SAMPLE EXAM QUESTIONS 1st MIDTERM Sign systems and the meanings that are associated with them

are: a) almost always universal in their application b) situated, which is to say they are culture specific c) frequently axiological and usually digital d) never omitted from descriptions of geomantics. In the film on Body anguage that we saw three heads of state sitting together. !hich of the three exhibited the most powerful body language" a) #osef Stalin b) $ran%lin & 'oosevelt c) !inston (hurchill d) #ohn $oster &ullest e) )arry *ruman f) Benito +ussolini !hile there are many definitions and descriptions of culture, the lecturer contrasted two general types, those dealing with: a) learning vs transmission b) behavior vs a mental construction of reality c) shared elicitation vs structural necessity d) cooperation vs competition. , meme can be seen as a) a thought provo%ing situation b) a ethnocentric vision c) a replicator of cultural information transmitted from one person to another d) a symbolic and integrated cultural rule that has adapted to hegemonic culture. +ost of the -acirema people can be said to live a) to the west of +oscow b) on #apan.s )o%%aido island c) south of the (anadian border. d) south of the +exican border e) east of /ortugal.s border with Spain In the film Body anguage, the concept of 0norming1 was introduced, suggesting that a) abstract gestures are normal in communication b) the meaning of an individual.s %inesic activity must be measured against the bac%ground of what is normal for that individual b) finding the meaning norm in a society for a particular gesture predicts the meaning of that gesture d) the best measure of non2verbal communication was provided by -orm Sutton, who was the first to employ it e) absence of evidence is not always evidence of absence. !hich of the following is less likely than the others to characteri3e the meaning of 4communication." a) communication ta%es place whenever people attach meaning to behavior, and often ta%es place out of awareness b) communication is a dynamic and systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols c) communication is a tissue woven from many strands of human behavior d) communication can be viewed as the transmission of 5meaningful) messages from a sender to a receiver. !hich of the following is not an expression of the Sapir2!horf hypothesis: a) 0it is possible to translate anything from one language into another1 b) 6 anguage is a guide

to social reality6 c) 68ur language constrains our thought6 d) 6&ifferent languages entail different classifications of 9reality.1 e) a : c inguistic competence is to performance as: a) apples are to oranges b) phonology is to morphology c) language is to speech d) signs are to icons e) words are to symbols. !e learned from the film 0&o ;ou Spea% ,merican: <p -orth1 that a) *exans spea% with either a drawl or a twang b) ,mericans apparently changed their minds about the prestige value of pronouncing the postvocalic =s= around the time of !orld !ar *wo c) !illiam abov has been observing a general vowel shift in speech that is currently ta%ing place all over the <nited States d) in +aine today some lobster fishermen and others still say 0ayuh1 > = ?y@. = A when they mean 4yes. e) #ohn $ought said he loo%s forward to a time when people stop nasali3ing their =t= sounds. In 0&o ;ou Spea% ,merican: <p -orth1 #ohn Baugh found that where he was doing telephone research a) race generally matters more than religion in generating a response from landlords about a rental property b) race in and of itself will not be the factor that excludes one from a particular neighborhood, or a house for sale in an affluent community c) sounding li%e an ,frican ,merican, a +exican ,merican, or an ,nglo ,merican absolutely predicted the response of landlords to his inquiries about a rental property d) people got to %now his voice. If it weren.t for language: a) we would all be able to fly b) we would be unable to communicate c) we would be unable to remember anything d) all of the above e) none of the above f) b : c In the film 0&o ;ou Spea% ,merican: <p -orth,1 what type of Bnglish strongly influenced the language of Instant +essaging 5I+2ing)" a) *orre2Style International Bnglish b) midwestern style Bnglish c) spo%en affixation d) ,,CB &ialects in ,merica a) spea% for themselves b) are indicators of one.s social identity c) elicit strong opinions in many about the character of their spea%ers d) are twice as frequent as monolects in frequency e) tend to be less distinctive as one goes farther west in the <.S. f) are not generally found in the heartland of the <.S. g) b, c : e inguistic competence: a) is not available for direct observation b) must be inferred from performance c) is unavailable to spea%ers of polysynthetic languages d) is more often found in competent people e) is less dependant on metaphor than linguistic performance f) a : b e) none of the above !ords do not really possess meaning: a) they only thin% they do b) it would be more accurate to say that people possess meaning and that words elicit these meanings c) meaning is possessed by words d) it would be more accurate to say that words possess literacy.

In the film 0&o ;ou Spea% ,merican: &own South,1 what was the largest dialect in ,merica in terms of spea%er numbers" a) (oastal Southern b) ,,CB c) (B Eargon d) Inland Southern Sun Belt e) ouisiana (reole !hich group seems to have a lasting effect on a dialect area according to !alt !olfram a) the group with the best hunting s%ills b) *he first group to settle the area c) the last group to settle the area d) the group with the most money e) the group with the most prestige. *here are three maEor sign types according to the lecturer: a) images, icons, and symbols b) symbols, signifiers, and forms c) icons, indexes, and symbols d) those with meaning, those with form, those with activity e) grumpy, snee3y, and warty ,ccording to )ymes scheme, the speech act can be seen to have a) F functions and G components b) H functions and F components c) F components and G functions d) seven components, each of which has one function. 8ne function of the speech act in )ymes. scheme 5not the S/B,II-J scheme) is: a) participants b) %ey c) referential d) channel e) dualistic f) characteristic 8ne component of the speech act in )ymes. scheme is a) interaction b) topic c) standardi3ation d) repertoire e) content ,nother expression referencing the 0phatic communion1 function is a) perseverance b) initiative c) contact d) getting together e) overeating f) than%sgiving Shared interaction, shared %nowledge, and shared attitudes are three different foci for definitions of: a) speech act b) speech situation c) speech networ% d) speech community e) organic decomposition 0&o you Spea% ,merican: &own South1 suggested that in general a) truc%ers have healthy attitudes towards food b) sound 0country1 when they spea% to other truc%ers c) have a dialect all their own that could be called 0truc%ese1 d) mostly come from southern states e) mostly come from northern states f) ma%e good singers /eople in dense speech networ%s a) have less frequent contact with each other b) have more frequent contact and are li%ely lin%ed by more than one type of bond c) have less arbitrary contact with each other and are li%ely lin%ed by bonds of security d) have regular density when using the telephone e) usually find a wi2fi networ% to plug into !e learn: a) about other people through what they say and how they say it b) about ourselves through the ways that other people react to what we say c) about our relationship with others through the give2and2ta%e of communicative interaction d) all of the above e) none of the above f) b and c

*he word 43ine. is a) more li%ely to be found in a prescriptive than a descriptive dictionary b) more li%ely to be found in a descriptive than a prescriptive dictionary c) elicits more comment than a room full of bears d) is another way of saying 0I.m so happy I could be twins1 e) could be said to melt in your mouth but not in your hands (aEun a) is more frequently spo%en in Jeorgia than in ouisiana b) is another way of playing the accordion on one.s shirt c) is frequently heard in +amou, ouisiana d) was spo%en in ,merica before the /ilgrims arrived and almost went extinct, but is slowly reviving e) is a combination of -ew ;or% twang and ouisiana slang Interrelationships between societal factors and language use are extremely complex because: a) multiple factors such as gender, age, class, region, race, ethnicity, and occupation frequently account for linguistic differences b) sociolinguistic 6rules6 are actually statements of probability rather than rules that can predict any specific single speech occurrence c) individual and societal patterning are based on behavior exhibited over time and in diverse situations d) individuals are not isolates of sociological factors 5ie. a person is not simply female or male, child or adult, employer or wor%er) e) all of the above f) none of the above g) a, c : d In one of the films we saw it was suggested that a) /hiladelphia speech is becoming the new standard for ,merican speech b) tal%ing 0country1 is becoming the new informal speech c) dialect differences are generated primarily by social tension d) *exans sound about the same as most southerners e) *he best speech comes from 8hio 'elevant features of the speech act component referred to as setting most often involve: a) participants b) location c) time d) all of the above e) none of the above f) a : b g) b : c ,nother view of speech act components proposed by )ymes is based on a mnemonic: a) S/B,II-J b) S/BB() ,(* c) (8++<-I(,*I8- d) (8+/8-B-*S *he mnemonic based components include: a) %ey b) argumentation c) norms d) tithing e) instrumentalities f) setting g) all of the above h) none of the above i) a, c, e : f E) a, b, c, d 'obbins Burling referred to a *ur%ish bec%oning gesture as: a) analog rather than digital in nature b) one member of a class he calls 0gesture2calls1 c) a %ind of universal gesture d) digital rather than analog in nature e) completely cra3y Burling argues that human language could not have evolved from any animal li%e form of communication because: a) humans are not really animals b) language is very different from all other animal behavior c) language is qualitative and not quantitative d) animals have little incentive to communicate with their mouths because they are always eating e) language lets us refer to things and events provided the timing is right

$or humans, in spea%ing and hearing a language, sounds are, according to Burling: a) digital b) not readily available c) li%e words d) either one phoneme or another e) intolerable f) complimentary g) b : c h) a : d $or expressing our emotions and intentions: a) the complexity of ordination requires fulfillment b) it is always better to use language c) gesture2calls are much better than language d) one needs to be prepared e) it is useful to carry several %inds of conventional imbrication. (homs%y shifted the focus of much of linguistics away from the differences among languages, according to Burling: a) in an effort to cover up his shortcomings b) and towards the universal features that are presumed to arise because of the universal nature of the human mindM a mind specifically designed for language c) to the detriment of linguistic anthropology d) to see if there were more similarities than differences e) in sequential consciousness 8ur digital and propositional language requires: a) lots of context b) graded subordination of predicates c) much more learning than our analog and emotional calls and gestures d) greater use of the right hemisphere of the brain. 8ur massive word repertoire is one of the most distinctive characteristics of human language and humanity according to Burling, and this in turn: a) leads to a profound paradox b) depends on our massive corpus callosum in the brain c) evolved from our cerebral cortex and Broca.s area of the brain d) depends on the digital code 5i.e. duality of patterning, double articulation, two levels of organi3ation). e) necessitates a massive rethin%ing of the role of words in language. anguage is, according to Burling, a) invasively preoccupied with synecdoche b) pervasively conventional and arbitrary c) reputedly replete with neologisms d) functionally subordinated to gesture2calls e) full of prosody and rapture. Syntax, with its subordination, embedding, relativi3ation and other processes, according to Burling, is: a) responsible for a great deal of the productivity in language b) isolates phonology from grammar c) is basically the same for all languages d) depends entirely on morphology e) is %ind of li%e synonyms and antonyms Burling feels that humans have a) more control over our language than over our gesture2 calls b) less control over our language than over our gesture2calls c) roughly the same amount of control over our language and our gesture2calls d) ta%en the wrong path in evolution e) successfully evaded the 0language trap1 ,ccording to Burling, language allows for: a) retention b) submission c) particularity d) displacement

,ccording to Burling, spo%en language is superior for every hearing person in that a) it ma%es use of the ears and mouth b) it interferes less with other activities c) and can be understood in the dar% d) a, b : c e) b : c Burling.s 0quotable gestures1 are a) gestures that can be copied and attributed to others b) analog gestures conveying 0emotions1 c) digital gestures 5gestural analogs of vocal segregates) d) moving the first two digits of each hand up and down to simulate quotation mar%s. Burling.s 0quotable vocali3ations1 are a) non2existent b) spo%en phrases li%e 0and I quote1 or 0quote, unquote1 c) digital 5vocal segregates) e) sounds that humans ma%e in an effort to elicit repetition. ,ccording to Burling, gesticulation accompanies speech and differs from gesture2calls, quotable gestures, and from manual sign language. Jesticulation.s apparent oral counterpart is used simultaneously with the words and sentences of language, and is intimately related to them. It conveys less propositional information than words and sentences, but reveals more about the attitudes and emotions of the spea%er. It is a) the phoneme b) intonation 5pitch, length and loudness) that accompanies spo%en language when not ma%ing phonemic distinctions c) levity in the interest of documentation d) words and phrases e) vocal segregates !hich of the following is=are not a 0design feature of language1 from )oc%ett.s article: a) rapid fading b) rhythmic functionality c) blending d) displacement e) duality of patterning f) b : c )oc%ett.s feature called 4interchangeability. means: a) sentence components can be read bac%wards and understood b) adult individuals both transmit and receive c) a speech act can serve multiple functions d) a spea%er gets feedbac% from his ears as well as from his interlocutor. ,rbitrariness with respect to language structure generally means that a) one language is as good as another b) reference can be made to things that are remote in space and=or time c) the relationship between the message carrier and the message is independent of physical or geometric resemblance between the two d) new linguistic messages are coined freely and easily. )oc%et suggests that if a proto2homind.s limited signal system includes ,B N food, and (& N danger, then if one by accident says ,& this could come to mean a) food plus danger b) food without danger c) danger without food d) no danger no food &e Saussure noted long ago that a) the linguistic sign unites a concept and a sound image b) a thing and a name c) line dancing is very much li%e bee dancing d) a sound.s imprint on the senses is sociological but not psychological.

In comparing the genetic code in &-,, where L %inds of nucleotides are combined into sixty2four %inds of codons which can be strung into an unlimited number of genes, Stephen /in%er is referring to a) the arbitrariness of the sign b) the sampling problem of human languages c) the fact that language ma%es infinite use of finite media d) the elemental properties of stringing multiples of four together e) patchwor% coding In place of 'obbins. use of 4digital. and 4analog., /in%er uses the words: a) 4discrete. and 4blending. b) 4unitary. and 4dimorphic. c) 4fingerwise. and 4cloc%wise. d) 4one to many. and 4many to one. e) 4latigid. and 4golana. /in%er suggests that because grammar is a 0discrete combinatorial system,1 a) an infinity of sentences can be produced b) it is a code that is autonomous from cognition c) both a : b d) neither a nor b /in%er, in discussing +ar%ov chain models indicates that a) a human grammar must be a finite state model b) a human grammar is not and cannot be a finite state model c) a human grammar, li%e a +ar%ov chain, is paradimatically precotypical d) a human grammar consists of word lists from which elements are chosen in generating a sentence. (homs%y invented 0colorless green ideas sleep furiously1 to show a) that nonsense can be grammatical b) that improbable word sequences can be grammatical, well formed sentences in Bnglish c) both a : b d) neither a nor b !hich of the following is=are grammatical: a) *hat the child died bothered Susie b) $or #ohn to date a teenager would bother Susie c) *hat for #ohn to date a teenager bothers Susie surprised (ristina d) a, b : c e) a : b f) none of the above ,mong /in%er.s insights we find that a) a sentence is a tree, not a chain b) words can be grouped together into phrases li%e twigs Eoined in a branch c) a tree is modular, li%e telephone Eac%s or garden hose couplers d) a, b : c e) none of the above Bmbedding of one sentence within another 5or repeated application of the same rule5s)) is called a) promotion b) codification c) recursion d) transmogrification e) antidisestablishmentarianism /in%er says grammar shows us that a) there is nothing in the mind that was not first in the senses b) there is nothing we can sense that is not first in the mind c) there is no sense in trying to loo% at the mind d) never mind the senses e) the grammar of a language is li%e an elephant, you can only clip one toenail at a time f) none of the above. $or /in%er, grammar is a protocol that has to interconnect the ear, the mouth, and the mind, three very different %inds of machine: a) it needs therefore to be based on three different %inds of logic b) it cannot be tailored to any of them, but must have an abstract logic of its own c) to be efficient it must be based on a logic that is common to all three.

/in%er says that syntax details have figured prominently in the history of psychology because they are a case where: a) complexity in the mind is caused by learning b) complexity in the mind is not caused by learning c) learning is caused by complexity in the mind d) b : c e) a : c !illiam Sto%oe implies that a) -eandertalers, because they buried the dead and put artifacts into their graves while having a one tube supralaryngeal vocal tract: a) must have had a spo%en language b) could not have had a spo%en language c) could have had a spo%en language d) probably had a gestural language ,ustralian aborigines a) were unable to spea% because of their limited vocal tract b) used signing as an alternative to speech in normal conversations rather than only in limited domains c) used signing as an alternative to speech only in limited domains d) a : b e) none of the above Sto%oe argues that: a) humans li%ely added signing 5manual language) to their repertoire after having learned to use language orally b) there was a thousand to one chance that vocal and manual language came about simultaneously in the course of human evolution c) signing is more li%ely than spea%ing to have been the means by which language was first transmitted and acquired. 'obin &unbar provides evidence that a) gossip is good for you b) gossip played a significant part in the evolution of spo%en language c) women tend to tal% more about themselves than men d) all of the above e) a : c e) none of the above 'obin &unbar notes a correlation between group si3e 5hence complexity of the social world) and relative si3e of neo2cortex. 8n this basis he suggests that a) primates prefer to live in large groups b) generally hunter2gatherers have smaller neo2cortical areas of the brain than city dwellers c) in evolutionary terms it was the need to live in larger groups that has driven the evolution of large brains in primates d) primates ma%e the best pets 'obin &unbar ma%es the point5s) that a) neocortex and group si3e predicts a human group si3e of about 7HP b) social grooming in non2human primate societies ta%es up to DP percent of their day c) with humans an increase in group si3e came with a shift in the mechanism for social bonding d) all of the above e) none of the above 'obin &unbar suggests that: a) without language one can only groom one individual at a time b) with language one can socially groom several individuals at a time c) language allows for social grooming while traveling, eating, or wor%ing d) all of the above e) a : b f) none of the above 'obin &unbar says that: a) gossip allows for the coordination of social relationships b) language may have evolved in the context of social bonding between females c) language lets us categori3e people into types, so we can relate to them without having to ta%e days to wor% out the basis of a relationship d) all of the above

e) a : c f) none of the above !ho wrote the article in our reader called *he 8rality of anguage" a) Brian Street b) -i%o Besnier c) !alter #. 8ng d) none of the above e) all of the above *he communication system %nown as language includes: a) phonology b) morphology c) syntax d) all of the above e) a : c f) none of the above Coice set, voice qualities, and vocal segregates are part of the communicative system %nown as: a) haptics b) %inesics c) proxemics d) paralanguage e) metalanguage f) speech Cocal segregates include: a) pause fillers b) attention getting expressions 5e.g. harrumph) c) disapproval sounds 5e.g. ts% ts%) d) cold signaling sounds 5e.g. brrr) e) all of the above f) a, c : d g) none of the above In ,merican sign language, several signs are actually made using a foot and an elbow. a) true b) false Iinesics in communication includes: a) gesture b) posture c) facial expression d) eye contact e) wal%ing f) dancing g) all of the above h) a, b : c i) a, b, d : e E) none of the above ,dam Iendon and others have classified gestures and included the following categories: a) emblems b) illustrators c) regulators d) all of the above e) a : c f) none of above *he study of proxemics in communication includes: a) distance b) height c) direction d) all of above e) none of above *he study of haptics in communication includes: a) smell b) touch c) taste d) all of the above e) none of above *he following elements are parts of communication systems: a) clothes b) cars c) houses d) food e) silence f) all of above g) a, b, c, and d g) none of above *he phonemes of a language are: a) the fundamental organi3ational units of a language.s sound system b) minimum meaningful units of sound in that language c) classes of allophones, the allophones of each phoneme being in complementary distribution d) all of the above e) a : b f) none of the above *o say that the allophones of a phoneme are in complementary distribution is to say: that the contexts of occurrence of the allopones are a) combative b) brought about through minimal pairs c) mutually exclusive d) broadly activated e) liable to overreaction

,llophone sets 5alternative variants) and distinctive feature bundles 5additive or compositional features) are both ways of defining a) phones b) phonemes c) morphemes d) words e) all of the above f) a : b g) none of the above /rosodic features of language, also called suprasegmentals, operate primarily on the vowel nucleus, often affect or differentiate meanings, and include a) stress b) length c) attitude d) pitch e) point of articulation f) all of the above g) a, b : d h) none of the above +orphology is 5the study of) a) sentences and how they are composed b) words and their structure c) the building bloc%s of sound systems d) the building bloc%s of sentences e) all of the above f) b : c g) none of the above +orphemes are generally composed of roots and a) branches b) affixes c) leaves d) rootlets e) all of the above f) a : b g) none of the above +orphemes can be: a) lexical b) free c) bound d) grammatical e) all of above f) a : d g) none of aboveo , morphological typology classifies languages as a) isolating, agglutinating, or synthetic b) regular, irregular, and rough c) right branching, left of center, and medial d) hot, cold, and dubious e) always, never, and sometimes Syntax is 5the study of): a) words and their composition b) sentences and their construction c) narratives and their construction d) only obvious at night Sentences usually have: a ) a noun phrase and a verb phrase b) hierarchical wheels c) mar%ov chains d) stochastic processes e) all of the above f) none of the above ,merican sign language employs the following articulatory parameters in producing referential signs: a) hand configuration b) place of articulation with respect to signer.s body c) movement of hands in space d) orientation of hands in relation to body e) all of the above f) a : c g) none of the above If all human behavior is culturally constructed and all meaning culturally assigned, then: a) few if any gestures, body postures or facial movements are li%ely to have universal significance b) quite a number of gestures, postures and facial movements are li%ely to be universal in meaning and of primate origin 5e.g. signals of enEoyment, distress, threat, and submissiveness) c) pigs can fly d) the gesture theory of language origins is very li%ely to be true. ,ffect displays, as classified by Iendon : $riesen: a) are purely emblematic illustrators of conventional gestology b) regulate the bac% and forth of interpersonal interaction

7P

c) are simply facial configurations which display affective states. *hey can repeat, augment, contradict, or be unrelated to verbal affective statements d) are adaptive fragments of aggressive, sexual, or intimate behavior, including 0restless movements1 of hands and feet, typically done out of awareness. !hile an unfamiliar gesture will cause miscommunication, the false decoding of familiar gestures will produce iscommunication a) true b) false c) not relevant to truth or falsity R5won.t be used in this class) !estern ,pache of ,ri3ona have developed Eo%ing routines that play, in part, on what is seen as the intrusive, domineering communicative styles of ,nglos 5including ma%ing direct eye contact with or touching another person while tal%ing to them a) *his is true b) this is an urban legend c) this is false d) all of the above. R5won.t be used in this class) &ominant people tend to use broad gestures, loo% or even stare at others, maintain 6serious6 unsmiling faces, and inhabit wide areas of personal space. a) *his is true b) this is an urban legend c) this is false d) all of the above. e) none of the above R 5won.t be used in this class) In encounters between unequals, subordinates tend to use restricted, small gestures, avert their eyes when loo%ed at, smile frequently, and allow their space to be encroached on even to the point of being touched. a) *his is true b) this is an urban legend c) this is false d) all of the above. e) none of the above !hereas high2status people tend to enlarge the appearance of their bodies, low2status individuals tend to limit their body images by lowering their heads and %eeping their legs together and their arms close to their bodies. a) *his is true b) this is an urban legend c) this is false d) all of the above. e) b : c Jenerally cross culturally, people of lower status in unequal encounters tend to be more silent than those of higher ran%. a) true b) false Silence is an act of nonverbal communication that: a) transmits many %inds of meaning, dependent on cultural norms of interpretation b) in most cultures tells the listener 0I have nothing to say at the moment1 c) among !estern ,pache is the norm in family interactions d) among !estern ,pache is the norm in situations of ambiguity or uncertainty e) all of the above f) a : d g) none of the above !hen a -avaEo spea%er renders 0It is only good that I go there1 as the -avaEo equivalent of Bnglish 0I must go there,1 it illustrates that: a) Bnglish spea%ers encode the rights of people control or be controlled by other beings b) Bnglish and -avaEo spea%ers have different attitudes about rights and obligations c) -avaEo spea%ers give beings the ability to decide for themselves without compulsion by others d) all of the above e) a : c f) none of the above

77

Bnglish has many terms expressing coercion: cause, force, oblige, ma%e, compel, order, command, constrain, must, have to, ought to, etc. By contrast, -avaEo doesn.t appear to have words of this sort a) true b) false , spea%er.s thoughts, beliefs, and action regarding the world are encoded in her a) vocabulary b) grammar c) proverbs d) everyday communicative interaction e) all of the above f) a, b, : d g) none of the above 8ne expression of the Sapir S !horf hypothesis is that a) 6the worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached6 b) 0anything in any language can ultimately be translated into another language1 c) 0the relation between language and experience is often misunderstood1 d) 0language is a bodacious combination of thoughts that can be mirrored in the mind1 e) 0experience comes firstM then language1 BenEamin . !horf wasM a) a lawyer turned linguist b) a wall2street bro%er turned linguist c) a linguist turned engineer d) an insurance inspector turned linguist *he )opi language distinguishes direct sensory experience from inferred conclusions based on direct sensory experience and from reports provided by hearsay. !e could call the forms involved a) validity forms b) switch reference c) sensory shifters d) active formats !horf contrasted )opi with Bnglish and concluded that )opi and Bnglish have different ways of conceptuali3ing: a) time b) number c) color d) duration e) beauty f) all of the above g) a, b : d h) none of the above , colt is: a) a pre2adult horse b) a baby horse c) a female pre2adult horse d) a male pre2adult horse e) a foal (ultural interest is reflected strongly in our: a) thirst for %nowledge b) chromosomes c) natural environment d) naming and classification behavior ,mong other things the change in meaning of *3eltal chih from 4deer. to 4sheep. illustrates: a) deer became more important than sheep over time b) sheep became more important than deer over time c) cultural interest can change through time d) if you don.t hurry you could become a sheep e) language change lags behind culture change f) all the above g) b, c : e h) none of the above If *3eltal spea%ers have the following words required when spea%ing of the different things being eaten > lo! 9eat fruit9 5bananas, peaches, oranges, plums, sweet limes), "e! 9eat tortillas9 5tortillas, bread, rolls), k!u# 9eat beans9 5hardish individuated obEects), ti! 9eat meat9 5: chilies : mushrooms), once might conclude thatM a) *3eltal spea%ers li%e fruit better than meat b) *3eltal spea%ers have numeral classifiers c) *3eltal spea%ers

7D

have a predilection for eating that rivals that of the $rench d) *3eltal spea%ers could sort foods according to these categories more rapidly than could Bnglish spea%ers e) all of the above f) none of the above , category: a) can be 0fu33y1 b) requires no name c) can be part of a system of classification d) doesn.t need to have all members belong to it to the same degree e) can be conEunctive or disEunctive f) all of the above g none of the above *he fact that one person.s 0terrorist1 is another.s 0freedom fighter1 shows that: a) naming can express cultural values and shared assumptions b) naming uses up a lot of memory c) naming can reveal attitudes of spea%ers d) naming can create compatible attitudes in hearers e) naming yields shared technologies f) all of the above g) a, c : d h) none of the above !hich of the following associations between language and cultural meaning have been asserted in this class" a) degrees of speciali3ation and principles of classification within semantic domains indicate cultural interest and discrimination b) focal meanings of words and prototypes of categories demonstrate ways that people ma%e sense of the multitude of obEects and events in their world c) ma%ing culture an obEect lesson in strategic decisions has several advantages to the spelun%er d) the symbolic content of language, expressed in words and in metaphoric extensions, transmits and reinforces complex social and cultural messages e) all of the above f) a, b : d Bthnoscience refers to culturally constructed classification systems that organi3e %nowledge of a society9s world=universe 5or the study of such systems). !hich of the following does=do not belong in the list" a) Bthnobotany 5$ol% Botany) b) Bthno3oology 5$ol% Toology) c) Bthnopragmatism 5$ol% /ragmatism) d) Bthnomedicine 5$ol% +edicine) e) Bthnoastronomy 5$ol% ,stronomy If a given language has a basic color term for red, it implies that the language also has a basic term for a) green b) blac% c) blue d) yellow e) purple f) white g) a : b h) c : e i) b : f E) d : f *he 0best example1 or 0most typical1 example, referring to the central sense of a word within the whole range of meaning that it has, is called the a) prototype b) focal meaning c) denotation d) connotation e) metaphor ,n ideali3ed internali3ed conceptuali3ation of an obEect, quality, or activity would be the a) prototype b) focal meaning c) denotation d) connotation e) metaphor f) metonym /eople bring to their social encounters a repertory of %nowledge and understandings of their culture as expressed through their language. Some, but never all, of this will also be in the repertories of their interlocutors. *his repertory has been called a) spea%er.s intent b) hearer.s %nowledge c) cultural expression d) semiotic componentiality e) cultural presuppositions

7K

*he word 4man. as in the Bnglish sentence 0+an is the only creature having language1 is: a) semantically mar%ed for number and gender b) semantically unmar%ed for gender and number c) grammatically mar%ed for number d) morphologically unmar%ed for gender number e) morphologically mar%ed for gender and number f) none of the above g) b : d h) none of the above If a language has a special suffix on all verbs in the present tense and no affix when those verbs are in past tense, then we could say about that language: a) past tense is li%ely to be earlier in language acquisition b) present tense is li%ely to be earlier in language acquisition c) past tense is more complex than present d) present tense is mar%ed with respect to past e) past tense is mar%ed with respect to present f) all of the above g) a : d h) none of the above *he power of language is not only that values attached to words reveal attitudes of spea%ers$ but also that a) grammar is sometimes infused with hyperbole b) syntax can ma%e anything seem li%e anything else c) words are used to create compatible attitudes in hearers d) spea%er choice is outlined by interactional symbolism It has been said with some validity that all language use has a manipulative aspect to it in the sense that spea%ers employ words in order to have an effect on hearers, such as to convey information, as% questions, or issue commands, but the effect may be amplified because a) manipulation is not the same as ossification b) words are one thing and deeds another, and never the twain shall meet c) the words chosen are often not neutral in their connotations d) words are never the main information carrying vehicle in a language *he essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one %ind of thing in terms of another. It is one thing standing for another on the basis of: a) contiguity b) similarity of some shared attribute5s) c) shared occurrence in some context d) all of the above e) a : c f) none of the above , metonym involves one thing standing for another on the basis of: a) contiguity b) similarity of some shared attribute5s) c) shared occurrence in some context d) all of the above e) a : c f) none of the above /ersonification is a common type of a) metaphor d) spor% b) metonym c) synecdoche

!hen one says 0*his business needs some new blood1 5and it isn.t someone in a bloodban% spea%ing), then they are using a figure of speech %nown as a) metaphor b) metonymy c) spor%

7L

Body part terms are in many societies extended to inanimate obEects and to descriptions of activities 5e.g. 0 et.s get to the heart of the matter1) *his is usually referred to as: a) metaphor b) metonymy c) spor% d) partition iteracy is a system of a) secondary signs, based on an oral semiotic system b) primary signs upon which an oral semiotic system is based c) a tertiary system deriving from both a vocal auditory code and a proto2hominid gesture system d) universalist generali3ations signifying nothing Street and Besnier claim that pictographic representation isM a) true writing b) pre2 writing c) not true writing d) not pre2writing e) all of the above f) a : b g) b : c h) none of the above 8f three presumed basic types of writing systems, it is generally thought that they evolved in the following order a) alphabetic, syllabic, logographic b) syllabic, logographic alphabetic c) logographic, syllabic, alphabetic d) alphabetic logographic syllabic e) logographic, alphabetic, syllabic (hinese writing is: a) devoid of sound system references b) purely pictographic c) not devoid of sound system references d) not purely pictographic e) all of the above f) c : d g) none of the above Ciewing literacy as a sociological construct, Street and Besnier identify two models: a) autonomous and peripheral b) ideological and autonomous c) ideological and semiotic d) semiotic and bureaucratic e) all of the above e) b : d f) none of the above !hich sociologically constructed model has literacy distinguishing between 0primitive1 and 0civili3ed1" a) ideological b) bureaucratic c) autonomous d) semiotic e) all of the above f) a : b g) none of the above !hat do Street and Besnier suggest should be viewed not as a monolithic phenomenon, but as a multi2faceted one, whose meaning and consequences depend crucially on the social practices surrounding it" a) bureaucracy b) civili3ation c) literacy d) phonology e) all of the above d) c : d e) none of the above *a%ing the two statements: 7)1speech is transientM writing is permanent1 and D) 0speech, once uttered, can rarely be revised, or unuttered, but writing can be reflected upon, and even erased at will, Street and Besnier suggest that a) 7 is correct and D is incorrect b) D is incorrect and 7 is correct c) they are seemingly contradictory d) they demonstrate the power of attorney e) 7 is about writing and D is about speech Based on studies of iberian Cai people and rural ,ppalachian people, literacy is deeply embedded in, and derives its meaning fromM a) the social practices which are most clearly articulated in contexts of learning literacy b) the people for whom literacy is the

7H

most important c) the people for whom literacy is least important d) gossip and textuality e) all of the above f) a : c f) none of the above 8ne 0invented1 literacy is that of : a) /uccini.s alphabet b) Btruscan hieroglyphs c) (optic logograms d) Sequoya.s syllabary )eath demonstrated, according to Street and Besnier, that in the three ,ppalachian communities: a) economic divisions between literate and non2literate correlated with interests in musical expression b) age and class are less significant than gender in the learning of literacy c) practical expression of literary evaluations exacerbate social eructation d) tensions between the literacy practices of middle2class, white wor%ing class, and blac% wor%ing class groups reflect and reinforce inequality, oppression, and hegemony e) all of the above f) a : c g) none of the above . B. . !horf began his essay on the relationship of language to habitual behavior by explaining how a) some fruits are vegetables and some vegetables are actually fruits b) some fires have been caused because the words 4empty. and 4stone. suggest to many persons that combustability is not a present danger c) mutagenic substances are rarely included linguistically in behavioral studies d) phonology and syntax are clearly lin%ed to the was in which people usually act !horf claims that a) 0ten men1 and 0ten days1are linguistic elements that are obEectively experienced in the same way b) 0ten days1 is about the same time it ta%es for 0ten men1 to wal% 0ten miles1 c) 0ten men1 cannot be obEectively experienced d) 0ten days1 cannot be obEectively experienced. In S,B there are count nouns and mass nouns. ,ccording to !horf, in )opi all nouns have an individual sense and both singular and plural forms, and a) their 0mass nouns1 are morphologically mar%ed b) there are no 0mass nouns.1 c) their 0mass nouns1 have phonological distinguishers d) all their nouns are 0mass nouns1 ,ccording to !horf, in )opi terms li%e 4summer., 4winter., 4morning., and 4sunset. are not nouns as in Bnglish, but rather a) nonexistent b) a %ind of adverb c) a %ind of adEective d) a %ind of verb !hile )opi verbs have no tenses, !horf insists that the three tense system of Bnglish a) yield considerable speech precision b) develop points of relevance in the continuum of time c) colors all of our thin%ing about time d) all of the above e) a : b f) none of the above Bnglish and other S,B languages, according to !horf: a) tend to obEectify everything b) tend to subEectivi3e everything c) characteristically sei3e the metaphor d) express tendency as a matter of restrictive duration ,ccording to !horf, the )opi microcosm seems to have analy3ed reality largely in terms of a) 0things1 plus modes of existence it calls 0matter1 b) events 5or 0eventing1),

7O

referred to in two ways, obEective and subEective c) elemental substances connected primarily with the corn deity d) thesis and antithesis, ignoring synthesis e) ethereal imagery, primarily in the area of counting !horf says that the 0quality of reality1 that 4matter. or 4stuff. has for us may correspond to the )opi: a) worship of time b) preoccupation with intensity of social relations c) emphasis on predicting the future outcome of events d) emphasis on preparing or being prepared e) the ordination of the world of nature ,ccording to !horf, our obEectified view of time is: a) the reason we invaded Iraq b) favorable to historicity and everything connected with %eeping records c) conducive to driving automobiles d) very similar to the )opi view of timel e) similar to the -avaEo perception of time !horf avers that: )opis: a) use gestures more than the average Buropean b) ma%e more spatial reference with gestures than S,B spea%ers c) rarely gesture at all d) find gesturing with the fingers disgusting e) love to point with their fingers !horf concludes that a) concepts of 4time. and 4matter. depend on the nature of one.s language b) concepts of 4time. and 4space. are dependent on one.s language c) there is no such stri%ing difference between )ope and S,B about space as about time d) 4space. is probably apprehended in substantially the same form irrespective of language e) all of the above f) a, c : d g) none of the above /eople of the *robriand Islands, according to &orothy ee, probably: a) classify yams on the basis of si3e and shape b) apprehend reality nonlineally in contrast to our own lineal phrasing c) call sisters ave and brothers %ainga d) call sisters %ainga and brothers ave e) appear to favor pattern over lineality in their perception of reality f) apparently do not value lineal apprehension of reality g) all of the above h) b, e : f i) none of the above *robriand language a) has no adEectives b) has no tenses c) describe their village as 0aggregate of bumps1 d) describe their village as two concentric circles e) all of the above f) a, b : c g) none of the above a%off and #ohnson view the following as conceptual metaphor based on linguistic evidence: a) 0argument is war1 b) 0cleanliness is health1 c) 0time is wasted1 d) 0flags are symbols1 e) 0speed is deadly1 f) a, c : e g) none of the above *he Subanun drin%ing encounter provides a structured setting for a) the periodic fights for which the Subanun are well %nown b) drin%ing a little and tal%ing a lot c) tal%ing a little and drin%ing a lot d) defining, extending, and manipulating one.s social relationships through the use of speech e) a : c f) none of the above

7F

Subanun beer is drun% a) directly from the %eg b) directly from the mouth of a large gourd c) through bamboo straws d) only by women e) all of the above f) a : c g) none of the above *he Subanun drin%ing encounter provides a structured setting for a) the periodic fights for which the Subanun are well %nown b) drin%ing a little and tal%ing a lot c) tal%ing a little and drin%ing a lot d) defining, extending, and manipulating one.s social relationships through the use of speech e) a : c f) none of the above Subanun beer is drun% a) directly from the %eg b) directly from the mouth of a large gourd c) through bamboo straws d) only by women e) all of the above f) a : c g) none of the above &iscourse at a Subanun festive gathering a) is focused on drin%ing a fermented 5alcohol containing) beverage. b) proceeds in three stages c) includes invitation, gossip, deliberation, and verbal art display d) is important to a male.s role in the society e) all of the above f) a : d g) none of the above evinson calls the widespread presumption in cognitive sciences that language is essentially innate: a) 0simple nativism1 b) 0active patterning1 c) evidence of a 0diseased mind1 d) the 0Sapir2!horf hypothesis #ohn )otch%iss notes that in *eopisca: a) people ta%e measures to ensure some degree of secrecy b) houses are oriented inward c) children are used as 0spies1 5i.e. to obtain information about others) d) children are in some ways viewed as 0non2persons1 e) all of the above f) a, b : d g) none of the above )otch%iss believes that privacy and secrecy are strategies for protecting one.s reputation in a small community. )e further suggests that this is the basis for: a) saying that 0too many coo%s spoil the broth1 b) the strategic use of children to run errands c) some of the outrageous conduct of teenagers d) the belief that eating cactus can ma%e you sterile #ohn )otch%iss sees children as a) fun to be around Sbecause they have less inhibeted intuitions than adults b) inheritors of culture S because their parents want to pass on the culture to them c) 0nonpersons1 S and therefore less li%ely to be seen as invading privacy or compromising secrecy d) strong for their age S and therefore able to run errands li%e getting water d) always willing to oblige and eager to run errands. ,ccording to #. )otch%iss, a child go2between may indeed be aware of the truth, and the adult interlocutor may %now that the child %nows, but: a) %nowing is not the same as suspecting b) the adult doesn.t have to be as delicate in behavior in front of a child as s=he would in front of an adult c) if the child really %nows, then he is very li%ely to tell his parents what he has seen even if sworn to secrecy by the adult alter

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!hen a child in *eopisca returns from an errand: a) s=he is extensively debriefed by an adult of the household to see what s=he has learned on the errand b) s=he is given some candy by an adult of the household c) s=he is than%ed profusely for running the errand but never given candy d) s=he is rarely sent on another errand on the same day e) b : d )otch%iss focuses on how some children.s activities are a) outrageous b) ways of learning the adult culture so they will eventually become adults c) part of the cost of doing business in *eopisca d) integral to certain aspects of social relations among adults e) fraught with no outcome %ND MIDTERM Synchrony between the verbal and nonverbal streams of a spea%er9s language behavior22is called: a) interactional synchrony b) self sychrony c) mirror synchrony d) synchronicity e) all of the above e) a : b f) none of the above In the film &o ;ou Spea% ,merican: 8ut !est, (liff -ass said that hearing a mismatch between one.s voice 5including accent) and one.s physical appearance leads to a) humorous situations b) less stability c) more stablity d) lest trust e) more trust f) temporary insanity g) a : c 8ne of several definitions of context we have discussed is: a) the textual part of a message b) everything necessary to understand a message c) the extra part of settings d) those individuals who determine which routines are next e) the way we were In the film ,merican *ongues it was maintained that a person.s accent is a) better than that of others b) mostly phonological c) mostly morphological d) a source of irritation for southerners e) mostly in the mind. In the film 0,merican *ongues,1 what was used as a mas% for racism" ,) speech networ%ing b) learning Jerman c) participation in covert discourses d) language disparagement e) elitism f) !hich of the following could not be considered a contextual component for an ethnography of communication" a) schismogenesis b) participants c) goals d) topics e) settings (lose matching between movements of a spea%er and movements of a listener is called a) interactional synchrony b) self sychrony c) mirror synchrony d) shadowing e) all of the above e) none of the above *he film ,merican *ongues illustrated the fact that there are a) three different dialects in Boston b) Boston speech is pretty homogeneous c) people in Boston who exploit their accents mercilessly and to their advantage d) Brahmins in Boston who have learned how to sweep streets

7G

It seems li%ely that )ymes is correct when he concludes that: a) some languages are better suited than others to full expression of what the society needs to express b) languages are all equally suited to full expression of what the society needs to express c) world languages have evolved to express the full range of human emotions d) local languages are notably deficient in psychological opacity e) expression trumps comphrehension ,merican *ongues showed that a) in times of stress one reverts to forms of speech learned in the early teens. b) *he western theme of $raternity )o. &own parties requires tal%ing with a country accent before getting. down with them c) there is no race or class discrimination in the <.S. *ransition to sentential speech in some hypothetical pre2hominid ancestor must have involved: a) 0blending1 in the 0animal cry1 b) gradual loss of emotional loading in vocal messages c) temporal differentiation prior to spatial disticulation d) gradual increase in vocal coding of contextual variables e) b : d f) a : c g) none of the above Cocatives are a) shifters b) signs that are supposed to get the attention of an individual c) signs that spell out the names of obEects d) predicates e) a category of individual names ocating contextual items without actually naming them is done by members of a speech category called a) deictics b) predicates c) shifters d) names e) desideratives f) a : e g) a : c h) none of the above (ompared to non2autonomous speech, autonomous speech is a) more syntactically complex b) more linguistically explicit c) less dependent on paralinguistic and %inesic signals d) less dependent on bac%ground information possessed by the hearer e) all of the above f) a : c g) none of the above -on2autonomous speech is li%e Bernstein.s a) modal synthesis b) elaborated code c) conversational postulates d) restricted code e) face2threat acts f) uncle *he greater the psychological difference, or distance, between communicating individuals, the greater the need for a) sympathetic prosthesis b) autonomous speech c) watchfulness d) restricted code *he evolution of human societies has been in the direction of a) language diversification b) more people c) larger speech communities d) increasing social differentiation e) increasing complexity f) autonomous symbol systems g) all of the above h) none of the above

DP

*he following are demonstrable characteristics of form and function in language: a) form follows function b) a variety of forms can serve the same function c) the same form can serve a variety of functions d) 8n occasion use of a form for one function excludes its use for certain others e) a given form can serve no more than three functions f) a formal function is usually a routine g) b, c : d g) all of the above h) none of the above !hich of the following correlates meaningfully with segmentation of the speech community and also with different contextual elements" a) halitosis b) poverty c) linguistic variation d) autonomous speech e) speech components !hich of the following could be considered part of the communicative context of a 0text1 " a) setting : Scene b) participants c) ends d) act sequence e) %ey f) norms g) all of the above h) a : d i) none of the above Settings, as distinct from context, can: a) help define events, invo%ing some behaviors, restricting others b) can be classified along a continuum of formality c) are open ended and non2autonomous d) be reduced to spatiometric parameters e) all of the above f) a : b g) none of the above *he following characteristics of formality are apparently universal: a) increased structuring b) consistency of co2occurrence choices c) emphasis on personal identities of participants d) diffuse and flexible norms for interaction e) all of the above f) a : b g) none of the above Bac%2channel cues are a) elements of topic development b) always non2verbal c) always vebali3ed d) signals of active listenership e) subgeneric vocal specifiers f) all of the above g) b : d h) none of the above &epending on the language, placement of values along dimensions of power and of solidarity have been found in: a) a %ind of referential limbo b) ,las%a c) (anada d) terms of address e) pronominal usage f) honorifics g) all of the above h) d, e, : f i) none of the above 'eciprocal use of * - or $- in the <S references the social dimension of a) power b) arrangement c) solidarity d) grammaticality e) a : c f) all of the above. -on2reciprocal use of * - or $- in the <S references the social dimension of a) power b) arrangement c) solidarity d) grammaticality e) a : c f) all of the above. <se of first name in <S address underlyingly means a) either intimacy or condescension b) both intimacy and condescension c) neither intimacy nor condescension d) deference or distance e) a : d f) none of the above <se of * - in <S address underlyingly means: a) either intimacy or condescension

D7

b) both intimacy and condescension c) neither intimacy nor condescension d) deference or distance e) a : d f) none of the above *he pronouns of power and solidarity have been referenced in this class as: a) / : S b) * : C c) 7st person and Dnd person pronouns d) spea%er and hearer h) )im and )er 'eciprocal use of the Dnd person pronoun in Buropean languages stresses: a) active listenership b) synchronicity in interaction c) equality of participants d) power sharing e) all of the above f) none of the above -on2reciprocal use of the Dnd person pronoun in 'omance languages and (hina stresses: a) active listenership b) synchronicity in interaction c) equality of participants d) power sharing e) all of the above f) none of the above #ohn ,ustin has made a K way distinction among utterances based on the notion that the speech act accomplishes goals. )e has identified the following %inds of acts: a) active, inactive, and synthetic b) ends, means, and divisors c) locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary d) polite, clear, and mannerly e) official, unofficial, and arbitrary #ohn ,ustin classified speech acts in terms of their purpose and effect. !ith respect to the locutionary act, the focus is on a) the spea%er.s intentions b) exactly what is said c) the consequences of the speech act d) the end result of the performance e) all of the above f) c : d g) none of the above ,n illocutionary act is the act performed in saying somethingM here the focus is on: a) the spea%er.s intentions b) exactly what is said c) the consequences of the speech act d) the end result of the performance e) all of the above f) c : d g) none of the above Broadcast transmission and directional reception of messages, according to )oc%ett is characteristic of: a) humans and bees but few other animals b) humans and non2human primates only with rare exceptions c) most animals d) very intelligent people In pointing to rapid fading as a design feature in some communication systems, )oc%ett is excluding: a) chimpan3ees, gorillas, and capuchin mon%eys b) animal trac%s, spoors, and chemical signs in communication c) elephants, tapirs, and pachyderms d) speech, paralanguage, and subvocal tongue movements )oc%ett refers to the fact that in some communicative systems new linguistic messages are coined freely and can be understood in context. )e names this design feature: a) coininess b) understandability c) duality of patterning d) parsimony e) openness 5productivity) f) displacement

DD

)oc%ett singles out the ability in a communicative system of meaningless elements to pattern and in combination to form meaningful messages as important in human language. )e calls this: a) productivity b) context formation c) duality of patterning d) parsimony e) openness 5productivity) f) displacement )oc%ett claims that non2human animals do not appear to be capable of transmitting information about their own or other systems of communication, and calls the ability to do so: a) prevarication b) displacement c) openness d) reflexiveness e) transmutability ,pologies are a) a form of hyper politeness b) linguistic routines c) topically interactive d) stressful at all times e) the main form of social politeness f) messages signaling active engagement with anaytic precepts g) conversational postulates h) a form of conversational analysis In all situations, spea%ers have options of ways to express themselves. *heir choices in expression reveal underlying cultural models of a) behavior b) rights c) obligations d) biological classification e) phenotypic transmutation f) all of the above g) a, b : c In conversation analysis an adEacency pair is considered to be: a) when two parties spea% at the same time b) lin%ed utterances based on turn ta%ing c) when a turn is allocated by the spea%er d) when a turn is allocated by the hearer e) two related turn entry devices e) a : e f) none of the above Jreetings have been said to function a) to mar% the transition to a condition of increased access b) to ac%nowledge the presence of others c) to begin communicative interactions d) to establish a shared perceptual field e) to identify interlocutor as a distinct being worth recogni3ing f) all of the above g) a, b : e Jreetings, compliments, and condolences can all be thought of as a) routines b) creators of social solidarity c) negotiators of social solidarity d) face threat acts e) warnings of inclement social weather f) maxims for social interactions g) all of the above h) a S d Solicitudes tend to a) convey social distinctions b) usually occur in first person c) be formulaic d) use imperatives e) convey only temporary good wishes to the addressee f) all of the above g) c, d : e h) none of the above )./. Jrice articulated four important maxims regarding conversational ideals that can be summari3ed as maxims of a) quantity, quality, relevance, and manner b) politeness, relevance, manner, and truth c) perspicacity, opularity, ambiguity, and obscurity d) brevity, independence, participation, and truthiness )./. Jrice felt that conversational norms are best served by a) saying a bit more than necessary b) saying a little bit less than desired c) saying neither too much nor too

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little d) saying things that are counterfactual e) omitting things that are embarrassing f) giving the benefit of the doubt to one.s interlocutor g) all of the above h) a : f &epartures from Jrice.s norms are a) mar%ed b) often noted by the spea%er prior to ma%ing the departure c) mitigated by the spea%er to blunt the force of the departure d) often signaled by the word 4but. e) whispered f) all of the above g) a S d g) none of the above 'obin a%off formulated two rules of pragmatic competence: a) be relevant and be polite b) be concise and be polite c) be relevant and be clear d) be clear and be polite e) be tolerant and be polite f) give options and be polite g) don.t impose and be polite a%off suggests that when rules of pragmatic competence conflict, a) politeness usually supercedes clarity b) giving options usually supercedes being friendly c) activity usually comes out the winner d) clarity usually supercedes politeness. a%off opines that in most informal conversations a) actual communication of important ideas is secondary to reaffirming and strengthening relationships b) relationships ta%e a bac% seat to truth c) the structure is what is important, the means by which it is achieved is secondary d) time is rarely a consideration e) all of the above f) b : d g) none of the above *o Brown and evinson politeness is concern with face, which involves a) an individual9s self2esteem b) the public image every person wants to claim for him=herself c) the desire to be approved or respected d) the desire to be unimpeded in one.s actions e) the desire not to be imposed upon f) all of the above g) a, b : d Brown and evinson suggest that in mitigation or redress of a face threat act, a) negative politeness provides greater redress than positive politeness b) positive politeness provides greater mitigation than negative politeness c) off record politeness gives greater mitigation for an $*, than negative politeness d) positive politeness provides greater mitigation than off2record politeness e) a : c f) b : d g) a : d 'equests, orders, offers, and dares are said by Brown and evinson to be $*,s to a) hearer.s positive face b) spea%er.s negative face c) hearer.s negative face d) spea%er.s positive face e) none of the above (riticism, accusation, insults, contradictions, and boasts are said by Brown and evinson to be $*,s to a) hearer.s positive face b) spea%er.s negative face c) hearer.s negative face d) spea%er.s positive face e) none of the above *han%ing, accepting offers, ma%ing unwilling promises are said by Brown and evinson to be $*,s to a) hearer.s positive face b) spea%er.s negative face

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c) hearer.s negative face d) spea%er.s positive face e) none of the above ,pologies, confessions, and admissions of responsibility are said by Brown and evinson to be $*,s to a) hearer.s positive face b) spea%er.s negative face c) hearer.s negative face d) spea%er.s positive face e) none of the above In the film 0Brain Sex,1 what was lin%ed to producing homosexual offspring" a) excess testosterone hormone b) stress c) sophistication d) &BS issues e) *urner.s Syndrome f) excess progesterone hormone *hree social factors for spea%er selection of linguistic mechanism to accomplish an $*, include a) race, religion, and social class b) norms, platitudes, and energetics c) power, solidarity, and degree of imposition entailed by $*, d) poverty, emotional satisfaction, and the degree of imposition entailed by the $*, , speech community is a group of people who: a) interact by means of speech b) share %nowledge of the rules for conduct and interpretation of speech c) share a set of social attitudes towards their own and others language and speech d) all of the above e) a : b f) none of the above In the <S, wea% social networ%s predominate among a) the upper class b) the middle class c) the lower class d) b : c e) none of the above &ense social networ%s are more typical of a) upper class communities b) middle class communities c) lower2class communities d) all of the above e) a : b Social distinctions among community members influence a) the production of speech b) the interpretation of speech c) the evaluation of speech d) the importation of speech e) all of the above f) a, b : c g) none of the above Social class systems are based on: a) conflict b) transparency c) articulation d) language e) differentiation f) inequality g) all of the above h) a, b : c i) a, e : f E) none of the above In the <S, class: a) is reflected in language use fluctuating c) is reinforced by language use d) terms of economic, political, and social relations system f) all of the above g) a S d h) b S e b) membership is potentially fluid and is structured in e) serves as a basis for the legal i) c : d

!illiam abov studied postvocalic r usage in a) Baltimore b) /hiladelphia c) -ew ;or% (ity d) San $rancisco e) a : b f) a : d none of the above $rom his study of postvocalic r, abov concluded that this variable is: a) a linguistic mar%er of social stratification b) a mas% for the denigration of spea%ers c) a good way to find out where women.s shoes are being sold d) statistically more prominent in the speech of higher classes

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e) all of the above f) a and d

g) b : c h) none of the above

In his study of postvocalic r use in three department stores, abov assumed that: a) wor%ers identified with the prestige of their employers and customers b) Sa%s is less prestigeful than +acy.s c) level of awareness would not correlate with Sr pronounciation d) S. Ilein was a well regarded grocery store e) a : d f) c : d g) none of the above, for he made no assumptions at all abov concluded that crossover behavior is a) an indicator of a stable linguistic variable b) a reliable indicator of linguistic change c) an indicator of linguistic mar%ing of overt behavior d) a reliable indicator of occupational stratification e) evidence of linguistic insecurity f) c : d g) b : e abov found that a) race was a significant factor in postvocalic r frequency b) gender was a significant factor in his postvocalic r study c) class was a significant factor in postvocalic r use d) religion was a significant factor in his postvocalic r study d) all of the above e) none of the above abov found varying amounts of Sr pronounciation, the largest amount occurring in a) reading speech b) casual speech c) minimal pairs d) r2directed speech abov has conducted studies indicating that members of all classes increase their use of 2r as context focused more attention on pronunciation, showing that they are aware of the same general norm giving value to 2r pronouncing a) true b) false abov showed that in speech in the most careful contexts, members of the second highest class use more 2r than do members of the highest group, demonstrating that ower+iddle(lass spea%ers are most sensitive about negative evaluations of their own speech and most desirous of achieving prestige norms. *his illustrates the phenomenon that abov called a) class warfare b) class based homogeneity c) crossing over d) free variation e) a : d f) none of the above 6*he correlate of regular stratification of a sociolinguistic variable in behavior is uniform agreement in subEective reactions towards that variable6 *his statement could have been made by a) eroi #ones b) Iarl +ar%s c) !illiam abov d) 'obin &unbar e) !illiam 8ng f) !alter 'ostow g) &ell )ymes h) none of the above In Bngland /eter *rudgill studied the use of phonological variables and found that for all the features studied higher class spea%ers use more non2standard forms, meaning that they use fewer standard pronounciations a) true b) false c) indeterminate In Scotland, 'onald +acauley, in a study of H phonological features, concluded that a) spea%er use of prestige variants was consistently ran%ed with their occupational stratification b) women employed more prestige pronunciations than men of their age group c) use of the glottal stop increased with age d) men used more pitch variation

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and speed variation than women e) a and b f) b and c g) c : d above

h) none of the

8ne of the surprising findings of #acquelyn indenfeld is that spea%ers are rarely able to manipulate their use of language in order to emphasi3e their class identity in different speech situations a) true b) false c) false in fact, but true in intent Basil Bernstein identified a dichotomy of speech styles that he labeled a) autonomous and non2autonomous b) elaborated and restricted c) autonomous and restricted d) elaborated and non2autonomous ,ccording to Bernstein, a) because members of different social classes use different modes of expression, they develop different patterns of thought and thus understand their world in different ways b) one of the effects of the class system is to limit access to elaborated codes c) use of explicit references in elaborated codes can allow spea%ers to thin% about meanings and relationships separate from their immediate context, potentially permitting them to enter into a reflexive relationship to the social order d) all of the above e) a : b !hat has been called the elaborated code is a) used by the middle class b) expresses universalistic meanings using nouns, adEectives and verbs with explicit referents c) relies less on presuppositions d) expresses 0particularistic1 meanings using more context2bound words, pronouns, and deictics e) accompanied by more gestures and other non2verbal signs f) relies more on presuppositions g) all of the above h) a, b : c i) d, e : f E) c : d ,frican ,merican Cernacular Bnglish is, according to abov: a) a separate language, related to Bnglish, that should be called Bbonics b) a (reole language composed of ,frican dialects mixed with Bnglish and $rench c) a subsystem of Bnglish with a distinct set of phonological and syntactic rules that are now aligned in many ways with the rules of other dialects of Bnglish d) a subdialect of (aEun dialect e) a : b f) b : c g) c : d h) none of the above ,,CB exhibits a) a highly elaborated aspect system, quite different from other dialects of Bnglish b) a tendency to delete postvocalic r c) a tendency to delete the copula wherever it can be contracted in Standard Bnglish d) a tendency to reduce word final consonant clusters e) a tendency to use 0li%e1 as a pause filler f) deep structure rules almost identical to those found in Bantu languages g) tense constructions that add Si33le to the ends of a selection of nouns h) all of the above i) a , b, c : d E) a, c : f %) b, d : g In ,,CB a) men tend to retain the copula with greater frequency than women b) women tend to retain the copula with greater frequency than men c) men and women tend to delete the copula with about the same frequency d) men and women of dainer flats tend to delete the copula e) men and women of higher classes tend to delete the copula f) all of the above g) b : d h) a : e i) c : e

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#ohn 'ic%ford in his article Suite for Bbony and /honics said that a) some languages have dialects b) all languages have dialects c) dialects develop when preEudice and discrimination fester in a society d) a dialect is a language with an army and a navy e) ebonics is slang f) dial extra censory trapection +arcyliena +organ maintains that )ip hop culture involves youth sociali3ation that a) explicitly addresses racism, sexism, neoliberalism and class b) explicitly addresses racism, sexism, capitalism, and morality c) explicitly critiques the practices of rapping, roc%ing, and rolling d) drops phat trac%s *here are numerous speech differences between men and women in our society. *hey are a) mostly connected to phonemic gradation b) more often a matter of grammar c) mostly in the form of statistical variables d) generally based on gender preference rather than gender exclusive speech differences e) mitigated by strong referential notations f) evidence of a lac% of professionalism g) remnants of institutionali3ed sex antagonism h) all of the above i) b : c E) c : d %) d : e l) e : g +oc% Spanish as 'usty Barrett characteri3es it, a) has semantic peEoration of Spanish words b) uses obscene Spanish in place of Bnglish equivalents c) lac%s cojones d) overuses Spanish grammatical elements e) has hyper ,nglici3ation 5parodic pronunciation) f) all of above g) none of above h) a, b, d : e . $emales in our society often blunt a direct statement by means of a) heuristic devices such as harmonious interference b) refractory engagement c) hedge words d) tag questions e) modal auxiliaries f) color terminology g) a : b h) b : c i) c : d E) d : e %) e : f *he use of such devices as tag questions and hedge words a) is highly valued by men b) can undermine the spea%er.s appearance of competence and confidence c) arises from grammatical insecurity d) has its genesis in complementary dualism e) a : b f) c : d It is probably a universal fact that in all cultures a) gender is a social construct b) there are differences in how men and women communicate c) the genders are socially distinguished d) wherever societal distinctions are made among community members, linguistic and stylistic variations arise to reflect and reinforce existing segmentation e) all of the above f) a : c g) b : d h) a, b, and d In ,merican Bnglish a) few if any patterns are exclusive to either gender b) the inventory of sounds for men and women is the same, but there are different frequencies with which men and women use particular sounds c) #ohn $ischer found gender related patterns in the pronunciation of the final consonant in 4fishing. d) #ohn $ischer found

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formality related patterns in the pronunciation of the final consonant in 4fishing. of the above f) a, b : c g) c : d

e) all

Several studies show women9s greater use of standard pronunciations, and quic%er and more mar%ed style shifting to the standard in increasingly formal speech contexts. 8ne explanation says this is due to a) a genetic predisposition to use standard pronuciation b) hormonal production in women that favors style shifting because men and women have different brains c) women.s linguistic insecurity reflecting their social insecurity in a hierarchical system of gender in which they are relegated to second place d) the fact that formality and femininity go hand in hand !hen *rudgill as%ed them about their pronunciation, women tended to claim greater use of standard pronunciation than actually occurred in their speech whereas men tended to claim greater use of the nonstandard than actually occurred in their speech. *rudgill explained this saying that a) covert prestige is given to male behavior that reEects the standard b) overt prestige is given to female behavior that adopts the standard c) people cannot evaluate their own behavior very well d) women are more modest than men e) all of the above f) a : b g) b : c In general, women use a) more dynamic intonational contours than do men b) a wider range of pitches within their repertory than do men c) a more rapid and mar%ed shift in volume and velocity than do men d) all of the above e) a : c f) b : c g) none of the above &ynamic intonational patterns are interpreted by ,merican Bnglish spea%ers as indicating a) stunted morality b) emotionality and natural impulses c) control and restraint d) an attempt to escape from boredom e) all of the above. ,ccording to some, women and men are not viewed simply as different with respect to language behaviorM instead, women9s behavior is a) negatively evaluated in relation to male norms b) viewed as unstable and unpredictable c) seen as the gold standard for ideological commerce d) all of the above e) a : b !omen9s frequent changes in pitch and volume may serve the important function of attracting and holding the listener9s attention. !omen may need this device more than men because of a) their desire to be viewed as attractive b) their interest in being seen as attentive c) their relative powerlessness in a male dominated society d) their frequent contact with young children who are not yet sociali3ed to attend reliably to verbal signals e) all of the above f) a : b g) c : d h) a : c i) b : d Because rising pitch is an indicator of a question in ,merican Bnglish, some linguists such as 'obin a%off believe that when women use rising pitches, they are interpreted as a) hortatory b) hesitant c) uncertain d) lac%ing assertiveness e) attempting to be inclusive f) asserting dominance g) a, b : c h) b, c : d i) c, d : e E) d, e : f

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'egarding tag questions it has been found that a) women more often use tags for addressee2orinted goals b) men more often use tags for spea%er2oriented goals c) men more often use tags for addressee oriented goals d) women more often use tags for spea%er oriented goals e) women and men use tags with the same frequency for both spea%er and addressee oriented goals f) a : b g) b : c h) c : d i) none of the above +en and women sometimes employ linguistic styles characteri3ed by indecisive, imprecise, or mitigated speech. *hese traits are perceived to be more typical of women. *hey are, in actuality, a) more li%ely to be used by men 5given contextual similarities) b) more li%ely to be used by women 5given contextual similarities) c) more li%ely to be used by people of either gender in subordinate roles d) to be used with very limited frequency e) a : c f) b : c g) b, c : d , common cultural stereotype describes women as being more tal%ative than men. a) this turns out to be true b) an experiment in describing pictures showed men tal%ing on average four times long as women c) at a faculty meeting men were cloc%ed spea%ing up to four times as long as women d) men prefer to tal% about their emotions and feelings according to an experiment using bicycles e) all of the above f) a : b g) b : c h) c : d In ;ana, a (alifornia Indian language Sapir identified men.s speech and women.s speech. a) men.s speech is only used by men, and only to other men b) women.s speech is used by women to men and women and by men to women c) men.s speech is mar%ed with respect to women.s speech in most cases d) men.s speech uses more elaborate forms than that of women e) women.s speech is more elaborate than that of women f) all of the above g) a S d h) b S e i) none of the above $alsetto voice is employed as a respect device used by (arib women while raised pitch is used as a respect device by men. a) true b) false c) we have no way of %nowing +a3atecs of 8axaca, +exico employ a %ind of whistle speech that women can understand but that only men use. a) true b) false c) there is no way of %nowing *he nerd according to +ary Bucholt3 is a) ideologically gendered and raciali3ed b) unable to use grammatically correct Bnglish c) prone to use slang among themselves d) characteri3ed by a set of practices, stances, and engagements e) mar%edly hyperwhite f) a, d : e g) none of the above In #apanese some of the gender exclusive differences in speech reflect a message of social inequality, unli%e (hu%chee a) true b) false In (hiquita , a Bolivian indigenous language, in women9s speech all nouns are treated the same, but in men9s speech nouns divided into two classes mar%ed morphologically. a) one class consists of nouns referring to men and supernatural beings b) the other consists of nouns referring to women and animals c) men.s speech is employed by men

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only in spea%ing to other men d) women never use men.s speech e) men never address women with men.s speech f) all the above g) a, c, d : e h) b, c, d : e Bodine suggests that (hiquita men have tried to use language to symbolically elevate themselves, but (hiquita women have refused to go along with it. a) true b) false *he film *o +a%e the Balance is about a) three orphans who end up as governors of their own states in (olombia b) how Eustice is officially administered in a +exican village c) how illegal drugs are legally dispensed in 8hio d) how a state senator lost his Eob over allegations that he was soliciting favors from a large pharmaceutical company e) a small band of wac% players are shown up by fly cats when missing props are noticed. *he film Brain Sex singled out the following as particularly important to gender a) the left and right brain b) biological gender c) hormones d) diet e) play activities f) parental occupation Jender exclusive patterns of speech in languages of the world generally involve either a small number of sounds, a few morphological mar%ers, or a handful of words. -o exclusive differences in sentence construction have been reported. -evertheless, gender2exclusive forms have great social significance, reflecting and reinforcing cultural models of gender distinctions. a) true b) false c) first part is true, second is false *he film Brain Sex claims that there is such a thing as a) a person with only one x chromosome b) a person with only one y chromosome c) a person with two y chromosomes d) a person with three x chomosomes e) a person without chormosomes In many cultures, where polite speech is most typical of women 5e.g. ,merican=,nglo societies, #apan), it is interpreted as a signal of deference and lower status. )owever, in other societies 5e.g. #ava), polite speech 5including humility) is manipulated to convey messages of power and superiority a) true b) false +alagasy 5+adagascar) has two speech styles. 8ne is used in rituals and formal secular sitution. *his one is a) generally only used by men b) referred to as resaka c) indirect of reference d) referred to as kabary e) used only by women f) used in a direct and open manner g a, b : c h) a, c : d i) c, e : f E) none of the above In +adagascar, where +alagasy is spo%en, a) women dominate situations where directness is called for b) men dominate situations where indirectness is desirable c) the society is egalitarian d) all of the above e) a : b f) b : c g) a : c *he film Brain Sex claimed that a) rats could eat people if given enough time b) /+S could induce a woman to commit suicice c) Sexual deposition is genetically equivalent to gender reorientation d) adopted children are more li%ely to murder their parents than biologically produced children.

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*he Iuna of /anama have a basically egalitarian society according to #oel Sher3er. a) economic and social responsibilties of women and men are seen as distinct, yet complementary and harmonious b) men supply food and women perform domestic labor c) the genders have different speech genres d) women usually conduct political oratory and ritual incantations e) men usually engage in 0tuneful weeping1 5chanted to dying and deceased relatives f) all of the above g) a, b : c h) b, c : d i) c, d : e ,mong the Iuna, according to Sher3er, each gender has occasion to employ elaborate rhetorical styles, replete with metaphor and symbolic allusions, and each uses chanting and rhythmic patterns or tunes in certain contexts, and both men and women spea% directly and confidently when voicing their opinions. a) true b) false c) partially true d) mostly false In 0Jreetings in the &esert1 Jrimshaw and ;oussef discuss greetings of b) Bedouins c) *uaregs d) -amibians e) Juaqueros a) ,rabs

In researching 0Jreetings in the &esert1 the authors were hoping to a) uncover secrets of life in the desert b) find out how oases became important components of desert greetings c) propose some universals about greetings d) none of the above *he following pertain5s) to the desert dwellers studied by Jrimshaw and ;oussef a) news and companionship are highly valued in the wilderness b) strangers may be or become enemies c) sensitivity to cues of identity has high survival value d) adult males must learn complex rules for the interpretation of verbal and other behaviors in the accomplishment of greetings and information exchange e) all of the above f) b : c g) a : d h) none of the above !illiam abov says linguists believe a) genetic deficits explain poor performance of lower2class inner city children b) environmental factors better explain performance of lower2class inner city children c) inner city children don.t necessarily have inferior mothers, language, or experience, but language and perhaps other aspects of inner city life are different from the standard anglo classroom culture and are not always properly understood by teachers and psychologists d) we must begin to adapt our school system to the language and learning styles of the maEority in the inner2city schools e) b : c f) c : d g) none of the above !illiam abov ta%es educational psychologists to tas% for their ignorance his article on Blac% intelligence a) true b) false c) he ta%es teachers to tas%, but not educational psychologists. ,ccording to Ieenan, a) only men are expected to cultivate ka&a'y speech b) women use one %ind of power and men another c) women are associated with direct criticism and haggling in mar%ets tending to be direct and open in manner d) men tend to conduct themselves with discretion and subtlety e) all of the above f) c : d g) a : c h) none of the above

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(INAL EXAM 5it is comprehensive in the sense that in addition to selecting from the questions below and perhaps adding a few extras from the last O wee%s of class, it may draw from questions that were actually on the first and second midterm examsUbut not questions from the first nine wee%s that were not on either of those two exams) 8ne calls for an individual.s attention by using a) deictics b) predication c) vocatives d) desideratives e) naming Because data presented to children by experience is replete with incomplete sentences, ungrammatical utterances, and other erroneous data, we now %now that children learn their language from an inborn grammatical template that requires the child to learn what language it is exposed to, but not to analy3e the data of experience, according to Susan Blum.s article on (hinese names. a) true b) false c) true, but it was the lecturer and not Susan Blum who said it ,s children mature, their linguistic abilities include a) an increasing dependence on context b) increasing necessity for affect c) decreasing complexity of form and meaning d) progressive differentiation of forms and meanings *he process of language learning is best viewed as a) maturational b) chronological c) largely desiderative d) determined by sophistic process e) b : c (alling attention to contextual features by locating them with respect to the spea%er is %nown as a) individual naming b) deixis c) predication d) feature content e) classification (hildren can generally move their bodies in synchroni3ed rhythm with the language they hear a) by the second year of life b) by the end of the first month of life c) by the beginning of the second wee% after birth d) by the end of the day they are born e) when they enter the teen years , film called Brain Sex discusses gendered behavior and highlights the crucial role of a) hormones b) genes c) experience d) actuali3ation e) language ,t about two or three months most children begin a period in which they produce the sounds of the language they are exposed to as well as many sounds found in other languages. *his is called: a) sonic eEection b) imitation c) interactional synchrony d) babbling e) intonation f) a : c g) none of the above /arents and other caregivers provide the developing child with language data and social contexts within which their abilities become focused and meaningful. *his is called a) language acquisition b) speech sociali3ation c) distal atrophy d) predication e) verbal competence

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In the film 0$irst (ontact1 inhabitants of inland -ew Juinea are shown on film ma%ing a first contact with a) gold see%ing Bnglishmen b) ,ustralians c) missionaries from the <nited States d) all of above e) a : c f) none of above In order to understand what another person is saying, you must assume it ma%es sense and try to imagine a scenario that can explain it in sensible terms. *his is a variant of what has been called a) *he focal scenario proposal b) the mas%ed guise technique c) +iller.s law d) the reality chec% e) effortless understanding f) *he Iearney stipulation g) the /ellican breef 8ne of the first soundcontrasts learned by an Bnglish spea%ing child is between a) p : b b) between p : t c) between p : a d) between p : s e) beween f : h $or the developing child: a) production precedes comprehension b) production and comprehension go hand in hand c) comprehension precedes production d) active control precedes passive control e) vocali3ation precedes hearing f) none of the above Single word utterances by children around the end of the first year are often called: a) pivot grammars b) introductory verbali3ation c) holophrastic speech d) nonsense syllables e) morphing pronouncements *he short video promoting Incarcerex illustrates a) advertising at its finest b) that not all drugs have serious side effects c) a humorous loo% at the 0drug problem1 d) all of above e) b : c f) none of above -ormally by the second year or earlier, the developing child.s earlier global and imagistic thought becomes more particularistic and syntactic. *he earliest linguistic evidence of syntactic unpac%ing of images comes with a) one word grammars b) two word grammars c) pivot grammars d) three word grammars e) industrial grammars f) synto2grammars g) a : f h) b : c i) none of the above *rue syntactic construction normally mar%s: a) differentiation of words into classes b) overt conception of synesthesia c) recognition that form and function are interactive d) recognition of abstract elements e) recognition that sequential ordering of words conveys meaning f) recognition that grammatical relations must be overtly expressed g) a, e : f h) b, c : d Synthetic thin%ing a) is the ability to synthesi3e two %inds of thought, imagistic and syntactic b) is the ability to concentrate on whole signs when seen one at a time c) consists of a synthesis in which images are subdivided and lineari3ed without losing sight of the global whole d) is necessary for culture and a mechanism for information storage in the brain e) confers philosophical endogamy on the developing child f) b : c g) a, c : d

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!hen a child.s speech involves a class of relatively few words used in high frequency but not co2occurring with each other in an utterance and relatively more words of a larger class of mostly nouns and verbs that can co2occur in an utterance, we are dealing with a) an out of body experience b) sapienti3ation of collocation c) a pivot grammar d) functional verification e) a : c f) a : d +elayu a) is a variety of +alay deliberately developed as a ingua $ranca. b) became the national language of Indonesia c) is currently more widely %nown as Indonesian d) all of above e) a : c f) none of above +c,rthur in 0(hinese, Bnglish, SpanishUand the 'est 0 presents a seven tiered model see%ing to: a) represent the world.s languages in terms of si3e b) represent the world.s languages in terms of clout c) see%s to represent the world.s languages in terms of evolutionary stages d) see%s to represent the world.s languages in terms of their ages e) a : b f) c : d g) none of the above ,ccording to one researcher, complex sentence structure is acquired by the child a) through synchroni3ation of the morphology bone with the syntax bone b) with the insertion of hormonal elements into Broca.s area of the brain c) through positional learning, extended by means of contextual generali3ation d) with the equali3ing effect of competence and performance In early stages of speech 5one2or two2word constructions), morphological affixes denoting grammatical concepts and relations a) are usually given syntactic expression b) are generally omitted c) are finely tuned to contextual cues d) generally occur on only one member of a morphological pair e) lead into a propositional hierarchy f) provide essential linguistic nutrients inguistic form that overtly expresses grammatical meanings is informative and can, therefore, be used in interactions with people who do not share all of one9s experiences, thus expanding social possibilities for a maturing child. a) true b) false !here was $irst (ontact filmed d) $rance e) (hina a) ,ustralia b) -ew Juinea c) )ollywood

In a study of Bnglish spea%ing children it was found that: a) the order of emergence of inflections is relatively stable across children b) the age of emergence of inflections is relatively stable across children c) the order of emergence of inflections is not relatively stable across children d) the age of emergence of inflections is not relatively stable across children e) a : b f) b : d g) a : d h) none of the above !hen rules learned in one context are extended to other contexts through analogy, this can be called a) context generali3ation b) pernicious pedagogy c) morphological coloni3ation d) rule by analogy e) arching and chaining

KH

(hildren.s vocabulary development may include generating their own words from pre2 existing words, often creating verbs derived from nouns: a) true b) false c) it would be more accurate to say creating nouns from verbs Bxamples of an expanded definition of iglossia can be said to include: a) Spanish and Juarani in /araguay b) )indi and Banarsi Boli in Banaras c) $rench and ,lbanian in +orocco d) /ig atin and Bnglish in the <nited States e) a : c e) a : b It is generally true that children can imitate on demand many linguistic structures that they do not produce spontaneously in their own speech, suggesting that by imitation their production can precede their comprehension. *his is: a) true b) false It has been documented that 'ussian children at first omit all case distinctions, a) using nominative forms in every context b) using genitive forms in every context c) using instrumental forms in every context d) using dative forms in every context (hildren generally learn the proper forms for expressing negation before they are able to understand and express underlying concepts and relations. *his is a) true b) false Battistela tells us that ate 7Gth century thin%ing in the <S reflected the assimilationist ideology 0one nationUseveral languages1 : a) true b) false !ashoe, the chimpan3ee in the film was hesitant about using the sign for 4dirty.. *his is: a) true b) false *he Jardiners report that !ashoe the chimpan3ee signed with a 0chimp accent.1 *his is a) true b) false In a film shown in class, !ashoe the chimpan3ee spo%e a few words in Bnglish before being taught to sign 54mama., 4come here., and 4fish.). *his is: a) true b) false c) the words that !ashoe spo%e were very garbled in sound. , person9s %nowledge and ability to use all the semiotic systems available to him=her as a member of a given sociocultural community has been termed a) linguistic competence b) linguistic performance c) communicative performance d) communicative competence e) linguistic repertoire (hildren in #apan learn that a) expressing feelings is part of being polite b) the door to heaven is always open unless one lies c) not expressing feelings is part of being polite d) a : c Samoan children learning language acquire various linguistic means for expressing their feelings, and are encouraged to express both positive and negative feelings. *his is a) true b) false

KO

*he origins of the Bnglish only movement included S.I. )aya%awa, a <S Senator, attempting unsuccessfully to amend the <S constitution to ma%e Bnglish the official language of the <S: a) true b) false c) true if we change the name S.I. )aya%awa to #oseph +c(arthy. *here are no cultures in which it is polite to tal% at the same time as one.s interlocutor for more than about 7P seconds. *his is a) true b) false , lie is a lie in any culture, and children rarely have to learn how best to lie and get away with it. *his is a) true b) false Blaboration of detail in a story to ma%e it seem more real, and therefore more believable, is called: a) detailing b) pseudo2affectation c) verisimilitude d) virtual truth e) Joebbeling f) Jossip is such a natural activity that we don.t have to learn how to do it culturally correctly. *his is a) true b) false $or any given culture, one has to learn how to gossip, how to recogni3e it, and how to evaluate it. In ,merica this includes: a) who we can tell it to b) when we can tell it c) where we can tell it, how to begin it d) how to tell it e) it how to pretend that it wasn9t actually gossip f) why to tell it g) all of the above h) a S e i) none of the above ,mong the following, one was not mentioned as a function of gossip: a) social control b) boundary maintenance c) inheritance d) factionalism e) conversational practice f) tension release g) gaining another.s confidence h) living vicariously i) sociali3ation Jossip has been studied among *3ot3il spea%ers by #ohn )aviland, who created: a) quite a flap when it turned out he could out2gossip anyone in town b) a 0!ho.s !ho1 of Tinacantan c) several enemies by gossiping about their wives d) much ado about nothing ,ccording to (hang, repeated question in (hinese criminal courtroom questioning are most li%ely to: a) reflect the Eudge.s inability to hear the question b) reflect an attempt to extract a confession or remorse from the defendant c) reflect persuasion through repetition d) reflect the natural process of voir dire e) reflect attempts to obtain information f) all of above g) a : b h) b : c ,mong these people, spea%ers must learn to express their own attitudes ambiguously so as to avoid potential conflict: a) 'ussians b) #apanese c) Samoans d) ,ndawamans e) Bdes

KF

Bmotions and attitudes can be signaled in the Samoan language by a) affect particles b) articles c) pronouns d) noun prefixes e) elementary phonemes f) a S c g) b S d h) c S e i) all of the above E) none of the above. (hildren acquire affect mar%ers early in development, and they learn particles and pronouns that express sympathy for oneself before those that indicate empathy for others, when they grow up in a) ,ustralia b) Samoa c) -orway d) /araguay e) Cene3uela Jenerally children first become aware of different categories of people based on characteristics such as age and gender: a) in first grade b) when they hit puberty c) in familial interactions d) while playing with their peers ,n explicit ideolology of silence and speech different from that of 0!estern culture1 in general is %nown to be exemplified among the a) Babylonians b) ,ncient Bgyptians c) Barly (hristians d) Vua%ers e) +elanesians f) all of the above g) b : c !hereas in 0!estern culture1 a networ% of associations lin% women with emotion, among the Ialuli of /apua, -ew Juinea, it is men who are stereotypically culturally constructed as the 0emotional gender.1 a) true b) false In the <.S. girls appear to defer to boys to the same extent that women do to men, because even at very early ages they are already sociali3ed to produce and = or experience unequal encounters. *his statement is a) true b) false Before they learn to ta%e spea%er turns, children in the <.S. are nearly a) a year old b) two years old c) three years old d) four years old e) five years old ;oung children seem to have problems with multiparty interactions involving children their age, but rarely when involving older children or adults. *his statement is a) true b) false Because of 6holistic6 thin%ing, when a young child doesn9t understand an utterance, it is difficult for her or him to locate the specific segment causing problems: a) true b) false (hildren don.t have to learn to give 6bac%channel cues,6 appropriate signals to spea%ers indicating active listenershipM that is something that one does instinctively. *his is a) true b) false Bffectively reporting one9s experiences is a s%ill that develops gradually in children. *his is a) true b) false !hen a careta%er comments on the semantic content of a child.s words, it is called: a) explaining b) meaning mar%ing c) modeling d) flushing

KQ

*he acquisition of a language of wider currency in addition to one.s mother tongue is often referred to as a) language shift b) bilingualism c) creoli3ation d) one2plus oss of one language in favor of another, usually in the direction of acquiring the language of wider currency while losing the mother tongue is often called: a) language shift b) creoli3ation c) prescriptivism d) literacy e) revitali3ation f) maintenance In 0!estern culture1 a networ% of associations lin% women with emotion, and among the Ialuli of /apua, -ew Juinea, also, women are stereotypically culturally constructed as the 0emotional gender.1 a) true b) false !hen subEects listen to tape2recorded speech in two versions of the same content, both spo%en by the same fluent bilingual person this is a) called the matched guise technique b) designed to yield a 0confusion index1 c) supposed to measure attitudes towards languages and spea%ers d) confrontational e) a : c f) b : d g) none of the above <sing the matched guise technique, ambert found that $rancophone subEects expressed preferences for Bnglish spea%ers except on ratings for a) logic b) attractiveness c) %indness d) religiousness e) all of the above f) c : d g) a : b h) none of the above In Vuebec a /arisian $rench guise was a) more favorably rated than (anadian $rench b) less favorably rated than (anadian $rench c) was not tried d) less favorably rated than $ran%fort Jerman. +atched2guise experiments with children as spea%ers and as Eudges show that a) between the ages of 7P and 7D socially derived stereotyping according to the dominant pattern of the adults begins b) children are generally more opinionated than adults c) children had a difficult time Eudging, but they had no problem spea%ing bilingually Speech accommodation theory suggests that a) when spea%ers have positive attitudes toward interlocutors, they converge to the latter9s speech styles b) spea%ers tend to maintain their own style, and may even exaggerate it, if they have negative opinions about co2participants c) spea%ers of a language tend to prefer their own language to that of another d) show a partial dichotomy with respect to accomodating language with which they are not familiar e) a : b f) c : d g) a : d h) none of the above In the <nited States there was a time when it was believed that linguistic diversity strengthened the development and exchange of ideas. *his is a) true b) false In the latter half of the nineteenth century laws were enacted requiring sole use of Bnglish in schools, and textboo%s emphasi3ed the co2occurrence of 9good tal%9 with good behavior, a moral character, and an industrious nature *his is a) true b) false

KG

*he 7GOK Bilingual Bducation ,ct a) provided federal funding to encourage bilingualism in the <.S. b) can be seen as legislation against bilingualism c) encourages the revival of native ,merican languages by providing federal funds d) is based on the maintenance model of bilingual education Spea%ers of -ative ,merican languages number a) approximately DH million b) nearly a million c) perhaps DHP,PPP d) about DP,PPP *he largest group of -ative ,merican language spea%ers are: a) c) (hero%ee d) -avaEo e) ,pache f) )opi a%ota b) +ohaw%

*hree creole languages have developed in the <.S. in the past few hundred years: a) ouisiana (reole b) )awaiian (reole c) ,lgonquian (reole d) Jullah e) )aitian (reole f) Seminary (reole g) /idgin Bnglish h) a, b : d i) b, c : d E) d, e : f (reole languages a) probably arose as pidgins b) are the first language of some spea%ers c) have a wide variety of use contexts d) all of the above e) a : b f) b : c g) none of the above (ompound bilingualism is when a) separate concepts are maintained for individual lexical items in each language b) the languages are integrated with lexical items under a single concept c) each of two languages feeds into the other d) two languages are spo%en in a single region *here is at least partially differentiated organi3ation of languages in the brain of the bilingual, as strongly evidenced by many cases of : a) diglossia b) bilingual education c) aphasia d) intellectual gradation e) a : b f) c : d g) none of the above Bilingualism has advantages for the brain, and there is considerable evidence that bilingual schooling aids learning abilities. /erhaps this is because: a) intellectual development is triggered by exposure to 6discrepant events b) certain relevant aspects of a problem may be brought to the bilingual child9s attention by the availability of two different linguistic perspectives c) the brains of bilinguals are generally larger than those of monolinguals d) bilinguals eat more foods with (2%eratonic than do monolinguals e) a : b f) c : d g) none of the above Some settings of stable bilingualism, with conservative and innovative varieties of the same language that function as formal and informal speech varieties side by side but in different social contexts, have been called by (harles $erguson situations of: a) aphasia b) diglossia c) language shift d) stapelia e) plattdeutch In the film, 0I.m British, ButW1 personal identity lin%ed to the following was=were illustrated: a) dress b) music c) dance d) language e) place of residence f) all of the above g) a : d h) b : e i) none of above

LP

+any sociolinguists believe that, in the absence of diglossia, bilingual communities will see: a) a resurgence of bilingualism b) language death c) language shift ) linguistic uncertianty e) aphasia L) creeping socialism #oan 'ubin studied bilingualism in /araguay, where she found that the following factors influenced the choice of code made by a bilingual. *hese were: a) location of interaction b) degree of participant intimacy c) seriousness of the discourse d) age of the protagonists e) degree of formality of the situation f) how well the spea%er %new both languages g) all of the above h) a, b, c : e i) b, c, d : f E) none of the above In the film, 0I.m British, ButW1 the filmma%er was depicted in the company of a) her mother c) his father d) a squirrel e) a dog f) the Vueen of Bngland g) all of above In the video called 0Spin,1 Jeorge ).!. Bush is shown on the arry Iing show. a) true b) false c) both true and false depending on the meaning of the word 0true1 In /araguay the use of Spanish predominates in rural areas and JuaranX is more frequently found in urban areas. *his is a) true b) false *he most common result of language contact is the borrowing of words, and this is most commonly accomplished with the mediation of : a) contact reservoirs b) lingua francas c) grammatical transference d) bilingual individuals e) sound symbolism f) all of the above g) a : c h) none of above Bilinguals have more linguistic resources at their disposal than do monolingual spea%ers, in part because words in each language express different meanings to a greater or lesser extent. Bilinguals often employ strategies for maximi3ing the potential expressiveness of their linguistic repertoire, such as a) not tal%ing b) whispering in one language and shouting in the other c) situational switching from one code to the other d) changing from one language to the other within conversational episodes e) all of the above f) c : d g) none of the above (ode switching has numerous discourse and interactional functions, such as: a) emphasi3ing b) mar%ing discourse boundaries c) expressing emotions or opinions d) signaling group membership and identity e) all of the above f) c : d g ) a : d h) none of above 'esearchers emphasi3e that code2switching is the result of: a) inadequate competence in the two languages b) linguistic interference of one language with the other c) lac% of context sensitivity d) lac% of rules relating one language to the other e) all of the above f) b : d g) none of the above , language that is used by non2native spea%ers when interacting with spea%ers of different codes enabling members of diverse ethnic and linguistic groups to communicate with each other, is generally called a: a) utilang b) pidgin c) creaole d) lingua franca e) mixed language

L7

*he term 4institution. is often applied to: a) structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals b) customs and behavior patterns that are identified with a social purpose and with permanence c) customs and behavior patterns important to a society d) particular formal organi3ations of government and public service e) all of the above f) a : d g) b : c h) none of the above !hen we produce a counterargument by pondering the hidden assumptions of an argument, we are a) deconstructing b) snithesi3ing c) covered in hiatus d) cra3y li%e a fox e) all of the above f) none of the above In stratified societies, beliefs about the inherent superiority of some groups and inherent inferiority of others 5potentially classified according to gender, class, race, age) are: a) maintained and reproduced through linguistic messages b) referred to as part of the language ideology c) seldom retained beyond puberty d) always eschewed by obfuscation e) all of the above f) a : b g) c : d Bric !olf claims that *he ability to bestow meanings22to 9name9 things, acts and ideasU along with control of communication allowing the managers of ideology to lay down the categories through which reality is to be perceived is: a) very difficult b) similar to chaos c) a source of power d) the matrix of social invisibility Interrelationships between language and hierarchical social models can also be demonstrated by contrasts in evaluations of spea%ing styles associated with different groups. $or example, women9s speech is sometimes negatively Eudged because of its reputed use of numerous devices to hedge or disclaim spea%ers9 opinions and generally to show deference to interlocutors. ,lthough it is positively perceived as 6polite,6 women who employ this style are sometimes dismissed as inconsequential. But women who use direct 56masculine6) speech are sometimes critici3ed for being abrasive and aggressive. *his is a) true b) false , cross2cultural view of gender in speech quic%ly demonstrates that it is the spea%ers, female or male, who are socially evaluated and not their linguistic output in the abstract. $or instance, note that among the +alagasy, women9s direct and sometimes confrontational style is denigrated, whereas men9s inexplicit, vague, and deferential speech is praised, in fact, li%ened to that of the ancestors. *his is a) true b) false ,ccording to Bric%son, low2status spea%ers react to their situation by developing a style identifiable as 6powerless6. It is characteri3ed by a) use of intensifiers b) use of hedges c) use of hesitations d) use of rising intonations e) use of polite forms f) all of the above g) a, b : c h) none of the above In #apanese culture the so called 6powerless6 style is valued for all #apanese spea%ers. +ar%ers of this style are indicators of the spea%er9s basic humanness, expressed in terms of harmony and empathy. *his is a) true b) false

LD

In our society, institutional settings, wherein roles are distributed and interactions are managed in terms of pre2assigned rights and constraints, are: a) important in orienting, explaining, and influencing our lives b) self2fulfilling prophecies c) valuable as a doorway into the unconscious d) the maEor determinant of policy failure e) a never ending source of power for the underprivileged In educational settings the authority of teachers in the classroom is primarily based on a) age b) proclivity c) sense of humor d) institutional position e) luc% f) a : b g) a : c h) a : d In educational settings in the lower years adults frequently employ the following methods of control in the classroom: a) chaining b) arching c) writing d) frying e) elevating f) a : b g) a : c h) b : e i) none of the above In legal institutional settings, especially in courtrooms many aspects of behavior are formali3ed: a) the physical environment and spatial positioning of participants is predetermined b) rights and obligations to spea% are given according to role c) relevance of topics is narrowly defined. d) each type of participant22Eudges, lawyers, and witnesses22has different spea%ing styles e) all of the above f) a, b : d Bdward )ermann and -oam (homs%y in their boo% Manufacturing Consent discuss the various 6news filters6 that determine what news is printed. *hese filters include: a) si3e, ownership, and profit orientation of the mass media b) advertising c) tal%ing points d) situating of the news source e) fla% and the enforcers f) police blotter g) b, c, e : f h) a, b, d : e i) none of the above !hich of the following can be illustrated by examples of nonverbal communication from around the world: a) same sign S different meanings b) different meanings S different signs c) same sign S similar meanings d) same meaning S similar signs e) same meaning S similar signs f) all of the above g) c : e h) none of the above *he percentage of what we convey through non2verbal communication, as opposed to verbally is about a) 77 percent b) OQ percent c) GG percent d) impossible to measure. -onverbal (ommunication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver: a) true b) false c) true for actual message value, but not for potential message value d) there is no such thing as non2verbal communication. -onverbal communication can do the following to messages conveyed by verbal means: a) substitute b) contradict c) complement d) repeat e) all of the above f) a : d g) b : c h) none of the above

LK

Because there are different species of humans, we find that different societies have different facial expressions for fear, happiness, anger, surprise, disgust and sadness: a) true b) false c) there are only a couple of species of humans today, but many different facial expressions for each emotion. ,round the world there is a great similarity among cultures for the display rules dictating when, how, and with what consequences nonverbal expressions will be exhibited. a) true b) false c) It is hard to say as there is much nugatory obfuscation concerning the definition of non2verbal. !hat ma%es humans cry, and who is allowed to see us cry are things that do not need to be learned as part of our cultural 6education,6 but are rather part of our inheritance from our primate ancestors: a) true b) false c) true, but our ancestors were not primates. $ortunately the human eye has multiple functions. ,mong them are: a) regulating interactions b) seeing c) indicating degree of attentiveness, interest, and arousal d) crying e) all of the above f) all but a g) none of the above Some studies indicate that in most instances a) women maintain more eye contact than do men b) women loo% at other women more and hold eye contact longer with one another than men do with one another c) women touch men more than men touch women in general social interaction d) all the above e) a : b f) a : c g) none of the above 8f the five senses the earliest to mature in social terms is a) smell b) sight c) hearing d) touch e) taste !omen initiate hugs and embraces, according to studies reported in this class: a) more often than men to women b) more often than men do to other men c) more often than men do to children d) all of the above e) a : c f) a : b c) none of the above Blements that have been found to affect the meaning we give to smell include a) strength of the small in relation to competing odors b) the perceived relationship of the parties involved c) the smell.s distance from the other person d) the relative age of the smeller and the interlocutor e) the time of the year f) all of the above g) a, b : c h) b, c : d ,mericans represent an example of a culture that tends to a) appreciate natural body scents b) be uncomfortable with natural body smells c) hate the smell of fish d) wear face mas%s to stay in tune with natural odors. In #apan, at any formal or semiformal function, the person sitting closest to the door is a) the person with the most status b) the right2hand man of the person with the most status c) the person with the least status d) the best friend of the person with the least status

LL

(hronemics is a) the study of the use of space to allocate authority b) the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication c) the study of time2touching d) the perception of aliviance in time e) willingness to wait for a close friend f) all of the above g) a : c , culture.s use of time can profitably be seen from the perspectives of a) informal time b) perceptions of past, present and future c) the time it ta%es to go across the culture d) cladistic warrenting e) all of the above f) a : b g) a, c : d h) none of above ,ccording to some, people who rush are suspected of trying to cheat: a) in the <.S b) in Bngland c) in ,frica *here is a direct connection, research tells us, a) between the time of day and the time it ta%es to get drin% a glass of water b) between the culture.s concept of time and the esteem with which soothsayers are held c) between the speed that people wal% and their culture.s concept of time d) all of the above e) b : c f) none of the above /ast 8riented cultures include a) British b) (hinese c) -ative ,mericans d) $ilipinos e) ,mericans f) atin ,mericans g) all of the above h) a, b : c i) c, d : f /resent 8riented cultures include a) (hinese b) -ative ,mericans c) $ilipinos d) ,mericans e) atin ,mericans f) British g) all of the above h) c : d i) c : e E) none of the above $uture 8riented cultures include a) (hinese b) -ative ,mericans c) $ilipinos d) ,mericans e) atin ,mericans f) British g) all of the above h) c : d i) c : e E) none of the above B.*. )all proposed a classification of time as a form of communication, which included the categories: a) +onochronic 5+2time) b) /olychronic 5/2time) (lassifications c) (atachronic 5(2time) d) +ultichronic 5+2time) e) ,nimachronic 5,2time) f) all of the above g) a : b h) c : d i) a, c : e E) none of above

LH