Petroleum Geoscience EAB -7- 151

Rocks of Petroleum Systems

Dr. Julie D. Bell RPG, PhD bellj@lsbu.ac.uk

Aims and Objectives

Understand sedimentary rock properties Be able to identify and work with common rocks of petroleum systems source rock reservoir rock seal rock overburden rock

Sedimentary Rocks common in petroleum system

Read P85 - p133 Slatt

What rocks are common reservoir rocks

The Glossary of Geology (Bates and Jackson, 1980) defines

Sedimentary rock A rock resulting from the consolidation of loose sediment that has accumulated in layers. Sediment - Solid fragmental material that originates from weathering of rocks and is transported or deposited by air, water or ice, OR that accumulates by other natural agents, such as chemical precipitation from solution or secretion by organisms and forms in layers on the Earths surface at ordinary temperatures in a loose, unconsolidated form.

Sediment (component) Sedimentary rock (aggregate of components)

From the definition of Bates and Jackson, 1980

Three groups of sediments and sedimentary rocks can be defined
Siliciclastic material (fragmented material that originates from the weathering of other rocks).
sandstone (sand sized) shales (silt and clay)

Biogenic material (material originating from secretion by organisms)

Carbonates (shelly material)

Chemical material (material produced by chemical precipitation)

Evaporites (gypsum) Halites (salt rocks)

What features are observed or measured in sedimentary rocks

Textures grain size, sorting, grain shape Grain orientation fabric Sedimentary stuctures and their orientation Fossils preservation or impression/trace fosssils Colour Resistance to weathering Composition mineral/chemical Thickness and geometry of bed Variation in texture and composition within a bed (grading fining or coarsening up) Type of contact between beds (erosional, conformable, gradational) Association or any tendency to statistical periodicity in the feature of the strata in a profile bed type, structure

Grains sizes Wentworth scale Clay Silt Sand gravel

Rocks in a petroleum system consist of aggregates (components)

components different size material Gravel, sand, silt and clay

The essential elements of a petroleum system

Source rock Reservoir rock Seal rock Overburden rock

Source Rocks Kimmeridge Clays

What are the components of Common Source Rocks Hot Shales

DISCUSSION FEATURES OF SOURCE ROCK

What features are observed or measured in source rocks Textures grain size, sorting, grain shape Grain orientation fabric Sedimentary stuctures and their orientation Fossils preservation or impression/trace fosssils Colour Resistance to weathering Composition mineral/chemical Thickness and geometry of bed Variation in texture and composition within a bed (grading fining or coarsening up) Type of contact between beds (erosional, conformable, gradational) Association or any tendency to statistical periodicity in the feature of the strata in a profile bed type, structure

Common Reservoirs Rocks

most common reservoirs rocks are grouped into Siliciclastic Sandstone (generally complicated and can be interlayered seldom only sandstone) Carbonate Limestone (including dolomites)

Siliciclastic Reservoir Rocks Bridport Sandstone

A siliciclastic reservoir rock that is cropping out at the surface

What are the components of common siliciclastic reservoir rocks

Components of Siliciclastic Reservoir Rocks

Grains

Matrix

Pores

FEATURES OF SILICICLASTIC RESERVOIR ROCK

What features are observed or measured in source rocks Textures grain size, sorting, grain shape Grain orientation fabric Sedimentary stuctures and their orientation Fossils preservation or impression/trace fosssils Colour Resistance to weathering Composition mineral/chemical Thickness and geometry of bed Variation in texture and composition within a bed (grading fining or coarsening up) Type of contact between beds (erosional, conformable, gradational) Association or any tendency to statistical periodicity in the feature of the strata in a profile bed type, structure

A carbonate reservoir rock that is cropping out at the surface

What are the components of common carbonate reservoir rocks

Components of Carbonate Reservoir Rocks

Matrix

Grains

Pores

FEATURES OF CARBONATE RESERVOIR ROCK

What features are observed or measured in source rocks Textures grain size, sorting, grain shape Grain orientation fabric Sedimentary stuctures and their orientation Fossils preservation or impression/trace fosssils Colour Resistance to weathering Composition mineral/chemical Thickness and geometry of bed Variation in texture and composition within a bed (grading fining or coarsening up) Type of contact between beds (erosional, conformable, gradational) Association or any tendency to statistical periodicity in the feature of the strata in a profile bed type, structure

Common Seal Rocks

Mudstone/Shale Cemented limestone Cherts Anhydrites

Salt (Halite)

Integrity of Seals
Based on but not limited to

Porous but very fine grained pore size

Grains aligned direction and reason Very high capillary pressure effect on flow

Behaviour of either oil? Gas?

Response of shale to tectonic activity

DISCUSSION FEATURES OF SEAL ROCKS

What features are observed or measured in source rocks Textures grain size, sorting, grain shape Grain orientation fabric Sedimentary stuctures and their orientation Fossils preservation or impression/trace fosssils Colour Resistance to weathering Composition mineral/chemical Thickness and geometry of bed Variation in texture and composition within a bed (grading fining or coarsening up) Type of contact between beds (erosional, conformable, gradational) Association or any tendency to statistical periodicity in the feature of the strata in a profile bed type, structure

Common Overburden Rock

DISCUSSION FEATURES OF OVERBURDEN ROCKS

What features are observed or measured in source rocks Textures grain size, sorting, grain shape Grain orientation fabric Sedimentary stuctures and their orientation Fossils preservation or impression/trace fosssils Colour Resistance to weathering Composition mineral/chemical Thickness and geometry of bed Variation in texture and composition within a bed (grading fining or coarsening up) Type of contact between beds (erosional, conformable, gradational) Association or any tendency to statistical periodicity in the feature of the strata in a profile bed type, structure

Readings
Rocks of Petroleum Systems Read P85 - p133 Slatt