The "ECOSYSTEM PARADOX" : Intertidal Race Rocks The assemblage of organisms and the physical, chemical, geological, and

biological factors that determine their numbers, is what an ecosystem is all about. This community of organisms and the non-living environment with which they interact is called an ecosystem and all the populations of organisms inhabiting an area are a community . It is important to understand that these designations provide a convenient model or framework which enables us to understanding complex and interdependent processes. In the real world however, discreet packages called "ecosystems" do not actually exist, since everything on the planet is ultimately interrelated.

Despite this, it is much more practical and convenient for scientists to look at the smaller interacting units of the planet, so we define oceanic ecosystems according to where they occur and the type of organisms which live in them. In this part of the OceanQuest Project, we will investigate some specific examples of how we can organize an ecosystem in our own minds in a famework of Structure and Function.

OBJECTIVES: After doing this project, you will be able to: a) Outline what is meant by the structure and Function of an Ecosystem using as an example an ecosystem near where you are living.

b) Analyze how the effects of vertical stratification in your ecosystem produce a number of different micro-habitats, and predict the effect of this on organisms.

c) Describe the causes of horizontal distribution in several examples from the Race Rocks Ecosystems and then show similar examples in your own ecosystem

d) Document the kind of abiotic factors which are important in the Race Rocks Ecosystems and then describe those which determine your own ecosystem.

e) Model the process of Energy flow in an ecosystem.

f) Model how Biogeochemical cycles operate in ecosystems.

g) Add the coastal classification designation to the level of the biotope to your observations .

h) Determine how the presence of rare species may be determined by environmental factors.

PROCEDURE: Introduction: 1. Table 1 below shows one outline of the way that we can look at any ecosystem. You can see that there are a number of completely different components, which alone do not mean much. When taken together however, they help us to understand how the ecosystem is really working. In fact they help us to create a better "Model" of how the ecosystem works. Since many of our environmental concerns today are related to how we are damaging, interfering with, modifying or restoring ecosystems, it is useful to know how these whole systems work.. Take a full page and make an outline in a notebook with spaces similar to those shown in Table 1. Use this outline to help guide you through the different parts of Structure and Function. Make notations in the boxes to help you remember important points about how you will look at your own ecosystem.

2. One of the advantages of using Race Rocks as a model to study ecosystems is that many parts of these components can be studied remotely on the internet. Go to this file to see how you might use the robotic cameras to study the horizontal distribution of the ecosystem. It also provides several examples of how you can determine horizontal distribution of organisms.

3 . Since Race Rocks is rather devoid of trees, the vertical distribution of the ecosystem is not so obvious. It is however an important factor on a different scale, in the intertidal zone, in the tidepools, on the thinly vegetated rock surface and even below the ground. See this file on vertical distribution on the Race Rocks website which documents some of these variations. Then design your own protocol for analyzing the effect that vertical stratification has on the abiotic factors affecting the species of an ecosystem. 4. Biotic components comes next in our attempt to model the structure of the Ecosystem. All ecosystems have a set of organisms which are specific to that ecosystem. In some cases, the set of organisms indeed is the defining character of the ecosystem. We speak of "index species" or "the biotope" to help us define and characterize the ecosystem. On racerocks.com, we are continually updating the list of organisms which occur in the many definable micro-ecosystems of Race Rocks.

The students of the Biology and Environmental Systems classes of Lester Pearson College have helped in the production of the Race Rocks Taxonomy. If you go to that link, shown below, you can work through the hierarchy of a system of classification which allows you to pull up photographs, videos and descriptions of the species we have identified. Also a set of directions which can help you to set up your own taxonomy of an ecosystem near you can be found in the Adopt an Ecosystem assignment.

TaxonomyIn order to be sure that you understand how our Taxonomy works, we will go through the process of looking for information on the Elephant seal.

a) From the racerocks.com home page click on the Ecosystem icon in the yellow bar.

b) Select the image of The Race Rocks Taxonomy.

c) Follow with your cursor Kingdom Animalia/Phylum Chordata/Subphylum vertebrata/Class mammalia/ and then in the list you should see Mirounga angustirostris, the Northern Elephant Seal. You have essentially followed through the classification right to the genus and species level of this marine mammal often visible at Race Rocks.

5. Rare and Endangered Species: In some areas you will have rare, or endangered species. The abiotic factors opaliamay be so specific that only few organisms have adapted to survive in that ecological niche. Choose one of the species shown here that have been sighted only occasionally at Race Rocks, and propose an hypothesis about how environmental factors may determine the distribution of the rare species. It is anticipated that changing climatic conditions as the result of anthropogenic impact might lead to a change in the species that can tolerate the environmental conditions of the future. 6. We will now look at a new concept which involves classification of Coastal Ecosystems in terms of the "Biotope" The Biotope represents the quantum unit of the habitat combining both the abiotic habitat and its fixed biotic components. 7. Many of the abiotic components of the Structure of an Ecosystem are monitored at Race Rocks, and are indexed here in the Davis InstrumentIndex of Race Rocks Environmental Data Index. .

Review this index, noting in particular that there are three sections devoted to : PRESENT WEATHER DATA AND FORECASTS. TERRESTRIAL ABIOTIC or PHYSICAL FACTORS OCEANIC ABIOTIC or PHYSICAL FACTORS Information from the weather station at Race Rocks provides the weather data when you add a sighting in the OceanQuest GIS database. Go to the Lesson on Abiotic Factors, where you will be able to investigate in greater detail how these determine the Structure of Life in the Ecosystem.

8. In the ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION section, Energy flow is modelled by a diagram showing the flows of a part of the food web for Race Rocks.energy flow

Go to this exercise to see what is involved in modelling energy flow and then draw your own energy flow models of your favorite ecosystem. 9.Biogeochemical cycles represent the other part of the FUNCTION of ECOSYSTEMS.biogeochem cycle In this part of the assignment, you will be able to assemble some examples of biogeochemical cycles from images of Race Rocks, and from this get the ideas of how to model your ecosystem's biogeochemical cycles.

TABLE 1. Structure and Function of Ecosystems 1.0 ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE 1.0.1 DISTRIBUTION OF

POPULATIONS OF SPECIES 1.0.1.1 Horizontal Distribution 1.0.1.1.1 random 1.0.1.1.2 regular 1.0.1.1.3 clumped 1.0.1.2 Vertical Distribution 1.0.1.2.1 Elevation 1.0.1.2.2 Stratification (terrestrial) 1.0.1.2.3 Stratification (Oceanic) 1.0.1.3 Temporal Distribution 1.0.1.3.1 Present time 1.0.1.3.2 Hourly patterns 1.0.1.3.3 Monthly patterns 1.0.1.3.4 Yearly patterns 1.0.1.4.5 Long term patterns

1.0.2 Biotic Components 1.0.2.1 Domain Eukarya 1.0.2.1.1 Kingdom Animalia 1.0.2.1.2 Kingdom Plantae 1.0.2.1.3 Kingdom Fungi 1.0.2.1.4 Kingdom Protoctista 1.0.2.2 Domain Eubacteria 1.0.2.3 Domain Archaea 1.0.3 Abiotic Components 1.0.3.1 Solar Energy 1.0.3.2 Wind Speed and Direction 1.0.3.4 Precipitation 1.0.3.5 Temperature 1.0.3.6 Current 1.0.3.7 Salinity 1.0.3.8 List Others?? 2.0 ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 2.0.1 ENERGY FLOW 2.0.1.1 Autotrophs 2.0.1.2 Heterotrophs

2.0.1.3 Decomposers 2.0.2 MATERIAL OR BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 2.0.2.1 Carbon Cycle 2.0.2.2 Nitrogen Cycle 2.0.2.3 Phosphorous Cycle 2.0.2.4 Potassium Cycle 2.0.2.5 Calcium Cycle 2.0.2.6 Water Cycle 2.0.2.7 add other cycles 10.Extension materials: Report on how a research team is studying the Structure and Function of other Ecosystems. Use one of the following external links: