Problemas resueltos de integral indefinida 34.

Calcular las siguientes integrales trigonomtricas:

Matemticas I

Curso 2011-2012

(Todos los cambios de variable estn justificados al final del ejercicio)

(a ) 1 dx sen x

1 Forma: Utilizando el cambio general: tg x dx sen x = 2 Forma: Es impar en seno, hacemos el cambio: cos x = t sen x dx = dt sen 2 x = 1 cos 2 x = 1 t 2

( 2) = t
dt =

sen x =

2t 1+ t2

dx =

2 dt 1+ t2

2dt 1+ t2 = 2t 1+ t2

2 (1 + t 2 ) 2 t (1 + t 2 )

dt x = Ln t + C = Ln tg + C t 2

sen x = sen x sen x = 1 t

1 A B = + (t -1) t -1 t + 1
2

dx

sen x dx

dt
2

dt t 1
2

Descomponemos en fracciones simples:

1 A(t + 1) + B (t 1) = 1 = A(t + 1) + B (t 1) (t -1) (t 1)(t + 1)
2

t = 1 1 = 2 A A = 1/ 2 = = = t 1 1 2 B B 1/ 2

1 = 2 2 2 (t 1) t 1 t + 1

sen x

dx

1 dt 1 dt 1 1 1 1 t 1 cos ( x) 1 = Ln t 1 Ln t + 1 + C = Ln + C = Ln +C 2 t 1 2 t +1 2 2 2 2 t +1 cos ( x) + 1

NOTA: Ambas soluciones coinciden, ya que: x x x x x x x cos 2 sen 2 1 cos 2 sen 2 ( sen 2 + cos 2 ) 2 sen 2 cos ( x) 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 2 = tg 2 x = = cos ( x) + 1 cos 2 x sen 2 x + 1 cos 2 x sen 2 x + ( sen 2 x + cos 2 x ) 2cos 2 x 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

cos ( x) 1 x x = tg 2 = tg 2 cos ( x) + 1 2 2 1 1 cos ( x) 1 x 1 x x Ln = Ln tg 2 = 2 Ln tg = Ln tg 2 2 cos ( x) + 1 2 2 2 2

(b)

dx sen x cos 2 x

Es impar en seno, hacemos el cambio: cos x = t sen x dx = dt

sen 2 x = 1 cos 2 x = 1 t 2

sen x cos x = sen

2

dx

sen x dx dt dt = = 2 2 2 2 2 x cos x (1 t ) t (t 1) t 2

La hemos transformado en una integral racional a la que aplicamos el mtodo de descomposicin en fracciones simples:
1 A B C D = + 2 + + 2 t (t -1) t t t -1 t + 1
2

1 At (t -1)(t + 1) + B (t -1)(t + 1) + Ct 2 (t + 1) + Dt 2 (t -1) = t 2 (t 2 -1) t 2 (t -1)(t + 1) 1 = At (t -1)(t + 1) + B (t -1)(t + 1) + C t 2 (t + 1) + Dt 2 (t -1)

t = 0 t = 1 t = 1 t = 2

1 = B B = 1 1 = 2C C = 1/ 2 1 = 2 D D = 1/ 2 1 = 6 A + 3 B + 12C + 4 D A = 0
1 1 1 2 2 + 2 t t 1 t +1

1 = 2 t (1 t 2 )

Volviendo a la integral:

sen x cos x = t
2

dx

dt 1 1/ 2 1/ 2 = 2 + (t 1) t 1 t +1 t
2

dt =

1 1 1 = + Ln t 1 Ln t + 1 + K = t 2 2

1 1 1 + Ln cos ( x ) 1 Ln cos ( x) + 1 + K = cos x 2 2

1 1 cos ( x) 1 + Ln +K cos x 2 cos ( x) + 1

(c )

cos x dx 1 sen 2 x

Es impar en coseno, hacemos el cambio:

sen x = t cos x dx = dt

1 sen x dx = 1 t
2

cos x

dt

Descomponemos en fracciones simples:

1 A B A(1 + t ) + B (1 t ) = + = 2 1 t 1 t 1+ t (1 + t )(1 t )

A =1/ 2 1 = A(1 + t ) + B(1 t ) B = 1 / 2

1 1/ 2 1/ 2 = + 2 1 t 1 t 1+ t

1 sen x dx = 2 1 t 2 1 + t = 2 Ln
2

cos x

dt

dt

1 t +

1 1 Ln 1 t + C = Ln (1 t )(1 + t ) + C = 2 2

1 1 1 1 Ln 1 t 2 + C = Ln 1 sen x 2 + C = Ln cos 2 x + C == 2 Ln cos x + C = 2 2 2 2

= Ln cos x + C

sen 2 x (d ) dx cos 4 x Es par en seno y coseno, hacemos el cambio: tg x = t cos 2 x = 1 1+ t2 sen 2 x = t2 1+ t2 dx = 1 dt 1+ t2

t3 tg 3 x sen 2 x t2 dt 2 2 2 = (1 + t ) = = + = +C t dt C dx cos 4 x 1+ t2 3 3 1+ t2

CAMBIO DE VARIABLE EN INTEGRALES TRIGONOMETRICAS

Caso general : t = tg 2

sen x = cos x = dx =

2t 1+ t2 1- t2 1+ t2

2 dt 1+ t2

sen (a + b) = sen a cos b + cos a senb cos ( a + b) = cos a cos b - sen a senb

Si tomamos a =

x 2

y b=

x en las frmulas anteriores: 2

x x x x x x x x x x sen ( + ) = sen cos + cos sen = 2sen cos sen x = 2sen cos 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 x x x x x x x x x x cos ( + ) = cos cos - sen sen = cos 2 - sen 2 cos x = cos 2 - sen 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x sen x y cos x se pueden expresar en funcin de tg : 2

x x x x cos sen 2 cos 2 sen 2 2 2 2 x x x x cos cos cos 2 2tg 2 2 x x 2t 2 2 = = = = sen x = 2 sen cos x 1 x 2 2 1+ t2 2 + tg 1 + tg 2 1 x 2 2 cos 2 2

x cos x = cos 2 2

x x 2 2 2 x x cos 2 sen cos sen 2 2 2 2 x x x x 2 2 2 cos 2 cos cos 1 tg x 1- t2 2 2 2 2 2 = = = = sen x 1+ t2 1 x 2 2 2 1 + tg 1 + tg 2 x 2 2 cos 2

x = 2 arc tg t dx = 2 dt 1+ t2

x t = tg 2

x = arc tg t 2

 Par en seno y coseno:

t = tg x

1 cos 2 x = 1+ t2 2 sen 2 x = t 1+ t2 1 dx = dt 2 1 t +

cos 2 x =

1 1 = 2 1 + tg x 1 + t 2 1 1 + tg 2 x - 1 tg 2 x t2 = = = 1 + tg 2 x 1 + tg 2 x 1 + tg 2 x 1 + t 2 1 x = arc tg t dx = dt 1+ t2

sen 2 x = 1 - cos 2 x = 1 t = tg x

Impar en coseno:

t = sen x

dt = cos x dx 2 2 cos x = 1 - t

Impar en seno:

t = cos x

dt = - sen x dx 2 2 sen x = 1 - t