [(0.08206) (303 K)]

2) Determine milligrams of I2: grams of I2 = 2.46603 x 105 mol x 253.8 g mol1 = 6.25878 x 103 g To 3 significant figures, this is 6.26 mg. Solution to part b: 1) Determine moles of I2: 0.00200 g / 253.8 g mol1 = 7.88 x 106 mol

2) Determine pressure: PV = nRT; P = nRT/V P = [(7.88 x 106 mol) (0.08206) (303 K)] / 1.00 L P = 1.96 x 104 atm (or 0.149 mmHg) Another solution path uses this ratio and proportion: 6.26 is to 0.466 as 2.00 is to x. Crossmultiply and divide for the correct answer. Solution to part c: The pressure would be 0.466 mmHg. Remember that vapor pressure is an equilibrium process. At 0.466 mmHg there would be established an equilibrium between I2(s) and I2(g). There would be 3.74 mg of solid I2 remaining in the flask.

Problem #10: 20.0 g each of helium and an unknown diatomic gas are combined in a 1500. mL container. If the temperature is 298 K, and the pressure inside is 86.11 atm, what is the unknown gas? 1) Determine the pressure exerted by the helium: PV = nRT P = nRT / V x = [ (5.00 mol) (0.08206) (298 K) ] / 1.500 L x = 81.513 atm

Comment: the 5.00 comes from 20.0 g / 4.00 g/mol. The 4.00 g/mol is the atomic weight of He. 2) Determine the pressure exerted by the unknown gas: 86.11 - 81.513 = 4.597 atm 3) Determine the moles of the unknown gas: PV = nRT n = PV / RT x = [ (4.597 atm) (1.500 L) ] / [ (0.08206) (298 K) ] x = 0.282 mol PV = nRT n = PV / RT x = [ (4.597 atm) (1.500 L) ] / [ (0.08206) (298 K) ] x = 0.282 mol

4) Determine molecular weight and identity of gas: 20.0 g / 0.282 mol = 70.9 g/mol The gas is chlorine, Cl2.

Problem #11: The mean molar mass of the atmosphere at the surface of Titan, Saturn's largest moon is 28.6 g/mol. Titan's surface temperature is 95 K and its pressure is 1.6 atm. Assuming ideal behavior, calculate the density of Titan's atmosphere under these conditions. 1) Let us assume the presence of one mole of gas. Determine its volume under the conditions of Titan's atmosphere: PV = nRT (1.6 atm) V = (1.00 mol) (0.08206 L atm / mol K) (95 K)

V = 4.8723125 L (I kept some guard digits) 2) Calculate the density: 28.6 g / 4.8723125 L = 5.87 g/L

Problem #12: The mean molar mass of the atmosphere at the surface of the Earth is 29.0 g/mol. Earth's surface temperature is 298 K and its pressre is 1.00 atm. Assuming ideal behavior, calculate the density of Earth's atmosphere under these conditions. 1) Let us assume the presence of one mole of gas. Determine its volume under the conditions of Earth's atmosphere: PV = nRT (1.00 atm) V = (1.00 mol) (0.08206 L atm / mol K) (298 K)

V = 24.45388 L (I kept some guard digits) 2) Calculate the density: 29.0 g / 24.45388 L = 1.186 g/L

Comment: Titan's atmosphere is five times more dense than Earth's atmosphere.

Problem #13: A 13.4 g sample of an unknown liquid is vapourized at 85.0 C and 100.0 kPa. The vapor has a volume of 4.32 L. The percentage composition of the liquid is found to be 52.1% carbon, 13.2% hydrogen, and 34.7 oxygen. What is the molecular formula?

Problem #14: A sample of gas (1.90 mol) is in a flask at 21.0 C and 697.0 mm Hg. The flask is now opened and more gas is added to the flask. The new pressure is 795.0 mm Hg and the temperature is now 26.0 C. How many moles of gas are now in the flask? 1) Use PV = nRT with the first set of data to get the volume of the container: (697.0/760.0) (x) = (1.90 mol) (0.08206 L atm/mol K) (294.0 K) x = 49.9819572 L

2) Use PV = nRT with the second set of data, using the volume just calculated. Solve for moles: (795.0/760.0) (49.9819572 L) = (x) (0.08206 L atm/mol K) (299.0 K) Solution #2: 1) Set up TWO uses of PV = nRT: a) (0.9171 atm) (V1) = (1.90 mol) (R) (294.0 K) x = 2.13 mol

b) (1.046 atm) (V1) = (1.90 + x mol) (R) (299.0 K) 2) Since V1 = V1 and R = R, divide (a) by (b): (0.9171 atm / 1.046 atm) = [(1.90 mol) (294.0 K)] / [(1.90 + x mol) (299.0 K)] (0.9171) (1.90 + x) (299.0) = (1.046 atm) (1.90) (294.0) 521.00451 + 274.2129x = 584.2956 x = 0.23 mol

This is the amount of moles of gas added, not the total moles. 3) Total moles of gas in the flask: 1.90 + 0.23 = 2.13 mol

Problem #15: In an experiment 350.00 mL of hydrogen gas was collected over water at 25.0 C and 720.00 mmHg. Then, one-third of the gas leaked out of the container. What would the new volume be? 1) Remove vapor pressure of water:

720.00 mmHg - 23.76 mmHg = 696.24 mmHg 2) Calculate moles of gas: PV = nRT (696.24/760.00) (0.3500) = (n) (0.08206) (298) n = 0.013111901 mol 3) Allow one-third to escape: 0.013111901 mol x (2/3) = 0.008741267 mol 4) Assume gas is still over water. Calculate new volume: (720.00/760.00) (V) = (0.008741267) (0.08206) (298) V = 0.22563 L = 225.63 mL

Notice that I did not reduce the vapor pressure value by one-third. All vapor pressures are independent of the actual volume above the liquid. They are dependent only on the temperature.

Problem #16: What volume of SO2 at 25.0 C and 1.50 atm contains the same number of molecules as 2.00 L of chlorine gas measured at STP? 1) Calculate moles of Cl2: PV = nRT (1.00) (2.00) = (x) (0.08206) (273.0) guard digits.) x = 0.089276229 mol (I kept some

Since moles is a direct measure of the number of molecules, we do not have to determine how many molecules this is. 2) Determine volume of SO2 that holds 0.089. . . moles: (1.50) (x) = (0.089276229) (0.08206) (298.0) x = 1.46 L

Problem #18: Which of the following is constant for 1 mole of any ideal gas? a) PVT Solution: PV = nRT PV/T = nR b) PV/T c) PT/V d) VT/P

Since the right-hand side is constant, the answer is B.

Problem #19: Our atmosphere is a mixture of gases (roughly 79% N2, 20% O2 and 1%Ar).

(a) What is the partial pressure (in atm) of each gas in the atmosphere? (b) A mixture of He and O2 gases is used by deep sea divers. If the pressure of the gas a diver inhales is 8.0 atm what percent of the mixture should be O2, if the partial pressure of O2 is to be the same as what the divers would ordinarily breathe at sea level? 1) Determine the mole fraction of each gas. Assume 100 g of atmosphere: N2: 79 g / 28.0 g mol1 = 2.82 mol O2: 20 g / 32.0 g mol1 = 0.625 mol Ar: 1 g / 40 g mol1 = 0.025 mol 2) Determine mole fraction of oxygen: 3) Determine partial pressure of oxygen: Solution to (b): 1) Calculate mole fraction of He/O2 mixture: 0.180 / 8 = 0.0225 mol of O2 7.820 / 8 = 0.9775 mol of He 2) Convert each to grams: O2: 0.0225 mol x 32.0 g mol1 = 0.72 g He: 0.9775 mol x 4.00 g mol1 = 3.91 g 3) Calculate percent of O2 in the mixture: 0.72 g / 4.63 g = 0.1555 = 15.55% 0.625 mol / 3.47 mol = 0.180 1.00 atm x 0.180 = 0.180 atm

Problem #19: 600.0 mL of a mixture of O2 and O3 weighs 1.00 g at NTP. Calculate the volume that the ozone in mixture would occupy at NTP if it were alone. Before the solution, a comment. I will take the N in NTP to mean 'normal,' with a synonym being 'room,' as in RTP. These values are taken to be 1.00 atm and 25.0 C. 1) Use PV = nRT to calculate the number of moles of gas: (1.00 atm) (0.6 L) = (x) (0.08206) (298 K) x = 0.024536 mol 2) Determine grams of oxygen and ozone in the mixture: x/32 + (1-x)/48 = 0.024536 multiply each term by 32 to get:

x + 2/3 - (2/3x) = 0.785152 figs) So, ozone = 0.645 g

1/3 x = 0.118485

x = 0.355 g of O2

(to three sig

3) Calculate moles, then volume of ozone at NTP: 0.645 g / 48.0 g/mol = 0.0134375 mol (1.00 atm) (x) = (0.0134375 mol) (0.08206) (298 K) x = 0.329 L = 329 mL
16. A gaseous mixture containing 7.0 moles of nitrogen, 2.5 moles of oxygen, and 0.50 mole of helium exerts a total pressure of 0.90 atmosphere. What is the partial pressure of the nitrogen?
(A) 0.13 atm

(C) 0.63 atm

(B) 0.27 atm (D) 0.90 atm

(E) 6.3 atm

30. Hydrogen gas is collected over water at 24 C. The total pressure of the sample is 755 millimeters of mercury. At 24 C, the vapor pressure of water is 22 millimeters of mercury. What is the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas?
(A) 22 mm Hg (B) 733 mm Hg (C) 755 mm Hg (D) 760 mm Hg (E) 777 mm Hg

32. A 2.00-liter sample of nitrogen gas at 27 C and 600. millimeters of mercury is heated until it occupies a volume of 5.00 liters. If the pressure remains unchanged, the final temperature of the gas is
(A) 68 C (B) 120 c (C) 477 C (D) 677 C (E) 950. C

40. 2 K + 2 H2O ---> 2 K+ + 2 OH + H2 When 0.400 mole of potassium reacts with excess water at standard temperature and pressure as shown in the equation above, the volume of hydrogen gas produced is
(A) 1.12 liters (B) 2.24 liters (C) 3.36 liters

(D) 4.48 liters

(E) 6.72 liters

5)

Represented above are five identical balloons, each filled to the same volume at 25C and 1.0 atmosphere pressure with the pure gas indicated. (a) Which balloon contains the greatest mass of gas? Explain. (b) Compare the average kinetic energies of the gas molecules in the balloons. Explain. (c) Which balloon contains the gas that would be expected to deviate most from the behavior of an ideal gas? Explain. (d) Twelve hours after being filled, all the balloons have decreased in size. Predict which balloon will be the smallest. Explain your reasoning. (a) two points CO2

because all contain same number of molecules (moles), and CO2 molecules are the heaviest Note: total of 1 point earned if CO2 not chosen but same number of molecules (moles) is specified

(b) two points

All are equal

because same temperature, therefore same average kinetic energy Note: just restatement of "same conditions, etc." does not earn second point

(c) two points

CO2

either one:

it has the most electrons, hence is the most polarizable it has the strongest intermolecular (London) forces

Note: also allowable are "polar bonds", "inelastic collisions"; claiming larger size or larger molecular volume does not earn second point

(d) two points He Any one:

greatest movement through the balloon wall smallest size greatest molecular speed most rapid effusion (Graham's law)